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nearly 3000 miles under water ,, and doubt * are-entertained ,, as to tlie success of the undertaking from this cause alone . The gentlemen , however , who superintend the scientific part of the arrangements , appeaT satisfied that this is amply sufficient for the purpose for ¦ which it is intended . The conducting wire is compound in order that it may have the power of stretching , It is insulated by being coated three times with gutta percha , which iucreases its thickness to three-eighths of an inch . If the wire was covered with but one coat of the insulating material , and any defect arose in this coat , the whole cable would become useless , and a wet haii-, or a hole of the same size , in the covering , is said to be sufficient to destroy the insulation , but when three , or even two coats of gutta percha are used , there £ s scarcely , if at all , a possibility of a defect occurring at the same place in all of them .
The coated wire was manufactured in two ^ n He lengths . The first of these was connected at one end with a sand battery of two hundred and forty cells for the purpose of testing its insulation , and each new length was then joined on and tested by means of the battery and a galvanometer . It had then to be covered with tarred yarn , and this was accomplished- by the serving machine , which consists principally of a large horizontal wheel , on tie circumference of which are five bobbins each supplied with a quantity of five-thread yarn . The wire moves slowly up through the centre of thia wheel , which revolves at the rate of three hundred and seventy-five times in a'minute , aud the yarn is thus bound tightly round it . The object of the yarn is to protect the gutta percha covering during the operation of closing , which consists in tightly surrounding the whole with iron wires . The cable contained , when complete , between four and five hundred thousand miles of wire , a quantity nearly sufficient to reach to the moon and back again , or to encircle the globe sixteen times . The wire used for closing is about the thickness- of a moderately sized phi , seven were twisted into one strand and eighteen strands wound round the cable by a process somewhat similar to that employed in serving the yarn . The cable was then five-eighths of an inch in diameter , and was completed by being passed through a tank of hot tar . The wire covering just described is employed only for the deep-sea part , and might at first appear a very inefficient protection for a cable to be laid under- ' such a stormy ocean as the . Atlantic ; but it is required : only in the process of laying down , as when the c . ible is once lodged at the bottom it is entirely out of the reach of vessels , anchors , waves , or disturbances of any kind . But at the shore ends , for fifteen miles from Ireland and £ ve miles from' Newfoundland , the metal covering requires to be immensely strong , and is therefore composed of wires one-fourth of an inch in thickness . The cable is as flexible as an ordinary rope , and is stated to boar a strain of four tons . Its ' weight is one ton per mile , and its cost 100 / . per mile . It was originally intended' that the half of the cable constructed at Messrs . Newall ' s works should be shipped on board the Niagara American steam-frigate , and that the other hall' should be borne by the Agamemnon , each of the vessels being accompanied by a large steam-frigate , and that when the squadron had proceeded to the centre of the Atlantic , the ends of the cable should be joined . The vessels were then to separate , the Niagara going on . to Trinity Hay , Newfoundland , and the Agamemnon returning to Valentia Bay , Ireland , and pay out the cable as they proceeded . But the plan of oj > eration lacing altered , a squadron of five ships-of-war , including tho Agamemnon and Niagara , started from Vuluiuia . with tho cable , the end of which was joined to tho shore ; but when about four miles of tho shore end had been paid out , it became entangled in the machinery ; and that part of the cable being very thick and unyielding , and tho Niagara , also slightly rounding- at fciiat moment , ib snapped . Tho sunken portion was , howover , soon undurrunj and joined firmly to the remainder of tho cable . The work thon proceeded satisfactorily for some time , but when traversing the two-mile depth about 300 miles from land , it was found that tho cable was so carried away by submarine currents that its longtli would be hiHtiflieient to roach tho opposite shore . A check was therefore put upon it , which caused it again to part . A length . of about 300 milos i « consequently lost for tho present , but it is hoped that sonio pnrt vnuy yet bo recovered . Communication was kept up between the vossola and tho shore until about four o ' clock on the morning of Tuesday , the 11 th of A ugust ,. tho time of . tho accident . It had been suggested that while traversing tho Uvonulo depth ( which was where tho accident junt mentioned occurred ) the cable should be loaded with sliding woightsat intorvula of . a quarter of a mile , which would keep tho cable in its place and thus lessen tho great expenditure consequent upon the action of the submarine currents . Tho weights being inndo to slido liko a ring "Would not injuriously strain tho cable . One groat diflioulty consequent upon the usual method oi paying out from thu stern is the pitching motion of t > o vessel , but this might bo avoided by paying out from tuo sm ! o , near tho centre of gravity , of the vessel . It is hoped that in an enterprise of such great . importance advantage will be taken of ovorything that xnny tend lo dnnnmh the riak of accident * similar to those wuich luivo occurred in'tlie first experiment . F . H . IIakku .
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NAVA& AND MtMTABY . Shipping Disasters on- xhb- Eas * erk Coast .- ^ -Several serious casualties occurred last week among . the shipping on the eastern coast . The brig fame , of Yarmouth , came into collision with" the schooner Lamplighter , of Rye , and sank almost immediately . The cre \ fr of-the Fame were saved and landed at Scarborough . A > collision , in which both vessels sustained considerable damage , also took place between the Ardwell and the Maid of Kent . The brig SpTey , of Whitstatole , struck on the Holm Sand , off Lowestdft ; - she afterwards floated j but having lost her rudder , becaoie unmanageable . In this condition she drifted against' twWother -vessels , and drove them from their : anchors . Eventually she sank offCorton . The crew were saved ; The Reinforcements foi « Iwota . —^ A large dumber of troops belonging to the East- India Company ' s ¦ Artillery , and the Company ' s Sappera and Miners , arrived art Tilbury Fort last Saturdays fronv the depot barracks , Warley , for embarkation on two ships ; Malabar and Bengal , which will sail to Madras . The total number which embarked in both ships is 390 . —In accordance with regimental orders , the officers , non-commissioned 1 officers , and men of Captain J . E . Timing ' s company , 2 nd battalion , and Captain A . 3 VI . Calvert's company , 11 th battalion , Royal Artillery , under orders for India ; assembled on parade at sevnn o ' clock last Saturday
morning , and , after inspection , the companies formed in marching order , and proceeded from the garrison to the Arsenal Station of the North Kent Railway , where a special train was provided for their conveyance to Southampton . —The screw steamship Australasian left Southampton on Monday for India , carrying with her 3 officers and 110 men of the sixth company 11 th battalion , and 6 officers and 111 men of No . 8 , Captain J . E . Tbring ' s company , 2 nd battalion , Royal Artillery . The late Gale . —Further reports have been received of damage to shipping and . of loss of life along the southern coast during the recent high wind .
A New Battery is about to be erected at Stallingborough , Lincoln . It will command the channel , above and below , and will mount six guns , made to traverse on centres embedded in masonry . There will . be a parapet of brickwork , and the whole is to be covered externally with earthwork . Magazines , barracks , and outbuildings ai-e to be provided for the accommodation of two officers , forty men , and one master gunner , and the area of the whole will be about two hundred and fifty feet square . The works are to be completed in four months . Volunteers fob India . —The greater number of the men belonging to the Royal Lancashire Militia Artillery have volunteered to go to India . The 1 st Regiment of Derbyshire Militia has also offered itself .
Wreck of Two Greenland Whalers . —Two fine whale ships , the Undaunted and . the Gipsy , of Peterhead , were wrecked in Melville Bay when prosecuting the whale fishery in June and July . The Undaunted got entangled among the heavy floating ice , and was crushed about fifty mi lea north of the Devil ' s Thumb on the 28 th of June , and the Gipsy met a similar fate at tho same place , on the 11 th of . July . The crews saved themselves by the boats , and got on board the ships Emma , of Hull , and Victor , of Poterhead , and were afterwards distributed among other vessels , until they got to the Danish settlement of Lively , where they were kindly treated until au opportunity offered by which they got homo in a Danish brig , from which they were landed last week at Lerwick . They report that the Davis Straits fishery had been most unsuccessful up to tho 1 st of August , only six whales having been killed by tho whole fleet .
bmpwuKCK . —The Lexington steamship , during the gnle on the 8 th inst ., went on the rooks or ! Bray Head , nenr Valentin , and was totally lost . The crow escaped , with , it is feared , three oxceptioiiSi Loss ok Skvkn Livks at Ska . —An American barque , the "Warden , lndeu with railway iron , from Newport for Boston , was wrecked on Santon Sands , about live miles from the Barnstaple Lighthouse , on Friday week . Tho crow consisted of eleven , sovenof whom woro drowned , tho enptaiu ami threo men only being saved . Mutin y and Massacmu . —A French seaman , a black : cook , and an Irish lad , on the British vessel Albion Cooper , have murdered the officers of that ship , which they set on flro , and gat off with 200 / . They have fiiiioo fallen into the hands of tho Spanish authorities at llavannah .
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0 B 1 TUAHY . Eaiii . FiTZHAKniNRK died at Berkeley Castle , GIouccsterahire , lnnt Saturday night , in the seventy-lirst year of his age . It will bo recollected that ho was thrown from his horse- last February ,, and thati ho bustained somii injuries from which ho soeni . s never to liavo recovered . He was a Liberal in politics , and was olovat
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sr-isoB ' LtASr ' E ! otfs ; THrfeouRTV-Tlxe Queen and Royal family left BU « rrtoral on Wednesday morning , at half-past- Mt ok ^ . T - thb ' Earlof > ^ "teedi' at-Hadflo-tiafck-She w ^ S received - a * the ' park a-venue by * the * Hofti Colonel Alexander Gordou and five hundred' of the Earls- tenantry on horseback . The tenantry presented an address to her Majesty . Lord Aberdeen receive * the Queen afr the landing , and conducted her tothebalcdiiy onthe staircase , "whence she acknowled ged' the saluta ^ tioris- of the people , while the horsemen'defiled before the house . The Weather was'very fine . Bonfires 1 werd kindled in all parts of the estate . The Queen , left Haddo-house at eleven o ' clock on Thursday morning arid- arrived sit- Aberdeen by Half-past one . Here she wasVeseorted' by the Magistrates arid Town Council
tbron&h the city . She then started by train for Edinburgh ; stopping on the way at the Bridge of Dun , Perth } and Stirling , and reaching the Scotch capital at twelve ; minutes' before' sevem Her Majesty was received on the platform by the Duke of Buccleugb ; Vis ^ count- Melville ; the Sheriff , and the other authorities .. The Royal carriages passed through the parkywhich was life with torches , while the hills blazed with bonfires , and reached Holyrood Palace a little after seven . Her Ma--jesty left Edinburgh at a quarter' to eight yesterday morning , andcr-ossed the Tweed ' at a quarter after nine . The weather afc first was cold and . rainy , with an east , wind * and then settled into a dense fogi The time was : kept to a minute to Berwick-on-Tweed . The train left York at five-and-twenty minutes to two yesterdays afternoon , being one minute after the stipulated time .
Australian Copper Mines . — The arrival of each mail from South . Australia brings fresh evidence of the great extent of her mineral deposits by the discovery of copper mines . Another is mentioned on the present occasion , but afc the same time it is stated that hands suited for this description of labour are inadequate to the demand , and it is recommended that the superfluous mining population of Cornwall and Devon should emigrate to these localities ^ where high wages would be given , and the mineral resources be effectually developed . The copper mines of South Australia' are well known throughout the world for their great yield and richness , yet many , such as Port Lincoln , and others , remain unproductive , in a commercial sense , from the difliculty of obtaining miners . —Mining Journal .
Makriage of Miss- ' Catherine Hates . —A small circle of intimate friends witnessed on Thursday week , at St . George ' s , Hanover-square , the marriage of Miss Catherine Hayes , the singer , to Mr . William Avery Bushnell , a citizen of Sew York . The Rev . Edmttnd Hobhotjse , B ; D ., Fellow of Mertou College , Oxford , has been nominated to the new Bishopric of Nelson , New Zealand , and will be consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury as soon as the necessary legal formalities can be completed . The Nightingale Fixsd . —In reply to a letter inquiring , " What has become of the large sura collected for the purpose of erecting a memorial of the services of
Miss Nightingale ? " Mr , S . C . Hall saya that the money collected—amounting to 41 , 851 Z . 7 s . 4 d . ( since augmented by other subscriptions )—was paid on the 20 th of June into the hands of live trustees , appointed by Miss Nightingale to receive it . They invested tha sum in Government securities , bearing interest . Unhappil y the state of Miss Nightingale ' s health does not , ¦ as yet , enable her to apply that fund to the purpose for which it was raised , and for wliich purpose alone she iconeented to reoeive it ; viz ., 'to establish an institu-. tion for the training ,, sustenance , and protection of nurses and hospital attendants . ' A report , accompanied by a balance-sheet of receipts and expenditure ,, has been published by direction of the committee .
Herat was evacuated by tho Persian troops on-the 27 th of . July . This Cklmeaj ,- Patriotic Fund . —With respect to the charges-brought by Archbishop Cullen agaiust tlie administration of the Patriotic Fund' —charges which were denied by Lord St . Leonards and reitoratod by the Duke of Norfolk—the following letter to the Duke hae been , published : —" Boyle Farm , Oct . 10 . —My Lord )—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Grace ' s letter . I believe that tlie manner ia which the sums entrusted to tho Commissioners of tlie Patriotic Fund huvo been dealt with as far aa they have been finally appropriated , is already before tho public ; but tho lioyal Cunnnissumera will , no doubt , reassemble before tho meeting of Parliament , when your Grace's letter to mo can be brought under their consideration . I huvo tho honour to be , my Lord , your Grace ' s faithful sorvaut , —Sv . Lkonaiujs . "
Ol'KNING OK A UllX UoCJIC IN 1 HIK MAURITIUS . TllQ 13 th of . Inly was signalized in tho Mauritius by tho opening of a vast dry dock , ami all tho elite of the iuhabitauts assembled to witness tho entrance thoruiu of tho Northern Light , a vessel of some lo'OO tons burden . Financkh ov Tim City Coiiimuation , —A question as to the stut ii , tlie coimnittuo mudu tlioir report , which luiri just , Ikhmi printed , and of whioh tlie following is au nbstriKit : — ' H appears that tho total
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No ., 396 » Qgugwk 1 % 185 ? . ]; flB . MIBIBj . &&K
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 17, 1857, page 995, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2214/page/11/
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