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796 THE LEADER [ No . 484 . July 2 , 1859 . ' ' ^• , , . ^ .. . ,,. ^ ,. P ^ fMv 1-, mmlm » D : h stemot the that we eondcnin ; ^¦^^^^^^^^» 1
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[ FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT . ] F ' jlobek ' cb , June 23 rd . Events hurry on , and yet do not proceed fast enough far our -wishes . There is sfcarceir any rest for the mind iri the perpetual anxiety felt for the ultimate events which are to decide the fate of Italy . Even in sleep we are haunted by a confused sense of war , disquietude , and uncertainty . Yet it is scarcely possible for affairs to progress more rapidly than , they have done hitherto . Another great battle has 'been gained by the allied armies . Austria seems doomed ; but we must not exult until we see what the seige trains
. , It is te sy ,-n Pope , and I still fear that , unless some-method is taken to eradicate this germ of discord , it will continue to work woe to Italy . Perugia ' s destiny is . scaled for the present . These sad events have created a most painful sensation here , and people naturally remark that the Papal Government is the only Italian power which lias shed blood in its defence , and that by the hand of foreign and mercenary troops . You know what an independent people they are at Perugia , and will , I am sure , remember the classic ¦ type " of the beauty botlv of the men and women . " They have for ages endeavoured to shake off the Papal dominion ; and now , when all Italy is pressing towards freedom , it is really orievous that they should he thus cruelly crushed .
can do against the quadrilateral fortresses . Tuscany remains in statu quo till the issue of the war . The Unionist party prevails . Meanwhile there is no liberty of the press ; no newspapers are printed or allowed , except the old Monitore . Nothing of any sort is doing , and all improvements are in abeyance , until the day arrives for Italy to be reconstituted , arid Tuscany put upon its right footing . Liet us hope things will continue as peaceful and orderly as they have hitherto been ; but it is impossible to deny that so long an interregnum is baneful to the country . The early days of a revolution are like the first hours of a
summer ' s holiday . The liberated pupils ai * e orderly enough for a season , but as time wears on the boys sometimes get troublesome , and require the restraint of the master . Our summer holiday is not yet come to a close , and as yet there is no insubordination . But all revolutions open a field for various opinions . The King of Sardinia has noted most wisely . He has undertaken the protectorate only during the war , having expressly declared that when it is over the country will be free to follow the course then deemed most advantageous . No doubt the final destiny of Tuscany will be matter of serious debate in
an European Congress , and the unanimous consent of the people to any plan adopted must be desired . Sad scenes are beginning to take place in the Papal States . Perugia 1 ms been roused to untimely revolution , by the efforts of La Farina and his followers ; and , after . a rising of the people , it has-been retaken by the Papal powers . The telegraphic wires from Perugia are out ; but this morning a dispatch arrived from Arrezzo announcing that after some hours fierce fighting in the streets the Swiss troops gained the victory . They were 2 , 000 strong ; the Artillery fired upon the inhabitants , and a body of cavalry entered the city through Borgo S . Pietro ,
and set lire to the houses , and all was confusion and disorder , the Papal troops literally sacking the town , ns though it were a place taken by assault . T . he prisoners have been condemned by military law : Bonae put to death , and many remain in prison . It is said that the troops got into the town through the intervention of tho monks , who admitted tEem by a secret door communicating with tho convent of tho Dominjoana ! Tho fat © of Perugia is the harder because this city has dispatched her bravest youth to tho Lombard cninp . Deprived of thoir aid she ia helpless ngninst tho troope ol tho Servua Servorum . Tho moat tortuous policy of the most wily monarch is oandow oompored -with tho language and actions of tho Fiumoy .
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Sl'itlies for tiik French in Itai . v . —Advices from Genoa announce that , through the activity ol mercantile speculation , ever enger to occupy a new and promising channel , the market is glutted with supplies of various com modi tics , including' more especially coffee and cereals of all kinds . The natural result has been a great fall in prices ; and it would really appear that the wants of the allied armies will soon be supplied more cheaply at Genoa , than at Marseilles . As facilitating materially the provisioning ; of the surplus and wasteful population which has been so suddenly transported into Italy , this circumstance has groat importance .
Very Ponp of Shooting . —Tho correspondent of a contemporary writes from Brescia : — " Whilst I was talking to one of Garibaldi's Guides an English gentleman was introduced to me by a common friend . At first I thought ho was one of those who had been attracted to tho sceno of war by more curiosity . As his dress had something military in it , I was rather puzzled to know who tho gentleman in question was . My friend told mo that Captain Peard was ono of tho most gallant soldiers of Garibaldi ' s brigade , that ho had ' shot as many Austriana as came in his way , and that ho had acted a very important part in tho bloody dramas of Vnrose , Snn Iferino , Laveno , and Virle , Capt- Peardie a simple nnd unpretending man , who , like all true Englishmen , hates despotism and
eorvitudo . Bravo as a lion , kind and warm-hearted , ho saw a noMe causo to serve , and ho loft his native land—the land of liberty—to come here nnd fight for it . " It is this gentleman , probably , of whom a corroBpondont of tho Siccle Buys : —• " Ono of tho best shots in Garibaldi ' s service is un Englishman of fifty years old , who . carries a capital Lancaster rifle , nnu , aided by a pair of spectacles of which ho stands in need , brings down ovory Tyrolean chasseur that ho takos aim at , Somebody lately asked him whether ho had boon attracted to join the volunteer corps by a strong feeling for tho Italian causo or by a lovo of Bport . Ho answered very ooolly , * Jt huvo a great rospect for Italian independence , but I nm also vory fond of shooting . '"
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of the peace of Westphalia , nnd -of the Constitution of the of the peace of Westphalia , nn < l of the Constitution of the Germanic Empire . Such deductions , unfortunately , placed the Spiritual Electoral Princes , ' and the lesser vassal States , under the . foot of Russia . But the-people , impelled by a correct instinct , obliged Prussia smd Austria to repel the pretensions of Cntlierine . The treaties of 1815 contain no mutual guarantee , nor is any mention made of foreiari guarantees in the Federal compact . The Protectorate , however , of Germany-,, whet her-Germans would or would not , was a rooted idea in . Russian diplomacy , and German Governments were met with who were contemptible enough to lend an ear to it in ¦
secret * ' In the Secret Memoir , which was brought under the notice of the . German Governments in 1834 , may be read the following : — " It would be , indeed , the most abominable ingratitude were Europe , and more especially Germany ,-to ignore the self-sacrifice made by Russia in 1813 , and which gained her tlie loud and unanimous applause of Europe . " ( This is in allusion to the pretended burning of Moscow , -which the Russians nt first denied , but finding the world ready to applaud the act as a gloriou 3 instance of ' patriotism , they now acknowledge it . ) " Under her patronage , " the document con-Federal Constitution
G E R M A N Y . Ji-VE SOtli . The mobilisation of the military force of Prussia , hy which above two hundred thousand men , a part of whom are fathers of families , have been dragged away from their wives and children , has naturally excited the utmost anxiety fox the" proximate future ,, more especially amongst those who , confiding in tlie settled neutrality of Prussia and her apparent unity of action with England , were led to subscribe to tlie loan of thirty millions of thalers . Notwithstanding . the bold tone of the journals there is , as far as I am able to judge , very little inclination to go to war against the French for the sake of Austria , as is shown by the fact that in those countries where substitutes for military service are permitted * a
man cannot be procured for less than six hundred thalers , and rarely for that . A young acquaintance of mine is now congratulating himself upon his good fortune at having found , a substitute for the sum cfeleven hundred thalers . Press arid people are totally in the dark as to the object of this mobilisation . It can hardly be intended as a mere parade , still less a " Stand and deliver !" argument directed against France . The instincts of -the people are sometimes wisei * than the decisions of statesmen , particularly of statesmen who have been bred in courts , and always surrounded by flatterers ; and it is the instinct of tlie people that , this mobilisation is a very imprudent act , unless it is the resolution of Prussia to side with Austria at once . The opinions vented by the press are extremely divergent ; nor were the ministers
by any means unanimous , if report is correct . Mr . Von Pchleinitss , the Minister for Foreign . Aimirs , and Von Uonin , the Minister for War , wore opposed to the measure—the former upon diplomatic grounds , and the latter because of the confusion—domestic nnd commercial -T-which would ensue . Many of your renders have , perhaps , but a faint idea of the * consequences of this socalled mobilisation . Let them imagine every Englishman up to forty years of age being called awny from his occupation to be sent whithersoever tlie Government may decide . Even though Jiving in a distant country , and forced to do so jf the Prussian power can reach so far . From every town of Grrinuny , Prussians are obliged to throw up their business , and return to Prussia at their own expense . Tailors and shoemakers have to
cast aside their needles and their awls and hasten away , leaving- their employers almost crnzy how to satisfy the wants of their , customers . Not only Prussia itself , but all Germany is disturbed by the measure ; and that it could have been adopted without a firm resolution to attain some immediate result is opposed to all reason . Last Saturday Prussia moved in the l'edoral Diet , that an army of observation should be drawn up on the Rhine frontier . Tho motion was referred to the Committee upon Military affairs ; that it will be agreed to , there can hardly be a doubt . We all feel thnt now the Diet is Prussia , and Prussia , Germany . Tho dispatch of Prlnco Gortsclmkoff lias been as oil added to names . Had it been the expressed aim of Russia to drive the Germans to desperation , and to exercise such a pressure upon
Prussia as to constrain her to forsake Iier neutral position and shako her unity of action with England , a more eflectunl means could not have been hit upon . As evidence of tho feeling which it hns caused in Prussia as well ns in all Germany , the following article from the National Zvitung may perhaps be Interesting to your readers . In their blind rage the Germans nre ready to run a muck at friends and foes . England ' s neutrality is as exasperating 1 ns the open enmity of the French and Russians . The article Ja headed , " Tho Russian Protectorate over Germany . " In sooial Intercourse it frequently occurs that a word , one shiglo word , clears up or changes tho relations of two persons towards each
other . There exfut words of this nature in the intercourse of Status . Such a word has Just been addressed to Germany by Prince Gorteohnkoft , In hi * circulnr of the 27 th of Muy . One hundred and fifty years ago , it gormJnoted in tliq mind ot Poter tho Great . For many yenm It sneaked among tho llutssinn archives ; then it crept forth In public trentlea ; tlion It was casually whispered to tills or that Gorman Government : and now it in boldly flung Into the frees oftlio whole Gennnn people . So early on at tlio peace ofTeBolion , which terminated the Bnvarlnn war of succession , Russia managed to squeeze herself In ns a guarantee , and by a cunning IntppretnfJon of tho 30 th Article , opon < i ( l tho way to the deduction , thflt thereby she had also become a guarantee
tihues " the German was designed and accepted . For although the Federal States . guaranteed to one another their respective professions and constitutions , yet tlie tacit acknowledgment of Russia ' s guarantee in case the freedom of Germany should be at any time threatened by the ascendancy of any state of the Confederation , remained still an wrlere pensee in the minds of all members of the Confederation . " And in another place of the same document : " Thus , allclaims upon the Germanic Confederation are contained herein : that in its internal " as-well as external affairs the Confederation recognises Russia as the protector of tlie Bund . "
The despatch of Prince GortschakofF , continues the National , is only a variation upon this document . It wcasts into our teeth that Germany was saved by Russia ; —commands us to put implicit faith in the words of the man of the Second of December;—threatens us with a discontinuance of support and patronage;—menaces us , in fact , with direct force . This is a kind of word which deserves to be answered not by a word , but by a blow . Let this document be received with as many protests as it may , its contents become a reality . In due time will follow' in succession—the remaining well-known words , will become likewise a realitv : Guarantee , Protectorate ,
Maintenance- of Order , Polandize { i . e . treat them like Poland ) . The blow need not be given direct to Russia , it will reach her if it fall upon lier tool , Louis-Napoleon . That we are threatened is a compliment . In France , in England , the people count as nothing- more : they chatter and think whatever is instilled into them to-day the contrary . of that which they swore to yesterday . Trance is a churl ( mensch ); Enplnnd is a churl ; he who lias the two churls under his thumb would do thuin too much honour by threatening them . The position of Germany , menaced by Russia , b y the churls in Paris , and perhaps h y tho churls iii London , is full of danger , but also full of hope .
The danger is pretty clear , l < ut not so char the hope . Some German papers * seem possessed with the notion that England may be driven out of her neutral position by their systematic twitting .
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HIBBS v . WILKINSON , AND SPECIAL JURIES . TO TKtE EDITOR OF " THE LEADEK . ' ' Sib , —It is probable that neither you nor the piiblic are aware that the above cause was tried on Monday in the Court of Common Pleas , nominally before a special jury ; no more than seven individuals from the special jury list served , the remaining five being taken from the common jury h' st . The wisdom of our ancestors in providing that well -educated persons , or , at least , those who may be presumed to be such , Should sit in judgment on some causes , is apparent . Besides , ought not people to have the quid pro quo ? Why should they be asked to . pay a guinea a day to special jurors , if , after all , their cause is to be decided by those whom the lav ' provides for nothing . These questions , sir , derive additional importance from the circumstance—which will surprise none who were in court on Mondaythat another jury will yet be required in this cause . May I not hope , however , that , ere this , your powerful aid will be afforded to remedy the evil of which I now complain ? : I am , &c , Richard Hibes . Westminster , 1 st July , 1859 .
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Leader (1850-1860), July 2, 1859, page 796, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2301/page/16/
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