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KaraWh wassubdued-l > y Ziaiauof . iMJws ^ ew SbioneOfcoauWiu ^ ed ^ Xetoran , thegeaxpr of handsome presents Aom the Eipparor JS ^ pojeoo , x ^ Quncltirent of theJBng lish , « lhaiice Stteh propositions-as these , contrasted with the lukewarm mdlflEetaaceof the British Government , could . eot fail to gain some influence with the Persian monarchf But lie was still Joval enough to make a last effort to jrouse his allies to exertion , andas we have mentioned above—Mirza Nebbi Khan received instructions to apply ± o the
XJovemor-Greneral of India for efficient aid . But when Sir G . Barlow declined to depart from "his system of non-intervention— -to use the words of Sir John McIfcHl— "Persia , losing all hope of support from her old ally , had ao alternative but to throw herself into the arms of France . " The Persian king , however , had no intention of admitting a . foreign army into his own dominions . He merely proposed that the French should act in Georgia , though he was willing to march his own troops down "by the road of Cabul and Candahar" if they proposed to invade Khorassan ; but he warned his ambassador the adventurous . . Mirza Reza—not to promise the French any * station or port in the province of Fars-for their passage to Hindostan . " Kapoleon gladly acceded to the terms proffered by the Shah .
He was in no small need of allies to aid him against the colossal power of Russia , and a diversion on the side of Georgia held out expectations that were all the more magnificent for being undefined . M . jaubert was therefore immediately despatched toTeherantoratifythe alliance which had previously received the Emperor ' s sanction at Fenkenstein in May , 1807 . But the treaty of Tilsit , in the following month of July , completely changed the aspect of affairs . It was now no longef possible for the French to co-operate with the ^ Persians against Russia , but their mediation availed for a time to prevent the Shah from being further despoiled of his hereditary dominions .
The Persian alliance was deemed of such importance by Napoleon , that he at first intended to send his brother Lucien as his representative at Teheran . He afterwards , however , made choice of General Gardanne , who fully justified the selection by his able conduct under most trying circumstances . The French officers who formed his suite also did good service by organising the Shah ' s illdisciplined levies , and byjgiving the Persians some idea , of the science of fortification . Nor was the
Shah ungrateful , for he evinced his sense of the obligation by despatching a brilliant embassy to Paris , charged , among other costly presents , with the sabres of Tamerlane and Nadir Shah , as if Napoleon was alone worthy to inherit the arms of those mighty conquerors . While General Gardanne was at the zenith of bis favour , General Malcolm arrived in the Persian Gulf as the envoy of the Indian Government . But it was in vain that he bad again recourse to his
old barbaric expedient of paving his way with gold . The Persians were not grown less sensible to the seductions of wealth , but they valued their existence aa an independent people far above pecuniary considerations . The French had p romised to defend them against Russian aggression , and this point the Indian Government had always evaded , though it was the one most eagerly desired by the Persian Court . It was not surprising , therefore , that General Malcolm should utterly fail in his attempt to supplant the French ambassador . But the hot-headed soldier committed
the great mistake of losing his temper ; for his personal vanity had been wounded by his discomfiture . He accordingly took his departure for India , -threatening to return at the head of an invading army to avenge the insult offered to his nation in his own person . But Napoleon ' s inability to fulfil his grand promises gradually alienated the Shah from the French alliance , and this feeling was speedily heightened by the able manoeuvres of Sir Harford Jones , who arrived -immediately after General Malcolm had sailed for India . Sir Harford had
been sent from England by the Home Government , but on reaching Bombay had . learnt , to his great astonishment , that JLord Minto had on his own responsibility sent an envoy to the Court of Teheran . With praiseworthy moderation and judgment , however , he remained at that Presidency until the issue of General Malcolm's negotiations GaukL be known ; and it vfaa not until he was aprprased of j their failure , tlmt he proceeded to hia aettrnfttMun . Law !* din » a * iBuahire in October ,-1608 ,
he-soon discovered that the French . influence was on the wane , and his personal acquaintance with the Persian Ministers enabled Jikn to supplant at entirely . As he approached the 'capital , General Gardanne slowly retired and left the arena open to his fortunate rival . It would be unjust not to acknowledge the ability , temper , and Knowledge of Oriental character , displayed by Sir Harford in the course of his mission . His only mistake was the undertaking to record his own achievements .
The peevish garrulity of the fiery old Welshman , who had long dwelt upon the idea that his labours were not duly appreciated by the public , is apt to prejudice the reader unfavourably ; but every allowance should be made for the annoyances he received at the outset of his mission , and for the insulting hanteur with which he was uniformly treated bv Lord Minto . If the tree is to be judged by its fruits , the representative of the Crown must be plaoed high above the envoy of the Governor-General . For the one was constrained to leave
Persia with disgrace , while the other was received with open arms , and succeeded in arranging the conditions of a preliminary treaty on the 12 th of March , 1809 . The 3 rd article of this treaty provided that every previous " agreement which the King of Persia might have made with any one of the Powers of Europe became null and void , and that he would not permit any European force whatever to pass through Persia , either towards India or towards the ports of that country . ' * By the 4 th article [ England was pledged to furnish a subsidy if Persia should be attacked by any European Power ; and Persia was equally bound to lend her aid to Great Britain in the event of the invasion
of India by the Afghans or any other nation . The 8 th article , however , stipulated that if war broke out between the Persians and the Afghans , the British should not otherwise interfere except as mediators . That these conditions were considered at the time highly advantageous may be fairly inferred from the readiness with which they were accepted by Lord Minto , who certainly cannot be suspected of any personal partiality towards the negotiator . The Home Government likewise testified their approbation by at once ratifying the treaty , as soon as it was submitted to them bv _ the Persian ambassador , immortalised in " Haji Baba , " and the first one seen in England since the reign of Abbas Shah . In the following year Genei'al Malcolm was
again despatched to Teheran , in order— -wrote Lord Minto —• " to restore and secure the injured credit and insulted dignity of the Indian Government ; " and the officers who accompanied him materially assisted Abbas Mirza in organising a regular army . But the Shah perfectly understood the subordinate character of the Indian Government ,, and continued to discuss political matters with Sir Harford Jones alone , who occupied the post of Resident Minister at Teheran , until his voluntary resignation in 1811 . From this time our diplomatic relations with Persia have been mostly maintained through the Home Government , and the Governors-General of India have been brought to understand that they are not independent princes . ( 7 b be concluded in our next . ") ; ji
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Thk Ibish in A _ mrbica . —An Irish Roman Catholic priest , long resident iu America , has been writing a vehement dehortation to his countrymen on the subject of emigrating to the United States . Ho says that tho Irishman does not get rich in " tho land of liberty , " while he loses his formor respect for his . priest , becomes sceptical and immoral , and indulges in ' " the beastly vice of intemperance" — -which , of course , is a thing unheard of in Ireland . Tho Americans themselves aro denounced as " infidels" ( by which -we suppose is meant Protestants ) , and as encouraging a Byatem of liberty which is only another name for licence ; while the children of Irish parents born in America become even moro anti-Irish and more irreligious than the genuine " Yankee . " Tho moral of all this is , that it is better to die at home than to lose " faith and morals" by crossing the Atlantic . We heard no Buch complaints before tho Know-nothing agitation . Collision on tiie Abkrdkkn Railway . <—A collision took place on this lino on the night of Friday week . An excursion train from Montrose stopped at the Covo station , when the ordinary train came up at fall speed and ran into the other , the engine driver not seeing the danger signal until too late , owing to a curve in tho road . Several carriages were i broken to pieces ; and ono i passenger b * d a } eg . fr « otui * d , > whUa another wo * . severely contused . An official inquiry Is feeing instituted ; but it is ioir to state that ithin is tho first . accident that haa
happened on the line during the whele five years that it has been opened . Constanonopije in Ramazan . — Constantinople , during the month of Ramazan , presents a very different aspect from 'Constantinople at other times . The city , it is true , is much more stern and serious daring the day ; there is none of that gay , careless life of the Orient which you see in Smyrna , Cairo , and Damascus ; but when once the sunset gun has fired , and the painful fast is at an end , the picture changes as if by magic . In all the outward -symbols of their religion , the Mussulmans show their joy at being relieved from what they consider
a sacred duty . During the day , it is quite a science to keep the appetite dormant , and the people not only abstain from eating and drinking , but as much , as possible from the sight of food . In the bazaars , you sec the famished merchants either sitting , propped back against their cushions , with Uio sfaawl about their stomachs , tightened so as to prevent the void under it from being so sensibly felt , or lying at full length in the vain attempt to sleep . It ia whispered here that many of the Turks will both eat and smoke , when there is uo chance of detection , but no one would dare infringe the fast in public . —Pictures of Palestine .
America . —The news from America this week is even less than usual . The most important fact is that the English consul at Cincinnati has been held to bail iu the sum of two thousand dollars , on a charge of enlisting troops for the Crimea . Other English subjects have also been held to bail on similar charges . Letters from "Washington state that the duties paid under protest while the reciprocity treaty between Canada and the United States was beinff ratified by the colonial Legislature , were to be refunded as rapidly as circumstances would permit . The disarming of the negro militia of Havannah is progressing , as , since the fears of invasion have passed , there is no longer any occasion for their services . From Rio Grande we hear that the revolutionists are progressing . Colonel Kinney and a small party of Filibusters have been wrecked near St . Domingo , while on their passage to Nicaragua ; but no lives were lost .
Railway "Accident between Guavkseni > aki > Strood . — "O . B . C . H . " writes to the Times to give an account of an accident which happened on Friday week in the railway tunnel between Gravesend and Strood . The train , which bad been oscillating for some time , at length ran off the roils , and was brought to a standstill by the engine becoming jammed into the chalk wall of tho tunnel . The rails were torn up for a considerable distance , and the passengers ( some of whom were bruised ) had to wait iu semi-darkness for about an hour before they were taken oil ^ py another train . The writer thinks that the -wooden pins used for fastening the " chair" of the rails to the sleepers were of inadequate strength , and that they had been broken by the horizontal pressure caused by the oscillation .
General Count Zamoyski arrived in London on Sunday morning . We understand that his visit is the result of a special invitation from the British Government . — Daily News . The Adcltkkation Committee continues to sit , and to receive evidence exhibiting tho general diffusion of the practices by which our food and medicines are depreciated . Mr . Blnckwcll , of the firm of Crossc and Blackwell , pickle and preserve manufacturers , in giving evidence before the committee , stated that his firm had been in the habit of boiling their pickles nnd ^ some of their preserves in copper vessels , for the sake of giving them a brilliant green , and that they used to introduce foreign colouring matters into their anchovies , &c . ; that they had discontinued these practices , and that their customers had mode great objections to tho loss of colour . A sensible diminution of custom followed , and
it became evident that the public are themselves somewhat to blame for the state of things that had prevailed . Another -witness , Mr . Redwood , ProfesRor of Chemistry to the Pharmaceutical Society , was of opinion that " it would be liigbly undesirable that any regulation should bo enforced prohibiting the manufacture of cheaper drugs or chemicals , " and that it is sometimes right to allow the introduction of foreign matters for the sake of a reasonable cheapness . He believed that tho evil of adulteration had been greatly exaggerated . Gin he lield to bo generally a very wholesome spirit . It is indeed adulterated with oil of vitriol , oil of ahnondn , and salt of tartar , but in such small proportions ns to be innocuous . These subntanccs are put in for the nuko of " fining ' tho liquor , which would otherwise bo rendered dull by the water with which its strength is diluted by tho publicans . Beer ho conceived was perniciauH i" the state in which wo have it .
Tub " Lanckt" Analytical Commission . — Mr . Wakloy has written to tho Times to say that tl » o investigations into tho adulteration of food , &c , tho renultn of which appeared in tho Lanoet , aid not originate with Dr . IIosBttll but with himself , and that as far back as 1880 ho employed Dr . O'Shaughiicssy to write a nimiUr scries of papers for tho lAtncet , only a few of which , however , wore produced . In answer to this , Dr . Hassall states that he never claimed to bo the originator of tho commission , the Idea of wMch'was In fact suggflated to jUm'by > lir . < W « fck ) y , i tho subject having **« " ro " A-rrnhtned in that gentleman ' s nrind by eoino papers read by Dr . IIasmU to tho Botanical Society < of London .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 4, 1855, page 746, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2101/page/14/
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