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NAVAi AND MILITARY 'NEWS
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every ji ve funerals in the country districts ; and the town population is increasing by immigration much faster than the country population ; so that , unless measures for the improvement of the health of the artisans , the tradesmen , and the professional and -wealthy classes in towns are immediately adopted , the lives of many , and the , vigour and energies of large masses , of the English population will be lost , or for ever impaired .
THE WEATHER . £ These particulars have been collected by James Glaishek , Esq ., F . R . S ., Secretary of the British Meteorological Society . ^ From January 1 to January 9 , the weather was very warm , and the mean daily excess of temperature was 11 degs . nearly . On January 9 , the temperature was as high as 50 degs ., and on January 10 it decreased to 26 degs . ; January 10 , 11 , 12 , and 13 , were days of average temperature ; on the 14 th a very cold period set
in , and continued with great severity until February 24 ; on some days , about the middle of February , the defect < jf temperature was as large as 15 , 16 , 17 , and 18 degs . on several consecutive days ; and the mean daily defect for the forty-two days ending February 24 , was 9-5 degs . ; this long period was followed by a few days differing but little from their average temperatures ; but on March 6 the cold again set in , and continued , with the exception of the days from the 16 th to the 20 th , to the end of the month—the average daily defect amounted
to 6 degs . In January , the temperature was as low as 13 degs . and 14 degs . at different places on different days . In February , it was as low as 3 degs . to 10 degs . at many places in several instances . The lowest temperature experienced about London was 7 degs ., but the extreme lowest temperature was noted at Berkhampstead on February 18 , and was 0 * 8 deg . ; on the same night it was 2 ' 5 degs . at Belvoir Castle : and it was low everywhere . -
The direction of the wind until January 9 was S . W ., and from January 10 to the end of the quarter was mostly N . E . The rain has been deficient in each month of this quarter . Snow fell on January 9 , and on every day , at one station or another , from January 13 to February 28 , and from March 8 to March 31 . It was replete with snow crystals , and was unusually dense , a depth of 8 inches producing water to the depth of an inch . We must go back to the year 1814 for a similar period .
PRICES OF PROVISIONS . The cost of food and the state of trade influence the numbers of the births , deaths , and marriages , and , as well as the weather , produce great changes in the condition of the population . The price of " wheat has been more than 50 per cent , higher than it was in the quarter of 1853 that ended on March 31 , but 9 s . 7 d . per quarter lower than it was in the beginning of 1854 . Beef is 25 per cent , dearer than it was in 1853 , and 7 per cent , dearer than it was in 1854 . Mutton has been cheaper than it was in 1853 , and so have been potatoes . These general results are accompanied by several pages of tabular matter , of great interest to scientific inquirers .
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HEALTH OF LONDON DURING THE WEEK . ( From the Registrar-Generals Weekly Return . } The return for the week that ended last Saturday doea not discover any decroase in the rather high rate of mortality which has lately prevailed in London , and which is as great at the end of May as it was in the beginning of the month , and is even higher than it was in the last two weeks of April . Last week 1187 deaths wore registered . In the corresponding -weeks of the ten years 1815-51 , the average number was 5 ) 51 , which , if raised by a tenth pnrt for increase of population , becomes 10-16 . It appears that 141 persons died last week more than would have died according to the ordinary rate of mortality in the fourth week of May . The class of zymotic diseases shows a disposition to increase . The weokly numbers referred to it lately , run thus ;—214 , 210 , 220 , and ( last week ) 210 . These 246 cases arc distributed under particular heads as follows : — Small-pox 29 , measles 1 ( 5 , scarlatina 52 , hooping-cough 52 , croup 12 , thrush 8 , diarrhoea 15 , dysentery 5 , influenza 1 , remittent fever 4 , typhus 43 , mutria ( puerperal fovor ) 1 , rheumatic fever 1 , orysipolas 8 , syphilis 8 , and noina 1 . Scarlatina , which averaged 10 in some previous weeks , rose to 52 . Three deaths were registered from this disease iu each of the following sub-diatricta : — - St . Paul Hnmincrdinith , Saffron-hill , West London ( South ) , and Poplar . 17 , or nearly a half , of the deaths caused by other fovor , occurred in tho east districts . Phthisis i . s much more fatal than any othor special disease ; it numbered 170 cases last week , about 30 more than the usual number in corresponding weeks . Last week , tho births of 855 boys and 767 girls , in all 1 G 22 children , were registered in London . In tho ten corresponding wooka of tho yoara 1845-51 , tho average number was 1899 .
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STATE OF TRADE , LABOUR , AND THE POOR . The Board of Trade returns for the month ending the 30 th of April have been published . Their general results are satisfactory ; for we find that the declared value of our exportations has exceeded by 320 , 679 / . the amount exhibited by the returns of a similar period last year . This increase has been chiefly in raw materials . Cotton manufactures present a favourable aspect ; but haberdashery , hardware , saddlery , metals , etc , indicate depression in the trade of the colonies and of the United States . The imports exhibit but small amounts of foreign grain and flour . Salted provisions have been consumed in great quantities , perhaps partly owing to
the victualling of the army and navy . Coffee , cocoa , sugar , spices , tobacco , and spirits have likewise met with a large demand ; but tea shows a diminution . The imports of other articles have been moderate . Dyes and dyeing stuffs and oils exhibit an increase ; glass and leather manufactures a general decrease . Metals show an increase in copper and tin , and a falling off in other kinds . British timber has again been more largely used , while the consumption of foreign has greatly diminished . The shipping returns of the Board of Trade for April exhibit still further diminution in the employment of tonnage ; but this has been felt to a greater extent in foreign than in JJritish shipping . The Excise statements for the first quarter of the present year indicate a large decroase in all tho articles .
Keccnt accounts of the trade of tho manufacturing districts ( says the Times ) show an improvement consequent upon the buoyancy of the funds , the more favourable prospects of the harvest , and tho belief that the abortive uncertainties of the Vienna Conferences will henceforth bo discarded . At Manchester there has been an increased business , although in the prices obtained manufacturers find it impossible to keep pace with the . speculative advance at Liverpool , where tho cotton transactions of tho week have boon of an unprecedented extent . As they mostly hold good stocks of the raw material , purchased at rates below those now current , they can , however , afford to wait for a gradual realisation of tho full rise . Tho Birmingham report again describes a tendency to greater steadiness in tho iron trade , Attributable to
diminished production and to the market having by some of tho recent failures been partially relieved from the operations of linns who , having no property of thuir own , wore reckless in nucrificing that of their creditors . Notwithstanding tho reduction in tho number of furnaces at work , tho price of coals is maintained with extraordinary firmness , but important measures arc in progress to open new fields and to oxtend tho facilities of canal transit . With regard to tho recent suspensions , it is stated that tho liabilities of Messrs . Duvies , of West Bromwich , arc little short of 200 , 000 / ., and that their nsaotH do not promise a favourable liquidation . Tho establishment of Messrs . Toy and Son , of Soho , ia again open , the affairs of tho firm being carried on under inspection . No fresh stoppages of any importance have been announced , but tho distrust already caused continues to be aggravated
by false rumours . At Nottingham , business has been limited ; but , on the whole , a more confident feeling prevails , which is assisted by expectations of recovery in the markets of Australia and America . In the woollen districts , also , the tone is healthy ; and in the Irish linen markets there is a favourable tendency . With respect to the appearance pf the grain crops , the statements from the various counties of England are on the whole satisfactory , their good general appearance making up for occasional signs of deficiency on light lands ; and from Ireland the reports are especially encouraging . The arrivals in the port of London during the week ending last Saturday are unusually large . The Glasgow markets , both for cotton , wool , and iron , have been very active of late . There has been a long continued strike of colliers in Gloucestershire and Somersetshire ; and , on last Saturday and Sunday , Nailsea , about seven miles from Bristol , was alarmed by the riotous conduct of some of the " turns-out . " About twenty-eight of the colliers had
resumed their work , which so irritated the others that they made an attack upon one of the apostates from their cause who had taken refuge in a public-house . Ultimately , he escaped , though not without serious injury . The rioters then went to the house of another of the seceders , who hid himself up the chimney ; but all his furniture was destroyed . Afterwards , they paraded the village , ill-treating several , and beating and kicking one man in particular so fiercely that no hopes are entertained of bis recovery . On Sunday morning two magistrates arrived on the spot , and took
precautions to secure order . Special constables were sworn in , and several of the ringleaders were captured . This led to a fresh outbreak , in which the women took a conspicuous part , and some of the men were rescued . Others , however , were secured , and despatched to Bristol for safe custody . A telegraphic despatch was also sent to Bristol , when about forty experienced constables were sent by special train . These succeeded in recapturing some of the ringleaders . During the whole of Sunday night , the Bristol police and special constables paraded the village , and succeeded in restoring order .
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LETTERS FROM PARIS . THE FINANCIAL ABYSS IN FRANCE . ( From a Private Correspondence . ) .... You are a ciphering nation . I am anxious to lay before you a few financial results which I have derived from unquestionable documents . The Restoration ( 1815 ) found the French Empire with a debt of 63 , 307 , 637 francs of rentes ( Government stock ) , representing , at five per cent ., a capital of 1 , 266 , 000 , 000 francs . The Restoration lasted fifteen years . It created rentes to the amount of 187 , 308 , 054 francs . It extinguished , by a sinking fund , the amount of 51 , 198 , 483 francs . It left , over and above the debt of the Empire , 136 , 109 , 571 francs , representing , at five per cent ., a capital of two milliards ( 80 , 000 , 000 / . ) , 720 , 000 , 000 francs . Louis Philippe reigned for eighteen years . He created 77 , 746 , 064 francs rentes . He extinguished , by the sinking fund , 32 , 870 , 006 francs , leaving an . excess of 44 , 869 , 998 francs , representing a capital of nine hundred millions of francs ( 36 , 000 , 000 / . ) in round numbers . From the 24 th of February , 1848 , to the 1 st of January , 1852 , 78 , 665 , 712 francs rentes were created , and 83 , 648 , 391 francs extinguished . The public debt in that interval seemed to have diminished by five millions ( francs ) of rentes . But this result was factitious , in Unit , within the same space of time , thcjluating debt , which was converted in 1818 , and consequently extinguished , had grown up again to large dimensions . At present it has reached a figuro of from 700 , 000 , 000 to 800 , 000 , 000 francs . Subtract from this figure a hundred millions ( francs ) , which balance tho decrease of the runtes-dcbt , tho Kmpiro still owes us from six to seven hundred millions ( franca ) of debt , which will form the first item in its reckoning 600 , 000 , 000 fr . Tho State owes tho Bank . . 60 , 000 000 Ditto ditto • • » 0 , f )() 0 , 000 First Loan 250 , 000 , 000 sZudTan 500 , 000 , 000 A third Loan is announced , according to tho bo . sl . information , of . d 50 , 000 , 000 The Kail ways have roiinburnoil , or paid within tho aaino wpneo of llmo , about 160 , 000 , 000 Tho Kinpiro , then , has employed extraordinary rcvonucH bonidos tho jhidgot 2 , 840 , 000 , 000 fr . Without mentioning from one hundred to a hundred and twenty millions ( francs ) borrowed by tho
Navai And Military 'News
NAVAL AND MILITARY NEWS . Tim Baruaoics at Parkiutust , lalo of Wight , wore on Saturday laat visited by the Quoon , who spoko to bovoeoI invalided mon wearing tho Crimoun medal . Her
Majesty has also visited the troop transport ship Cormorant at Portsmouth . The Regiments of Cavalry under orders for the seat of war -will augment the cavalry force in the Crimea to about 5650 sabres . Orders have been issued for the immediate embarkation of two battalions of Rifles . The Militia Regiments seem to be generally recovering from their recent sudden reduction . We may expect shortly to see them in their former strength and efficiency . Another Vessel attacked bt Pirates . —The Conference brig , Peter , of and from North Shields to Carthagena , was attacked by pirates , off the coast of Riff , on the 2 nd of May . The master and crew escaped in their boats , and afterwards fell in with the British brig Lively , Napier , totally abandoned , which they took charge of and brought safe into Gibraltar on the 18 th of May .
The Steam Gunboat Weseb—one of the two for which Sir James Graham , when at the head of the Admiralty , exchanged with Prussia the frigate Thetishas received some severe injuries near the Straits of the Dardanelles . First , she took fire ; and , this having been extinguished , which was speedily done , she struck heavily on a rock , and it was only after very great and prolonged efforts that she was backed off . She then filled fast , and it was found necessary to beach her ; in doing which , she ran over several rocks , and another hole was knocked in her bottom under the engine . On the 2 nd of May she was towed to Constantinople , and was again grounded to prevent her sinking .
The Emigrant Ship John . —The Board of Trade , by virtue of a recent act touching the liability of shipowners for damages in cases of loss of life or injury , have resolved to sue the proprietors of the John , the frightful wreck of which , owing to the carelessness of the captain and crew , is still fresh in the public mind . The claim of the Board against the owners is not much less than 7001 . The inquiry is expected to take place at Bodmin on or about the 18 th of June ; and will be conducted before the Sheriff of Cornwall and a jury .
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June 2 , 1855 . ] THE LEADEE . 511
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), June 2, 1855, page 511, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2093/page/7/
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