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the -wise Amadeus of Savoy to her aid . In a great number of secret treaties and stipulations , we find the title of Duke of Lonibardy and also that of King of Italy promised to the Piedmontese princes . The very reasons now adduced by diplomacy , to prove that the possession of Lombardy by a powerful Government foreign to the Peninsiila is fatal to the independence of the whole of the Italian States , and more particularly to those of the princes who hare the custody of the Alps , have been alleged again and again
during past ages . Duke Ludovico said , in 144 JJ , that the conquest of the Milanese territory had become a matter of self defence for the House of Savoy . The preamble of the treaty of Rivolis , made in 1625 between Richelieu and Charles Emmanuel I ., after stating that France ever opposed the arts of peace and conciliation to the restlessness and ambition of : Spain , proceeds to
• ay that " It being manifest that no other way exists of enabling Italy to enjoy lasting tranquillity and establish a secure and permanent peace , than by making a league for the conquest of the State of Milan , and wresting it from those who abuse it for the purpose of oppressing their neighbours , ibis Majesty Louis XIII . will willingly contribute Ms aid for the accomplishment of so just a design . " And again , the preamble of the treaty of Turin between France and Sardinia thus beirins :
' * It . is well known to the whole civilised world that the House of Austria has for a long time abused the excessive height of power to which she has risen , and that she now only seeks to aggrandise herself at the expense of others . Not satisfied with secret action , she no longer hesitates to declare her views openly , and , in short , persists in disposing of kingdoms over which she can injustice arrogate to herself not the smallest right or fiiainn . "
Historical archives and diplomatic documents bring to light various other resemblances between the political affairs of past centuries and the Italian events which are now transpiring before our eyes . A project conceived by Henry IV . bears a strong analogy to the title which Napoleon III . desires to confer upon the Pope of honorary president of an Italian confederation . According to the scheme of the great Henry , the Pope was to bear the title of Immediate Head of the Italian Republic , with no other right than
the homage of a crucifix of the value of 10 , 000 scudi every ten years . So do the preliminaries of Vienna of 1735—which were suddenly arrested by the victorious Gallo-Sardinian arms , by means of a secret understanding maintained by Cardinal Fleury with the ministers of Charles VI . — coincide , in many particulars , with the preliminaries of Villafranca . Then , as now , the course of victory was arrested ; then , as now , fears were entertained
of an inimical alliance ; then , as now , the hopes of the warrior prince were delusive , and , instead of the kingdom promised to Charles Emmanuel , the choice -was given him between the Novarese and the Vigevanese territory , the Novarese and Tortonese , or the Tortonese and the Vigevanqse , if he would abandon the Milanese , over which he had reigned in efFeot two years , as Victor Emmanuel has reigned virtually for ten over Venetia .
The preliminaries of 17 . 53 produced the transfer of Tuscany to the house of Lorraine , but it is to be hoped that the preliminaries of ViUafiranca will not produce the result of re-establishing those princes upon the throne in opposition to the will of thp people . By the former , France gained Lorraine for herself on the death of Stanislaus ; by the latter , if interpreted unfavoixrnbly for Italy , Franco will lose the moral fruit of her victories , and retard
the regeneration of Italy , already nrrostod by the preliminaries of Villafronca . V'ive centuries oi continued struggle have at length added Lombardy to the dominions of the Prince of Savoy . An ever fluctuating series of allianoes , interminable , wns continually recommenced , beggary of the people , and the treasury , succeeded by a startling revolution ; a war unfortunate , but renowned for glorious deeds of arms , have at length accomplished a work which has been the constant object of the Piedmonteso policy . With this identical end in view , the princes of Savoy took up the sword time after time ; and at different periods Henry IV . and Sully , Louis XIII . and Richelieu , Louis XIV . and D'Argonson , Pitt , Castleroogh , nnd numerous other statesmen , have considered it essential to the Italian equilibrium
and the peace of Europe . But though the object thus striven for during so long a period is , in a certain sense , accomplished , war cannot be looked upon as terminated , or , rather , the cause of war removed , until the whole of Northern Italy to the shores of the Adriatic is under one and the same ruler . But those who examine the past with a view to comparing it with the events of the present see no reason to fear that an equal amount of time or expenditure of forces will be required before Venice forms a united whole with Lombardy and Piedmont ; . The work has hitherto been slow because carried on by means of
diplomatic manoeuvres , secret treaties , and different systems of alliance , but it now proceeds at full speed , hastened on by the wishes of the people , the valour and true-heartedness of Victor Emmanuel , and the injustice and oppression of Austria . In short , arguing from the . past to the present , circumstances seem amply to confirm the idea that Austria cannot much longer continue to govern any portion of Italy . The presence of an Austrian prince is an intrusion which has grown to be felt as the most burthensome weight that can be
imposed upon the Peninsula . Its continuance is productive of perils to Austria herself , little compatible with the security and dignity of a great power ; and we trust that the events of the late campaign , the fruitlesshess of her efforts to bend the other powers to her will during the conferences at Zurich , and the determined attitude assumedby the Italians themselves , may all contribute to bring about the happy changes in the Peninsula which have been so long and so anxiously looked for by peoples and rulers .
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FRANCE . Paris , Thursday , 6 * 30 p . m . One cloud which darkened the political horizon has cleared away . The dissensions between the cabinets of London and Madrid , on the Moroccp question , have been amicably arranged , and it is supposed that concessions have been made on the part of Great Britain . The interviews at Biarritz , between the Emperor Napoleon and M . Mon , Ambassador Extraordinary of her Most Catholic Majesty , perhaps contributed to this pacific solution of the question , as it is understood that the Emperor was determined to support the Spanish cause . Ridiculous rumours have been current in Paris to the effect
that in the event of a collision , the Spaniards would make a desperate effort to take Gibraltar ! which the Si&cle , in alluding to its possession by Great Britain , calls " a standing insult to Spain . " The legitimists in Paris are very anxious that the Duchess of Parma , the sister of the Count de Chambord , should be restored to her throne , but it appears that in spite of her earnest supplications to the Emperor , the cause of that princess , whom Lord Malmesbury eulogised as the best among Italian potentates , is not favourably regarded either by Napoleon or by t the great majority of the French nation . The vexed question of Central Italy will shortly be treated in a pamphlet from -the pen of
M . de la Forge , a contributor to thp Siecle , to be entitled " Les Duches . " The Ultramontane prelates , the Bishops of Arras , Alger , and Poitiers , have issued pastoral letters to the clergy and laity of their respective dioceses , denouncing in energetic language the encroachments which are being made on the temporal sovereignty of the Pope . The Bishop of Tulle , preaching the other day at St . Sulpice , pointedly alluded to the King of Sardinia , and denounced woe to those who had caused the Vicnr of Christ to weep ! You havo , of course , heard the report that the Pope has given the ambassador of Piedmont his passports , ana that another outbreak of some kind in Italy is daily becoming more
imminent ; The weather here lately lias been very variable , and a good deal of rain has fallen , A few days ago we had a storm of thunder and lightning , unusual in Paris at this Beason , though common enough in the south of Franco . The . present week has commenced with fine autumnal Avoathor , perhaps a little too warm for the month of October . The Empress Eugfinie lias gone on a visit to her native Spain , and on her return she will accompany the Emperor to Fontainebleau and afterwards to Compiogne . The latter palace is being renovated for their reception . I hear that the walls of the apartments destined for the use of the Imperial family are being painted with scones from Don Quixote . It is said that the Emperor is projecting several important tours for next year ; one to England has been mentioned often enough . " Figaro , " a satiric periodical of Legitimist politics ,
conducted with considerable ability , has been giving a series of articles on the late Lord Seymour , so renowned for his devotion to the worship of Bacchus and Venus . Lord Seymour ' s magnificent stud is announced for sale . Amongst the English noblemen residing in Paris for the greater part of the year are Lord Holland in the Faubourg St . Hoaore , the Earl of Pembroke in the Place Vendome , the Marquis of Hertford in the Rue Lafitte , and Lord Beaumont in the Rue de FArcade . Paris mourns the death of a celebrated quadruped the giraffe of the Jardin des Plantes , -who has succumbed to a pulmonary complaint , which has often proved fatal to animals brought to France from tropical climes . The yet more celebrated predecessor of the recently defunct animal was the -first giraffe seen in France : it came here in 1827 , and died of consumption , after enjoying a popularity of seventeen years . It is stuffed and placed in the Museum of Natural History ; an honour which awaits its successor .
Professor Lane , of Australia , is on a visit to Paris , after an absence of several years . He took University honours here , and became a teacher of languages . He is now preparing a great work on Australia , which will be published both in French and in English , and which will no doubt give an impetus to emigration both among you and the more stay-athome French . The latest important piece of news is the rumour that the terms of the treaty , of peace have been decided upon at Zurich , and will be signed in a few days . A congress , it is said , will be called with a view to settle the affairs of Central Italy—that is , if a congress can settle them . Most people here think not , and that war will break out again . Nevertheless , the report of an approaching settlement of the peace , and that the Emperor -will issue an address to the Italian nation , are favourably received in the financial world , and under their influence the Bourse tends to a rise .
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THE GREAT EASTERN . It has been suddenly decided that the great ship shall start for Holy head from Weyraouth , on her trial trip this day . It was originally resolved that the great ship should go round to Southampton , there to undergo a thorough refitting , without which all on board knew she could never go to sea with safety . The real friends of the undertaking rejoiced in this step , as ope likely to result in proper time being given for the vessel to be thoroughly equipped for sea , in accordanqe with the regulations of the Board of Trade , and all the preparations were
accordingly made for mooring the Great Eastern opposite Netley Hospital by the 6 th or 7 th . At the last moment this arrangement has been set aside , and it has been decided that , ready or not ready , the vessel goes to sea on her trial trip to-day . One of the reasons assigned for this course is the necessity of keeping faith with the public . Yet the public are not allowed to be present at a trial trip which they have paid their money to see . From the correspondent of a contemporary / we condense ah account of her present condition . Although the Board of Trade will not allow the
Great Eastern to carry any passengers until every precaution that prudence can suggest has been taken , the lives of the crew apparently are beyond the notice of the Board ; though vhen the ship clears out of Weymouth to-day slic will have a larger number of human beings on board—firemen , sailors , and others—than any passenger steamvessei that ever quitted the shores of this kingdom , it would be merely deceiving our readers if we statea positively that because the Great Eastern arrives at Holyhead as per advertisement , therefore she » m Rtnvt fnr Amfiri « n . with the SlUllC punctuality . A »« te
Great Eastern can scarcely leave Holy head on 20 th , and if she could do so the Board of I *™ *™ , not lot her until all their urgent requirements tor thp safety of passengers lmvc been complied witn w the very letter . Our readers have been y ^ ? hi ° n some of the principal improvements which ' « # & $ " suggested , or insisted on , by the Board of 1 rado . Few , if any , of these alterations have yet been carried out , and to complete them all will bo a work ot such time as renders it quite impossible tliac uiu vessel can be ready during the w ° " \ , " October . The two forward boilers , w Inch were in in ™ i hv « i « nvnlnalnn . liavo "been ropftlrod , Dm I 1 UV
by replacing thedamaged plates wltli new ones , a * the Board of Trade insisted , but by putting patches on those which wore moat bent anil fltrainoa . a patched boiler-plate may possibly bo fts strong «» a new one , but in these cases the wisest ecwn'ttny is to put the matter beyond all doubt . Contrary w the expressed wiaU of the directors and the uaaru of Trade , . Mr . Scott Russell has P 0 8 tlve *>\™ T ? , ntll do this , and insisted on patching the boilers unui the vessel goes round to Holy head . Wll . tnrn One elomont in the success of the Oroat « . «««» seems to have been overlooked by all , tll 0 U » ,, most important one , and that is hor sniling qua »
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1132 THE LEADEB , [ No . 4 Q 8 . Oct . 8 , 1859 .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 8, 1859, page 1132, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2315/page/16/
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