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BOOKS RECEIVED . " Bunvan ' s Pilgrim ' s Progress , " with Illustrations By Charles Bennett . Longman , Green , and Co . " Schiller ' s Life ami Works . " By Emil Pallesbie . 2 vols . Longman , Green , and C i . " Contributions to Mental Philosophy . " Edited by J . J . Morell , A . M . Longman , Green , and Co . ¦ ¦¦ " The Way of the World . " By Alison Read . 3 vols . Hurst and Blackett . . " Life in Spain , Past and Present . " 2 vols . Smith , Elder , and Co . , v « , ' -, ' " Against Wind and Tide . " By Holme Lee . 3 vols . Smith , Elder , and Co . " The Tenant of WildfeU Hall . " By Acton Bell . New Edit . Smith , Elder , and Co . ¦ " The Life of Charlotte Bronte . " Smith , Elder , and " District Duties during the Revolt in the North-West Provinces . of India in 1857 . " Smith , Elder , and " Heathen and Holy Lands . " By Capt . J . P . Briggs . Smith , Elder , and Co . , " The Elements of Perspective . " Smith , Elder , and Co . " Australian Facts and Prospects . " Smith , Elder , and " When theSnow Falls . " By W . Moy Thomas . 2 vote . Sampson Lovy , and Co . " At Home and Abroad . " Sampson Low and Co . ' " Ernest Bracebridge , or School-Boy Days . " Sampson Low and Co , " ¦ Beulah . " By Augusta J . Evans . Sampson Low and Co . " Recreations of a Country Parson . " J . W . Parker . " Narrag-ansett , or the Plantations , a Story of 177— . " 3 vols . Chapman and Hall . " Out , and About : a Boy ' s Adventures . " By Hain Friswell . Grooinbridge and Sons . " A Fallen Faith . " By Edgar Sheppard , M . D . Piper , Steuhenson , and Co . . . " The Habits of Good Society . " Hogg and Son . " Stories of Inventors , and Discourses on Science and the Useful Arts . " By John Timbs , F . S . A . Kent andCo . . % ¦ Ci Travels in Morocco . " By James Richardson . 2 vols . C . J . Skeet . " Emmanuel . " Judd and Glass . " The Girl ' s own Toy-maker . " By Miss E . Landells . Griffith and Farran . " Views of Labour and Gold . " . John Russell Smith . * ¦ ' Weather Almanack , 18 G 0 . " Simpkin and Marshall . " Literacy and Scientific Register and Almanack , 1860 . " W . Kent and Co .
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Tub Invaston ov England . —Referring to an article in the Unhers , M . Provost Purarlol says , in the Journal des Debuts , " YVIiy does the l / nivers wish to invade England , and propose to us to take posnession uf London ? It is to place England in tlie rank of a third-rate power , iind to liberate her colonies . 'Liberate' U an ingenious expression vhen speaking of countries ( lie freest that there are in the world . The Univqm eltes ; for example , Canada , -which it burns to render independent . If Canada , which has her own government and
administration , which chooses her ministers and displaces them us slit- pleases by means of , her chambers , Is not free , wo know not what more run pie liberty the Univeracnn give her . To set free Australia , which is as free us the mother country , and which has already p « vcrnl times modified her constitution , does not seem at ull more ensy ; and it is not En ^ land ' n least ad vim t ago or loast honour to have given to her colonies an independence so complete and so secure that they have more to four than to hopo fpr a change which shouM separate thoin from the mother country , nnd that sotting them free is not to by spoken of without absurdity . "
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IMPROVEMENT IN TEADR—SANDED COTTON . WE are informed from Paris that the trade of that city , which has by far the largest trading population of any city of France * has of lata improved . The price of the public funds , of all stocks and shares , has advanced , which in France , where so much depends on the Government , has a great influence over the public mind and encourages adventure . A fall there in price of public securities , much more than here , where it is often contingent on an active demand for money for commercial purposes , throws a gloom over all business . At present , too , the rise betokens art improvement in the foreign relations of France ; it confirms the hope that peace will be consolidated and preserved , and justifies the statement that trade has improved and is likely to improve . Our commercial news front the United States u extremely favourable . There the importation of dry goods had been for some weeks unusually large , and was , in the week ended the 18 th ult ., of the value of 1 , 287 , 931 dols ., against 811 , 754 dols . in the same week ' of 1858 , and 738 , 355 dols . in 1857 . In the whole 10 £ months the value of these imports into New York was , in the present year , 101 , 915 , 257 dols ., against 61 , 706 , 218 dols . in 1858 , and 87 , 528 , 396 in 1857 . Dry gqods embrace the chief ai'tiqles of European manufactures imported . Accordingly , we find that the value of our cottons exported in October to the United States was £ 254 , 014 , against £ 175 , 894 in 1858 . In the ten mouths the value of pur cottons exported to the States was . £ 3 , 007 , 796 in the present year , and £ 1 , 825 , 189 in 1858 . Those figure ? show a complete revival and extension of this trade beyond the great . speculative " year of 1 S ;> 7 . We learn , however , on good authority , both American and English , that this trade is now very different from what it was in 1857 . Then , as our * readers ninv vc 'Hoof , povornl Kn ^ lish nn'l ' -S . " ^ foh houses made numerous consignments to New York on speculation , and even advanced money to pay for them . Now , however , we are told from Manchester , and other manufacturing places , that the manufacturers have more orders than they can execute . They work only to order . At the same time we are told from New York that all these goods are imported by American houses , and that linglish manufacturers have ceased to ship on speculation . AH those imports are the results of orders from American houses , A similar change has taken place with respect , to purchasing cotton . Within a twelvcinoifth , s ; iid a speaker at the late meeting o f shipowners , a new trade has entirely grown up between'Manchester and New Orleans .. The ISnglish manufacturer does not wait till the cotton is imported to buy it ; he sends orders to New Orleans and other places to buy it there' for hiin . This business is now done to a considerable extent . These circumstances show that the trade with the United Slates at present is in a perfectly sound condition , while we all know that-the great trade of 1857 was very speculative and unsound . In reality , the extension then , fe , in a great measure , justified by the extension now ; but then a too great eagerness to get hold of the increasing trade induced unwise speculation and ultimately led to a convulsion . An ^ unfayourable instance of this new trade is mentioned in the American papers , of which our readers may perhaps have heard somewhat before . Since the planters have by these purchases been sure of at once getting rid of their cotton , they appear to have taken to the dishonest practice of adulterating it . As h is packed in the bags , a negro with a shovel scatters white sand through it , ju 9 t as the grocers arc aaid-to sand sugar . Borne time in May last a Mr . Howard , of Manchester , purchased , by means of an agent in Mobile—a Mr . J . J . V . Wanroy , and , through a cotton broker of the name of Johnson , of that place—190 bales of cotton . This cotton , without , bein < jj removed from the bags , w , as conveyed to the niill of the purchaser , and there , on being unpacked for use , was found to contain 1 , 000 lbs . of sund . Through the agent , tho broker , and the merchants in Mobile , whom he bought the cotton—Messrs . Harrison and Bostwick— -the bales were traced back to _
J . H . Murphy and Co ., of Montgomery , and a claim made on them for £ 55 8 s . 4 d ., the difference in value between 1 , 900 lbs . of cotton and 1 , 900 lbs of worthless sand . These gentlemen have refused to comply with the demand , and we presume the courts of the United States will be appealed to by Messrs . Wanroy and Johnson ; to make the falsifiers of the cotton refund the money of which they have defrauded Mr . Howard . . It would be a national reproach to the States were the gentlemen who sell cotton sanded at the rate of 3 per cent , enabled to snap their fingers at their Eno-lisb . customers as the only reply they deign to ' o-ive to a demand for restitution . °
We must add that this improved mode of transacting business , by the buyers there sending orders and the buyers here purchasing there at first hand ' may help to account for the larger proportionate transmissions of bullion from the United States hither this-year— . £ 8 j 613 , 401- —than the last year . . £ 4 , 389 , 794 . The Americans genei'ally are honestl y paying their debts , and they will not he patient under a disgrace brought on them by fraudulent planters .
THE SHIPOWNERS . The meeting where the statement above alluded to was made by a Mr . Beazeley , of Liverpool , was held at the London Tavern , on Tuesday ; and there is one part of his statement which needs explanation . He was asked , he said , to take a part in such a purchase of cotton as that above mentioned ; but he . would not , because the ^ otton was to be shipped on board American vessels . His own ships were not to be employed . He made this statement as he made several others , -with a view of throwing odium on the repeal of the Navigation Laws . 13 ut that repeal made no important change in this branch of trade , which was in the hands of the Americans loner before the Navigation
Laws were repealed . For a considerable tune their ships almost exclusively imported American cotton into England . Nor have thoseships any advantage in French ports over English ships . The cotton was not imported in them therefore , because it might be sent to Havre if the market were better there on its arrival than at Liverpool , but simply because hfyliiv .-ogh ! it on tho b ^ st terms ibv tho buy . m \ If on his cotton arriving at Quceiistown , hecould . gain a £ d . or £ d . per lb . by sending it to Havre instead of bringing it to Liverpool , lie would not for one moment trouble himself about the loss of freight the Liverpool shipowner might incur , were it , in < -
stead of going direct to Havre first , brought to Liverpool , and afterwards sont thither by English vessels . Clearly , the English merchant uses the American ship as best for his purpose , but she is the best is the consequence of the cliil ' erent circumstances of the twp countries in respect to this trade , and not in consequence of the repeal of the Navigation Laws , which this disingenuous roasoner wished his passion-deluded hearers and tlie public to believe . Of the meeting , we shall only further say that
it was a meeting of ship-owner . ? , and not of the other classes connected with shipping . Then vessels bcTug pretty fully employe *] , merchantcaptains , and seamen arc well oil' . Since 1849 the number of men employed on board merchantships , exclusive of master , has increased , according to the oflicial returns , from 152 , 011 to 177 , 832 , in 1858 , or by 25 , 221 persons , or 2 , 522 persona per annum . At , the late feimderland meeting , Mr . Aldernum Wilson said the merchant navy had increased in this interval by 50 , 000 , and , probably , if nil kinds of stokers ,
stewards , and engineers are , included , his statement is not an exaggeration . At least the . number o men employed in the merchant service lias increased as much per cent , as the men employed m any trade of the country . Though the shipowners arc iu distress the seamen ore well off . Ihey get flOs . a month wages . Should . tho shipowners property be greatly mortgaged , wo should find in tho i ' act that itlu \ s fallen in value from £ 12 to * 7 per ton—a complete explanation of his dm ** oulties . Ho must keep hia ships running »<> whatever sacrifice , Hence ho n » ay be losing , or not gaining a sufficient sum to pay the interest of his incumbrances , while the sonmon , and all other persons donendont on shipping « -
navigating ships , are m a flourishing condition . These hints and facts will prevent tho public from confounding tho complaining shipowners with the shipping interest . They are no more tho latter , than the incumbared hmdlords of Ireland wore
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1328 THE LEADER [ No . 506 Dec . 3 , 1859 , *
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. jFEIilALS . " Blackwood ' s Edinburgh Magazine . " No . 530 . W . Blackwood and Sods . " Eraser ' s Magazine . " No . 360 . J . W . Parker . " Dublin University Magazine . " No . 324 . Hurst and BlacJcett . " Titan . " No . 177 . James Hogg and Sons . " The National Magazine . " Part 38 . Kent , and Co . " Macmillan ' s Magazine . " No , 2 . . Macmillan , Cambridge . " The Gallery of Nature . " Part 14 . W . an-1 It . Chambers . " The Universal Review . " No . 10 . Allen and Co . " Le Follet . " No . 150 . Simpkin and Marshall . " Lectures on tlie Rifle , a Pamphlet . " " The Welcome Guest . " Part 2 . Houlston and Wright . ' The Etlstorical Magazine . " No . 2 , Vol . 3 . Trubner and Co . " The Art Journal , " No . 60 . Hall . Virtue , and Co . " Knight ' s History of England . " Part 40 . " One of Them . " No . 1 . Chapman and Hall . " Recreative Science . " No . 5 . Groombridgeand Sons . " The Englishwoman ' s Journal . " No . 22 . Piper , Stepfiensonj mid Co . " BJackwood ' s Scribbling Diary for 1800 . " Blackwood , " Swedenborg , a Pamphlet . " Pitman . " Plain or IWleU" Part 5 .- ^ " Once a Week . " Pjirt 5 . —J' Tlie English Cyclopcedia . "« Part 11 .- — Bradbury and Evans .
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Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 3, 1859, page 1328, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2323/page/20/
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