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where a good theory in the mouths of an educated eoverniiiff class becomes oppressive practice in the relations between the corrupt subordinates and the ignorant subjects , of whom the bulk of . the population consists . With the present constitution of the India Board , however , it is impossible for the contrast between these countries to continue . VVe can no longer allow Col . Sykes to prove to us , by statistical deductions , that Madras is the best-B-overned country in the world , and to have , every
officer of the Government snubbed who proposcsan improvement , or recommends a reproductive outlay . The India Board will , perforce , carry out the system of progress already inaugurated in India . The triad presidential system will be broken up , India will be formed into more governments and smaller governments , just as Behar is now being transferred from the sub-presidency of Beno-almore English assistants will be allowed
, to Government officials , the native force will be reduced , the English force increased , . and the arsenals and chief stations be placed in the hills , English capital and English energy will be encouraged , and the Government of India will assume new vigour and new vitality , without any compromise of principle , by simple persistanee in the course of progress , and by the slow and sure suppression of all the old defects .
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NOTES ON INDIAN PROGRESS . The railway system in India mixes up . sections of the population more than it dees in England , for here firstclass passengers are only divisible into Whigs and Tories , and in the second and third-class carriages the influence of race or of creed is very little felt , although various sections of society may be mixed up ; but in India we shall in time have one place , where caste must give way , and English , Hindoos , Mahometans , and Parsees come in contact . Not so long ago a number of English merchants were coming into Calcutta from their residences at one of the stations on the Raneeguuge line , and in the same carriage was a fat , sleek Marwaree Mahajun of the Burra Bazaar . The topic of conversation was the dreaded commercial crisis in Calcutta , but
bay . Gas will be expensive there , because coal is dear , but gas is one of the best engines of night police . If every large city in South America can afford gas , surely it is time the cities of India were lighted , and at present the partial lighting of Calcutta is all that has been accomplished . A great part of the continent of our colonies , and many of the cities of South America have been lighted by English enterprise , but it seems strange that India has not . This lias arisen from two chief causes , first , the want of a local care of limited liability and joint-stock organisation , and secondly the want of municipal institutions . These are being remedied in India , and consequently gas is one of the improvements of which we shall have to record the progress . Gas engineering is now a great and productive branch of national industry . ' ; i ¦ ' ¦ i '
The new civil station at Allahabad is making progress . Among the new buildings are to be two churches . At Bhaugulpore in Bengal , a new Government school is to be erected . Besides the Government grant for the school , it is proposed that a library shall be provided in the same building , to which the Library Committee contribute 2501 ., and Baboo Mohendro Naraia Sing of Giddore , 100 / . The Simla people propose to establish a proprietary grammar school on the home plan , so as to extend the provision for the education of English children on the
way conveyance is to place within the means e labouring classes access to better markets for labour , and to achieve two great political objects—the improvement of the physical condition of the masses , and a greater dissemination of the population , so as effectually to lessen the influence of the local population for mischief , while the means for advancement are extended . , The attention of the Supreme Government has been called to the alleged injurious effects of irrigation on the cotton crops in Bengal , and Lord Canning has issued a circular demanding information . ¦ There is a good prospect that Calcutta -will soon be liberated from the importation of Chinese tea , as the production from the hills extends . Already in the up country local teas from Assam , Darjeeling , and the Dhera Dhoon , Supply the consumption ; It is because they find a good local market that the export is limited ; when a new cultivation is introduced it is only when the local demand is supplied that export on a considerable scale can take place . There is , however , still among some in India a lingering fancy for Chinese tea . Mr . J J . Mackenzie and Mr . H . E . Braddon have resigned their seats in the direction of the Bank of Bengal . In their places have been elected Mr . Wm . Maitland , of Messrs . Mackilless , Stewart , and Co ., and Mr . Jas . Scott Elliot , of Messrs . Gisborne and Co . —as of old all in the Scotch line . ¦ Another joint-stock company under the Limitad Liability Act has been started in Calcutta . This is an Apothecaries Company to sell drugs at one half the Calcutta prices . The capital is to be 1000 ? . ; in 500 cVinroa rkf *" ) . / *» nr * Ti - . .
hills . This will be a powerful rival to Cheltenham College and the other grammar schools in England , to Which so many children of residents in India are sent . The Scinde clergy have taken a deep interest in this undertaking . It is much to be regretted that while so many good boarding and day schools are provided for the better class of English children in the hills , no adequate provision is made for carrying out the views of the Lawrences , General Tremenheere , and Dr . Mac--namara , and that the Lawrence schools at Kussowlie and Mount Aboo constitute the only schools for thousands of children how dying in the plains .
The boarding schools for boys and girls in the hills constitute one resource for extending English settlement , as each school consumes hill produce and brings an income to the town , besides inducing the residence of the parents to be near the children during furlough . A slight incident in connexion with female education is of interest , because female education in India is one great means for the improvement of the population . In the Government Bethune Female School , ornamental needlework , as tapestry , is taught . The committee Of native gentlemen have now suggested and obtained permission to make the art of cutting out and sewing
native apparel a part of the teaching . This is , in fact , the adoption of a system of improvement which is now working in English schools ; and , in fact , the progress of education in England is intimately connected with tho advancement in India . As we showed last week from Dosabhoy Framjee ' s work , even Berlin wool , embroidery and other female accomplishments are introduced among the Parsee women , and the latest English music . Much of this polish is superficial , but much is solid . We may , it is true , have Turkish bands playing opera morceaux , and tho bands of mutinous regiments playing " God save the Queen" by note , but useful practices that are taken to the homestead contribute to the
welfare of the masses . Among the projects of the now-born zeal of India is one which has been countenanced by the Bengal Government for raising a regiment of Eurasians for tho Bengal establishment . Strangely enough , this is to be recruited in tho Madras Presidency , and , it is to bo presumed , among the so-called Portuguese , one of the most dograded Creole races . The regiment , under any circumstancos , must be exnocted to be a failure , while it is exceedingly impolitic to recruit among and dissipate the Eurasian population , when it is most . desirable that it should bo incronsed . in one point of view , perhaps , tho preservation of tho Eurasian population may bo of less importance , for it is a mixed and inferior race , and what is wanted is tp plant in , India , nnEjigJiah populijtipn of white race . The Eurasian regiment will have one success , at all events , that of exciting tho ridicule of the Madras and Bombay men .
Strangoly enough tho labour question is ono of tho difiicultios of many parts of India . While Madras ia sending out Coolio immigrants to Ceylon , Mauritius , the West Indies , and Tcnassorim , there arc still many districts short of labour , and with tho least pressure on tho labour market wages immediately rise at a groat riUo . Such is tho case in Assam , Dacca , and generally throughout Eastern Bengal . For tho short supply there are various causes : in some places scanty population , in others lnssy population , in other * minuto divisions of oasto . In AflHum at thn nicsont moincnt . jiflJtaLflojnctimo .
past , tl » oy aro greatly suffering , and tho Directors , of tho Assam Company aro sonding to all quarters of Assam soaking labourers , particularly in Kachar . This will cause a proasuro in , those districts again . Tho rise in wages of qourso operates to a considerable oxtqnt iu moving tho population ; but one ohiof difficulty In India is undoubtedly the want , no * of cheap locomotion , but of quick locomotion . To convoy labour from Western Bonsai to Eastern Bongal , for instance , can bo cheaply dono by tho rivora ; but it Is tho work of months , during which tho labourer cannot oara a nio . To extend
railin a jokeful tone . " Well , baboo , how many kotee 3 do you think will shut iip ? " The Mahajun complacently smiled , and appeared to enjoy some inward joke . " Why , sir , " said he , "I don ' t think you put the question properly : you ought to have asked , how many kotees will remain standing ; not how many of them will shut up , ' " a suggestion not very complimentary to tho English mercantile firms in Calcutta , with whose affairs the Guzette is beginning to interest itself . The anecdote is trivial , but it shows on a small scale what has now begun on a largo scale , and the effect which the railway system will have in India—as it has had in India—in not merely taking persons from place to place , but bringing their minds in contact .
The Great Indian Peninsular Kailway between Khandalla and Poona is now working well . English stationmasters are to bo generally employed . The East Indian Kailway section iu the up country from Futtehporo to Oawnpore was to be opened on tho 1 st of August . This will bo a material aid to communication with the north-west . The Public Works Department has been placed \ mtler a now code of regulations , which it is to bo hoped will do good . The best code of regulations will , however , be established by Lord Stanley providing more civil engineers , clerks of tho works , ami superintendents , more municipal and local boards , and a largo supply of funds for public works .
Tho electric tologruph was opened to Hyderabad , in ' Scinde ; cm tho 21 st of June ; and it " now eo ' nmiiriicatcs ¦ with Kotrco , between which plaoos a messago lately took half a day , whicl \ can now be managed and tho reply obtained in half an hour . 1 Iu Ceylon tho tolegraph has boon oponod betwoon Colombo , Gallo , and Kandy . By tho ond of October tho tolegraph will roach Munaar , and tho cnbVe fov connecting Ceylon , by tho Madras llnoa , with thoso of India , ia deposited at tho l ' amaboh Straits , and will bo carried across as eoon as tho soason permits .
A part of tho plan is to mako Gallo tho port of call for vessels engaged In tho Indian trado , and it will now bo conn ected by tomograph with all tho ports of Ceylon , Madras , Calcutta , Bombay , and Kurraehuo . ... , i fl Mawvey * oMho ^ Tnrm oil by tho local government , so as to mako its navigation bettor known and provide for Us improvomoiit . Wo may lioro observe that a survey , in which tho brig £ wArofo ? s engage , is being carried on In tho Persian Gulf . I his was muqh wanted as our trado from Bombay to thoso shores ia making great progress . Tho Miolklie of tho towns have shown a favourable disposition to tho English and received the officers woll . Alio Bombay Govornmont have seriously under consuioratlon tho establishment of gas in tho olty of Doiu-
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TRADE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND CHINA . There is no episode in the history " of our trade more curious and instructive than that with China . It was begun by adventurers , and they gradually opened the supposed hermetically closed empire to the . acquaintance and commerce of Europe . So far as England xtab concerned , this trade remained a monopoly in the hands of the East India Company till 1 S 34 , secured to it by the act of our own Legislature . The Americans , however , and several European nations shared largely in the traffic , * and the monopoly , though maintained in favour of the Company
as against the rest of the community , was practically abrogated as against the rest of the world . Government or diplomacy seems to have been of no avail in opening this important trade . No manof-war ever appeared in the waters of Canton till 1713 , when the Centurion , under Commodore Anson , went thither with her prize to refit and ¦ prepare for the home voyage . Many years elapsed before another man-of-war appeared in the same neighbourhood , and neither by fleets nor embassies was China brought into communication with tho est of mankind . It was the result of trarle ; and prior to 1 S 34 , when our legislative restrictions on tho . enterprise of our own people were abolished ,
this communication had become very extensive . China had then a large trade with tho islands of the Indian Ocean ; and the following are specimens of her trade with the rest of the world . The total annual avorage invoice value of the import and export trade of the East India Company with China in tho years 1820-1828 was £ 2 , 859 , 912 The average yearly value of the imports and ' exports of the Americans from and to Canton between 1822 and 1828 was ... 3 , 145 , 749 The value of tho opium-trade in % \\ e year 1828-29 was 2 , 500 , 000
Mr . M'Culloch , from whoso dictionary we borrow these figures , says : — " Exclusive of the Portuguese , Spanish , French , Swedish , and Dutch trade , and of tho trade with the Philippine and Eastern islands , &c , the trade of Canton with tho Enst India Company , tine country trado with India , and tho Amoricau trado , amounted to 12 , 400 , 000 / . " "Wo are not sure , " ho adds , " that Canton should not » be ^ i'oekonod-deoid ^ l'V ^ he-firs 1 f-T 3 laoeHPox '" ti'nTlo'
in tho East . " It should bo notioed , too , that the average valuo of tho Company ' s trade wns in l ^ lct-1 S 1 C , 3 , 020 , 782 / ., or 800 , 000 / . wore than in 1688 . Thus , somewhat oontrary to tho popular oroed , China has long beon oponod to trado , and lias m faot oarried on a oonsiderablo intercourse with tlio rest of tho world , including Europe and America . Now lot us seo what ensued subsequent to l $ 64 ,. Tho doolarod value of exports from England to China has boon as follows ;—
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of th -NTn ' . 44 i 9 . September 11 , 1858 . ] T H E X E A D E R . 945
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 11, 1858, page 945, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2259/page/25/
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