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having \ eifecteiithesllgbte 8 ti-aUe \ iation in the sufferings of ' Italy , lmt ' without haying" cast beyond the Alps a solitary gleam ' , of * hope iir the future to calm men ' s niihdsV afld bo induce the . Italians to support' yet awhile ^ hVpresetrt'witbr resignation . «' IKe peQtrHaT " position that'Austria held in the late Congress rendifetedj prertiaps , this- deplorable result' inevitable : This thexuideraigned ' aTe ready to admit : But ¦ ffitKolit * in'tho-least' reproaching their allies , they think -they" may justly call' attention to the serious consequences' -which may ari 3 e in Europe , ' in Italy , and , above' all , in Sardinia . It' would be unnecessary to describe 1 the 1 actual condition of Italy . What has occurred in that-country for some years past is already
too notorious : The- system of ' repression and of violent reaction ttiat might have some justification in the troubled times of' 48-and ' 49 is now continued without mitigation , and' even , with a few exceptions , with a redoubled vigour . Never , - at any period , have the dungeons and the galleys been more crowded with political offenders . Never has the number of exiles been more considerable , the surveillance of' the police more strict , orsther political-state of the people more distressing . What is now passing in Parma is beyond belief . Such a system of rule necessarily engenders in the population * constant feeling' of irritation and disaffection . This-has < been" the' case with Italy for the last ' seven yearsi Latterly , ' , indeed , the- popular agitation
seem 3 to hire somewhat calmed . Ttie Italians , seeing- one of their' own national monarchs coalesced ^ vith toe great'Western Powers in their combat for the principles of right ' and justice , and for the benefit of their -co-religionists in the Bast , entertained the hope that peace -would not" have been-concluded without some efforts baingma-ie to mitigate theirown sufferings . ^ This hope Tendered them calm and resigned . ' But when they discover-this-negative results of the Paris Congress — < when it sh ' aU'become known to them that Austria , in spite of : the good offices and amicable intervention of Franee'and : ' England , has objected to all diseussion on
¦ the subject of Italy , that she would not even countenance the * examination of measures calculated to remedy so sad " a state of affairs , it is mot to be donbted that ; their temporarily suppressed'irritation will becoms more * violent thaerever . Convinced that they have northing- more to expect from diplomacy , nor from the powers who take an ^ interest in their fate , the Italians ¦ wi ll range themselves in the ranks of the revolutionary and subversive patty with renewed ardour , and Italy will again become- the hotbed of conspiracies' and disorder , that ' perchance may be restrained-for a time- by yet more vigorous compression , but which the least commotion ' , abroad will cause to burst forth with
unprecedented 'violence * " This disastrous state of things , if it engages the attention of England and France , interested equally in the maintenance of order and the steady progress of civilization ^ , ought' naturally to occupy most , seriously the Government of the Ring of Sardinia ; The stir of revolutionary passions' in the countries contiguous to Piedmont ; the effect of a cause of a nature calculated to excite then liveliest popular sympathy , exposes her to dangers-of-the gravest kind , that might possibly compromise thcflrmand moderate policywhich , to her , has been sw'fertile iff-excellentTesults , and that has long attracted'the admiration' of enlightened Europe .
" Buti-this- is not tWe- only danger that menaces' Sardinian . A < greaterone still 'exists i n 'the consequences of those mcBua Austria' may employ to compress the revolutionary tendencies in Italy .- Responding to the ; call - ofi the- Sovereigns of insignifloant' Italian States , who- are unable to restrain their own discontented' subjects , this Power , holds' military occupation oft the- greater- part' of the valley of the Po and of f Central Italy , and her'influence , in fact , extends in an irresistible manner to those provinces where even , she may-not Ji » ppont 6 4 vavesol < 3 iersi Resting on one side < onJ 0 errara 4 rad'Bt > lognay her-troops aro ranged
as far as Aneona , the-, whole length of the Adriatic , which is ¦ nowiin some respect * > aiv Austrian lake ; on the other . aid * resting on Pfacenzay which , contrary to > tbe spiritf-if not tothe letter of the treaty of Vienna * she e-xerts herself * to- transform' into a ' first-classfortress . She . has a garrison ¦ at Parma , and can 'deploy her forces the / whole , length of tho . Sardinian-frontier from th » Po to . th « . i summits of th » " Apennines , The porm »»« nt occupation by A ' uatriaof territories that do noi belong to her , renders her the absolute mistress of tho whole of Italy ,, destroying the equilibrium established by tho treaty < of > Vl * nnat and constitutes'a , continual . menao © to I&e&inamLL
"Sunroandedciit'a l measure-on allisidesby-the Au « - triaaspoowpl * tely . -beaot > on her eastern frontier by the forcosuofitkis Power , wh » looks' on her with no benovolant : oye ; J 3 i » dttionti 3 » kopt in . a continued . state of app * ehension ,. tlkat : obliges * b « P to-bo > over armed , and to preserve a . defensive attitude . This * draws ' heavily on her finances , already deranged , by tho events of 1848 and 1849 tvand by , thi » . wor in which , ah © has lately , participated . . ''Thesafactsi , which tU « . undersigned ' have just sot forth " , will be sufficiont to make plain the perils of tho position iu whioU the Sardinian -Government flnda itaolf placed
" Troubled in domestic affairs by the action of revolutionary passions that are communicated from neighbouring States , where these evils are engendered' by a violent' system ^ of oppression , and by-foreign ! occupation , menaced by the extension of the power" of Austria , it may , ffom onemoment'to another , be forced by an' inevitable necessity to adopt' extreme remedies , the results of'whichifis'impossible toforetel . " The undersigned do not doubt that this state of affairs will awaken the solicitude of the Governments of France and England , ' not only on account of the friendship and the real sympathy they profess f 6 r the Sovereign who alone amongst all , when success was niostunrcertaitr , dared to declare in their fa \ 'our ; but , above all , because it is a veritable danger that threatens the peace of the whole of Europe .
" Sardinia is the only State of Italy that can erect a permanent barrier to the revolutionary spirit , and at the same time be independent ' of Austria , to whose invading influence she is also the only counterpoise . " If Sardinia , exhausted internally , abandoned by her ¦ allies , wasobliged to succumb to superior force , if she fell under the domination of Austria , then the con-. quest'of Italy by this power would at once be achieved . And Austria , after having obtained in the East without the slightest sacrifice the immense benefit of the free navigation of the Danube , and the neutralization of the Black'Sea , would then acquire also a'preponderance in the West . This would be what France and England cannot wish—what they can never permit .
" But the undersigned are convinced that the Cabinets of Paris and London , taking / into serious consideration the state of Italy , will advise , in concert with Sardinia , as to the-means of applying an efficacious remedy . " ( Signed ) " C . Cavour . " Dfi Vtllamarin-a . " Paris , 16 th April . " The " verbal note , " presented by the Sardinian Plenipotentiaries to the Ministers of France and England on the 27 th of March , we have already published in these columns from exclusive sources . Inthe Sardinian Chambers , on the 6 th inst ., in reply to Signor B uffa , Gount Cavour made a statement of the part he-and his ^ colleague bad taken an the Conferences , more * especially with respect to Italy . Speaking of Lord Clarendon , he observed :-
—" I am delighted to be able to declare that that illustrious-statesman ,-whom I anr proud to call my friend , evineed so-much sympathy towards Italy , and so ardent a desire to see her position ameliorated , that he 13 entitled to the gratitudfr , not only of the Piedmontese , but of all Italians .- It i 3 a great point gained , that France and England h-ave both declared that it is- advisable that the occupation of Central- Italy should cease- as soon as- possible . " Count Cavour concluded :- — "It is certain that the negotiations of Paris have not improved our relations with Austria . I must say that the Sardinian and Austrian Plenipotentiaries , after having sat side by side to cooperate in one of the greatest political ' works which has been accomplished for the last forty years , separated ; it is true , without personal anger ( for I must render full
justice to the courteous conduct of the Austrian representatives ) , but with the firm conviction that the political systems of the two countries are wider apart than ever , (// ear , / tear . ) This-may give rise , perhaps , to dissensions and engender dangers , but it is an inevitable &nd forced consequence of the system of perfect liberty which Victor Emmanuel-inaugurated on ascending the throne , aud which you have warmly approved . ( JJries of "Bravo / " ) I do not think that the anticipation of these dangers should induce the king to change his policy . At present , the cause of Italy has been brought before the tribunal of public opinion , to which it belongs , according to tbe noble expression of the Emperor of the French , to render the final verdict . The suit maybe , perhaps , a long one ; but I feel full confidence that the definitive issue will be in conformity with tha justice of
the cause . " ( Loud applause . ) In answor'to a question on-the following day , Count Cavour said ' : — "It is true that some years ago wo have been advised by some high personages ( this was an allusion to the- Emperor of the French ) to make up our differences with the Court of Komo ; but now the same personages have-changed their mind . They have seen that the Austrian Concordat was an attempt to go back to the institutions-of- the middle ages , and therefore , instead of advising us to como to an understanding with the Holy See , they have actually encouraged us to assert , as firmly as possible , tho rights of the civil power . "
A declaration of tho Chamber ' s approval of tho course taken by Sardinia ut tho Conferences was then unanimously carried .
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AMERICA . Tun-last advices from America contain a Bummary of a speech made in tho Washington House of Roprcsontatlven by Mr . Qnitman , in which ho advooatod tho ropoal of tho Neutrality Laws , which ho consldorod a violation of the constitution and a stigma on American intelligence lib remarked : " Mexico is in a state of dissolution , divided into factions , and lingering out a miserable oxistenco by soiling her territory to this country . In
Central 'America * there has been a series of revolution * i for years . * Cuba ; , the last remnant ' of the gigantic de £ » pOtisttfof Spain , is necessary for" the" protection of our cdmmerce ' ahdforthe ' national ' repose atid' security . ' The law" of' nations' depends" upon" circumstances . Theik foundatibii'isreason , right ) and justice . We Have riot our own connecting'link between' thfe Atlantic atid Pacific States , . anti that man is guilty of ^ moral' treasbn * who halts about ttie means of seizing the Isttirnus . ' It mtosf be taken' even at" the expense of a War : it' is" riianifesl destiny , aa Well as a 'national necessity . " In"th ' e cditrat of his remarks he said finglan'd had had the address to induce the Ifnlted' States Government' to ' reject a favourable treaty with Dominica , and- had besides exerted an influence over "Spain" tfftheir'de'trimenti Duty to their country demanded tilhf they' sh ' outd' guard against the repetition" of such flagrant' ofrenees . ' Tne discussion was adjourned .
Commodore Salter , of'the "Brazil squadron ; reports'to th ' e Government that' he has' escorted ' out' to- sea the steamer America ( which was supposed to have been'ffijfed out at New York as a Russian pftvateer ) , and that ' she was not molested" by the English'Admiral , as previously threatened . Messrs-. — Hammocks— Hicks , and Kingsley , charged with setting on foot at New York a hostile expedition to co-operate" with General Walker in Nicaragua , have been discharged by the'United States Commissioner , as he did not consider' tue -testimony sufficient ' to warrant their detention .
Kansas is still in almost disturbed and unhappy coil- ' dition . Further contests between ' the pro- and antislavery parties have led to fatal results to some oTthe authorities . About' twenty passengersy on thetr ' way" t& California , have been killed by the Indians 1 of' the Isthmus , at Panama , and some thirty or forty wer&baftly ' wounded ^ The quarrel originated'in a dispute i c 6 n- * cerning one dime between - an intoxicated pa 9 setfger ~' ahtt a native who demanded payment 1 for a piece of- watef melon . The war between Walker and the Costa Rieans continues , and the former has sustained another' defeat ; Rivas is reported to have had two thousand' men' ; Walker only-six hundred . The fight , it is added , lasted eighteen hours , when Walker , " for want of
ammunition , " withdrew , leaving six- hundred ' of the enemy-deao ; . and a- large-number wounded . Walker ' s loss is set'dowttat leas than one hundred wounded ; but the account' iff ' evidently coloured' so as to > make the best for the Filibusters . A correspondence between the English * and 5 Costa Rioan Governments , containing a tender of tw ©' . thousand stand of arms at a specified price , and-other aid from the former to the latter , is said to have ' beent ' intercepted . The- letters connected with- this promise ( whether genuine or not ) are printed bythe-JVcw Tbrh Herald . They consist of' a- communication ^ from Mr : Hammond , secretary to Lord Clarendon ( dated February " 9 th , 1856 ) , and two despatches to hi * ' own Government from E . Wallerstein , the Consul-General of Costa Rica * at London- ( dated respectively February lOttt ? and
February 16 th r 185 C ) . In the last of these , the ^ writer says : — " When I was telling Lord Clarendon that'Costa Rica already had an army of eight hundred men on the frontier of Nicaragua , he was much pleased , and said , ' That was a right step , ' and . I am persuaded that my having made that insinuation is one of the reasons for giving us the muskets . The questions pending-betwdaothis country and the United States are very complicated ,, but there will bo no war , this reason , that , the gentlemen in tho groat Republic observe that , although . ttt ©> British nation do not boast or say much on the subject ,, they are determined to punish the Yankees very seriously for the least insult to the national honour . To the . eye *
of the whole world—of this country iu particular— -a * war between tho two nations would be . one of' the / worst .. of evils ; but to Central America the cose would boveryv different , as Walker and his associates would soon b 9 . kicked out of Nicaragua . " Tho Neva York Ilerald-aAAtLt — " Two other letters accompanied the correspondencOy , one of which was from Mr . Moliny , tho Costa Rican-Minister aJ ; Washington , informing , his Government , of recent letters recoivod from , the Governments of Great , Britain and Franco , iu which great sympathy , is felt forthe Control American States in general . The- other , informs the Government of Costa Rica that an . EagUabt fleet will be immediately , sent to ¦ the Pacific- coast-of . Costa Rica . "
Mr . Buchanan has just experienced an cnthusiaatio ,. reception in Philadelphia . In his reply to tho congratulatory welcome tendered to him at the Merchants ' - Ex * --change , ho said : — " I have boon abroad ia trying . tlinos ,, it is true ; but tho groat , principles which , have > guided my conduct abroad are these : Peace , commerce , and > honest friendship with all nations , entangling allian * e » . with none . Ask for nothing that is . not clearly , right in , 1 our intercourse with foreign , nations ,, amL-submit , to ( nothing which is wrong . Gentlemen , it is hardly , piOfair for mo to spook of tho diplomatio business in . wbidh . Ir have been ongagod ' on the oihor side of the AtlanHo-5 , but I have boon asked repeatedly , —is- there > dattg ** .. o £ . war ? f think not , But it is simplyibttoaus& .. I « b « iUve ; our country to bo ao clearly and decidedly In- th « right , on the questions , involved between the two countriMy , thut th « liritioh people never will oonaont to irritate thorn into a dangerous condition for both partioa . Wo
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W jm ? 1 / T , 1866 : ] THE LEAD ^ B , ___ j ^
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Leader (1850-1860), May 17, 1856, page 463, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2141/page/7/
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