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reassured that the good need have no fear , and that the wicked must tremble . This is the most important part of my task , and this is why the Emperor selected me . " The fall of M . Billault is thought to be a concession to English feeling in connexion with the publication of the military addresses in the JMbniteur , that paper being under M . Billault ' s department . It is even stated that Lord Palmerston urged the point on the Emperor . ITALY . The result of six out of the ten new Piedmontese elections is known . They are all in favour of the anti-Jesuitical party .
TURKEY . A serious disturbance ( says a contemporary ) has been occasioned at the Turkish port of Trebizond , on the Black Sea , by the refusal of the Russian Consul to allow a party of Circassian slave merchants , -who had touched at Trebizond with a cargo of women and children from their own country , to continue their journey to Constantinople , where the slaves were to have been sold . It is said that the Circassians , with their armed followers , attacked the Russian Consul ' s house , and threatened to kill him . The other European residents , headed by the French and English Consuls , armed themselves to the number of three hundred , and surrounded the Russian Consulate to protect it against this violence . After some delay , the Pacha of Trebizond interfered , and order was re-established .
AUSTRIA . " Since the 8 th of last month , " says the Vienna correspondent of the Times , " the Austro-Danubian Company has been busily employed in blasting rocks at the Iron Gates , and in twenty days no fewer than two hundred and seventy-five mines were sprung . Such improvements have already been made that the small steamers Tachtalia and Islas will be able to pass the rapids whenever the water is not unusually low . If a foot more can be blasted before the water rises , larger vessels will also be able to pass the rapids without danger . A new channel has been discovered , and it is believed that it may be advantageously used after some few rocks have been blasted . After the explosion of one of the mines , several hundred cannon balls , three heavy anchors , and several Roman coins of silver and copper were discovered . "
HAMBURG . A prospectus has appeared at Hamburg of another loan to be raised by the Swedish Government , bearing interest at four and a half per cent ., and of the amount of 8 , 190 , 500 dollars , to be employed in the construction of railways . The loan is negotiated by four German houses , and considerable purchases have been made at 94 * . RUSSIA . A remarkable banquet was celebrated at Moscow on the 9 th of January . It was to commemorate the Emperor ' s policy of abolishing serfdom ; and one hundred and eighty gentlemen , sat down to table . Several speeches were made , of which the most noteworthy was that of M . Pauloff , who said : — " Gentlemen , —A new spirit
animates us ; a new era has commenced . Heaven has allowed us to live long enough to witness the second regeneration of Russia , Gentlemen , we may congratulate ourselves , for this movement is one of great importance . We breathe more like Christians ; our hearts beat more nobly , and we may look at the light of Heaven with a clearer eye . We have met to-day to express our deep and sincere sympathy for a holy and praiseworthy work , and we meet without any nervousness to mar our rejoicing . Yes , gentlemen , I repeat it , a now spirit animates us—a new era has commenced . One of our social conditions is on tho « ve of a change . If we consider it in that it
a pnst light , we may perhaps adrn ^ t was necessary that it should have been allowed to be as it was from the want of a bettor administrative organization and of the concentration in the hands of the Government of the means which have since given bo great a development to the power of Jiussia . But what was momentarily gained to the State waa lost to mankind . The advantage cost an enormous price . Order without—anarchy within —and the condition of the individual cast its shadow over society at large . The Emperor has struck at the roots of this evil . The glory and prosperity of Russia cannot rest upon institutions based on injustice and falsehood . "
A violent shock of earthquake has been folt at Irkutsk , in Siberia . The shock was so great that it extended to tho frontiers of China . This is the third earthquake within live years which has been experienced in that part of Asia . SPANS ' . - —A-n 6 w-r < m > lu , tipnary _ p ) lpt , Jft _ fiai < L _ tg _ h . ftve boon discovered at Madrid . Incendiary proclamations , arms , and ammunition , havo been seized by the Spanish authorities in a house in the vicinity of the palace ; and the plot appears to havo had ramifications in the Balearic Jjslea and at Barcelona . , _ . GEKBfANX" . It is said that ramifications of tho Pierri conspiracy have been discovered in Wiesbaden . BELGIUM . Some curious facts havo lately transpired In connexion with the attempted assassination of the Emporor of tho
French . A short time ago , a foreigner named Joseph Georgi kept a coffee-shop in Tichborne-street , Leicester-square , London , in partnership with his brother . Among the frequenters of the place , who were chiefly foreigners , was a French refugee named Bernard , who stated that he had invented a new scheme for gas-lighting , which statement was corroborated by a particular gaseous smell that was always apparent about his clothes and person . After a time , Georgi informed his customers that he was going to Brussels to open a coffee-house there , and Bernard , on learning this , requested that Georgi would take over with him a part of the apparatus of his new gas-lighting scheme , as he was about to take out patents for his invention , both in France and Belgium . Georgi complied with his request , and succeeded in conveying the materials of the apparatus safely over
to Brussels , after paying the necessary duty at the Custom-house . Bernard shortly afterwards arrived in the Belgian capital , and told Georgi that an Englishman named Allsop , a partner with him in his gas-lighting scheme , wanted somebody to take charge of a horse which was about to be sent by rail to Paris . A waiter at the Brussels coffee-house immediately offered to execute this commission , and his services were accepted . He was accordingly despatched on his joume 3 % the gaslighting apparatus being packed up by Bernard in a carpet- bag and given to him to take to Paris together with the horse . The waiter reached his place of destination , discharged his mission , having left both horse and bag with Allsop at an hotel in the Rue de Iiivoli , Meantimethe
and Teturned to Brussels . , attempt on the life of the Emperor was made , and , immediately after its failure , one of the first things thought of by the police was as to how the murderous projectiles could have been smuggled into France . An examination of the Custom-house registers was ordered , and the strangelooking articles , which had previously been passed as gas apparatus by the officers of customs on the Belgian frontier , were at once suspected to form part of the hand grenades which exploded so fatally on the 14 th of February . Georgi , and the waiter who took the carpetbag and horse to France , were shortly afterwards arrested at Brussels and placed in solitary confinement . Bernard escaped and has not since been heard of .
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THE POLITICAL TRIAL AT NAPLES . This- trial of the persons implicated in the insurrection of last June continues , and is marked by the usual Neapolitan features of judicial violence and unfairness . Baron Nicotera , one of the prisoners , asserted on the 29 th ult . that one of the depositions was false , and that it had never been read to him . He also handed in a paper , which he said contained a report of the abuses to which the prisoners had been subjected , and a full exculpation of the captain and crew of the Cagliari . He demanded that it should be read , adding , "I wish to defend others ; I care not
for myself . " The Proeurcur-GeneTal , having perused the paper , said it could not be read ; and this was confirmed by the President . The Judges , however , subsequently retired to consider the point , and then stated that a summary of it had been drawn up , which would be read . This summary , however , was expressed in the most vague and general terms . Nicotera objected to the document , and wished to speak on the subject ; but he was not allowed . The correspondent of tho Times says that , according to information which he has received , the following statement was made in Nicotera ' s original
document : — " ' The firing lasted an hour , and twenty-seven of the rebels fell , among whom was their leader Carlo Pisalcane ; twenty-nine were arrested , and the arrests were accomplished with the assistance of a company of the 11 th battalion of tho Rifles . ' Nicotera is declared to have stated that they had given themselves up , and wore quietly in tho hands of the Guardia Urbana , when tho soldiers from a wall fired upon thorn and massacred them in cold blood . It Ss added that it was dono by
order of an officer who did not please tho King on the 15 tli of May , 1848 , and expressed himself determined to win the Royal favour . I cannot assert that this is true , but such is the report here . Tho day ' s proceedings concluded with tho examination of a Sardinian mariner , who repudiated tho charge of over having been a thief . Ho declared that , after having surrendered , they had been plundered and beaten , and twonty-seven massacred in cold blood—whether , as reported , by tho soldiers or by others at their instigation , I cannot positively assert . "
On a subsequent day , ( ho Court refused to allow a dlftjr ^ lLiJtfjeXfiatgj-Jtljifilj vyns believed to contain a complete establishment oYllie iHnbconcoTof ~ tlfe ~ dre "\ v ' of the Cagliari , to be read . Several of tho Italian prisoners asserted that their followers , on the day of the insurrection , wore massacred in cold blood by tho troops ; that they themselves havo been treated with , the utmost brutality ; that they havo been denied tho comfort of a blanket ; and that they are dying with cold . Wfttt , the Englishman , whoso hood has been affected by his Ill-usage , at first refused to appear at the trial : and . fearing violence , tho authorities did
not endeavour to force lum to the court . On a subsequent day , he was present , and answered the questions put to him in a very wandering manner . An interesting account of the rooms in which he and his fellow-prisoners are confined is given by the writer already quoted , who visited the place . He states : — " The utmost readiness was shown to admit me , and after an awful getting up stairs' in the face of the mountain against which the prison is built , we arrived in the apartment assigned to the crew of the Cagliari . It consists of two good-sized airy rooms—the outer one occupied by the sailors , the inner one by the Captain Sitzia , Daneri , the engineers Park and Watt , and the two mates . In bodily health , they all appeared well , and complained of nothing but of the length and injustice of their imprisonment . They spoke with the air of
persons who were thoroug hly innocent of the charge brought against them , and one said that they were induced to go ashore by a i ~ iise . They were to bring with them merely a shirt , for they would be only detained one day . On landing , they were immediately handcuffed . ' We live well , ' said Park , ' for we are well supplied by our friends , and the cook of the Cagliari prepares our dinner . With the prison allowance of four grains , or three-halfpence a day , which is intended to provide for everything , we hire these beds . ' They appeared to be comfortable , and were tolerably clean ; the room itself I thought dirty . The captain showed a chart which he had drawn , showing , in opposition to that published by the Government , that his steamer was in the right course for Naples , and the engineers and all present declared that he was making for it when lie was captured .
" A number of ragged articles of dress were shown , which the rats had half eaten while left in the care of the Neapolitan authorities , who assured the Sardinian Minister tha > - every care should be taken of them . A list , too , of eighty-five missing articles , together with money , had been presented to the Sardinian Consul , for recently the Government has affected to restore everything it had detained . We left the prisoners in good heart and health , though of Watt I must observe that he appeared moody and not so clear in his intellect as the others ; both he and Park have suffered from their long confinement . On leaving them , we passed through the outer room and visited another chamber where sixteen men are confined—one Austrian ,
some Romans , and Sardinians . I looked round to see something in the shape of abed , and there was not a single mattress of the coarsest kind in the place . The Government allowance was a wisp of straw , or a handful of chaff it might almost be called , and this appeared to have been swept up against the side of the walL I should have taken the beds as the sweepings of a dirty room . The Custode had from kindness given a dirty worn-out blanket to two prisoners who had been ill , and one had the blanket which hud belonged to hira on board , and which hud been restored to him ; for the others , they slept on the straw or chaff which was on the ground , without covering below or above . I would not litter a pig bo badly . "
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SANITARY MATTERS . The Report of the Commissioners on the Sanitary State of the Army dtscUses some strange and startling facts . " The following , " says a summary in the Times , "is the comparative mortality of the Army at home and of the male civil population of England and Wales be ^ tween the same « ges as the soldier , us stated by tho Registrar-General : —Of effective men of all ages of the Army ut home the annual mortality in the thousand is 17 . 5 , while in tho general population it is for men of the Army ages , in the town and country population , 0 . 2 ; in tho country alone , 7 . 7 . Even in Manchester , ' of the unhealthiest towns , ' it is only 12 . 4 . In other words , soldiors die nearly twice as fust as tho general
population , and very much iv » oro than twice as fast us tho inhabitants of tho rural districts . Tho deaths aro also nearly half as much tus ^' m as ' » ono of tll ° unhealthiest manufacturing towns in the kingdom . But thoro is a singular fact also to bo noticed . All sections of tho Army aro not equally unhealthy . Tho annual mortality in tho Household Cavalry is 11 in the thousand ; in tho Dragoon Guards and Dragoons 13 . 8 ; in tho Infantry of the Lino 18 . 7 ; in the Foot Guards 20 . 4 . But , as has b ' eon said , tho soldier ' s is a picked life . More than this , ' a portion of tho force is every year invalided ana pensioned on account of diaouso contracted iu t « o service , and of men so pensioned a largo porcontago me givon
during tho first year . The health of tho Army , as in tho returns , is , therefore , more favourable m appoar-• ance-than-in-reality- ;^ -eo .-thttt . tho . rctMriitt w" ! fiL . ° , that tho mortality is twice as great inside tho wans of barracks aa outaido do indued give too favourable an estimato of tho soldier ' s condition , Wo aro noxt carried into a comparison of tho soldier ' s health wltu that of men following various , occupations , > ><» « 0 I | V ? or injurious . Tho mortality among tho Lino is & » - •»¦ " times as groat , and among tho GMardu 8 M * ~* groat , us among agricultural labourers who aro memoora of benefit societies ; In tho same divisions of tho Army it Is rospectivoly 2 1-10 and 2 1-8 times as groat M
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152 THE LEADEK . [ No . 412 , February 13 , 1858
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 13, 1858, page 152, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2230/page/8/
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