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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Till-: CENTRAL ITALIANS . Tub Provisional Government of the Romagna have not limited their diplomatic activity to the offer of throwing themselves into the arms of Sardinia . It seems that ut the same tima they nro urging tho Tuscans to make common cause with them , the annexation scheme failing to create a united State for Central Italy , and to make tho Prince of Carignan its sovereign by popular choice . Tiro Bolognese deputies have gone for this purpose to Florence , but arc said as yet not to have been enabled to induce the Provisional Government of Tuscany to enter upon the project .
The army of the League , which is now under tho orders of General Fanti , is not far short of 32 , 000 good fighting mon , and before long Central Italy will bo able to hold tho field with a well-organised army of 50 , 000 before tho end of this year . At present General Fanti is the only chief commander of tho federal contingents , for Garibaldi and . Muzgauapo still hold tho command of tho rest , the Tuscan and Komngnol armies . There is , however , reason to hope that such an abnormal stato of things will soon bo put an end to in a few days . Fanti , however , hn . 3 dearly expressed hia intention to raise the army of tho League to ft force of 60 , 000 mon . Ho complains of tho sad want , of materiel , and has issued orders for tho casting of field and other ordnance , and for tho purchase of rifles , or anna de precision Aa to cannon , there are many who humbly and ploutjly suggest that thousands of tons of rich bronzu
could be made to come down from Italian steeples , leaving brazen-mouthed monitors enough for the edification of the faithful and the annoyance of usurious lovers of matutinal slumbers .
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DISCOVERIES BY DR . LIVINGSTONE . The Cape Town Mail of August 20 " lias the following copy of a letter from Dr . Livingstone to Sir George Grey , containing a sketch of some important geographical discoveries in addition to thoserecentljr anuouncedbythat distinguished explorer :- ^ > ' River Shire , June 1 , 1859 . —My dear Sir George , —We have lately discovered a very fine lake by going up this river in the steam launch about 100 miles , and then marching some fifty more on foot . It is called Shirwa , and Lake N ' gaini is a mere pond in comparison . It is , moreover , particularly interesting from the fact reported by the natives on its shores that , it is . separated by a strip of land of only five or six miles in width from Nyanja , or Lake N ' yinyesiwhich Burton has gone to explore . We could hear
nothing of his party at Shirwa , and having got no European news since you kindly sent some copies of the Times last year , we are quite in the dark as to whether he has succeeded or not . Lake Shirwa has no outlet , and its waters are bitter , but drinkable . It abounds in fishes , leeches , alligators , and hippopotami . We discovered also by examining partially a branch of the Shire , culled Hup , that one portion of Shirwa is not more than . ' 30 miles distant from a point that may easily be reached by this launch ,, which by newspaper measurement draws 13 inches-, and actually 31 inches . The Lake Shirwa is very grand . It is surrounded on all sides by lofty green mountains . Dzombn , or as people nearost it say , Zombaia over 6000 feet highof same shape as I able
. , , Mountain , but inhabited on tho top ; others arc equally high , but inaccessible . It is a , high land region—the lake itself being about 2 , 000 feet abovethe sea . It js 20 or 30 niileo wide , and 50 or 60 long . On going aomo way up a hill , we saw in the far distance two mountain tops , rising like littleislands on a watery horizon . An inhabited mountain island stands near where wo first came to It . From the size of the waves it is supposed to be deep ., —" Dr Kirk and I , with 15 Makololo , formed theland party . The country is well peopled and very much like Londu in the middle of the country , many streams rising out of bogs—the vegetation nearly identical also . Never suw bo much cotton grown as Shire and fehirwa
among tho Mangangn of the Valluys—all spin and weave it . These are tho latitudes which I have always pointed out as tho cotton und sugar lands—they aro pre-eminently ao , but ouch is tho disinterestednoss of some people that labour is exported to Bourbon instead of being employed hore . Tho only trade tho people have is that of slaved , and the only symptom * of impudence wo mot wore from a party of Bajana slave traders ; but tliey changed their deportment instantly o n hearing that wo were English and not Portuguese . There are no Maravl at or near Shirwa—they are all west of tho Shire , ao this lake can ecarcoly bo'callcd LakeMaravl —> tho Portuguese
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FRENCH SPECULATION IN ITALY . The Moniteur of the following day £ ave . world this information . —Several foreign papers assert that the solution of the affairs of Italy will be obstructed by the desire whieh the Emperor lias to create in Italy a kingdom for a Prince of his House . These rumours need not be refuted ; in ' order to deprive them of every foundation it suffices without mentioning the engagements made at Villafranca , to remind the public of the acts and words of the Emperor both before and after that epoch .
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various details of the alleged conspiracy to create a kingdom of Etruria iu favour of Prince Napbleon .
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THE FORTHCOMING CONGRESS . The Opinion Nationale says the following information is given to us as positive ; we reproduce it , however , without vouching for its truth : — " Some people appear to be much astonished at hearing it said that the congress to meet at Brussels is to be presided over by the King of the Belgians . Nothing is , however , more true , and the fact is explained by thecomposition of the conference . England will be represented by Prince Albert , Austria by the Grand It is not known what
Duke Maximilian . yet princes will represent the other powers . The Pontifical and the Spanish governments will be represented at this congress ; the Pope in respect of the Legations ,,. and the Queen of Spain on account of her reversionary rights iii Parma . It is possible , that England , Prussia , and even Austria will propose the candidature of the Count of Flanders for the tin-one of Tuscanv . Others speak of the candidature of the Princess Clothilde , with her husband , as Prince Consort . Parma and Modena will be annexed to
Piedmont . Other journals assert that it has been denied upon ¦" the best authority " that the Count of Flanders is to be thought of as a candidate .
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VICTOR EMMANUEL AND THE ROMAGNESE . The reply of the Piedrnontese sovereign fo the deputation from the Romagna , on Saturday , is no . less ambiguous than his speeches to the representatives of the other Italian States . After thanking them , he says , — " As a Catholic Sovereign I shall myself always retain a profound and unalterable respect for tbe superior hJerarch of the Church . As an Italian Prince I am reminded that Europe having in view the state of the Romagnese people , who demanded prompt and efficient measures of reform , has accepted formal obligations towards your country . I receive vour wishes , and ; strong by the
rights conferred upon me , I will support your cause before the Great Powers . You may rely on their sense of justice . You may rely upon the generous love of our country of the French Emperor , who will accomplish the great work of reparation he has so powerfully begun , and who , assured of the gratitude af Italy , and seeing the moderation which has characterised your resolution during the late moments of incertitude , will recognise that iu the Romagna the mere hope of a national Government suffices to put an end to civil disorders . Europe will recognise that it is her common duty and also to her common interest to finish the era of disorder , and thereby satisfy the leyitimata desires of the people . "
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Majority of the ¦ Russian' Heir Apparent . — St . Petersburg was the scene of great festivities on the 8 th ult ., on which day the Grand Duke , now Cezarewitch Nicolas Alexandrowitch , attained his majority and took the oaths of allegiance to the Emperor and to the country . All the state apartments of the Winter Palace were thrown ope " , and all the high officials , dignitaries , civil and military , the clergy , &c ,, were invited to witness the
ceremony . Shortly after three o ' clock the chapel was thrown open , the corps diplomatique entering first . The Emperor led the Grand Duke up to the altar , where , in a firm voice , he took the usual b . iths , kissing the cross held by the metropolitan bishop . He was then warmly embraced by the Emperor and Empress . Salvos of artillery and peals from the . church steeples announced the event to the population . In the evening St . Petersburg was brilliantly illuminated . The died
Death of the Bey of Tunis . — Bey- on the 22 nd . ult . In consequence of the energetic measures taken by Rhaznodar , tranquillity has been maintained . During the interregnum , which lasted 36 hours , the presumtive heir , Sidi Sadok , was recognised as successor . He was installed as Bey on the 24 th inst ., and took the oaths to observe the constitution and laws granted to the country by his predecessor . . ¦ ! Tjie Conspiracy against the Sultan . —" Private letters state that the conspiracy was to have broken out on the 24 th ult ., but on the previous Thursday
it was denounced by Sergeant Ariza . Vigorous measures have been taken by the Government . Two frigates have been moored before the Seraglio , and the squadron had arrived the day the mail left . Among the principal leaders of the conspiracy were two generals of . division , Djaffir , of the Artillery , and I-Iosseiu , Governor of the Dardanelles , several colonels and Ulemas . Djaffir has drowned himself in the Bosphorus . No Christiana were compromised in the plotr The plan of the conspiracy was cleverly organized . The Europeans and the foreign Ambassadors were to be protected by the generals of the rebels .
Cape of Good Hope : Recall of Sir Gko . Grey . —Great regret is expressed" in the colonial papers at the recall of Governor Grey . A large number of public meetings had been held in different districts , and highly complimentery ap dresses presented to his Excellency by persons of all classes and shades of politics , the universal feeling seeming to be that his administration has tended much towards furthering the prosperity of the colony . The horses were taken from his carand it drawn b
riage at Government House , was y the inhabitants under triumphal arches to the place of embarkation . Salutes were fired , and , when on board , his Excellency received addresses from all the public bodies . A petition has also been forwarded to the Queen , signed by 2 , 000 colonists , praying for a re-consideration of Sir George ' s recall , and asking his re-appointment as governor to the colony . The Dutch and Fingoes have also joined in this expression of opinion .
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JAPAN . In Japan , affairs have assumed a very unsatisfactory position . On . the 11 th July the treaty was duly ratified , but since then the Japanese Government have attempted to evade it by seeking to confine foreigners to a small island near the Yeddo , and to establish the same short of surveillance over them as they formerly exorcised at the Dutch settlement of Decima . They have further sought to establish a ntaw coin as the only one to bo used iu commercial dealings with foreigners , but at the same time
forbidding its currency among tiie natives , so that all payments in tho new coin would have to bo exchanged at the Government treasury for the itzabon and the relative values fixed by the Government produced a depreciation of 66 per cent , on foreign coins , which , according to treaty , aro to be received at ,, their intrinsic value us metal . Mr . Aluock , the British Consul-General , has issued a protest , and has stopped the trade for the present . It is to be hoped that the calm , but firm attitude he haa assumed , will have the desired on " uct .
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Tiik Fkisnch in Cochin China . —From Cochin China wo hear that the French troops are suffering ' very severely from illness , und it is said that Admiral Gunouilly intends to evueuute Turon .
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PROGRESS OF RUSSIA IN ASIA . Tirta following letter from St . Putorsburg contains sonio" curious speculations as to Russian progress in Asia ;—••! have often spoken to you of tho prodigious activity displayed by tho Russian Government
in Central Asia . This point now becomes more than ever interesting , for , after the complete subjection of all the tribes of the Eastern Caucasus , the Government will redouble its efforts to explore those countries , to construct the railway that is to connect the Caspian Sea with the Sea of Aral * to establish its factories in the principal towns of the ancient Transoxiana ( which the Persians and Arabs call the . Garden of the Earth ) , to get possession of the routes of commuuication in the Khanats of Kiiiva , Bokhara , and Kokhan , and to extend its commercial intercourse even to Upper India . The Russians have already transported their merchandise on the Volga and the Caspian as far as Balfa , and thence by the continental route , by Sari
and Boustum , they sent it either north-east to Khiva , Bokhara , and Balkh , or east by Herat , Candahar , and Cabul ; they have already penetrated even into Upper India . But from the period of the definitive installation of the English in the peninsula the bold and enterprising spirit of the Britishmerchants entered into competition with the activity of the Russian traders . In consequence of the creation of the network of railways which reach the Indus , and of the introduction of steam navigations on that river , Russian trade was driven to the north . The railways now allow English merchandise to penetrate beyond the frontiers of Affghanistan without considerable augmentation of its cost , and to
offer a dangerous competition to Russian produce in . the markets of Bokhara and Klriva , neighbours of Russia . The Russian Government proposes to put an end to this state of things . It is a difficult enterprise to struggle with English interests , but there is no doubt that it may be accomplished ^ Russia will find capital to construct the railroad from the Caspian to the Aral , will improve the navigation of the rivers Amoor and Syr-Daria , which water those vast countries , and by the construction of fortresses on the 264 versts which separate the Caspian from the Aral , will acquire a sovereign influence over'thelittle States of Central Asia . Then the English ; trade with the Indies will be infallibly undermined .
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¦ No . 437 . Oct .. 1 , 1859 ] THE LEADER . U 01
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 1, 1859, page 1101, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2314/page/9/
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