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l 036 THE LEADER . [ No . 494 . Sept . 10 , 185 9
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by loyal service , of country , and which affords ever increasing means of serving it still-more , efficaciously . Thus does one of the oldest , perhaps the oldest of the reigning houses of Europe , so from becoming effete and incapacitated by age , prove itself the most far sighted , the youngest in hopes , the richest in prospects of future greatness . It may fairly ' be taken for granted that the project of the ' great Sardinian kingdom , or the " kingdom of Upper Italy , as it is now . denominated by its partisans , would never have been thus extensively propagated and firmly rooted in men ' s minds had it not embodied a real and universal sentiment ; if it had not been in unison with that
sentiment of ftalianism , to borrow , a current term of the day , wliieh is the grand motive power of actual events . If the conception of a " reat representative monarchy under the sceptre of the House of Savov is the form to which the national movement in Italy tends spontaneously , this form cannot be refused or opposed in the definitive settlement of Tuscan affairs without exposing Tuscan independence to continued peril , and the coiintry to perpetual agitation and convulsion . The Tttscans have offered themselves
and their territory to Sardinia without any condition or stipulation whatever . They have laid taside all memories of their former ascendancy in the affairs of the Peninsula , and are quite willing o become merged in Victor Emmanuel ' s possessions . The reproaches utterred by Massimo D'Azeglio in his Ultimi Casi , in reference to the selfish ' and isolated policy of the Italian municipalities , have now happily lost their point . The employment of their common forces for the attainment of mutually beneficial results ' seems at length to have become the aim and desire 6 f
Italians . They are now willing to place the cause of the nation first , and that of isolated states second . Their aims and views are become far more generous and extended than in past times . Such being the case " , it must be the desire of all generous and true-hearted men that they may be allowed to manage their affairs in their own way . It is difficult to conceive the right by which other nations attempt to deprive them of this power when they are doing nothing to violate the security and tranquillity of neighbouring states .
The peace of Villafranca , the conferences of Zurich , the arts of diplomacy , the intriyues of pretenders , may succeed in prolonging the present state of uncertainty , or in causing the act of annexation to be looked upon as inopportune and precipitate . It may be that Italy is not yet really ripe for the change , and that the country ' s good may require the affairs of Tuscany and the Duchies to remain as at present until the disputes are settled amoiw the princes themselves , and the people are left free by their former rulers .
The Piedmontese king cannot have failed to be highly gratified by the voluntary surrender of themselves made by the Tuscans who have thus placed their future in the hands of . a man who for ten years past has neglected nothing which could benefit Italy . Hut it is too much , to expect that he should openly reciprocate the regai'd of the Tuscan people , and immediately take possession of the sovereignty offered him . The actual state of affairs is such that his boldesjb advisers would hesitate to counsel such a stop . The Tuscans Uave , therefore , no choice but to quietly wait , confiding in their chosen king , and secure that whatever may be his ultimate deoision , it will be made with a view to tho real advantage and interest of Italy , who has not a warmer friend , or more zealous defender , whether in the cabinet or in the field , than Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont .
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Lucius , Fries and Metz representing the other sections of Germany . This is the last arrow in the patriotic quiver , and discharged with as little e ffect , I am afraid ,. as the others . We hear ' ' no meetings nor demonstrations of any kind to second these attempts . The Keform movement is confined entirely to these declarations . There is no faith in the success of the agitation , which has no leading spirit in it . The Free-traders , or . as they denominate themselves , the Political Economists , whose Congress at Gptha , last year , I reported , hold buck f rom this Reform movement , and have resolved to meet in congress , again at Frankfort-on-the Maine , in the course of this month . The Free-traders fear that
the Reformers , or United Germans , by attempting too much , will perform nothing . The people of the residence towns are , naturally enough , loth to sink into mere provincial towns , while the landed proprietors are openly opposed to these union tendencies . As subjects of Prussia , they would lose all the importance they at present possess in their circumscribed localities . . With the landowners , officials , and shopkeepers of all the different States , actively opposed , or entirely passive , the Free-traders see no prospect whatever . ' of a result to the patriotic exertions of the friends of Reform . On the other hand , the landowners arid all the shopkeepers of provincial towns , with the officials and the great mass of labourers and peasantry , are somewhat active upon the free-trade question ; it touches the and benefits to all
vanity of none promises equal ; consequently it is hoped that , by accustoming the people to choose delegates for these Free-trade congresses , they may induce them to raise their voices for a legislative congress to put the resolutions of the Free-trade delegates into force . The Free-trade agitation shows more tenacity of life than could have been anticipated , considering the events which have occurred between its first and its second congress . In fact , many never expected to hear of it again ; and it is a proof of the firmness of the leaders o the movement , and of their belief in its ultimate success , that neither the war , nor the peace , ' . which is even worse than the war for all purposes of progress ^ nor the Reform agitation , nor even the lately got up Schleswig-Holstein cry , have been able to turn them from their object .
Of more immediate importance than these political questions is the havoc made by the cholera , which continues to extend in all directions . The journals complain that the authorities neglect necessary precautions , from f ear of its presence in their districts becoming known , and thereby injuring the mercantile interests of their localities . Everybody is talking about it , and privately we hear most awful accounts of its ravages , but the journals for the most part are silent . The disease made its appearance first in Rostock , about the middle of July , on board of a Russian vessel . Since that period more than 300 persons have been carried off by it . For some time it confined itself to the town ;
isolated cases , however , occurred as was afterwards discovered , in some of the neighbouring villages . Towards the end of July a day-labourer of Striesenow , an estate lying between Gustrow and JLaage , came to Rostock to attend the funeral of his son-inlaw who had died of the cholera ; this labourer , on his way home , was seized with tho same disease and expired a few hours after his arrival at Striesenow . From here the disease was carried to Knegendorf and Spotendorf . On both estates the people were in the heat of harvest , and consequently in continual contact with each other . The disease spread , here with frightful rapidity , raging with an intensity of virulence as was never known before in Northern
w - GERMANY . SjurxEjunKit , 7 th , 18 S 9 . —* The second declaration of tho United German Patriots assembled at Eisenach , is now , with between six and seven hundrod signatures attached , published in all tho journals . Of tho names , but few aro known . These arc tho literary ones of Auerbaoh , Gorstaukor , and Voft Roclian , and tho I ' ruasian Constitutionalists and domacratlo of Marthy , Rlesson , Saongor , and Brouslng , and Sehllze Dollaeli , Von Unruli , Phillips , nnd Sacollg j and .-fAirthor , those of Vou Hennigsen ,
latitudes . In Spotendorf more than half the population was exterminated . During the first week of August the town of Image , as also the estates and villages of Drolitz , Dieckhof , Karleput , Liibsin , Politz and others , were infected by personal contact with other villagers . Some towns , however , in the midst of those places , by wisely cutting off all intercourse with tho outer world , managed to exclude the contagion . A labourer from Spotondorf infected Gustrow , in which place more than 100 have died since . About the 10 th ult . a soldior on furlough from Rostock arrived at Viltz , ft village hoar Tessin ,
was attacked by tho cholera and died , since then fifty at that place have beon destroyed . Those , and many other examples are sufficient to show the contagious nature of tho disease , and deserve the attention of all ports and towns in any way connected with Rostock and tho inland towns of Mecklenburg . Hamburg lias already suffered , and we hoar now of several cases on tho banks of tho Wosor , Tho Government of Mecklenburg has lately prohibited tho customary autumn fairs thb year , and tho district authorities have recoivoil orders to proceed with tho greatest caution in accepting recruits for tho military service of tho country , taking care to keop tho
men of the infected districts separate till all symptoms of the disease have disappeared . While the northern journals . are devoting their columns to reform declarations , those of the south are occupied with ecclesiastical questions , niore especially with the prospects which are opened out for the relief of the Protestant church in the Austrian dominions . The Out Deutsche Post expresses satisfaction that the great majority of Catholics evince a desire to see the promises held out to the Protes tants fulfilled to the utmost extent of religious freedom . In speaking of Protestantism in Austria , people ' s thoughts naturally turn to Hungary , under the supposition , very generally entertained by Germans and foreigners , that Hungary is the chief , if not the
only quarter where Protestants are numerous ; and that any toleration or favour shewn to Protestantism by the Government , is nothing more than an endeavour to conciliate the Hungarians , and that the Protestant element in the Crown domains is so trifling as not to be deserving of any consideration . It may not be superfluous at this moment to submit some statistical notices of the Protestant church in Austria to the attention of the public in 3 Sngland . In the kingdom o Hungary proper , these arc no fewer than 2 , 196 , 816 Protestants , 1 , 450 , 090 belonging to the Reformed Church , and 743 , 726 Lutherans . The Protestants consequently comprise one-fourth of the entire population ¦ of the kingdom , and the more important as appertaining to the intelligent and
wealthier middle class . \ L hey form a complete ecclesiastical organisation , guaranteed by ancient and modern charters , and require nothing-, more than to be placed on an equality with the Roman Catholic Church . In Transj'lvariia , containing a population of 2 , 673 , 737 souls , there are 543 , 634 Protestants , of ¦ who m 297 , 419 are of Reformed Church , 199 , 943 Lutherans , and 46 , 272 Unitarians . In the WoiM-odship of Servia , among a population of 1 , 574 , 428 individuals , there are 78 , 345 Protestants of both confessions . In the military frontier lands there are 15 , 381 , but in Croatia and Slavonia only 4 . 831 Protestants . Among the Crown domains belonging to the Germanic Confederation , Selesia has the greatest number of Protestants viz ., 60 ; 783 . Then follows Bohemia with 90 , 000 ; Moravia , 52 , 140 ; Upper
Austria , 18 , 511 ; Carinthia , 17 r 90 O ; Lower Austria 20 , 000 ; Styria , 5 , 800 ; and the Coastlamls only 1 , 500 . In the Ukrain there are but 139 ; in Tyrol , about 124 . In Salzburg are settled 176 . Of the other Crown domains , Galicia contains a Protestant population of no less than 24 , 580 . In tho Bukowina there are 7 , 280 ; in Venetia about , 400 ) in Dalmatia only 15 . Protestant Austria is thus represented by a population of more than three millions . Protestantism in Hungary , in Transylvania , and in the Woiwoodship of Servia , rom the number and position of its professors , stands os an element on an equality with other Confessions , and may , setting aside its natural and positive rights , demand , on this account its perfect freedom . The idea , therefore , that the intended or rather promised toleration or liberation is favour to Hungary alone js totally
erroneous . The white coats of the Austrian army are about to be abolished . With the increase of the infantry regiments of the line from 62 to 80 , a new uniform will be introduced , and patterns have already been submitted to the Emperor at Luxenburg . I ho whole of the eighty regiments will receive as quickly as possible the new uniform , which will be a coat of silver grey ( pike grey ) and grey trowsors . The cuffs of the coats will be red , bordered witn black braid . Tho Prussian are trying experiments with infantry armed with the Zilndnadelgewehr ( igniting needle gun ) against a movcablo target which advances towards the infantry with the same rapidity as attacking cavalry . Tho idea was borrowed from an English book of travels in South Africa . attention
On tho point of closing my letter , my has been called too , comical , and yet painful instance of tho Gorman laws regulating trade . Your readers already know , through the columns of Tim Lkauek . that in . most parts of Germany tho ancient guild ; lftWB still flourish in all tho selfishness and folly ot tno ignorant robber ages ; and that sinco last « u tum " the congress of political economists at Gotlm nau . made tho abolition of these guilds their chief tasK . During tlip disastrous effects of tho cholera . m Mecklenburg , as already described , it happenoil tniu in some towns thore were not undertakers eiiougn to provide coffins , thereforo tho public , anxious io got rid of tho post breeding corses , sought tho aiu of tho joiners and carpenters , but no sooner did tno undertaker ' s guild becomo acquainted with tlio mcif than thoy claimed thoir privileges , and prohlulteu this usoful , and indeed absolutely necessary worK . Tt has hnon said that a man need never trouble
himself during life abpu-t his burial , foVthat his neltfMbours , for thoir own health and comfort , would porfonn that task for him j but thia , it would uproar from tho foregoing example can only apply to countries unprovided with trade corporations .
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 10, 1859, page 1036, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2311/page/16/
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