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Isl * ad « j b «* mtmber ftv * millions in theUmtedtStirtesr £ ™ £ ^ £ ^ K SSS-tai ^ r eMStbd'ttte' military violence of Pran ^ v jnn g « Sandmrfi ^^ Rm ^ S ^^^^^^^^^^ P ¦^ l r ^ gj . ^ tf ^^ g ^ as £ ¦ & £ ttoSta 3 f the-Romish , but every other hierarchy , »¦ rising as . a j ^ SSpower ; . * ™^^^ SS NottfitiLtendlag . that the nations in , general , asptre to , «« pl <* e Sertf . o £ the- min ^ . theTeccIesiastical . orders-redouble their : exertions to suppSss * that ~ liberty . Itr Auttria the Concordat' ha * been _ signed ; S ^ fS oe and' in Russia the d&mihatrtr Gnurch coiifadfer in the perseotrtino- scourge . Ih- Sweden a Protestant community has ordained a dteree oF pereecutionTagainst RbmisK converts . In Mecklenburg a miter and' systematic violence is exhibited against the Baptist
congregations . In Schaumburg-Lippe and < Hesse , CasseI , penal , religious laws _ naye been enacted . In Prussia the spirit of ancient bigotry finds its last victim in -the-Jew . In Great Britain does , not the clergy assume to control the beliefs and manners of the people ? They forget that the rights of congregations weitrin the early Christian Church more distinctly upheld than the privileges of the ecclesiastical order . Free episcopacy scarcely survives in Europe- By what Chevalier Bunsen styles " a truly apocalyptic transformation , " the basis of the Decretal Law , which confers on the priest authority over individuals and congregations , has been substituted for that of ^ 'tKe apostolical canons , which declared the superior rights of the laity tbwardSrthe Church . The signs of the times are the example of this en--croactimem % originating in corruption , forgery , " and a base and
self-interested'dcception . " Tnus'in ; Baden , which Has a population less than two-thirds Catholic , the -clergy claim : against' the civil power a prerogative whioh has been abandoned in- France -and'Bavaria , and which was , until 1350 , abandoned in Austria . But the Government ; instead of opposing the priesthood on national and popular-grounds , " has sought to create , in a close bureaucracy , a bulwark : against' the . Church .. It' has relied upon a system of centralization ; a- tutelage extending to the minutest details of life , and recognizing no independent action , except its own , which , remarks Chevalier Bunsen , is incompatible with the training- of the people to freedom . It has permitted no voluntary , congregational action , and has provpkje «! r ' 'the dire hostility of the Church - without engaging the sympathy is the with
~ - ^ 6 r the nation . The . contest undecided ; , negotiations Rome have beemsecret ,, but enough is .-known . to show that , the bishops have not -withdrawn one detail of their demands ,. while tba , Government , representing the rights o £ aU ; th < 5 Protestant States : in Germany , fears to call for popular assistance , against' that supremacy of" the canon law which may . be the prehide of a Concordat . Two ' hundred and forty European bishops—among them au the ' eigh'ty * fiveof . 3 ? rarice— -have expressedtheir sympathy with the Jfierarchisttn the P 6 pe has decided in theirrfavour ; his decision is ranked with the oecumenical decrees ; the Catholic powers , therefore , are invited by the organs of the clergy to invade Baden and assert the . infallibility of the ChuroE . This conflict ; extending throughout Europe , bears on marriage , on education , omnroperty , on all the interests of social life . The champions of . absolute Church authority have undertaken a warfare against the aspects ofcivilMe'nslation , against the essential elements of national existence , natural
-againsfcinteilect ; and free research in the domain of history . J . Jie sciences Itore escaped-their grasp , but they still . assume to keep the keys of ptiifotagyt of mental and religious philosophy . They , j > retend to regulate tibte marriage-law , in spite of the protest which in Belgium , theUetherlands , Prussia ; juod Great Britain , . has-been raised against the principle , which has . nto sanction in the canons of the primitive Church . All . that Austria-had gained' My a hundred years of progress , recorded in more than fifteen thousand aulic decrees ,, has been swept away , by the . Concordat * , and . the same virulent influence has destroyed her improved , methods of national education , and' of the superintendence of Church property , Connected with these pretensions is . the" conspiracy , against * , conscience ,, illustrated by , -CHevalier- Bunsen in * at luminous retrospect extending through , the annals of Egypt : Greece } . Rome , Germany , Russia ,. Italy , and Austria . Against . the revxvol of * this' crusade ,, "the whole civilized Christian world is jpined . in a
HoW league ; "' yet ili . is proclaimed : by , the Catholic . Church ,, and ,, with aMSiWi oontempjb of . ' opposition , the . Church acts . as ' thoughl the Europe of tHc "midaJife ; ages * and'th ' e Europe of the nineteenth . century were one .. CUfetnlier Btmsen ^ l speculations on the-signs of the times lead from . a -conanicatms . point in the perspectiveof our own age , through centuries of hSBtoryy . garauW with the fortunes of ' manjr ^ empirdsj Contrasting , what p ^ Ssetrin ^ ttfB ^ world ' wrtbi . wnatis ,. his analysis leads him . to this belief , that ' iBurdp / B'ie 1 witnessing a . > struggle for the highest blessings of . life ,, a conflict of iWDtal ' andMntellectual'fbrces , admitting of no delay or interruption . In lib vieVthe 8 {^ rit r of ! association . ttiat spreads in all jgarts of . the-gjobeia . the aurora , tfaat'lfchHens over , mankind ; the hierarchy , is the dep / irting shadow that Hamgruiwtupon the earth' bef 6 re it'is ^ di ^ inated ^ asia-. cloud ' . of the night .. It . ii-iattiU strain of noWe argument , ^ oT faith , and courage that the Chevalier BfrnsewIftutwritten his last work :. the most . remarkable . that has appeared in ^ mod ^ rntime&frbmithe pen of a statesman ..
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UBIGIJNPSuLETTJERS OJ * XUBKEHd T \ mH * umT \ m * w . amAecomU < of ) iU mUjmtuf JPoUXdal / MtciaiJamitOdmnwrtoM bon + ¦ \ mtm , &&tj * . CmimmnufikMjpimv- TXMs » tat ^ fxomM » i XkmnobioteMlA . XJMolxdjhiy TiMfalTJiirtTuHtfii , ZZroH * Mintrayy fiiMWultemiflUiiMdmrfTllMi iTI i > n iimii ) Mi UbkimV *< pictures' . off Ottoman "iTiMm > i < irT < Mni ) hMiiwraMili i » l ' oflfa Irriri t \ tnfturrmA ' tnn ofibniaion iir ^ Bftgltodi T ) t >) ham&m ltim * ttmMMit Tintliwn < m > TtariusUiimtitatioiuw and ! iMuunro < be « Km mm- wi& * Amu » m&mmmMiiK tfaerr GbriMiant sobjeots * of . the' Porter Iiady , W ^ Mha ^ T . in ra MiKwwHiii oooafidialfffreAuie ^ i ^ Mvere * . on-. HhgHsh ignontnee amOi ftoMJdtfT—ri > J **^ yy —^ < , « nTrTfrffT . nm ^^ Mmn ^^ laAr ^ n « M > our > - former ^ ideas
^ Turkish polity and Rayah degradation ,, in . favour of M . Ubieini ' s views . It is easy to quote Montesquieu , still easier to quote the edict of Gulhanc but from Montesquieu we learn xiotiring of the actual state of Turkey , nor has it been shown that theprinoiples of the edictof Gulhane have been put into practical operation . Lady Easthope entirely mistakes her ground when she instances the Arabic numerals and the ¦ Alhainbm to vindicate the are and culture of the Turks ; , as the Arabian race is perfectly distinot from tie Turkish , has notliing in common with it , except th ' e Faith , and bates it bitterly . We do not 6 ee , then , what is gained for the Ottoman by this defence oif the Arab . But we have not undertaken to write against Lady Easthope ' s propositions . R is with M . Ubieini ' s Letters that we are concerned , and * re are tha « kAil for this-trnnslation , in which we discei-n , however , the traces of diflerent hands of unequal competency .
The . book is systematic ,, and brings together the whole of the author's observations on the territories , populations , laws , aud religions , of the Ottoman Empire . Ih the first volume , M . Ubicini , after a general sketch , analyzes the Tanzimat' of" Mah'moud ^ which did not signify the establishment of new political forma , but a return to the purity of the Prophet ' s original system . This chapter includes an account of the public departments , and the administrative arrangements of the empire . The Koran , inspiring the body of laws ; the Ulema interpreting them ; the . Dervishes practising a monastic asceticism ; the political power , deposited with the sultan , but restricted byinviolable laws ; the legislative power , devoted to the purification of the codes ; the judicial power , distributed into civil , criminal , and mixed tribunals ; the educational system , the imperial libraries , journalism , literature , propertyj finance , industry , and . commerce , supply the materials of M . LJbicini ' s Turkish series . In the Rayah Letters he treats of the nature and eflects of the Mussulman conquests in Roumelia ; the state of Greece under the Byzantine , dynasty ; the successive Christian insurrections ; the Greek church and nation ; the Armenians ; the Armenian Roman Catholics , Latins ,
Protestants , and Jews . The result of M . Ubieini ' s inquiry—including a general repudiation of previous authorities—is , that the regeneration of the Ottoman Empire , the work . of the Tanzimat , has proceeded , so far , that Turkey may at least be said to have a positive unity and a political existence . He even adopts the theory proposed by Ml Charriere , that the Turkish Empire , instead of decaying in Europe , is destined to be detached from Asia , and to become an integral part of the European system , " to the completion of which it is an essential element . " But there is one problem which has not suggested itself to the practical led bGreeks
mind of M . Ubicini . Is the vast Roumelian territory , peop y , Armenians , Jews , Roumanians , Slavonians , Albanians , and Arabs ; by Abyssins and pagan Zingari , by Christians of Shoa ; by Chaldseans , professing the heresy of-Nestorius ; -by Chemsiniyes , worshippers of the sun ; xezidis , whose faith is a'Mamcheism modified by the doctrines of Zoroaster ; by the s » hismatic Abi-ilahis and Ismailians ; Wahatis , the Protestants of Islam ; Kurds and Turcomans ; r—is this immense and prolific region , peopled by this agglomeration of races , thirty-five millions in number , to be reconstituted under the sole domination of a minority of Turks , or are the Turks to disappear as a reigning nation , to be replacedby the heads of the Rayahs ? M . Ubicini admits that their constant effort has been , during the four hundred years of
their supremacy , to preserve an impassable line of separation between ^ the Christian and the Mussulman . They have also , as Osmanlis , maintained their superiority over ail other Mussulmans . Without this distinction , what are the Turks in Turkey ? But the hatti sherif of Gulhane places all denominations of the sultan ' s subjects on an equality . Either , then , the principles of the hatti-sherif will . be carried into execution , and the Turks will abandon the artificial eminence from which they have ruled the empire , or . it will be a-nullity , and the Christian population , disparaged and exasperated ; will struggle to rise by its own efforts , and to supplant the domi *
nant nation . . ; M . Ubieini ' s .: view of the rivalry that exists between the Austrian and JTurkish populations is based on the assumption that the Christian races of i Turfcey will never combine for the attainment of a common end . If by combination he means conspiracy , or concerted action , the statement is per * fectly-true ; but ; upon his - own evidence , we must believe that the nations of / the Lower Empire , conquered by the Turks , are incessantly growing , more , Ipowerful , more opulent ; more enterprizing * more ambitious . Without deliberate union , their influence has resulted ,, throughout , the empire ,, in the gradual enervation of the Turks , who , without culture , with a contempt tor industry and" trade , with no European sympathies , with an inaptitude lor ' maritime adventure , subsist upon the proprietorship of the land , and upon the little streams that trickle in all directions out of the public treasury . It was injudicious , on Mi Ubieini ' s part , to extol tire : political virtues o * tuo urKi 8 ii \\ xkj j * ^ iv *^»
—J . empire uy , exa . ggerui < iiigxuw * « mo-v «« - « . A . accept his recapitulation of their qualities would be to regard the Greek as a composition of credulity , turbulence , inconstancy , vanity , and "yP . ? " ^' He discriminates , itia true , between the Hellenic courage and love ot liberty and thteiRomaic frivolity ; but it'shouldbe remembered that upon the ^ ^" tion of . Otbo's little kingdom ^ some of th © districts restored to the I one , were those : most-conspicuous for , the valour and impetuous P ^ 10 ^ 8 " ^ their inhabitants . To use Gibbon's antithesis , and to describe the ^ r" * as having idle hands and busy tongues , is to ignore the progress ot tweniy years ,, the six hundred ships that constitute the young ., Circcmn luaiint , the commerce that spreads over the waters and ooastaof the Moditorraueui - When , too / lie idissartatesiupore-th © administrative virtues , of tho lu ! " * j 2 ? falls into , a-. oontrndiction . atleost a 8 .. flagrantia « . '» thAtx > t' tho Greek oi J * " ** lene *—
: AWwvywirs'ago , some travellers in thvliUnd of'TVMtyltine were returning , c * "J * wi « W-aire « : c « rBion ' 'tKer hW mado to tlve-deMci ^ na valley , filled . with gardens , kioaics , aod ' oountry-ltouaeB } ' wlrtch- eMrta . tWe-aouth of the- town . Perceiving a- fanMl ^ "T , Greetoxseftted beneath * a- plane-treey oirJ 6 ying the' cool ohade , they approachea uu entered > int < K > oonv « rfla « 16 a : The head of the family informed them that his name w » Atrtoniadeff ; tti « t one- of the -three women present wmalurt vrlfd ; the tyro others j dAiMhteffl ^ that lrt liad a eon- eatfcbllohted aa a c omm ercial agent at'Smyrna ; tnai ¦ hl * Mel # Tiad ' a'Bhop > in the nelgh'botu-irig' town ; and > that , ' Ms « affairs having , »> r ^
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4 irM TpmB LE-A 0 OB ' E ; [ No . 3 ft * , SkTtTRP ^ y ;
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), May 17, 1856, page 474, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2141/page/18/
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