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was nearly double that of 1856 , At Cadiz 3 o 6 Bntsh vess-ls entered in 1856 ; 28 , 430 tons of coal were i , ra ^ ported from England , and 54 , 616 butts ( or pipes ) of sherry were shipped off during the year , being an increase of 11 , 227 compared with 1855 , 56 American ships imported stores and tobacco , and exported salt , wine , cork , and liquorice . The Dutch , Belgian , . Swedish , Norwegian - Danish and Prussian ships import coals from Englaml , and export the same articles as the American vesiels . The Russian , Hanoverian , and Hanseatie ships imported timber and deals , and exported salt ,
wine , arid dry fruit . . . Tiii- Fine at Valparaiso . — The following are the amounts for which it is understood the British offices are inferested in the fire which occurred at Valparaiso on the 13 th of November last :- ^ Liverpool and London , 132 400 / . ; ' Royal of Liverpool , 54 , 000 / . ; Imperial , 31 , 000 / . ; London Corporation , 30 , 000 / . ; Northern , 27 , 000 / . ; Sun , 8000 / . ; making a total of 2 S 2 . 400 / . —to which serious extent the exportation of gold to Chili consequent on the recent loan will be increased .
Training- Ship for this -Mersey . —Her Majesty s frigate Conway , twenty-six guns , which is about to be presented by the Admiralty to the Liverpool Mercantile Marine Service Association for the purpose of being moored permanently in the Mersey as a training ship , is being fitted at Government expense at Devonport , and will in all probability be taken to its destination at Liverpool at the latter end of the month . It will be moored in the Sloyne at the expense of the Admiralty authorities . The Tukkisii Loan . —On Monday next 450 , 000 / . is due on the Turkish Loan , which will complete the first
portion of that financial operation , amounting to 3 , 000 , 000 / . Qn the following day an instalment is nominally payable on the second issue of 2 , 000 , 000 / 1 ; but it is generally understood that the majority of subscribers to this portion of the new loan will avail themselves of the option given them by the contractors to defer all the instalments until the 20 th February , when the whole amount will have to be provided . French Encroachments . — The Newfoundland papers contain no further news as to the progress of the dispute in regard to the exclusive right of fishing demanded by the French on certain portions of the coast . Great distress already exists among the inhabitants of St . George's Bay , and a general despondency prevails tinder the threat of the French naval officers that they will next spring forcibly interpose to exclude British subjects , not only from the fishing ground , but from the use of the bays . — -Canadian News .
The Skipping Question . —The Shipowners Society of London have received a communication from the Itoinc Office , announcing that her Majesty has graciously received the "loyal and dutiful" address adopted at the general meeting of shipowners on the loth u'lt ., and has been pleased to refer the same to the consideration of the Board of Trade . Tins Maim Drainage of the Metropolis . — TJie Directors of the Bank of England have made an offer to the Metropolitan Board of Works of the loan of the 3 , 000 , 000 / . which will bo required for the execution of the works for the main drainage of the metropolis . The terms are not so favourable as anticipated from the state of the money-market , and the proposal has been
transmitted to the Lords of the Treasury for their consideration . The result of the inquiries respecting the competency of Mr . Moxon , who gave in the lowest tender for executing , tho works of the Northern High-Lcvel Sewer , being of a most favourable nature , and the throe gentlemen proposed by him as sureties having boon ascertained to be most responsible persons , his tender has been finally accepted , and ho only « iwait 3 tho order of the engineer to commence tho work , ' which will bo given as soon aa tho financial arrangements of tho Board are completed ; Tub Farmin g Mania . —Tho demand for land to hire 1 ms seldom been so general . Any desirablo farm / has
boon eagerly sought after , and offers of rent made corresponding to the furor , Thcro appears to bo little calculation gone into by offerers . The excitement re . sombles somowhat that of tho railway mania of 18-14-0 . Tho routs for land agreed upon within tho year boar no relation to tho prospects of tho profession . Tho disastrous harvest ; of 1856 . 7 baa oporatod seriously against tho position of many farmers , and arrears of rent have arisen , showing tho hazardous character of tho profession of tho tenant-farmer . Neither a clioapor system of cultivation nor a newly discovered source of cheap fertilisers has boon presented to account for tho rents Offered . —North British Agriculturist .
Claim against a Tklhouaimi Companv for . tmic Incoiuibot Transmission ok a Musbauh . —> In the Manchester County Court , on Monday , Mr . Brandt delivered Jutfgmoat in tho caao of Horafall and Arnold v . tho Magnetic Tolograph Company , an action In which tho plaintiffs sought to recover 10 / ., as compensation for loss alleged to have boon sustained by thorn in conaoquonoo of a mossago haying boon incorrectly transmitted hy tho defendants , Tho defendants ' rested their claim on tho ground that the mossHgo was actually transmitted by them in tho same form In which it had boon , received , ftt their oflloo , and they further pleaded that they woro not responsible for any mistaUo in tlio massage , inasmuch as the oxtra foe required for tho repetition of
important messages had not been paid . It appeared that the word " four , " in the original message , had been altered ; and a question arose whether this had been done by the plaintiffs previously to their having left the document at the defendants' office , or whether it had been done by the defendants subsequently . Mrv Brandt said he had already come , to the conclusion that it was not by the fault of . the plaintiffs that the alteration appeared on the face of the document ; and the only question remaining was whether , according to a case which had been cited , " M'Andrew v . the Electric Telegraph Company , " thedefendants were entitled to plead that the proper sum had not been paid—that is , the sum which was . required for repeated messages . He must j . ' _ ¦ ¦ ¦ . ' t . ' ' -m
say he could not distinguish the present ease from the one cited , and therefore the verdict must be given for the defendants . But inasmuch as the message was improperly delivered , and became of no value , the de fend ants were bound to return the fee which was paid to them for it . Mr . Sutton , who appeaared for the plaintiffs , asked his honour whether he was satisfied that the alteration in the message bad been made by the defendants . His honour said he had already expressed his opinion very decidedly upon that subject . A verdict was given for the defendants , an order being , however , made upon them lor the repayment of the fee Is . Gd ., and for the costs . —Manchester Examiner .
Indian Railways . — Foremost amongst the great works in India stand the railways , which are spreading their iron network over the land , and fast annihilating all those obstacles and annoyances which , rendered travelling In India so expensive and wearying . In Western India the progress of railways is , perhaps , most remarkable . Of the Great Indian Peninsula lines , about 150 miles are already constructed , and in full working order , whilst the total length of line is to be 1128 miles , a largo portion of which is now under construction . Indeed , it would seem that the progress made in railway works in India is as satisfactory as that made in them in England . There does not appear either to be the slightest difficulty in obtaining an abundant supply of workpeople . Notwithstanding the unsettled state of Kandeish , and other districts either within or in the neighbourhood of the Bombay
Presidency , in i 8 i ( 3-7 j the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company gave employment to 40 , 000 harid-5 ; but during the years 1857-8 that large number was increased to 70 , 000 . This speaks well , for the great resources of Western India for the supply of labour . Turning from the construction of . the railway to the traffic we find a similar satisfactory progress has been made . The total number of passengers conveyed by the line in the year 1850 * was 585 , 165 , while in the first half of last year the number has risen to . 43 6 , 618 . Again , in the goods traffic a corresponding increase has taken place ; in 1856 the amount conveyed was 70 , 025 tons , while in six months in 1 S 58 it reached 64 , 041 tons . It is , however , right to state that these increases are due in some measure to the extension of the lines , but at the same time sufficient evidence exists to show that the natives are
growing alive to the importance of railway communication . As a proof of this , we may cite the increase that has taken place in the number of third-class passengers , for while in the whole of 1856 the number of travellers who availed themselves of that class was 544 , 852 , for the first six months of 1858 it was 412 , 075 , thus giving an increase of something like 70 per cent . Curiously enough , on the other hand , but a slight increase has taken placo in the number of travellers by tho second class , the return for 1 S «"> 6 showing a total of 34 , 193 , and for the . first half of 1858 of only 18 , 418 . —Homeward Mall .
Tu . vpk op Sweden . —Major Pringlo's report on the trade of Stockholm in 1856 supplies tho following information : —Tho crops woro generally below an average in 18 counties , and in farms of tho northern districts tho crops woro almost a total failure . Groat distress existed among tho poorer classes in tho north , and they woro reduocd in many oasos to grind tho bark of pinos and mix it with a small quantity of ryo Hour , as a substitute for broad . In 1856 , 10 , 616 , 434 kanna of brandy ( a kauna being equal to nearly 3 £ English quarts ) wore dislillod , valuo 3 , 538 , 811 rix dollars banco , or 294 , 000 / . Tho produce of 18 cotton mills in different parts of Sweden is given for 1855 at 12 , 401 , 7211 bs , of cotton yarn . Within . a few years cotton has , in a great measure , superseded tho use o ,
Hnon , as being so much cheaper and warmer . Coals aro now imported , in largo quantities from England , but , from the peculiar construction of tho Btovos used for heating tho rooms , it ia impossible to uao thorn in privuto houses . Tho pvico of coals is from 18 s . to 26 s . per ton } tho quantity imported in 1860 rose to 800 . 290 tons ( Swedish ) from 17 \ 549 tons in 1816 . Tho war with Russia in 1854 and 1865 was . vory profitable to the Stockholm ' merchants trading in tho Gulf of Bothnia , and , in tho hope that tho war would , continue , they gave vory extensivo ordora for goods for 1856 . Tho result of poaoo was that much of tho gains of tho two previous years was swallowed up in tho failuro of tho speculation for 1866 . Tho whole import and export trade of Sweden twenty years ago was not more than 34 , 147 , 000 banco , or 2 . 846 , 688 / .:
in 1845 it had risen to 45 , 650 , 000 banco ; and in 1855 exceeded 120 , 000 , 000 banco ( about 10 , 000 , 000 / . ) , being double what it was in the year 1852 . In 1855 the value of the exports exceeded that of the imports by 611 , 416 / . The value of grain exported in 1854 was 8 , 000 , 000 banco , or 666 , 666 / ., while in 1855 it was nearly 18 , 000 , 000 : banco , or 1 . 500 , 000 / . Tan has largely increased as an item of the exportsy while exportation of pitch , bones , bar-iron coffee , and steel has fallen off . 4 , 536 , 282 lbs . of white cotton •_«< - » J t * _» -S ¦ ' '_ ' * . ' M ET /» rA AAA 1 L _ ¦ — . ~ . « 4 Z « "I QXR
yarns were imported from Great Britain in 185 5 , a large increase , owing to the lowering of the . duty from . 4 s . to 3 s . per lb . A greater importation of raw sugar has also taken place ( from England ) since the lowering of duties in 1853 . The importation of machinery and coals from England continues to increase . The trade and gener . il prosperity of Sweden have greatly increased during tiie last four years , partly owing to the advance made in agriculture , and the impulse given to the carrying trale by the beneficial change in our navigation laws .
Crystal Palace . —Return of admissions for six days ending Friday , January 7 th , 1859 : —Number admitted , including season-ticket holders , 12 , 483 ., Mb . Mater ' s Antiquities —In about a month from this time Messrs . Sotheby and Wilkinson will dispose , by sale * , of the celebrated collection , formed by Mr . Hertz , and now the property of Mr . Mayer of Liverpool , of Assyrian , Babylonian , Egyptian , Greek , Etruscan , Roman , Indian , Peruvian , Mexican , and Chinese antiquities . Some idea of the magnitude of the collection may be formed , whan we state that the sale will occupy no less than sixteen days . The catalogue forms a good-sized octavo volume of 213 pages , and is a work that will be sought for by artists , archaeologists , and antiquarians in all parts of the world . — Literary Gazette .
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BOOKS RECEIVED . Unprotected Females in Sicily , Calabria , and the Top of Mount Etna . With Coloured Illustrations . Rourieilge and Co . The London Review . No . XXII . January . Alexander Hay'lin .-The Westminster Review . No . XXIX . January . John Chapman . Morgan f ^ e Faye . A Play in Five Acts . Poems . By Joseph Freeman . Longman and Co . The British Quarterly Review . No . LVII . January . Jackson and Walford . The History of British Journalism . By Alexander Andrews . Two Vols . R . Beritley .
Journal of my Life during the French Revolution . By Grace Dalrymple Elliott . R . Bentley . Popular Tales from- tlie Norse . By George Webb Dasent . Edinburgh : E . Douglass . The Works of the Rev . Sydney Smith . Part I . Longman and Co . A Song of Charity . By E . J . Chapman . 2 nd Edition . Basil Montague Pickering . Kelly's Railway Guide for January . Kelly and Co . The Journal of Mental Science . Longman and Co . Moore ' s £ rish Melodies . No . 2 . Longman and Co . The National Review . No . XV . January . Chapman and Hall . The Parent ' s Cabinet of Amusemetil and Instruction
Smith , Elder , and Co . Tales of the Colonies ; or , Adventures of an Emigrant . By Charles Rowcroft , Esq . New Edition . Smith , Elder , and Co . Social Innovations andtheir Schemes . By W . L . Sargent . Smith Elder , and Co . The Verneys ; or , Chaos Dispelled . By Miss Caroline Smith . A . Hall , Virtue , and Co . The Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology . Edited by Forbes Winslow , M . D ., D . C . L . New Series . No . XIII . . John Churohill . A Manual of the Philosophy of Voice and Speech . By James Hunt , P . H . D ., F . S . A ., M . R . S . L . Longman and Co . The Licensed Victuallers' Almanack , 1859 . W . Kent
and Co . The Literary Character ; or , the History of Men ' of Genius . By Isaac D'Israoli , Now Edition . Edited by tho Right Hon . B . Disraeli . Routlodgo and Co . Routlcdge ' s Shakspeare , Part XXXIII . Edited by H . Stauntou . Routledgo and Co . A New Reformed System of National Eduaution . A Pamphlot . James Nisbet and Co . The National Debt financially considered . By Edward Capps . Groombridgo and Sons . London : Past , Present , and Future . By John Ash ford .
J . Jr . Hopo . A Legend of the Rhdnc . A Poem in Five Cantos , By M . P . B . J . F . Hope . Traces of Primitive Truth in the , Principal Nations of tho World . By tho Rev . J . L . Ross , M . A . J . F . Hope . The Scottish Annual , 1859 . Edited by C . R . Brown . Edinburgh : A . and 0 . Black . Stiff . A Satire in Five Cantos . J . F . Hopo . Tho Scottish Secession ofXS , 4 & . By tho Rov . Aloxnnaor Turner . Edinburgh : Paton and Ritchie . Tho Eolictio Rovicto . January . Ward and Co .
History of the Kingdom of Naples , 1734—18 U . By General Piotro Oollotta . With a Supplomont , 18 a 5 —1860 . Two Vols . Edinburgh ; T . Gonstablo and Co . * & £ & $ &&
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No . 459 Jakuaby 8 , 1859 . 1 T H E L EA D E R . 01 ____ '¦ : '—¦— " ' " ' ¦ " '¦ ' — : —— . ^——^^^—¦ '
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 8, 1859, page 61, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2276/page/29/
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