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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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females ; 2125 were mere infants . 127 , 751 marriages ¦ were celebrated according to the rites of the church of England , and 24 , 362 in other ways . Of 100 marriages , about £ 4 take place in the churches and chapels of the Establishment . Only 14 were solemnized by ' special license , ' more than 20 , 886 by license , » 9 , & 46 after banns , and 3804 by certificates of * uperiniendentregifltrars . In 18 & 5 , 8385 young ineri and 27 , 207 young women married , as minors . The number of Women who marry as minors has increased rapidly within the last septenniam . 21 , 940 ¦ widowers and 14 , 435 widows remarried ; 14 , 280 widowers married spinsters , and 7660 married widows ; and 6775 widows married bachelors .
The march of intellect is not very forcibly exhibited by the fact that 44 , 846 husbands and 62 , 672 wives were unable to write their names in the registers , but signed as ' marksmen' and ' inarkswomen . ' It is curious , bowever , that a ' certain number' of the blushing brides who * make their marks' are actually deterred by timidity or nervousness from writing their names , and many of these who do-write them are anything but adepts in the art of calligraphy . But the number of ' marksmen' and * markswomen' is on the decline .
As regards the births , the ratio to the population w greatest in Durham and Staffordshire among the collieries . It is least in . Rutland , Devon , Hereford , Westmoreland , Berks , Somerset , Herts , and Oxford ; the births have decreased in these eight counties since i 860 . 323 , 960 boys and 311 , 083 girls were born ia the year—104 boys to &vexy 100 girls . In London , the proportion of boys is greatly below the average of England and Wales . 40 , 7 « 3 children ( 20 , 871 boys and 19 , 912 girls ) were born out of wedlock , giving the proportion of 6 * 4
bastards to every 100 children born alive , or nearly 1 to 15 . TJie counties to which this stigma most attaches are Norfolk , Hereford , Cumberland , Salop , and Westmoreland . 425 , 703 deaths occurred in the year ; the annual rate was 2 2 G 6 per cent . The winter of 1855 was remarkably cold ; the deaths amounted to 13 * 1 , 542 , and the comparative statistics show that the severity of the weather ( a hard frost having prevailed for full six weeks at the beginning of the year ) was the cause of more than 20 . 000 deaths . —Ti ? nes .
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STATE OF TRADE . The reports of the trade of the manufacturing towns for the week ending last Saturday show no alteration . The markets generally have been quiet , but firm . At Birmingham , the orders for iron from America have not been so large as was expected . — -Times . la the general business of the port of London during the sam , e week there has not been much activity . The number of ships reported inwartt was 167 . The number cleared outward was 13 C , including 21 in ballast . The number on the berth for the Australian colonies ia 57 , being three less than at the last account . Of these , five are for Adelaide , four for Geelong , four for Hobart Town , four for Launceston , six for New Zealand , 20 for Port Philip , three fo < r Portland Bay , 10 for Sydney , and one for Swan . River . —Idem .
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THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH . The great telegraphic cable which is to unite the old and new -world in bonds—let us hope- ~ of perpetual amity and goodwill , is now fairly on its way through the vast deep which lieB between the coasts of Ireland and America . This profoundly interesting enterprise was inaugurated on Wednesday week by a banquet given by the . Knight of Kerry to the LordrLieutenant and the gentlemen connected with the Company in a large storehouse tastefully fitted up for the
occasion , and adorned with flags , wreaths , evergreens ^ and flowers . This was situated on the western strand of the Island of Valentia , from which the telegraph starts . Admirable speeches were delivered by the Lord-Lieutenant and the Roman Catholic Bishop of Kerry , the latter of whom spoke of his Protestant fellow clergymen in terms of truly Christian friendship and esteem , and alluded enthusiastically to * the representatives of a power whoso empire is greater than that of Rome or of Britain— -the power of science . *
The cnblo was successfully landed on the shores of Valentin . Bay on the previous day , and signals were PM 8 « d under the water from the temporary station on land throngh the whole length of the cable on board of the Niagara , 1250 miles in length . The landing of the cable -was effected by the sailors of the American ships , who brought it on shore , and laid it before the Lord-Hitautonarit . His Lordahip and "every one present who was enabled to get near it , were anxious to touch the cable "n ^ th their hands . After the landing , the sailors ww assembled round the Lord-Lieutenant and the directora , and n ( special prayer for the sacceBS of the enterprise was offered uj > by the Rer . John Pay ; af ^ er which , the assembly was addressed , by his Excellency , who domftmtad twelve cheora for the snecpaa of the cable , which were heartily given .
TNW squadron started with the telegraph on , Thursday week ; but , soon after the ships sailed , and when nt the distance of four miles from the landing-place , an accidentitappwred to the thickest shore end of tho cable , wfcWb . becunra entanrfea Trtth the maob . inOTrnnd'bTOfc
at thai point . The ships' boats were engaged until the afternoon of the foHowmg day in undernmning the cable from the shore to the place where it was broken , and there joining the two ends again . This operation was successfully performed , and the squadron again set-sail at about sunset , and kept up continued intercourse through the wire to the shore of Valentia . The depth of water in which the telegraph ia submerged ia about 1700 fathoms , or two miles ; and the cable is paid out at the rate of five miles an hour . The transition from the shallow to the greater depths was effected without difficulty ; but , on Thursday , her Majesty ' s ship Cyclops , one of the squadron , returned . The Atlantic cable had been injured , and a length of about three hundred miles is lost for the present . A considerable part of this , however , may yet be recovered .
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ACCIDENTS AND SUDDEN DEATHS . Mks . Anhe jEscott , widow of the late Mr . Bickham Escott , formerly M . P . for Winchester , died on Wednesday week from , poison administered by herself in mistake for a dose of medicine . A bottle containing solution of acetate of morphia ( which Mrs . Escott was in the habit of taking in small doses occasionally ) stood on the mantelpiece in her bedroom , close by another medicine battle , which was the same kind of phial as that containing the moi-phia ; and , in the absence of the nurse , the lady took a quantity of the latter , thinking she was taking the right medicine . She discovered her error immediately , and , as the servant entered the room , cried out , " Oh I I have taken the wrong medicine . " Mr . Henry , the medical attendant , who happened to be in the house at the time , was summoned to the room , and he applied the stomach-pump , emetics , &c , but without effect . Death ensued in a few hours . The coroner ' s inquest has concluded in a verdict in accordance with the facts . There has been another death ( says the Lancet ) from the new anaesthetic amylene . It occurred on Thursday week at St . George ' s Hospital- Dr . Snow administered the agent . The patient was a man who had a fatty or some other benign tumour on the back , and it was in consequence of the operation about to be undertaken for its removal that the anaesthetic was administered .
We are not yet informed what condition of the organs of circulation and respiration was discovered at the autopsy . This is now the second death from amylene . Thomas Powell , a foundry man in the employ of Messrs . Bennett and Co ., contractors , was killed by the explosion , of an iron tube on Thursday week . Several workmen were engaged in repairing a large shaft or tube used in boring rocks at the works of the Brendan-hill Iron Company , and a piece having been welded to one eud of the shaft * it was again put into the fire , and almost immediately a plug ( of the existence of which up to that time the an en were entirely ignorant ) was forced out by the gas which the heat generated in the bore . The plug , a heavy piece of iron , struck Powell in the abdomen , and inflicted such injuries that he died in less than an hour . Another man was much hurt , but not
seriously . ~ A gunner of Captain Gibbon ' s Q battery Royal Arfcillory , stationed at the cantonment on Woolwich ^ cammon , and under' orders for India , was on Tuesday morning discovered by a comrade dead in his hut . " The poor fellow is supposed to have died of disease of the heart , and has left a widow and family . A fatal accident happened on the evening of Friday week on the North London Railway , to a gentleman named Martin . He started from the Fenchurch-atreet station for Hackney , by the train which leaves about ten o ' clock at night , and it is thought that ho must have fallen asleep on his passage and not have -waked until the train had just again started after stopping at
the Hackney station , when he opened the door of the carriage he occupied and attempted to jump out , in doing which it is supposed that u « most have lost his footing and fallen on to the rails . None of the officials of the train witnessed the accident , but a few minutes afterwards the porters at the station were startled by hearing cries of *' Oh dear , oh desri" and presently they saw Mr , Martin lying near the rails with both his legs horribly crashed and almost severed from , his body . He had evidently been dragged some dLatanoo along the lino , and had probably hung on to the footboard until lie waa compcllod to loose his hold from exhaustion . Ho waa immediately conveyed to the hospital at Dalston , ¦ where his legs were amputated ; but ho died a d « y or two after his ; admission .
The deputy coroner for Weatminator has held an , inquiry at King ' s Collage Hospital respecting the circumstances attending the death of Ann Stoner , aged sixteen , who it was alleged had died under the influence of chloroform administered to her previous to undergoing . « surgical operation . The jury returned a verdict of ** Death from the administration of chloroform , " and the foreman added that no bla-me was attached to tho hospital authorities . A distressing aooident occurred at Kodoen , within two milos of Borriaokane , Ireland , on Monday , Mr : Joseph FaHciner , of Rodeen , was walfeing after dinner along a nftrrow road near hit roatttaMe . some of his cattle , ddm
by his herd , were coming down , the road towards bin , when a heifer rushed at him with considerable fury , knocking him down , trampling on him , and goring him . in several parts of the body ,. His son was quickly on the spot , and hastened into Borrisokane for medical assistance ; but the . wounds inflicted were of so serious a nature that Mr . Falkiner survived only a very short time .
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THE TRIAL OF SPOLLEN . The trial of Jame 3 Spollen for the murder of Mr . little commenced at Dublin on Friday week , and concluded on Tuesday . As we have already , from time to time , described the chief facts against Spollen as they came out during the police investigations , we shall here confine ourselves to the defence delivered on Monday by Mr . Curran , which is thus reported : — " He called on the jury seriously to observe the ccol levity of manner in which the Children of the prisoner had come forward to swear away the life of then- father ' . This he ascribed to an external influence operating ou their young minds . On what evidence did the case for the Crown depend ? He defied any one to say that either Lucy or Joseph Spollen ( the children ) had told the
truth . He would prove to demonstration that neither could be believed . The swivel window , of which they had heard so much , was capable only of being opened from the inside ; and how could a man then get in by it ? A man coming along the roof could not fail to hare his footsteps observed by Mr . Little . Again , looking to the sum of money found , considerable strength would be required to carry it , and , if borne away at the time described , the prisoner , or any person bearing it , would have the very great probability of meeting some drovers or other persons . If the carotid artery of the deceased had been cut , as averred by the Crown , a spout of blood would most probably have bespattered the assassin , who would then be sure to leave some trace of his mode of
egress . But , strange to say , no speck of blood was found near the swivel window , which was only ten inches wide , so that the murderer would have rubbed the framework , and left some trace of his passage . What weight could they put upon the fact that the money was found in a linen bag in the workshop ? Everybody had access to the same premises . The Crown did not even try to trace the bag to him . If Spollen owned the article , could it not be proved ? Neither is it clear that this money ever belonged to the railway . Any person might have placed it there . Now , Lucy Spollen is an
intelligent child , and might easily be tampered with . They all knew what a woman could do , and was it beyond probability that both these children were tutored by some one who did not appear in the evidence ? It was necessary to fix dates . They found the children giving their evidence unhesitatingly ; but could they state the important things they did merely from reollection ? JNo one could believe this . And was it on their testimony that the prisoner was to be consigned to the grave ? Lucy Spollen had sworn that she possessed a lilac bonnet a year anterior to Christmas , and yet she could not remember whether Mr . Little was killed at the end or
beginning of last year Why was not Julia Lyons produced ? [ Julia Lyons had given Lucy Spollen a bonaet , a portion of the stuff of which was presumed to have been used by Spollen to wrap up the money that was found . ] Was it not fair to presume that Julia Lyons could not identify the remnant of this bonnet ? No mark was on . it by which it could be recognized ; and yet these children identified it without any hesitation . Complicity was here . Who fixed the duto at which the bonnet was seon before Mr . Little ' s death ? Why iras every date settled by reference to this crime ? "Who taught the children to fasten their thoug hts upon this event exclusively ? He ( Mr . Curran ) impeached this evidence for the prosecution as the result of the baaest
of conspiracies , between the wife of the prisoner and thoss children—between the wife of his bosom , and tho children , his offspring ; and did not the very probability of this unfit them for belief in a court of justice ? [ A ' tho allusion to lus wife , the prisoner evinced considerable emotion , and lowered his hoad on to his hands , and his face became suffused with a reddish colour , while largo beads of perspiration hung on lus forehead . Ho speedily , however , recovered hie composure . ] Did any human eyo , save those of tho two unfortunate children , see tho prisoner on tho evening of the murder going to or coning from * bo terminus ? Was he met by any one—any ot hta follow-workinen ? Not one . Had not every one about tlw promises access to where tho money iva 3
found ? The undine of tho lock had bean lookod upon by the Attorney-General as of paramount importance *» the case ; but a lock of this description was incapablo oi being proved . A great deal in tho prisoner ' s favour turned upon tho hammer and razor found , in tho canal . Whoever was the haqd that wielded it , tho liummor found in tho canal w « s , ho firmly believed , beyond yoa or nay , tho instrument with which tho murder was committed ; it fittod exactly to the wound . But what roneon was there to suspect it was Spollpn's hammer— -that it was over seen In his possession , ? It was a remarkable hammer , and had been ffroatly used . If Swollen b-ad » a ° d * t , it would hawe been known to have been hie . If they l » o-Hovod tho boy , the hammer 4 W » ftt bolopg to . SpolicM ,
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774 fI ? B LEADER [ Na . 386 * Atoitst 15 , 18 . 57 .
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 15, 1857, page 774, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2205/page/6/
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