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favour of her national Church is-represented by factitious clamour as a project of ^ ggcawdisemeDt . The attitude of tlie allies towards Turkey ber-• Seuf proves < tbat Russia desired iM > tbing but the tranquillity of the East , € br peace would have been preserved if Russia could have persuaded Turkey that the only reform which , in the hazardous career of reforms she was entering'upon ,, could prolong her existence , "was that of her oppressive regime switti » espect to the Christians . In his chivalrous fraakness , the Emperor 38 i&holas did not stand forward as the champion of the Ottoman empire , which he considered as a sick man hopelessly dying ; but he endeavoured to prepare the way for a politioal , moral , and Christian regeneration . of the JEasti , and to guarantee the peace of . the ' world in the' crisis le saw approaching . He reserved for himself only Hie satisfaction of a . Sovereign , ¦ Ami of-a . Christian fulfilling bis duty to his people and to his own religious sympathies , and to his Church , which for ages has counted upon Russia , her youngest daughtery for her salvation .
. It is the pretext of this initiative that the people and the Governments of Western Europe , shaken in iheir principles and traditions by tlie Hevolu * tion ,. have seized to isolate Russia , and to declare war . Axe the natural consequences of the re-aetion in Russian feeling against 'Western civilisation , a subject for your congratulation ? Russia was ber coming rapidly occidentalised in tastes ,, iaaftners , language , and luxuries , wheo the war came to drive her back ia haughty isolation to her old Orientai principle , hostile to Exirage . -Seventy millions of men subdued by thepacific civilisation of the century to modem society , repudiate and repel ihe ^ a ^ vances of the West . "So much the better ^ " perhaps you . say : " let Kirssia return to her . ancient barbarism , tothe epoch of her ( xlancl I ) . uk 0 s ^ tMu&CDyyf . aJvd to lieE old frontier 3 , _ fr ^ ux 4 ke Froth knd . the Arasces , tcKthe Dnieper and the Don . As feUow ^ guests at the--banquet of inodern civilisathe
tion ¦ w ^ preie * Turks , wh 6 , arjevnoore accpitoxttodatih-g , especiaity since the JSussian& 7 iave-acctLs ( omed : t 7 ie ^ We belieYe , in the sincerity of your wishes , but - \ ve doubt their wisdomi Ifj . lioweyer , _ you persistin-thein , lei iis , remind you thati history iievef re-4 edes \ Look ; at the political and administrativeorganisation of the , Russian empifei , and even if you fail to recognise the decrees of Providence in the genius of inen like Peter the Great , and in the ^ roii jjions vitality of that 'element whieb tends to incorporate and dissolve the ]^ ussiilman populations , a&fe if such a nation , and such a ; ; 5 ystem ,. cau be hurled back t ^ o hundred joinx&S ' ¦ ' . ¦) States ,, like nien , are bom to flouriarfy decay , stnd perish , some by a naiural , others by a violent death ; but never-has a . youth become a chil ' d again . ; and the / experiment of restoring youth to ag « e by transfusion , has long been abandoned . The nations which subsist only by indvJstry and
yCQi ndnerce , by absorbingtheriches 6 J ¦ other nations , tfiehlooil \ ofthe social body r it As they who are . attempting before oureyes the misercibfaexperimentof transfusion . As for ; Kussia i she lives by her own life and her own . resources ; and by the special ; favour of Providence she might , at the worst , live independent of the rest v ofifte ¦ world attogether . It is , then ^ the iuterest of the West , gather _ to conciliate than toisolate the Rusaan Empire . Russia , it is known , was the only State unmoved by the revolutionary earthquake iTi ' 48 ; ' . polish peasants gave up : to the authorities the emissaries ¦ oF Posen and Gallicia , and the German Provinces of the Enipire offered a free-gift of many thousand horses for the remount of tlie cavalry ^ Such "was public spirit on the Western frontier of the Empire in ' 48 . xet the Emperor Nicholas , interested in the repose of Europe , and disdaining to imitate the , selfish and scandalous isolation of England , armed his reserves : in I > enmiirk , Hungary , and the Principalities , he appeased the storm . A . t
home he deToted his attention to public works and material interests ; abroad he negotiated treaties of commerce with secondary States who had no equivalent to offer . He laboured to harmonise the commercial rivalries of Austria and Prussia , and to combat English intrigues . His conduct in 1 4 S was that of his brother Alexander , when , arbiter of jGurope , he guaranteed the integrity of France , and thus realised , not by a written ¦ pact , but by a stronger moral pact , tht grand idea of Napoleon—the idea which Napoleon preserved even in his war against Russia—the alliance of France with Russia . After -so many and striking pledges of moderation given to Europe by the two Imperial brothers , "what" must the . Russian people feel at those cries of hstte wbieh resound in the West , and at ihat aggressive coalition , cemented by the mercantilism of England and the personal adventurism of the heir of Napoleon ?
JSTo ,, you will neither drive badk the frontiers nor the civilisation of Russia , btrt you will make her menacing to Europe by seeking to expel her , and you will realise the p hantom yon have conjured up . You will reanimate the spirit of her distinct nationality , while it is impossible to deprive her of Jbior political experience , her administration and industrial development , her financial elasticity and enormous land credit ( credit fonder ) which is capable of issuing ' millions of assignats . ¦ With sucii material and mbrnl forces even reverses will only brace up her strength and give fresli enetgy to her people . Faith has always performed miracles , and faith retains its fervour in a country "whose tuler is invested with a moral authority more powerful even than her « rmy of a million nieft . The sympathy of the Slave , Greek , and Asiatic pop-ulntions of the Eastern countries is aasured to her against the sacrilegious union of the Crescent with the Christian flaggy Within the empire Anglomania and Gallomania axe no more ; the pernicious influence of a . parasitical and exotic civilisation
is incapable of prostrating the national energy . Jet thousands of French and English , remain in Russia protected In their peaceful industry . Many ot them have become naturalised Russians . On the other hand , the officei-s of two Russian frigates , compelled to put into Portsmouth for repairs last October , ivere daily exposed to the insults of a population whose Government was at the same time prof me . in protesting the smcarest friendshi p * Among the most accredited accusations aguinst the Russian . Government there is one which finds acceptance in elevated circles , and wliiuh tends to arouse the susceptibilities of Austria . It is that of a Panslavuifc propagande . Now thia idea is note von of Rusttinn origin . It is a theory of llussian revolutionists , and liko every theory of race in politics , a pure creation , of revolutionary ideologues . r Xhia theory of race whb in high favour in ' 48 at Franlafbrt and Pes t'h . We boliovo it equally fulao in politics and in philosophy . The ppedominwat idea of Russia , over since tho Jfounidation . of the ompiro by Pote
the Great , has been the progressive union of the Slave race with the peoples incorporated by conquest ; and thdsTvork of legislation operates successfully under the impulse of modern civilisation , which respects at once the national traditions in the past and the peculiar sympatbiea of every race . This is the secret of the sympathy so conspicuously Russian in Finland as in Livonia , among the Tartars of the Crimea , and the Mussulmans of the Trans-Caucasian provisoes . Bui the Journal de Constantinople has improved on this accusation by convicting the Russian policy of Paibrussism . We will mot venture to discuss this Colossus , whether in theory or in expectancy . Supposing it to mean a project of universal conquest , we will simply recall the old principle
of who proves too much proves nothing , and remind our readers of the world being round , which reduces nil ideas of universal conquest to the formula of zero . As for Panslavisui , after having visited Russia , and cultivated Russian society , we found theidea rested on a mistake of words . We never heard a Hussian ^^ mention Panslavism , but we have listened to long and passionate discourses on Slavism , as the true and sacred source of civilisation for Russia , in opposition to the alL-absorbiag Western element . Whenever we glanced at the Slaves of Austria , the Bohemians , and the Illyrians , the reply was , " They belong to the West , they are anore than half Germans , and they are Catholics : w « e have nothing but a few literary traditions in common with the Western branclLQf _ fche Slave race . '' And even this is the
language of a few hot-headed enthusiasts : tlte government has no share in opinions which are subversive of the policy of Peter the Great . There is such a tiling as opinion even in Eussia : if its publicity is restrained it finds an outlet in literary and poetical extravagance : but no shade even of •'• ' * . Slave opinion' iia Russia has ever hinted at the incorporation of the Slave proyinces of Austria and pCurkey . ^ The niost exalted patriots speak of Russia s chief danger being her territorial extension . To attribute the conquest oi Poland to t ^ sible in the future the retroactive right of distortirii ; historical facts- ^ to
prove one error by another eveii more absurd . . v ; ; Panslavism has been preachedl , but by Polish emigrants in Austria and Turkey , against Russia . Ask tke Serb and the Bulgarian , who preached to then ! the confederation of all tlie Slave peoples : ask the Greeks ; 'iif it was a savant from Moscow or the Bavarian Fnilmeier , who laboured to convince theni . that they werejnore Slave than Greek ? The Bavarian will-acarcelybe suspected of ' haying served as a Eussian agent in his writings and liis travels in the East . ^ Ask the Editors o £ the Revue des Dexux , Mondes , if the articles of M . Cyprien Robert , that great doctor of Panslavisin , have i passed the sifting process of the Russian censorship ? LTo be concluded in our next . ')
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HIPPQI-rTUS AND HIS AGE . [ Iippolytus and his Ape ¦ or , the Beginnings and Prospects of Christianity . By C C . J . Bunsen , D . D ., &c . . Longmans . Outlines of the Philosophy ofiTniversallliislari ) , applied to Language and Rallgion . By C . C . J . Bunaen , !) . ]> ., &c . Longmans . Analecta Ante-Nicasna . pollegit rocensuit , Hlustrarit C . G . J . Bunson , D . D ., &c . Longmans . The seven volumes whose titles we have transcribed furm the second edition a £ Hippolyius and Ms Age , published , as bur readers may recollect , three years ago , _ by Messrs . Longmans . ] Vt » Bunsen tells us , in his preface , that the first edition was disposed'of in six months . The extraordi nary interest attached to the publication of the work against Heresies was due , in some measure , to the fact that the Oxford authorities had , a short time previously , ascribed it to Origen . This theory , Ve venture to think , M . Bunsen has $
uccesstully demolished , and we do not intend -Ijo reopen the controversy . " The preface to the second edition is chiefly occupied with a refutation of the numberlesa criticisitna which appeared m tlie fii * st publication of lfippolytus In England , M . BunselX ^ s chief antagonist was Dr . Wordsworth , late Head Master of Harrow School j and a warm supporter of what is called the High Ckurch party . The questions at issue between M . Bunsen and his critics are concerned with subjects on "which it would be useless for us to express an opinion . But the work , -which will henceforth bear the name of Hippolytus , presents us with a lively picture of the Christian Church in its earliest epochs : - * ' The problem was , first to reproduce , the character of one of the leading men of ancient Christianity 5 and , secondly , to make that character and life reflect their light upon the later history of the Church in general , and on our otra titwea in particular . " The original tvork of four volumes has been expanded into seven .
" The present rolqiftei , therefore , njjpoar flanked by two other tyorlcs . Tlio first presents in two pftrtsafcoy to thp nliUosophical , historical , and theologicnl views which pervade 4 Hippblytus and his Ago . ' It benvs the title : ' Sketch of the PJIiilosophy of Language and of Kcligion , or the Beginnings and Proapeots of tho Hainan Kiicu . ' This akotch CDinprisos the Aplioriains of tlw aecpncl volume of the first edition , bettor digested im ([ \ Torkqd out so as to form Jin iutogralpiivt of m )! iilflsophic « l glanoo at tho primordial hiatorj of our vnco With regard'to tho principle of dovelopmont and off progress . " The second sdbaWtf <) tJoni the pliilologiciil , ia also presont « d as a separate work , nnd forms thre «| volumos . The remaitls-of ahto-Nlceno documents constitute throo sections , none of which have hitherto bewi glvon in a complete and satisfii . ctory manner j tlio litorury remains , tlio cwiatitutioiml documents , and the ) lt . ur ^ icnl records . Of those , tho third sousion was critically almost a blank bofuro the publication of my RkH ^ uioo Liturgicas . I liavo had nothing to add to those liturglcsu texts ; but I have this time printed in extenso tlio passages ot tho Syrian Jacobite HtuiKy which oorreapond with the Greek text , whereas , in
tlie rirst edition , I only Indicated thttt they weiro identical , lint I have prefixed to those texts tho jEloinBut * t , iturgio » , pppuliirly exhibited In »\ y ' Book of tho Clmroli , ' " It is obvious tiiat nsa history of primitivo Christianity , M . Bunsen ' s work is invaluable . He h"a 9 collected all tho writings of early times which throw light upon the creed or practice of tho Church . We aro compelled , howovor , to dofor for the present any lengthened criticism , and muat content ourselves with one-more extract from tho letters to A . rchueacon Ware , which explains the fact of Hippolytuu , Bishop of Portus ( i . e . theharboui' of Homo ) , being also designated presbyt o * , and nubrds one of tl * o strongest proofs in favour of M . liunscm ' s theory as to tho authorship of tho disputud book , ao long aoftribed to Origen— " Hue liefuttttion of all ilerosies . " ' Tho ninth bnok gives 81111 clearer evidonoo Hint ivt that tiino ho resided nt or near Home . and was a mombor , « ii « l i \ n eminent o-uo , of tho IComiiu proabytery . liven tuoy who knovr no . moro of tlto primltivo ccolo » iaHtio » l polity than what blmy » n « y Imvo loarnod JtVoai Uiuglmin
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324 ? IE LEAMl . [ Saturday ,
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 2, 1854, page 834, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2054/page/18/
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