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; ' ; £ -V 3 e { To the Editor of Vie Leader . ) ¦ giXB ^ - ^ jTour corresponden t , " Archer Gurney , " says , $ 5 ti ^ tttiot to believe ia the inspiration of the Old tESS&inent , openly sets at nought one of the Articles & ^? hift 5 h a Clergyman has sworn a true allegiance . " . ^ h ^ H ^ Uke to know which of the thirty-nine arti ^ le ' sAffirms the inspiration of the Old Testament ? 'Supposing inspiration is mentioned , who "will say what is meant by it ? If all were to leave the Church , or not enter it , who might object to the vulgar notions of orthodoxy belonging to the day , a monopoly ¦ would be given to the stupid , -who never had any
conscience , or the unprincipled , who could not afford it ; and there never would have been a reformation which proceeded from the sworn metnbers of the Church of Home . Inspiration being left an open question by the Church , the 6 th Article gives you leave to prove or infer any doctrine you like from the Bible- . Your obedient servant , W . J . Birch , M . A . New Inn Hall , Oxford .
P . S . —On referring to the " Clergyman's experience of society , " I find that his words are , " almost unconsciously ^ X had shown , that I did not believe in what is called the verbal inspiration , of the Old . Testament . " I submit that they convey a very different meaning to what is put upon them by the curate , and -do not justify his - opinion of their effect upon the- : elieTgyrnari ' s .- , cor > gr . egatipn . ; The ; , euratev says the iplergyman \ cornmen . ced his . serrnpri by denying ' ¦ ' the . inspiration of the C ) ld :: T < pstaitnent . There ' . sire very few wh" 6 will ; not admit in some-sense the inspiration ; it is about -the : quality 6 ft theJinspir&tiori orthodox arid heterodox ~ alike . disagree . The Jews alone assert verbal inspiration . I shall therefore refer your ¦ readers tip the 7 th Articley which I think disowns , the verbal inspiration of the Old' Testaiuent , &nd exonerates the clergyman .
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¦¦ : ¦ > : " ¦ : . ¦ ¦ . - INDIA ,:. :. ¦ ¦ " . ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ; : ^ ( TotheEditor ofthe Leader ^ v Sib , —Among the iiotable panacea of the present day , none is more universally prescribed / thajp a , fail-. way fro rn somewhere to . no where . Accordingly , we at © told ' ' : that the cry ing want of India is a ; railwayj yrhich— in ; popular ; : phraseology ' — shall annihilate time , and space , ; . tbi "Jtyo /^ great ' ';» geixj ^ .--of .. ; . njan . ' . . ' . ' . If there ^ we ^ e any CQnceivable analogy between the thihgs ^ f fiurppe an d t ^ ps ^ of Asiaj it w ^ uld be Irhppssible to deny that immense national benefit must arise from the construction of at least central lines of railrqad . But no one who is practically acquaihted with the habits of oriental pebple ; and who know anything of the systems of agriculture and
tra ^ e . -pursued by the . native inhabitants , of our Indian j ^ Smpire , will anticipate much good from railway enterprise ; What is really wanted are good roads , arid canals for the joint purpose of irrigation and navigation . ; To illustrate this point would occupy more space than you would be willing to afford ; but your Anglo-Indian readers will bear out my assertion , that one half of the money ' required to complete the ¦ line from Calcutta to Delhi , would , have been doubly beneficial jf , expended on trunk-rpads , and such canals as the one recently .. opened , at Rooshee . Supply the native with easy means of com - munica-tion , and he will draw frqnv the land as much
as it can . be maw , to , m'oduco , < andiwUl convey that pr 6 duce , at an . insignificant cost to the nearest port . Time is no pbjec ^ Co hlnY , but . he lias no nionoy to part with , lie would rather be a month , on the river , ' or the road ,, having nothing to pay for transit , than , pn . sa over the same distance in a cquple of days , if he has to obtain that advantage by tho putlay of a few rupees : Spare no expense then in' constructing firm roads , ia deepening the ' channels ofthe rivers , and jn , making , canals .. . Sucli an enjoyment of public money 13 certain to add enormously to the yearl y revenue , virile it increases the wealth and prosperity of the people * Tim , system of . education must be entirely
remqddjed .. . gomq means muat be , found pf imparting ideas , and a habit of reflection ., It may bo even necessary to prepare ' a act of olass-boolcs expressly for tho native schools . But I am inclined to think that oral instruction , is , bost adapted for 'bcginnorB . Of course , the teachers must bo tnon of , superior attainments , and endowed wjth the gift of imparting their information im a striking and graphic nmnner . To secure the services of , aucji men no money should bo , , spared ; but . here , njus ! wo encoun ^ r the first great obstacle . The Honourable Company , so lavish
to their favoured servants iti ' tho civil and military departments , areclinry of towards to th ' uir servants engagqdjin ; tuition .. In tlio odu . cati . oiml service the highest salary , is GOO rupees a inont , l > , without furlough or pension ; » nd this Js reserved to somo four or fiveprincipals of collogoa—I ain speaking of the Bengal Presidency ., Tlio junior teachers are paid very , inadequately for tho wprk they nro supposed to perform ; and , 1 fear , they are . not generally the best men that might ho found . The service is unpopular , becaueot tha covenanted servants pretend to look dow ^ upojv ^ You . pUull see u , n iinboci | o youn ^
ensign , only capable of cheroots and bottled bee r ' sneer at a man old enough to be his father , an d whose mind is stored with all the learning of ancien t and modern times . But then he is not " one of os , ' —lie may not have a single relative in any one of the presidensies , —he is therefore merely tolerated , and seldom considered as a member of the local society . If we ever succeed in imparting a higher moral tone to our native fellow-subjects , it will then become our duty to admit them impartially to every effice under government , reserving those of a military character . At present , it is certainly premature land
impolitic to do so , except in a few rare instances . But whenever the experiment is tried , it should be fairly tried . Our own countrymen " were formerly . unable to resist the temptation to accept bribes , when their pay was insufficient to maintain them . This evil was discovered by Lord Clive , who applied the natural remedy . He increased their salaries ; and placed them in a position to think about honour . We must not , therefore , urge against the underpaid native officials that they cannot close their eyes against a gift . At least we are bound first to try the means that-has alone been found , successful with the Christian gentlemen of England— --we must increase their salaries , and so teach them self-respect .
There is , however , another matter on which I W'o . uld' fain say a few words , but ; I inay riot further trespass ujpon your patience this weei . ' ¦ ' ¦ ' ¦ 'I ¦¦' ' ¦'' ' ¦!' ¦¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦ " ' : ' '' . ' ¦¦ . ' : ' , ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' : :- - ' :- - ' . : . ¦' : ¦ ¦; " ¦ - ¦ : :. - . ; . ' : - ; :. f : E . r P . S . Since writing the abpve , I have received a letter froni India that partially cpnfjfrms my ppinipri of the unsuitableness of railways and telegraphs , jfqr tliat GPrintfy , '' The telegraph " ( I quote my cocres ^ oiiderit ' s wdpds )^^ " does n > ot ^ ^ wprk . sp / Veil ds-it oujfht , and Idori ' t think it ig of ' so riiucli use or impprtance ! & this c puntry a $ people believed ; Vit ^^¦ ¦ vrouidi be ; rarid
now . the npyelty of the ., toy has passed awayi they hegui to cry out against it 3 jiPGon } pleteness , 7—for it took several days—I'thiitk foiir—to bring the : nc ^ 3 fepm Bombay to within 300 riiiles of Delhi ; The piess ^ cares : very littlelaboxit it , for they get suchra rriere tantalisuig outline , generally with all the names of the place ? at' - 'the seatof war . miserably s . pejt . The otljer day it was announced that ^ he Tight was wrecked off Odessa , ^ in ^ tead of the-TV ^ . But what c ^ ri be expectect frp m the wretched ^ half-educkted Eurasians vrfto are in charge of the different offices ?"
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AXISO ^ N'S HI STORY" . ( To the Editor of tike Leader . ) SrR ,- ^ Teri minutes : ago ; t began to cut ? open Alis . i ) n's , | f Histery of Europe since 1815 , " never having seen til © book before . Already I have lighted on this jewel of a passage . Speaking of the Grand Duke Constantiiie ( vol . ii . p . 117 ) lie says : ; u The second son of tho JSmperor Paul I . and the celebrated Empress Catherine ,, he was borii on the 8 th May , 1779 , and chnsteucd Constantino , from the design of that aspiring potentate to place him on tlio throne of Constantinople , and restore the Byzantine empire us an appanage of the imperial house of Russia . " ¦ . ;'•*¦' ¦ , ¦ There's a' neatly constructed sentence ! But the matter is still better than the stylo ., Catherine was bad , enough for almost anything , , bu / t we have only Alisen ' s authority for , iieUeving—though she' = has been called tlie Seiriiramis of , the ITorth—that she committed incest With Irer son l'ftul , and tjjfit sho was the mother of her grandson . Put this fact in some way orother before the readers of tlio -Leader . Yours faithfull y * Walter K . ICblky .
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RLfSKIN AND THE CRYSTAI , PALACE . QTo the Editor of the Leader . ) ' . Sin , —1 wpuld Bay a wprd pr two on tlxe passage of Buskin's * recently quoted in your paper , which ends "in the centre of , tho nineteenth century we suppose otirsplyea to have invented a neV style Of arilntocturo , wlien wo have magnified a conservatory . " Now , the architecture'of any ago is the expression of the religipus conditjlon of that age—the deeper the religious sentiment tho ri ^ oro vivid and vigbious its architectural expression ; heh . ee « knpwledgo of tho architeoture Of an' ago i affbrdV a pretty correct knowlerlge of its wcrshlp ? hpw could we know tho Greek ideal of beauty h \\\ . by their statues ? This principle is too ' evident to need further illustration ; not
may wo , theh , applv ib inversely , and , given thoaintien ^ find the architecture it is capable of producing ,, I thiiik fr if we proceed thus , wo may satisfy ourselves , hoiv fax the Crystal Palace ia a now style of architecture , and what chiinco we lmvo of pbtalning a now fityld . We haVo one peculiar difflculty tp contend with In , this inveetiKntipn— -namely , tho want of uniformity in tfie religioua aentiinontij yot , for tho present , setting this aside—What ib thb' natJon ' a Worship ? Is It not a busrnea ^ ni ' ofioy-getting ^ voreUip ? All its powers and cnorg ^ ea hre brought to bear in this dirqetion ^ the worship of an ' aristocracy is , in fliot , dying out — popular Chrlatianity-rrwo Imd boat leavb" that ' mattfcr untouched , Wq neoiJ wot enter ihto < th «> Tq ; uci ) tfon'h 0 \ r far thi » ybiehip ia butter or wowo than tho ! worship of puat ' wfttipna , of
durability , power , physical beauty , moral beauty , aristocracy , or any other ideal of a nation ; all I say is , that the present ideal of this nation at large is the business , money-getting ideal , - and that the Crystal Palace is a fair expression of this ideal ; it is the expression of what the monied business man is capable of—what he can do with the simple materials of iron and glass , on tlie simplest mechanical . principles , in , the , shortest conceivable time ; the rapidity with which it is built , the skill with which it is drained and ventilated , the mathematical multiple of its parts , the number of square feet of its glass , the miles of its extended iron , and , above all , the immensity of its size ; these are its points of originality ; it does not make any pretension to originality , either in its form or colouring ; whether Mr . Ruskin is willing to admit a building of these pretensions into his catalogue of styles is anPther matter ,
And now to recur to the difficulty to which I alluded , namely , that although the ideal of this nation at large is a business money-gettTng ideal , yet there are small sections of the nation of which this cannot be so truly said ; there are a few "whose religious aspirations are not of this kind , who in sorrow and reverence worship ' . ' the past , and find the rriedeseval religion most to their mind , they love and venerate the monastic Christianity , and doubtless of these our new arid restored churches are a true expbisitipn ; bufi : after all , ' it is ari artificial state , a ' nd having little life ; it will sobn die puti it is not a living
principle but : * i struggle to call up the spirit of the past . There are also those whose heafts are strdrigly stirred , with the spirit of uriiversal love' and charity , wlio would gather in . all the beautiful arid true of past tin ? eSj adding it on tp all that is known of beautiful and true insthe present , to be continued , through thei future , ¦ ¦' ¦ ' who '^ vpuld realise the true spirit of Christiariitiy , that all as brethren may be united with .: oirie . universal bprid of viove ; but these are as yet but ; vague aspirations , but faint glimpsesi into sl possible future- —a future , ; when realisedj which will speak ; Out in an architecture of its own , perhaps / more to Mr . Rusldn ' s . taste . ' G . AC
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T HE 1 STA . V Al SERVICE . ( To the Editorof ' the ( Leader ^ Sib , t-A ypungster on entering the service at tlxe ^ age of thirteen finds hiiriself placed hi a gunrpom among-, youths of his ow ' n age * arid under the itnmediafce superintendence Of senior midshipmen arid mates , aged frpn > 18 to 25 . ; The society around him consists . essentially of polished blackguards . Making themselves monitors and schoolmastera , these seniors omit to set a good example to the youths they keep in order , A riiate gets drunk , swears , and commits other excesses , but'he does riot forget to thrash aiiy youngster who ploes the sarne . In many ships there are certain rules framed and hung up in cpnspi « uous places , that parents and
visitors'fronvthe shore may admire the regularity and gentlemanly conduct of the midshipmen . One of these rules is , "Any member uttering an oath shall be fined five shillings , " and I have heard people on shore refer to this very regulation as a proof of the capital state of tilings . that exist aflpat , When either pldsters pr ypungsters therefore give vent to oaths , a fine of five shillings is immediately onie ' red against them , a youngster inoreover being thrashed at once injto the bargain . But when the time comes for pay-, meat the oldsters refuse to pay , and evade tho rwlp with ease , while , if the youngster follows their example again , he is thrashed once more , and learns practically the privilege of being pne of the Gpverning Classes in a man-of-war .
Rat then ypungstera are not flogged in the Navy . True , they are not flogged , but they are punished more severely . A flogging 1 at school is frequently a trifle i at Eton , for example , it is a positive farce . Tho boy kneels down , receives four , strokes of a birch , and goes away in high delight , flpmetiraea oven laughing , never crying-j but when a youngster in the Navy inisbehaves himself so as to be punished by tlie senior midshipmen , the punishment ho receives is by no means trifling . It is called " cobbing , " and is a process of extreme disugreeableness . The youngster is tied hand and foot to a gun , and rccch'cs apino twelve or twenty-four blows from a rope ' s emd , wielded with all the severity possible . I have seen old mates riao from a protracted discussion in which
ovory other word was an oath , ° " cob" a youngster who had adopted only one of their vvorda . I renienVbor pno pf tho hardiest of youths I ever know being almost cobbed to death , till tho sent of his trousers was dabbled in blood , for gotting drunk , which was tho favourite pastime of thoso who cobbed him , One lina frequently heiml quoted a piece of advice funning after thin fashion , " Don ' t swear , youngster , it ' s a < l—d hm \ habit ! " but in tho Navy tho common exclamation would bo , " 1 )—n your oyoH , sir , what do you moan by ouch cursed biasphomyP " When youngsters incetwlth such treatment can any ono Condor at their . gjanoraUwtrod vf tho service that hns sp disappointed their hopes . TTpuw , ^« ., liATIJS A MlDDT ,
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V '^ J&S TEE LEADER . fSATURDAy , '^• fS ' L
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 2, 1854, page 828, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2054/page/12/
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