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r £ : ^^^ , Johk Mnn ^ x ^ x * , and G »*« Wknamed among . flxeinuBtfionspainters who-are-engaged to illustrate cttKgM . te . tlmag . poet . The . volume . to be ; thus produced with every tecniucdl-aarantageiof the < finest [ eirgraviiTg , paper , and typography , will , we iteetisst ^ be s ometh ing uni qu e even a mong all the wonders of ill us tra tion iwhiehiiave ., iflBHedirom , the press of late years .
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' Mr . IAjxe iBoBKB , known as the editor of the Ethnological Journal , is mom deUvering' ^ xjotrtB ^ of lectures ; at * he Marylebone Literary Institution , ^ fHwfeich the second-was given on Thursday , the 41 th instant . The subject istfiie « Tfim 8 evalWorld , "> Vand 1 SIr .. 3 DBKJB may be described as a root-and-Jasanch < innovator in the matter . of aax general opinions upon the world ' s early history . He maintains that-vast- errors as to facts , as * to chronology , srto'the order of events , abound in history as it is generally written and accepted . . , ., inrthe £ rstiecture Mr .: BoBEE > took » s ; a ^ subject those well-known massive . — . zim . ^ P aot-w fl »^ hitor . tirre . the ^ ' -Cvclbnean monuments of Southern tti f rrtft jirsc jecLirrt ? i « ir .-x > ujuui < 'tui / tt . «> ' » ' »« "j » ' >"' ' »'> "' •»»»•» —> ,.,- ¦ remains of ' earlarchitecturethe - "' Cyclopean monuments of Southern
y , " Europe and Asia ^ Minor , ' with regard to which he maintains that they prove Greece anditafyito be older jhanJEgypt . In conjunction with them , ' fee 'dealt with the " Cromlech mounds" found in so many parts of Europe , aria argued tthat the Cyclopean era would never have existed if Egypt . had . preeeded . it . ; ; that ascertain stage of civilisation must : have existed among * beibuildere . 'of these -monumenfe ; and'thatbad Egypt been then what she tra 3 -supjrosediifrrbe ,- 'traces of her irifluence would have been found among ihem . He was . of opinion that ^ Egypt ' s place in history was much lower ^ lown . -thanit was supposed to be , and that wherever civilisation began , it
• did not begin there . " SfheTsecohd lecture comprised a critical examination of the " Roman Ca-Jtandac , *? with ta-yiewrto show that the . common accounts of classic history -are fall of-ieErbxs ~ and absurdities . . Mr . Bubke ' ¦ denies that"the Romans at 4 ttrV tuwe ^ tspuhted " 'by < the .. lunar year—^ holding the '" ten months" of rthe ^ "j year JSri&OBa&ua ' to . have . been "in Reality ten divisions of a ^ solar jyear . : Bfe [ denies <* 2 brat itlis -possible 'that the pontiffs were ever in the habit of making jiritercalatio-ns , < f © r "purposes of their own , as is asserted . He * a $ Hbutes '* these and similar -statements to the wish to account for the traii ^ on . by which . the ; solar year was in-reality the established way of-nieaararingixoinT times of Tthe most remote antiquity . The result ( as he holds ) j ^ H 6 he : ' misapprehension ofchronology by the classic writers , has been that &here are palpable gaps-in various periods of classical history , when there > must liave ibeen .-ages of . time -which the common narratives skip over .
- . j AsargumeatB * of- ' * ki 6 dee < jpiption-oanonly be—made impressive and intelligible by details—we shall ndt pretend that our brief notice does any justice either to McBujuce ' s . matter or his manner . We commend his dcofureB to * he curioosiin . auoh subjects . His information is large , his x > pinions earnest , -Bis ' style clear and'forcible . The succeeding discourses 41 C © Announced lor ; the 18 th and 2 oth . inst ., and the 1 st of , February .
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. uExpevianae has . a . little shaken our faith in practical treatises . We have t « nrnt 'by their 'help , and at different times , Photography ,. Ply-fishing , Phrenp " , typics , ( on thejplan df Major 'Bestiowski ) , Thoraugh-bass , and the noble a » fc of Self-defence . JPrx ^ uming x > n our iminute acquaintance with these subjects , weJiaveweaturedpraoticallyi'on ^ ach ; and on each we have been , with ' the ' least-possible loss of time , emphatically and decisively " floored . " JNevfirEheless we are lur from saying . ihere is no use whatever . in practical otaftatiflQB—eviaiii practically considered . Ware me at all disposed'to make ao'brtld and'eweeping an'assertion , < a « ingle gliinco at the now complete—Jand beautifully complete—work on ' Landscape Painting in Water Colours , ipuhliahed . under ithe direction . of . Mr . W .. S . Obr , would give us pause .
X 3 iipomo-liithography- *« u > medbanteal process v » ow rendered so perfect that thT 5-prized"" -eflects" of the most original painter may be snatched from his JoalDU 8 , Treep lng ,. ana ^ aed ,. xficompoaea in . a totally different-manner , b # t with ^ be reame result , and ifinaUy multiplied , many hundred-fold—^ has been the frmeipal : means of giving'to ihis book "such completeness as we have remarked with admiration . Mr . Gkobqb Babnabd , the drawing-master at iBugby ^ and ithe author of i several "Handbooks on Landscape and Foliage , fcramdlies tfee ^ raattor , both lltoEary « nd'piatOTJal . Wo do not profess to give ^ HQjP ^ t regarding 'his theory . Txi orderto verify that > we should learn JF ^ toFtOolour painiing from Jhia igqatise—ra task which , for reasons already ^ nrsnyrweialodakifrom . J 3 utiit would be « n amportinonco to question . the Ability 6 f ^ teacher who has shown us -ao w ^ ll , at every stage , wuat-jae . Jias Himself learneel from that most practical of books—rNoture .
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^ hefirst number of the Artist appeared last Saturday . A journnl 00
wellnamed one e to occur to the men most Capable of working them out . We wJl not . judge hastily , but we perceive very faint signs of any working-out m this first number To be sure we are told , in language more fluent than precise , that " they who may regard with dissatisfaction this first sheet of a workrdevoted to so extensive a subject , will do well to consider that Art , both inteUeetualbj and morally , is illimitable ; and that to fill up the outline thus fomtly shadowed forth , is necessarily the work of time . " Well ! Let the proprietors get rid of Philocritos , and . the tavern sign on the front of their journal ; and these necessary measures being taken , they may go on filling up an outline which , with perfect truth , they describe as being " faintly shadowed forth . "
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SOCIAL ASPECTS OE GERMAN IiEFE . Germany from 1760 to 1814 ; or , Sketches of German Life from the Decay of the JSmpireto the Expulsion of the French . By Mrs . Austin . Longman and Co . We have but one objection to make to Mrs . Austin ' s work , and that objection is a compliment , namely , that she'has given us too little . Very curious it is that in spite of the innumerable books produced by ' Germans upon innumerable subjects , there is no one work which sets forth even in outline the state of society , manners , and customs during the eighteenth century . They will tell you how the Phoenicians lived , and what the Egyptians thought ; they will tell you what scholiasts have discovered , and what they have ° discovered in scholiasts ; they will offer you libraries on the Greek drama or on the Paust legend ; but anything so near to living interests as thestateof Gk rman social life in the eighteenth century they unanimously tneretore incom
ajyree to avoid . This work by Mrs . Austin , , aitnougn very - plete , and-not professing to be complete , is something that they have not got even in Germany , and we ought to be very grateful to her forhavmg produced it . Taking as a basis several memoirs and autobiographies , she contrives by means of extracts and reflections to set before us certain aspects of this eighteenth century . She makes us aware , by contrast , of the procrress made in England in all that conduces to the splendour , comfort , and / convenience . of physical life ; indeed , in Germany this progress has been comparatively very slow , and at the present day the Englishman finds abundant remains of the domestic life of his own country in the last century . He is , as Mts . Austin remarks , still continually reminded of the customs ana traditions of his childhood , especially if that childhood was passed in ii
provincial town . He meets , and is pleased to meet , everywhere in Germany some custom , some rarity , some implement , dress or viand—perhaps some sentiment or opinion , for these , too , have their day—of which he has heard his parents talk with the fbnd recollection of early years . He-finds the garment for \ vhich his mother ' s hoards were Ransacked , and which , once the dress of the higher classes , is now become the distinctive costume of a retired peasantry . Tie bears with ^ surprise the traditions bf ; his-paternaf house and the sayings of his old nurse . In one district he finds the simple faith of < his : forefathers , in another district the'feudal attachment to the immediate lord , or the blind and . affectionate loyalty to the . hereditary rulet ^ for which he must look through a long vista of centuries at home . He will see the coarse , substantial comfort and strict adherence to the manners and pleasures of his class which once characterised the English citizen .
Elsewhere she remarks how , the more we go back to the recollection of what we heard in our childhood , the nearer do we approach to the manners of Germany at the present day , and still more to the manners of the eighteenth . century . The Germans are generally not aware of these resembUinces , ^ he more not a very accurate daguerreotype of English life . The similarity alluded to is , of oourse , isubject to large deductions on the score of national character and'peeuliariiiy . Thus , on comparing the domestic life of the two countries , weobserve the ties of blood possessing a force in Germany which they had in Scotland , 'but 'never in " England . And ' upon this Mrs . Austin makes the excellent reflection , that " The obligations of kindred have been made a pretext , often a justification , forasmany base and unjust acts as any set of
' . motives whatever . The morality -of women has especially been contracted and perverted by it . With an ordinary mother , as with a thorough-going sectarian , all means are gedd'that'lead to ' the desired end—the prosperity or fancied happiness of her children . There is no immorality like that which is practised with . a quiet , nay , with a complacent conscience ; and the permanent interests of < mankind are then often sacrificed to the duty df providing for one ' s : family . " These ties of blood often assumed a somewhat tyrannous form ; the ; power of fathers 'and even brothers over the ' women df the family was absolute . The deference paid , externally at least , was very great . Even in . England it was much'greater at that period than it is now , butthe universal-spirit of freeUoin , ihe independent manners df our public schodls , and the dogged robdlliousness of the Briton , prevented that deference from ever being so great as it was'in Germany and 'France . Madame Schopenhauer , has in her Memoirs given a striking illustration of this patriarchal authority even in the nineteenth century . It is the so-called family tribunal ( Familien Gferfcht ) , over which the head of the family presided ,
and to which every member of the fhmily was amenable . Bho describes going once to this * wrful assembly . She went in full dross , and found an old man of oighty seated in an arm-chair at the top df the room , and the other-members of the family arranged in a semicircle on either Bide , according to ago . nnd precedence . Two very young men of the famiry-woro then called up by the patriarch , and were severely reprimandedfor their misdemeanour , which was getting into debt . They stood jierfctitry abashed and pale as death . Their parents-oat by scarcely less so , b « rt not daring to interpose a word in their behalf . The rebuke ended , they wore dismissed . The national dance , the AUlemande , its the slow waltz at itlmt time-was called all over Europe , haa undergone a change symbolical of many other changes . It has degenerated—young ladies will say , 'been improve'd—into the disfzy whirl of the Deux te » y > s , iwnich' sacrifices grace 'torapJUity : and many other good things of'Germany have degenerated also into Vie - "ifiiBt . " IfweEnglisU often think the Gorman " slow "—and it must be ownedihrtt
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is of thostoo 6 bviou % good ideas diot are almostsuiHj not ME L ® Ik D If B . . ; ¦ ¦ 'E Sa » ttbj > a ^ ^ " ¦ ¦ -rrrsTrasSrr ^ ———^ = ^— " .. .. . , r __ -i irloao th-pek are ahnost'sure'not
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 13, 1855, page 42, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2073/page/18/
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