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THE EASTERN QUESTION . The Earl of Clarendon to the Earl of Westmoreland . Foreign Office , July 22 , 1854 . MY Lord , —I have to acknowledge the receipt , this day , of your lordship ' s telegraphic despatch , by which her Majesty ' s Government learn that Prussia has declined to attend the Conference which Count Buol proposed to summon for the purpose of commtiliibating the answer to the demands addressed by Austria to the Cabinet of St . Petersburg , and that it will in consequence be transmitted by Count Buol to Count Colloredo for the information of her Majesty's Government .
Her Majesty ' s Government , however , being already m possession of this answer , and having taken it into mature consideration , I shall no longer delay communicating to your lordship the views which they entertain ¦ with respect to it . It is unnecessary to dwell at any length upon the arguments by which Count Nesselrode endeavours to throw upon the Western Powers the responsibility of the war which Russia alone has provoked . Count Nesselrode objects to the form of the summons addressed to Russia by England and France , and maintains that this summons , rendered imperative by the acts of Russia , was the true cause of war ; but ho takes no account ; of the long series of negotiations during the past year , hdr bf the repeated warnings which were given to Russia by France and' England ; and he chooses toforget that it was the invasion of the Trincipalitfes by Russian trobps which first disturbed the peace of " Europe , and which has rendered abortive , every effort for its restoration : The despatch of CbuntfBuol to Count Esterhazyj to which Count
Nesselrode s despatch is ' ah answer , points but clearly upon whom the responsibility falls of the present state of things ; and in the Protocol of the 9 th of April the Four Powers have solemnly recorded their opinion that the summons addressed to Russia "b y England and France was founded in jdstice ; ' ; ; '" -. . ¦ * ' ¦•'' : . ' . ' ¦* ¦ ' '¦' . '' -. '' '• /^ . . X ^ - ^ o ¦'¦ ¦ , ' The opinion of Euappe has been pronounced in favour ' of the course pursued by England and France , and it is heedless , therefore , that ; they should defend themselves against the accusations of . Russia . I proceed to examine the other points contained in the , Russian answer . In tlie-first place , if the demands of Austria , supported b y Prussia , are considtefedin a purely German sense , it is impossible * ' that the answerofthe Russian CabinetcanI lieconsidered satisfactory hy thet ^ o German Powders . The -main points put forward in Count Buors despatch to Count Ester-hazy were : — ii The necessity ot a speedy evacuation of the Danubian Principalities . 2 . The impossibilities of making this evacuation , required b y the essential interests of Gerrnaiiyj dependent upon conditions which it was out of the power of Austria to insure .
But \ Kussia fixes no limit -whatever to the occupation of the Principalities ; aiid she looks upon an armistice as a previous condition , sins qua non , « f the withdrawal of her armies beyond the Pruth . The injuiy , then , which , in tlie opinion of Austria arid Prussia , the Russian occupation inflicts upon the Germanic Confederation continues unabated ; nay , more , it is aggravated by the refusal of Russia to attend to the just demands of the two German Powers . Count Nesselrode professes , it is true , to adhere to the principles laid down in the Protocol of the 9 th of April ; but this declaration is worth little as long as the Russian troops remain on Turkish soil . ¦
In fact , the evacuation of the Principalities is essential to the integrity of the Ottoman empire ,, and their occupation is in itself a flagrant breach of the public law of Europe . The crisis which disturbs the peace of the world had its origin in tlio passage of the Pruth ; and it is impossible to admit the pretensions of Russia , to make th « reparation which she owes lor an act universally condemned , dependent upon the exigencies of a position which slio has voluntarily created for herself . Nor can England and Franco consent to an armistice upon the ynguo assurances given by Count Nessulrodo , of the pacific disposition of tho Russian Government . After making such great efforts and sacrifices , and engaged as they arc in a cause so just , the allied Powers will not stop in their course without tho certainty that they will not again be called upon , after a short interval , in re-commenoe tho wnr .
The particular conditions of pence must depend upon too many contingencies for it to bo possible to lay them down definitively at tho present moment . Her Majesty ' s Government have , however ^ no hesitation in stating the guarantees which , in their opinion , and in that of tho French Government , tiro essential to secure tho tranquillity of Europe from future disturbances . These guarantees are naturally suggested l » y tho dangers to guard against which they are required , Thus Russia has taken advantage of tho exclusive right which she had acquired by treaty , to watch over tho rolations of Wnllachia and . Moldavia with tho suzerain Power , to enter those provinces ns if they were part of her own territory . Again , tho privileged frontier of Russia in tho Black Sea has enabled hgr to establish in those , waters a naval power
which , in tho absence of any counter-balancing force , ia a standing menace to tlio OUoumn ompirc . The uncontrolled possession by Russia of tho principal mouth of tho Danube lms created obstacles to the navigation of that groat river which seriously affect tho gonoral commerce of Europe . Finally , tho stipulations of tlio treaty of KutHchukluinardji , relative to tho protection of tho OhriBtiuiiH , hnvo become , by a wrongful interpretation , tho principal cuuso of tho present struggle Upon all theao points tho status quo unto helium , must undergo important modinoatioua . Her MajOBty ' a Government cannot doubt that , tho Austrian Government w » l admit , that those , views are in accordance with ho principles laid down in tho Protocol of April 9 ; and thntxt would bo dlffloult to restrict within more moderate bounds tho Inquiry which , by that protocol , tho FourPowora onpro themselves to make in common , a » to tho menus best calculated to maintain tho Ottoman ampins , by attaching it
the defender of the Turkislt territory ? Wliat analogy can exist between the presence of the allied troops at the invitation of the Porte , under the authority of a diplomatic convention , and the forcible invasion of the Ottoman territory by the Russian armies ? It is unnecessary to pay anything further as to the conditions whichiare attached by Russia to the evacuation of the Principalities ; and I now come to that paragraph in Count Nesselrode's despatch which relates to the situation of tlie Christian subjects of the Sultan . It amounts to nothing less than this , that the Russian Cabinet . includesamong the ancient privileges which are to be preserved to , the ' 'Greek Clvurch , the entire rights which flow from the Protectorate , civilas well as religious , claimed by Russia ; but it cannot for a moment be supposed that f lie system established by sucht a Protectorate , even if it were based upon a European guarantee , could be compatible with
to the general balance of Enrope . But it is remarkable that to this passage in the Protocol of the 9 th of April—the only passage of capital importance , implying , as it does , the necessity of a European revision of the ancient relations of Russia with Turkey—Count Nesselrode carefully avoids making the slightest allusion . In fact , the profession of tlie Russian Cabinet , that it adheres to the principles laid down b y the Conference at Vienna , contains nothing which is of a satisfactory nature . Her Majesty ' s Government ; are at a loss to understand the meaning of Count Nesselrcde's declaration , that the integrity of the Ottoman Empire will not be menaced by Russia , so long as that integrity is respected by the Powers who now _ occupy the territory and waters of the Sultan . What comparison can be drawn between the invaders and
the : independence arid sovereign rights of the Porte . .:. Her Majesty ' s Governrneiit is veryfar from saying , that Europe can , be indifferent to the amelioration 6 f the condition of the Christians in Turkey - ori the contrary , they think that Europe ought to take an active interest in the welfare of-the Rayah population , and ougbb t ; o come to an tinderstandibg as to the best -mode Of takingadvantage of the generous intentions of the Sultan towards his Christian subjects ; but at the same tlnie they are firml y convinced that the refonns which are needed in the : governinei ; t of the various Christian coiriinUni ' . ies in-the Ottoman empire . can only be effectually and . . beneficially , carried out by the Porte , ; taking the initiative with regard to them , and 'that if such reforms are to be promoted by any foreign influence , if can only be by means of friendly couricil and advice , and not by an interference grounded upon treaty ^ erigagernents into which no State could enter without abdicating its independence .
In fine , it appears to her Majesty ' s Government that the respective situations of the different Powers are in no way whatever changed ; they ars ohly more clearly markedout by . the answer of tlie Russian Cabinet . England and France must therefore continue in the attitude of belligerents on the other hand , as the Principalities have not been evacuated . Austria and Prussia will , no doubt , consider that the obligations of the treaty of the 20 th April , strengthened , so far as Austria is concerned , by her separate engagement with the Porte , subsist in all their force , and that now the time has arrived for their fulfilment . I have thus fully : explained to you the views of her Majesty : ^ GoverninciYt , which are entirely shared by the Government of the Emperor of the French , with whom her Majesty's Government liave been in communication upon the subject ; and I have to Instruct your lordship to deliver a copy of this despatch to . Count Buol . I am , &c , Clarendok .
Vienna , Aug . 8 . The undersigned , Minister of Foreign Affairs of his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty , hastens to acknowledge the receipt of the note which his Excellency the Eurl of Westmoreland , &c ., did him tlio honour to address to him on the 8 th of this month , and to declare in his turn that it appears from the confidential conversations held between tlie courts of Vienna , of Paris , and of London , in conformity with the passage of tho protocol of the 9 th of April last , by which Austria , France , and Great Britain have engaged themselves , together with Prusiia , to seek the means of again connecting tho existence of tlio Ottoman empire with tho general equilibrium of Europe , that tho three Powers
aro equally ot opinion that the relations of tho Sublime Porto witn the Imperial , Court of Russia cannot bo reestablished on solid and durable bnses—1 . If tho protectorate hitherto exercised by tho Imperial Court of Russia over tlio Principalities of Wallachia , Moldrtvin , and Servin , be not discontinued for tho future , nnd if the privileges accorded by tho Sultans to these provinces , dependencies of their empire , bo not placed under tho col-Icotivo guarantee of tho Powers , in virtuo of an arrangement to bo concluded with the Sublime Porto , and the stipulations of which should at tho same time regulate all questions of detail .
2 . If tho navigation of the Danube at its mouth bo not freed from nil obstacle , and submitted to tho application of the , principles established by tlio acts of tlio Congress of Vienna . 8 . If tho trusty of July 13 , 18-11 , bo not revised in concert ' by all the high contracting ; pnrtieu in tlio interest of Llio balance of power in Europo-4 . If Russia do not give up her claim to cxerciso nn ofilciiil protectorate over tho subjects of tha Sublime Porto , to whatever rite they may belong ; nnd it'Austria . Groat lJrituiii , France , Prussia , and llubti ' m , do not lend their mutual assistance to obtain an an initiative from tlio Ottoman Govarnmont Hiq confirmation and tho observance of tho religious privileges of tlio differentChriatiun communities , and to turn to account , in tho common intercut of thoir co-i-oligionbts , tlio generous intentions uwnifo&tcd by bin Jhycaty tho SulUu , at tho same time avoiding any nggrouttion on hia dignity and tlio independence of his Crown . Tho umloraignod is , moreover , authorised to declare tliat hla Govcrmnont takoa cogiiiminoo of the determination of England and of Franco not to enter into « ny arrangement with tho Imperial Court of itiiBsiu which may not imply on
the part of the said Court a full and entire adhesion to the four principles here above enumerated , and that it accepts for itself the engagement not to treat except on these bases , always reserving to itself a free deliberation on the conditions which it may bring forward for the re-establishment of peace if it should happen itself to be forced to take part in the war . The undersigned , &c . Buoi *
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GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH . The Board finding that there is a very general "want of information as to the proper way of proceedingfor the removal of nuisances under the acts relating to that subject , and being unable from the pressure of correspondence on the office at the present time to give this information in every case , in reply to the many applications daily made to them * have issuted the following plain directions on the subject far general circulation , as well as the short recommendations to boards of guardians which follow * and which are a summary of the more detailed directions contained ia the Minute of Information as to preventive measures issued by the late Board in . June last .
" GENERA . ! HOARD OF HEALTH . " jREMOVJi . 1 , OF KUISA . 3 re ? S . .., " ¦ ' . ' .. ¦ " The intimate connexion between filthy foul smells ^ and disease being . assumed to be generally admitted , and many applications being daily made to this board either to remo-vc nuisances , or to ' give information : hoW / the removal of nuisances can he effected , the ibjlowing plain directions for that purpose , willy the board believe , leVfound useful at this moment . ¦ ¦ ¦ , ' . ¦ '¦¦ .. " . ' ,- ¦; ' : . ¦' . ' . ¦ ' ¦¦¦ ¦ ¦ . ' ; ¦ ' -. ¦ ; . . : *" , ¦ , , ¦ . ' i- - ¦ . ¦ - ' ' ¦ ¦"¦¦¦ ¦ i ^ " The nuisances whicA may be dealt with under- The Nuisances "Removal and Diseases Prevention Act , 1848 , 11 th and 12 th Victoria , chap . 123 , and the regulations and directions of the General Board of Jlealtb , issued in '' pursuance of that act , broadly - classed ; are < of two kinds ; ¦
" 1 . JNuisances removeable by cleansing , such as filthy house walls , oyerchetrgecl cesspools , txnscavenged streets , foul - dustbins ., manure h . eapes , ashpits ^ dirty pigstyes , & .. •; - ¦ *' . * 2 . NudSances requiring the coiistruction of w . orkS : for th ^ ir remqyal , ; such as . liouses unwholesome : for > * w : aiit ; Of drains , aeetlrnulation of liquid refuse requiring drains to cai-ry thein off , &c . * '¦ ; ¦ : . ¦' ¦' .. - ¦ . '¦ . ¦ •;¦ *¦ ¦ ; .. ' . ¦ . ¦ , ' . - " ; ¦ . ' - , " Consider to which of these classes the nuisance yon complain of belongs . , " HOW'TO GET RID OF NUISAKCES REMOVABLE BY
' ¦ - ¦¦ ' -. . ¦ . . CXEAK . SDJG . - ¦; . .- . ' . .. . ¦¦ . ¦* "If to the first class j address a short inteliigibk « 3 omplaiht of the nuisance , in writing ,-. to the Board of Guardians . " The board's regulations prescribe no particular fonia for this complaint , but ' It should be preciise in describing- the place , or giving thi ? address of the premises where the nuisance is . " It is the duty of the guardians , Tinder the regulations and directions which have been issued to them , to make ipquiry intothe complsint , and if they find that . it is well iuuiiuv / uiAV / Ml / fvJL UJf Mill
u i » - ^* * - **** u | w »* ^ vacvuq UUlllig * MAJ remove it , to do so . " These persons may be surveyors , paving , lighting and cleansing cbinmissioners , oviiers or occupiers , according as the nuisance is caused , by the neglect of the public authorities or private individuals . " If these persons neglect or omit to remove the nuisance " The guardians have power , and , it is their duty to remove it , instead of theso persons ; and' they are empowered to proceed against tho defaulters ( if culpable ) for a penalty under tho « ct , up to 5 / .
" HOW TO GET KID OF NUISANCES KE 5 IOVABLE BV CON
STRUCTING WORKS . " To do this requires n . less sumitinry and simple process , " The proper mode of proceeding in tliis case is not , as in the former , under tho regulations and directions of tilie General Board of Health , but undor tho 1 st section of tho Nuisances Removal Act , addressed to the guardians , la tho form given by this act . " A complaint must be signed by two householders , or the nuisanco must bo certified to the guardians by the medical ov relieving officer of tlio union , or , if it exists in or about a common lodging-houne , by a polieo constable , or inspector of common lodging-houses . " On this the guardians aro bound , after examination , into tho case , or without cxnrninution , on tho written certificate
ot two legally qualified medical practitioners , to complain before a rnngiatrato , who can summon the owner , or occupier of tho premises where tho nuisanco exists , boforo two jua ^ tices ( or in . London boforo any police magistrate ) , ana on hearing of the suinuwnti an order may bo made for tho removal or abatement of tho cause of complaint . " If this order bo not obeyed , it ia tho duty of tho guardians to carry tho order into cflcct , nnd tho costs fall on tho person on whom tlio order was madq . " Thocomplaint , in this chss of cnse 3 however , may bo addressed , not only to tho guardians , but to a town council , paving , lighting , cleansing , or polieo coimniaaiouerfl , or commissioners of sowers .
"As nothing in the 'Nuisances Removal Act is to intorfuro with tho jurisdiclkvn of tho Commissioners of Sowers ( sec . 5 ) , when tho ordov is one Unit involves aa authority from thorn , it ahouM nequiro tho execution of tho work conformably to the rofluLitfoim of those commissioners , who have declared thomsolvos roiuly to co-oporato with the guardians to tho utmost in carrying out tho provisions of " They will furniuh Information , at thoir district oflico » , ns to tlio atuto of llio mmorntfo of |» irtlcul « r localities .
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" 1 $ ranch ollieo for tho Tower Hamlets and Poplar districts « ii < l Fiimbury division , 10 . ( Iront Alio-strcot , Ooodman ' H fluids . Ollioo houre , 0 o ' clock « . m . to < t p . m . " l ' riiicipul oillco of tho coinmiHulon , and branch ofKoe for the Holbwrn diviaion , mid , custom nnd wcatom divisions of
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August 26 , 1854 . ] THE LEADER . 797
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 26, 1854, page 797, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2053/page/5/
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