On this page
-
Text (4)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
Efttfe ' is ' , WjOjgthj f £ ? epp 4 v < Wnujg . tfee nest nundred / years ., e ? M ? gpt t&Sfiw 1458 Ijlldo ^ iqo ,. son ofr ' ttf ^ rogn reigning duke , was crowded King of © ypnus—which title , though he was dispossessed immediately , is still retained by the Kings of Sardinia * , - ^ h « rleaH 3 i , whoisucceeded his brother Philibert / 'hu ^ ifld of Mar * g 9-iie . t f Au ^ tnia , and uncle by marri& ^ fJ toFra , nc \ s : t . o £ France ) , found , his dominions theb *? ttte ~ field Qt " 2 U the warlike factions of the age . Vainl ^ ie professed neutrality ; acted as mediator between ¥ * ancis L and the Swiss ; again between F * aneis and the Pope \ The French king waged wai ? . during / the whole of hi ? reign with Charles V ., Emperor of . Germany , and , { & return for the good offices of big uncle , took a greav fancy to his dominions , and was for ever seeking pretexts to deprive liim of them . Before the friends to the national independence of Ifoaly trust too much to the tender mercies of France in , the present , let them search out carefully what has been their nature in the past . A curious document is preserved in the archives of Turin relative to this matter . It is entitled " Declaration deFrancois I ., roide France , par laquelle il se depart de tous les droits qu'il pouvait avoir contre la maison de Savoye . " In this document Francis declares that " out of respect and consideration for our near relationship to our very dear and much-loved uncle Charles , Duke of Savoy , and in order to render indissoluble the reciprocal love and entire affection that exist between us , we do cede , cease , and renounce all claims that we may have , or pretend to have , on the territories of our said uncle . " Then , promising that no dispute or demand shall be urged by himself or his successors against Charles or his successors , he calls on all present to witness that these promises are made " in good faith , on the word of the king , and on our honour and conscience . Signed by our own hand , and sealed with our great seal , Francois . " ( Guichenou . _) This document bears date , Lyons , Sept . 10 th , 1523 , and in 1535 we find Francis declaring war against his " much-loved uncle , " on the paltry pretext that the I ) uke of Savoy had attended the coronation of his rival , Charles V . ! Charles III . was dispossessed by his affectionate nephew of the ¦ whole of Savoy and Piedmont , excepting a few fortresses . Loyal Nice , whose port was secured by Andrew Doria ' s galleys , and whose castle was defended by a woman , defiod both the French army and the Turkish fleet , and reserved a shelter for hei unfortunate duke . It was to his own right arm that Emmanuel Philibert , son of Charles , owed the restitution of his paternal dominions . Faithful to Charles V . throughout his reign , he obtained the famous battle of St . Quentin over the French for Philip II ., son of Charles V ., together with the victory of Gravelines . When , therefore , the treaty of Cambresis was concluded between Spain and France , we find " Lettres patentes de Henri II ., roi de France , pour la restitution des 6 tata du Due de Savoye a Emmanuel Phiiibert , due dudit pays . " In these letters the unfortunate Charles is always spoken of as noire frere quifut mis hors de ses pays . The States were not benefited by their annexation to France , The parliaments and general assemblies had been altogether discontinued . Emmanuel took caro not to restore them ; his aim was to render the sway of the house of Savoy as absolute as possible , and , though the magistrates that he appointed judged equitably during his reign , their power was soon merged in that of the crown which they upheld , rather than restrained . Still Kmmanuel loft his estates much more prosperous than he found them ; he resided at Turin , and carefully restored order in the administration of affairs . The canton de Vaud and Geneva ho could not recover , but purchased the principality of Onegliu and the county of Tenda . He also created an army to protect the coasts . The immense territories which Spain possessed in Italy , comprehending Lomburdy , Sicily , Naples , and the Island of Sardinia , gave rise to the-wars between Franco and Spain , only terminated After eighty years' duration , by the peace of the Pyrenees in 1615 . The roigns of Charles Emmanuel I ., Charles Emmanuel II ., Victor Amodeus II ., and Charles Emmanuel III . wore all distracted at their commencement by the disputes between Austria , Franco , and Spain , for these same Spanish dominions in Ituly . Nothing" but the valour and high-minded conduct of tho Savoy princes could have at all stemmed tho torrent of
invasion , ; but while tbey- fought bravely when it was . necessary , tfeft ; $ ? & % moment of peace found them employed , in , tlie , administration of order and justice throughout their ' realms . So interwoven are the results of the contest for the Spanish succession in Italy with the present [ affairs of the peninsula , that it is necessary just to glance at the causes . Charles II , of Spain- dying without issue ,, left his crown to Philip ,, grandson of Louis ~ X . 1 V King of France , to pass on his death to the Archduke Charles , son of the . Emperor of Austria . Such an accession of power to either France or Austria greatly troubled even England at the time . Victor Amedeus' II ., who , during the first part of his reign , had meekly yielded to the French king in his persecution of the Waldenses , soon realised , by the demand of Louis for the city of Turin , what a formidable neighbour he should have if the Bourbons should possess the Milanese territory . In 1702 he joined England , Holland , Austria , and Portugal against France and Spain , and aiJer the famous victories gained by Marlborough end Prince Eugene , the Archduke Charles was proclaimed King of- Spain . By the treaty of Utrecht , however , in 1713 , on the condition that France and Spain should , never be united under one king , the Spanish crown was restored to Philip ,, to pass , if he died without issue , to the house of Savoy , Victor Amadeus being crowned King of the Two Sicilies afc Palermo . All that the French had taken from the duke they were compelled to restore , and the summit of the Alps was henceforth { to form the partition-wall between the dominions of Savoy and France . The Spanish possessions in Italy were given to Austria , who thus became master of the Milanese territory , the Duchy of Tuscany , the Kingdom of Naples , and shortly after of the Island of Sicily in exchange for that of Sardinia , over which Victor Amadeus II . was proclaimed king in 1718 . No sooner was he freed from the distractions of war , than Victor proved that his abilities as a statesman equalled his talents as a general : science , agriculture , and the industrial arts all flourished in the latter part of this reign . The university of Turin was reformed , and several colleges were founded . Victor married Anne Marie d'Orhfans , niece to Louis XIV . of France and granddaughter of Charles I . of England . In consequence of this silliance with the royal blood : of France , Charles Emmanuel III . assisted Philip of Spain , in conjunction with the French troops , to recover the Spanish dominions in Italy from Austria . Naples and the Two Sicilies were restored to the Bourbons , but when they attempted to recover Loinbardy , Charles Emmanuel entered into a treaty with England and Austria in favour of the succession of Maria Theresa , daughter of the Emperor Charles VI . and wife of Francis , afterwards Grand-Duke of Tuscany . The King of Sardinia defended Lombardy with 45 , 000 men , England kept her fleet in the Mediterranean , and after desperate battles the Allies gained the day . Peace was secured by the treaty of Aix-la-Cliapelle , by which Novara . Voghera , and Vigerano were given to the King of Sardinia . It was thus that the sway of the Bourbons was established in Naples and the Two Sicilies , and that Lombardy and Tuscany were attached to the Austrian Empire . During the latter part of his reign Charles Emmanuel III . applied himself sedulously to enrich the public treasury , to encourage tho arts and sciences , and to insure freer intercourse between his states by the making of roads and tho excavation of canals . He founded schools ^ of artillery and mineralogy ; loft a fino standing , army and a full treasury , and yet relieved his sub- jects from the oppressive taxes levied in the preceding wars . Botta says the " monarchy of Savoy at this period was tho most solid of all monarchies . Violence was never done by the reigning house to their subjects , revolutions never occurred among the people . " Ho attributes this solidity to tho extreme moderation with which the Kings of . Sardinia used tho absolute power vested in their hands , to their being the head of tho army , and to their attention to the internal administration of their estates . I How this temperate policy was marred and frustrated by tho French revolutions , _ wh ^ ch during tho succeeding reigns of tho Kings " of Sardinia devastated their dominions in common
Untitled Article
with the . qfher states of the peninsula , shall be clearly demonstrated to those who " call themselves lovers of . liberty and independence , and " who , being Italians * and in Italy , yefe ar-e- still g iven to fondling French revolutions and French wars . "
Untitled Article
C ^^ m ^^ ^^ MAD- EB . _ Jgtt
Untitled Article
Th » Licensing System . —The licensing 1 system is , as we have said , designed principally as a means , to place titie sale of intoxicating liquors , in respectable , bands . In the present state of society , there can be no doubt that it is extremely important that the persons who . conduct the sale of an article so liable to have pernicious results as ardent spirits , should be men -mho have-, ft . oare for their own good name , who have something-to ilose in the world , and'who will not allow their house to be made
the resort of allthe reprobates in the neighbourhood . This is secured ; though in a veiy imperfect degree , by the regulations ^ which make all selling illegal unless a licence to sell . has been procured .. "When spirits aro sold , these licences can only be granted by the justices or magistrates , who are perfectly at liberty to grant them or not , as they , think fit . But where beer only is sold , any one can demand a licence from the Excise on paying three guineas and presenting a certificate of respectability signed by six householders . This difference in favour of mere beer-sellers is based , on an opinion which , a quarter of a century ago , was -widely entertained , aad was sanctioned by the Legislature , that it was spirits ,, not ale , that caused drunkenness , and therefore that it
would' be expedient to give every facility for the establishment of houses selling beer only . Experience hafr shown this opinion to be a mistaken one . Beer , especially the drugged beer sold in low pot-houses , causes a vast amount of drunkenness , even without the assistance of spirits : the beer-shops set up at pleasure by any poacher or thief who pleases ( for testimonials to character are always procured so easily as to be nugatory ) are hot-beds of vice , especially in agricultural districts ; and the increased sale of beer has not lessened the consumption of spirits . Nor is the system , applied to the sale of spirits at all satisfactory in its operation , for it introduces a very objectionable monopoly . The justices cannot possibly know whether a new house is wanted , and the establishment of a new one is of course strenuously opposed by those already in possession of the ground . And a great proportion of the existing publicbrewerswho bind their
houses are the property of the , lessees to sell none but the products of their breweries . Thus the brewers have a great interest in- having licences refused , and the brewers are a very powerful body , and very influential witb . country justices . A monopoly is created which often prevents the wants of a district " being attended to , and -which still more often keeps men of enterprise and capital out of the business . This monopoly is as unnecessary for the generalpurposes of the licensing system as it is vexatious in itself . If people like to set up public-houses where they are not wanted , Int . them do so at their peril ; they will soon close them . But then let the vendors of all intoxicating liquors , spirits as well as beer , lie under severe penalties to conduct their business properly , to maintain order , to exclude notoriously bad characters resorting thither for improper purposes ; and , above all , to abstain from : selling liquor to any one already intoxicated . —
Westminster Review . American Stage-drivers . — I had so often heard of the cool independence of American stage-drivers that I was curious to witness a specimen of their manners . The first two—for wo changed them with our horseswore n ot remarkable , but the third would certainly have astonished an English coachman oa the north road . His dress was peculiar , consisting of a queer head-piece , neither hat nor cap , a light green coat very short in the waist and very long-tailed , bright brown trousers terminating at his ankles , and boots -with red legs . Like his brethren of tho whip , ho grasped the reins in both hands , leaning forward , and urged his team by voice and lash in a manner that would have horrified a member of the Four-in-Hand Club . We wore opposite an orchard
full of tempting-looking fruit , when tho driver above described suddenly pulled up , and , handing me tho reins , bade me hold them while he went to get some upples . It happened that the second coach , was close behind us ; so when my coachman had filled Ma pockets , ho took it into his head to sit by tho side of Ma friend , desiring mo , as ho mounted tho box , to drive on . I obeyed orders , and drove about two miles , passing various vehicles two of which I nearly fouled ; forgetting that our habit of taking tho left side of the road is reversed in America . Ah tho horses , however , were steady , and I am not altogether ignorant of tho art of driving , I acquitted myself on tho whole very reapectably , a « tho drivor »»" « ° ' when it pleased him to resume bin soot . — A vacan Tour in the United States and Canada . __
Ofkn-air IWo . uno . ~ -The B / -J , ' J ' , ' M . A ., a clergyman of tho Church £ * $$% * % Ld rained desk at tho con . or oC Utto * and Dudloy-strcot , Seven W ^ ^ XWto tho atory of preached a ~ - ' » Si 1 rff * ««< li « "ce , who at « r » t the Prodigal Son . IIo """^ J Yontfth Induced by Borao Wo ' ffi £ « ° t " heir w £ t tlS ao"tl— had to flay . "
-
-
Citation
-
Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 20, 1855, page 1011, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2111/page/15/
-