On this page
-
Text (2)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
ffiit ' fs ^ 'bTWifia cEStaiit weH-beloved one . This wounded officer paralysis a ^ tew -days after -this event . ! ^ K ) visibris grow less and less ; spies are many ; deserters shot ; hope riF " * 5 m » r Pacha disappears ; and hope © f Selim Pacha rises—both alike tip deceive . " 2 Vo » . 4 . —An unusual number of soldiers enter the hospital , dying of starvation . The emaciation is wonderful , yet in most no diarrhoea or other symptom of disease -IB observable . Their voices are excessively feeble , a clammy cold pervades the surface of the body , and they die -without a struggle . Several of these men are ^ recovered by the administration of horse-broth , -with the application of warmth to the ^ extremities . Surgeons are posted in every part of the camp , with broth of torse-ilesh iin the form and under the name of medicine . A search is made for surviving horses , and these' are secured to make soup for the hospital . itals crowded mostlb who sink under the
« Nov . 9 >—Our hosp are y y men combined influences of hunger and cold . These poor fellows are brought in livid and emaciated , and frequently die within less than an hour of their admission . Nov 10 . —About 100 men die in the hospitals in tie 24 hours . Every one seems trying to ass-iune a cheerfulness he can scarcely feel . . . . . With hollow cheeks , tottering gait , and that peculiar feebleness of voice so characteristic of famine , they yet cling to their duties ! . . . . and , in answer to a word of encouragement or consolation , the loyal words are on . their lips , " Long live the Sultan !" Nov . 11 . —The cries of distress grow loader . Numbers © f children die of hunger . .... Nov . 14 . —I observe people 3 ying at the corners of the streets , groaning and crying out that they are dying of hunger- .... The soldiers in the batteries have stood sentry over three days' provisions , and , although starving , no instance of their tcrucbing a single bdseuit has ever been known . . ¦ . . . Nov . 18 . —Mothers bring their children to the military council , and throw them , at the feet of the officers , exclaiming : " Take and keep these children , for we have no bread to give them ! ' *
. Onemoreextract , aad we quit this volume . It will form a fitting close to ottrbjSef nbtiee of this excellent book . The day of yielding is come ; but let ^ isee how General Williams yields , and how General Mouravieff accepts . 3 Ure scene would make a great picture . ' 2 \ ft >« . ! 25 . —^ Gfeneral Williams and his aide-de-camp " Teesdale ride over under a HBiag < pf truce to the Russian camp . They are well received "by Mouravieff . The general tells his chivalrous enemy that he has no -wish to rob him of his laurels ; the ^ fortress contains a large train of artillery , with numerous standards , and a variety of arms , but the army has not yet surrendered , nor will it without certain articles of capitulation . "If you grant not these / ' exclaimed the General , " every . gun shall be burst , every standard burnt , ¦ every trophy destroyed , and you may then work will famished crowd
your on a . " "I have no -wish , " answered Mourayiej !^ "to wreak an unworthy vengeance on a gallant and long-suffering army , which hats covered itself with glory , and only yields to famine . " "Look here , " he exclaimed , pointing to a lump of bread and a handful of roots , " what splendid troops inust these be who can stand to their arms in this severe climate on food suchasthis ! General Williams , you hav « made yourself a name in history , and ipofiberity will stand amazed at the endurance , the courage , and the discipline whichthis siege hascalled forth in the remains of an army . Let us arrange a capitulation i ^ at will satisfy the demands of war ¦ without outraging humanity . " I leave my readers to imagine anything more touching than the interview bevreen these gallant leaders , whose eyes were suffused with tears , while thear hearts were big with sentiments of high honour and graceful benevolence .
IJut the soldiers , weak as they were , felt the degradation of yielding to an e ^ erny they had conquered ; starved , as Dr . Sandwith says , "bythedishones ^ rpbbery of rascally pachas , and the wicked apatlry and unwort hy intrigue ^ of By zant ^ Some of the soldiers broke their weapons * tn& cried , " Thus perish our pachas—tlie curse of God be on them 1 " When Williams Pacha passed away as a prisoner the people crowded round him fox his blessing . Kmety and Colnian had ridden away to Erzeroum , by the advice of General Williams , before the capitulation ; Williams and his brave coadjutors were taken to Gutnri ; while Dr . Sandwith , to whom General Mauravieff—that Bayard of Russia—gave unconditional ' liberty for his kind attention to Russian prisoners , rode over the mountains to Batoum . Thus fell Kars in the last days of November , 1855 .
Untitled Article
after the lapse of a century and a-hatf , men can scarcely look back on it with impartial -eyes . Tie levity and derision with which Mr . Macaulay has been treated by «« clever ' reviewers indicate a forgetfulness of the rare magnitude of his researches , the oppressive accumulation of his materials , the industry the wisdom , and the art required to ftise them into a continuous narrative to polish the surface , to distribute the colour , to combine reserve with eloquence and rhetoric with discretion . If Mr . Macaulay- advances , at some points too far , if he exaggerates the crimes of Marlborough and the virtues of William if be forgets where one poet died and where another was buried , if he treats Dryden with rigour and Pena with injustice , let those correct him who can
• but no writer who understands what historical composition is , or w ho has qualified himself for criticism by minute research , will undervalue th e book of which Mr . Macaulay is proud , and which makes bis country proud of him . In no such temper does Mr . Hepworth Dixon renew the Penn controversy . ' He writes as one who would not lose the respect of his adversary , and in this version of his reply does not print an uncourteous word . He is calm , moderate , and strictly critical . His rhetoric is confined to the clear exposition of facts , for every one of which an authority is quoted in the margin . Our task , then , is simply to decide which of the conflicting statements " , Mr . Macaulay s or Mr . Dixon ' s , is historical . Mr . Dixon remarks : —
First of all , let me state very plainly that the accusation , of Penn does not begi n with Mr . Macaulay . It arose in Penn ' s own times . He was pious , active , an d successful—a reformer , an originator , a disputant . He was rich , and lived in troubled times . Many coveted his wealth—not a few disliked his virtues . Calumny pursued him as it pursued Milton in his retreat , and Sidney into his grave . For one iustant , even the gehtLe and pious Tillotscm gave ear to the voice of slander ; but he frankly sought for an explanation ; he was reconciled at once and forever to his old friend , and , in his generous ardour , undertook his defence against all whisperers and backbiters . Slander was the habit of the time . Society was pestered with a set of fellows—the sweepings of the stews—who , under pretence of serving their party , dealt in foul anecdotes and secret information .
They spiced very high in order to please . In the way of their trade , they charged public men "with the most unlikely crimes , and imputed to them the most unexpected opinions . They endowed the objects of their literary exercise with more vices than Suetonius heaped upon * the twelve Csesars . They painted in colours darker "than those of Juvenal . " 3 STo reputation escaped their arts , and they delighted to stain the purest spots . William , known to be cold , was charged by those who supplied the Jacobite market with the pollutions which once brought fire from , heaven . Penn , known to entertain strong opinions against war , was represented by those who hoped to be paid for the lie as anxious to see England invaded by a foreign army . The accusations were equally base .
The accusations against Penn , specifically stated , are—first , that he extorted money from the Taunton girls for the benefit of the maids of honour ; secondly , that be tried to seduce Kiffin to the court interest ; thirdly , that he sought to gain the Prince of Orange's assent to the Declaration of Indulgence ; fourthly , that he was employed to terrify , caress , or bribe the fellows of Mag-dalen ; fifthly , that he excused himself before the council with a falsehood ; sixthly , that he told Lord Sydney something very like a lie , and confirmed it with something very like an oath ; seventhly , that he sent a message to James exhorting him to return with thirty thousand men ; and , eighthly , _ that he did his best to bring a foreign army into England . Thus he is iodicted fop " extortion , lying , seduction , simony , and treason . "
Ihe first accusation is undoubtedly disproved by Mr . Dixon . No contemporary historian or writer of letters or mernoirs , alluded to William Penn in connexion with the scandalous Taunton affair . Mr . Macaulay ' s charge rests on a letter , signed « Sanderland , " addressed to " Mr . Penne , " which Sir James Mackintosh discovered in the State Paper Office ; tmt he has added to it . Mr . Daxon ' s counter-statement shows that tbe individual addressed was not William Penn , hut George Penne , a notorious pardon broker , whose name occurs more than once in public documents under similar circumstances . The books of the Privy Council prove that he was a commission agent of corruption , who hoped to obtain as his reward a gambling monopoly in America . Mr . Macaulay says that Penn was employed to seduce Kiffin from his principles by the offer of an alderman ' s gown . Kiffin himself , opposed as he had been
THE MA . CA . ULA . Y CONTROVERSY . ^ l &n * « r ^ l ^ ^ By Hepworth Dixon . Anew edition , walk a Reply to Me . lUfacaulay ' s Charges against Penn . Chapman and Hall . Th-b controversy betovfien Mr . Maeaulay and Mr . Hopworth Dixon has now ^ e a ^ hed o poin t at wTweh it ought not to rve ' st . Mr . Macaulay has elaborately impeached the character of William Penn . Be has charged the great Enghebman with low , as well as wttih high crimes , and has made statements in support of the accusation . Mr . Dixon , the biographer of Penn , defends liis gooct name , and adduces testimony which , if Mr . Macaulay has no counter enaence , is conclusive . But in his pW ^ fh « . ri ; t ; , » i tv / i- M .. i » ., . u «„ enaence , is conclusive . But in his eleventh editionMrMacaulay adds the
, . nothing ^ p evidence winch Mr . Dixon destroyed , and retracts none of the cWes against which Mr . Dixon appealed . Instead of this , in his third and iguith volumes , be still further disparages the reputation of Penn , only , in * wX i'T ' the C r ^ , resfc 3 u l Jon wife" *** " »* » ot upon fact . It is , tSttv * th - , » difficult to prove , and the more difficult to refute . fcB ^ jffi ? « E S > tlB i ®? S B oa t 0 renew a controversy **«* he had feeenjvflUngr should subside . He bad withdrawn from the popular impression v ^ L 2 ' f On ^ i W 1 Sin , i ^ t 0 Mr - Macaulay ' s charges , designing to Sn f « f i' V ° * BlhJy moAflea . m a library edition . His object , indeed , fmd 225 . ^? <• « cntlcs ' £ eneral > had acknowledged that Mr . Dixon ' a portraiture ot Penn was faithful . * m < l * hn +. Mi . M «« o « i n ,, i , « ., i - ^^ e ^^\ fae eonld not Even the
. W ^^ dr prove . Edinburgh Review , " tie organ Si * ? u th \ defe «^ r , onri 8 fame , " allowed that the brilliant Whig SEi 8 \ oxxm \ * ° retract his principal accusation . There , then , the JSS ?" ?^ ? But ono issue after another of the " History " *? fa S ™^ T' ! . wh in tho thir ( l anfl fourth volumes is aggravated . BeforlS ¦ *? \ , ^ w edition a reply is mnde upon the whole case . " Hf ^ SSK : R ? evidence on both sides , we must do justice to tho spirit jae'iSSS'JS ™ ! .- "swmed «» e argument . It has been common with Ma&ulwW ^ S ^ Qf . eriti 69 t 0 pronounce a flippnnt judgment on Mr . mSrZ ^ ZSSS ? ifc is . cn () t ' " W «* ory . " without suggesting wlmt paBsionatoVemXSS' - R few , ^ accuracies of statement , and for a few 'v wrought picture of a period bo confwaed and exciting that ,
, m the pulpit and on the platform , to the quaker chief , exonerates him from tbe charge . He relates , in liis autobiography , not that Penn was sent to him , but that be went to Penn , to engage his intercession at Court , that he might , without offence , refuse the scarlet gown . Mr . Macaulay makes it appear that he ultimately declined the dignity . Kiffin himself says that he accepted it , and was invested at the palace . That Penn should have gone to the Hague to solicit the Prince of Orange ' s assent to the Declaration of Indulgence seems impossible . The Declaration was mot issued until April , 1687 ; Penn returned from his tour in the autumn of 1688 . Besides , Burnet and Citter , relied on , by Mr . Macaulay , never mention the Actof Indulgence . They speak simply of " toleration . " Burnet , as cuiotcd by Mr . Dixon , does not even say that Penn wrote a letter on the subiect .
Here ceases the discrepancy of positive statements , and the conflict of inferences begins . Mr . Macaulay affirms that Penu . was employed to terrify , caress , or bribe the fellows of Magdalen . The case depends upon tho interpretation of certain words which the historian construes as corrupt , and the biographer as jocose . Mr . Macaulay quotes tho State trials , ami appears , also , to have drawn upon the life of Hough , thougli ho does not cite it . To these authorities Mr . Dixon adds a paper by Hunt , a fellow of Magdalen , and the letters of Sykes , Creech , and Bailey . Without a minute recap itulation , the circumstances would be unintelligible . Certainly , however , Dr . Hough , to whom the offer is said to hav « been made , described it na a jest , and thanked manned
* God " that Penn proposed no " accommodation . " ana Uoa " that Penn proposed no " accommodation . " The authorities accepted by Mr . Macaulay himself prove that Penn , while he hada personal leaning towards James , resisted Irim in politics , blamed his JeBmtical tendencies , repudiated French intervention , and maintained against hia Divine prerogative , " the principles of Locke and Sydney . Hut not in rcierencc to this topic alone does Mr . M « caulay impute a lie " to Penn . Ho writes : Sidney received from him a strange communication , Penn begged for nn interyiovr , but insisted on a promise that he should bo suffered to rufcurn unmoloHfcod to uis hiding-plaoe , Sidney obtained tho royal poraiisaiou t < r muko nu appointment ou tho ( detenus . Poun onwo to the rondos voua , and apoko at length iu hi «
Untitled Article
X 3 S T HE LE AD 3 EB , [ No . 307 , Saturday
-
-
Citation
-
Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 9, 1856, page 138, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2127/page/18/
-