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TTVTVfiSTnuii 1JUi-AVAJNUoiuJNi
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dition of a year's prcvious ^ occupationto July , which he said would , in the case of a person corning intd possession of ahoaee after the 1 st of January , keep him without the franchise for three years and a half , and would disfranchise three-fourths of the poorer class of housaholders . He ( Mr . WUliams > held that everv man 21 years of age , and untainted by crime , -was " entitled to vote , ( Loud cheers . ) But this he did not expect to see ; but he would always stand up manfully for household suffrage , which , was the old scot and lot right , which had existed for many centuries after the first Parliament .
At Manchester , on Wednesday , Lord Stanley presided .-it the meeting of the Hugged School , and made a long and eloquent speech in favour of ragged and industrial schools . In the course of his address he said , "I have accepted with pleasure the invitation to preside at this . meeting-, because it seems to me that the work which the managers aud supporters of the Manchester Rugged School have taken in hand to do—the promotion of industry and the discouragement of crime—is one of the most practical , useful , and important whicli can engage the attention of society . After tracing the progress of this and similar institutions , he added , ' What you have to do is , not to . give a ? high intellectual training ,
not to bring up the child so that it shall be an object of envy to honest and industrious parents , but to train it , physically and morally , for the duty whicli a . labouring man or woman in this country has to discharge ; ( o make it healthy , strong , patient of labour , honest , and truth-telling ; and to correct those roving , restless , and unsatisfied habits , which are almost invariably found in children who have been irregularly brought up . If you succeed in doing this , if you succeed even in partially doing this with one generation , you will largely and permanently diminish the amount both of immoi-ality and pauperism in England .. For there is no fact better attested than the strong .
tendency of both pauperism and crime to become hereditary in certain families and localities . Paupers breed pauper ? , vagrants breed vagrants , and habitual law breakers have . for . the most part been brought ' up in disorderly homes . - . Hisldrdship proceeded to- show the great bmiclit that had been derived of late years from , industrial schools ' and reformatories , and continued—This whole question of reclaiming and reforming tlie idle , the vagrant , and the incipient criminal , is one which needs constant caution to dual with ; a mistake may take us very far wrong , : t ; ul our experience- is us yet of very rectsal date . We all , I trust , feel the duty which society imposes , and the claims which posterity has upon us . From those who went before sis we have
inherited many benefits—along peace , a . vast increase of wealth , valuable administrative reforms , a better and more cordial feeling between class and class . Much remains to he done ; much is required at our hands ; but we shall have paid no small part of the debt which we owe to our successors if we cut off the most fertile source of crime by reclaiming those who are brought up to it as a profession ; it" we get rid of that class , uncivilised and dangerous in the midst of civilisation and security , which is the reproach of our great and populous cities ; if we show by labour in the cause of those who axo least aV > leto help themselves , that English citizenship is a real bond of union , and English religion something more than a form of belief .
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THE SHIPPING INTEREST . On Tuesday at the London Tavern there was a grand demonstration of what is culled the suffering ship interest , It mustered mi influential platform and a largo audience at the London Tavern , and Mr . Crawford , M . I ., was culled upon to take the chair . Mr . Soams , M . P ., gfivo the key note of the mooting on proceeding to move the first resolution , by tlio statement that , unless measures of relief wqre afforded to t ! n , e sufferers , an" Inquest would have to be held upon the shipping Interest . Mr . Bbamlky Moouu . who 'seconded the
resolution , took his stand , without any hesitation , upon the old Protection doctrine , urging that the Navigation Laws ought never to have boon repealed . Mr . Lindsay , M . P ., rose amid mingled npplauuo and disapprobation . He said—I have received an invitation from tho Shipowners' Association to attend thia meeting , and I thought it my duty tq do so . But when I hear the resolution that has been road , and the remarks of Mr . 11 rum ley Mooro ,
intorerttodaa I am as u shipowner , und still more so as a representative of a largo maritime constituency , I cannot holp coming forward to venture upon n few remarks . I do not rise in a spirit of hostility , for your object is to proclaim to England and to the Legislature that the shipping interest for some time has suffered , and is still suffering , under groat depression , and the object of the present meeting is to consider the best mode by which the Legislature ) can relieve the shipping interest from that depression .
I hold that the establishment of a free-trade policy has nothing whatever to do with the existing depression in the shipping interest ; and , therefore , I am bound to come forward and offer my dissent . This resolution asks us to confirm a memorial which the Shipowners' Society of London , this time last year , addressed to her Majesty . I , for one * cannot be a consenting party to that resolution , or memorial , because I believe firmly , that the opinions expressed therein are fallacious , and I will endeavour to show you how and why . . What is the prayer of that memorial ? That memorial urgently requests .. her Majesty to issue an Order in Council against those
nations that have not reciprocated with us . lam in favour of reciprocity—it is free trade in its most extended sense—but I ask you to look at the difference between reciprocity and the enforcement of reciprocity by the Legislature . Enforced reciprocity , as asked for you in the memorial , is protection in its worst and most pernicious form . It is so because it is retaliation . It is a war of tariffs ; therefore it is a war of protection . It is to go back not merely to what we had in the days of Huskisson . but if we have enforced reciprocity we go back to the state of protection that existed under the laws of Cromwell . We must not retrograde . Our course is
onward . Mr , G . F . Young . —I rise to order . ( Cheers , and a few cries of " No , no . " ) Sir , I will not so far depart from the usages of debate as to introduce a speech on rising to order , but will submit that the course of discussion is irregular and unfair . The hon . member has publicly challenged me to discuss this particular point with him . I hare accepted his challenge ; but he has shrunk from it . I will , however , repeat it , and if he will meet me in a proper time and at a proper place I pledge myself to disprove every word and every sentiment be has uttered . ( Great cheering . ) This is a question , however , that I will not discuss here .
Mr . Lindsay endeavoured to proceed with his remarks , and amidst great confusion said -. — l ean prove to you by und . eiiiable facts that the British shipping ; interest , however much it may be distressed at the present time , has been a gainer by the policy of free trade ( shouts of disapprobation ) , and ~ ihat " it is not for your interest , a 3 shipowners , to reverse that policy . You , no doubt , wish to confine your trade to your own possessions , but what , I ask , would England be if it were not for the vast magnitude of her trade with foreign countries ? On referring ^ the- C .: * loi : \ . / ci . Hrios : ; : i . l cl . 'ai . 'in .- « .-s , i ¦ will be found that out of the 5 , 000 , 000 tons ot British shipping annually so entered 2 , 000 , 000 came
from our own colonies and dependencies , but that no less than 3 , 000 , 000 of . British shipping are entered from foreign countries ; thus proving that our trade with foreign countries is much more valuable to us than the trade with our own possessions , and thus proving , farther , that our trade with foreign -countries is of greater advantage even to the British shipowner than our trade with our own colonies and dependencies . If , instead of the resolution proposed you adopted such a resolution tion as I have sketched out since I have been in the room it would have been better for your interest .
You may not think it for your interest , but the day will come when you will find it for your interest . If , instead of the resolution that has been put , you would take a simple resolution to this effect , I would propose—" That a petition be presented to both Houses of Parliament , praying for an inquiry into the actual condition of . British navigation , ami for relief from all peculiar burdens and restrictions that still fetter maritime enterprise . " If , instead of looking after the shadow , you would follow and grasp at the substance , it would be better for you . ( Uproar . ) . .
There wore several other speakers ,. but the excitement uontinued ' to increase . Mr . Bkasjjby , of Liverpool , excited . great confusion'by one part of tho speech ho delivered , and it was even doubtful whot her the meeting could bo carried on . The business , however , proceeded , and it was not surprising that where so much excitement ratted , tho renowned and gallant Captain A ' ekerley should have risen from hia ashes like the Phoenix , and created great disorder in the combined ranks of tho Protectionists . In the end , tho authorised resolutions were adopted , und a petition was passed , Which will bo entrusted to Lord J . Russell , although an indignant gentleman declared that his lordship would betray them . A deputation will also wait upon tho Prime Minister .
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IRELAND . Tm « Freeman ' s Journal says , "Wo understand « n autograph letter from his Holiness lilis reached Iro-Iand 7 . we are not yot at liborty to communicate the recipient of this momentous douumont—fpr momentous it is , and calculated to produce the " most profound-effect on tho Catholic world—but that it hus ictuully been written by Pope Pius and trauamlttua
Ttvtvfistnuii 1jui-Avajnuoiujni
DR . LIVING STONK . On Monday « . t tho meeting of tho Royal Geographical Society a paper was ruttd giving'tho latest accounts of tho Contrail African Expedition , as transmitted by Dr . Livingstone . The paper was very lengthy , and only the most interesting portions woror , oacj . Tho first portioivwhleh was dated May 12 , 1859 , anil addressed to tho Earl of Malmoubury , gave an account of Dr . Livingstone ' s journey to bhirwa ,
a large inland lake . It had no . known outlet , and according to the report of the natives on its banks , it was separated from lake Nyinges by a tongue of . land only five or six miles broad , and the southern end they discovered to be no more than thirty miles distant from a branch of the navigable Shire . Much delay had been occasioned by the formalities necessary to convince every little great man that they were not a company of marauders . The water of the Shirwa had a . bitter taste ; but it was drinkable .
Fish abounded , and also alligators and hippopotami . When the southerly winds blew strongly the water was said to retire sufficiently from that side to enable the people to catch fish in weirs planted there . The lake was of a pear shape , only the narrow portion was prolonged some thirty miles south of the body where the travellers stood . There was an inhabited mountain island near the beginning of the narrow part . The broad portion might be from twenty-five to thirty , miles broad . Its length might be from sixty to seventy miles , not including the southern narrow portion of thirty miles . Tho height of the lake above Chibisa ' s Island , where 000 feet
they left the ship , was 1 , 800 feet , and 2 , above the level of the sea ! Mount . ' Zomba , in its neighbourhood , was 6 , 000 feet high . The natives reported that the Shirwa was separated from a much larger lake , called the Nyingesi . The whole region was well , though not densely peopled . The Portuguese did not even pretend to know Shirwa . Frequent inquiries were made of the natives as to whether any white men had ever visited them before , and they invariably replied in the negative . Dr . Livingstone , therefore , claimed the first discovery for himself and Dr . Kirk , who accompanied him , although the Portuguese claimed the honour for themselves . The
travellers had proceeded 150 miles without once coming into collision with the natives . The Manganya cultivated the soil very extensively , and more men than women were sometimes seen at this occupation . The soil was very rich , the grass generally from six . to eight feet long . A fewyards distance often completely hid a companion , and guides were nlways necessary . Gardens were common high up the hills , and on their tops . Cotton was cultivated extensively , and the farther they went the crop appeared to be of the greater importance . The women alone were well clothed with the produce ^ , the men being content with goat skins and a cloth made of the bf . rk of certain trees .
Every one spun cnl wove cotton . ' ISverT chiefs were to be seen with ihc spindle and distaif . The process . of manufacture -was the most rude and tedious that could bo conceived . There were two varieties of the plant , und there were no insects to spoil it . The Man gay a had no domestic animals except sheep , goats , fowls , and dogs . Provisions were cheap and abundant . Tho weapons of the men were large bows and poisoned arrows . Every one' carried ¦ a ' knife , and almost every village had a furnace for smelting black magnetic iron ore . A people to the NN . W . had manufactured a rude inutation of a pistol , which they fired only on . occasions of mourning . They were not aware that it could
propul n ball . During this journey Dr . Livingstone aiul Dr . Kirk slept twenty nights iu the open air and on tho ground . Still they returned from their march of twenty-two days to the ship in good he .-iltli . A puper was also read from Dr . Livingstone , which was received on Nov . 12 , 1859 , 011 the navigation of the Zambesi , which ho . stated to bo navigable . In ascending the river they burned no less than 150 tons of lignum vltce to generate steam , the value of which , at London prices , was , £ 900 . In the midst of gjjoat disadvantages they had travelled no less than 2350 miles of river . From October , 1358 ,
, to June , 1859 , 5 , 782 elephants' tusks had gone down the Zambesi from Tctte alone . Two-thirds of these were larue , or upwards of 30 lb . oaeh , anil the weight of tho whole was 100 , 000 lbs . Tho merchandise was conveyed in unwieldly canoes , whicli cost from £ G 0 to . £ 70 each . The Americans were , absorbing all the trade of the ea st coast Klow Zanzibar . ' Ihe doctor said the only paper he received was one containing an account of a meeting of the society , in which it was afflrmod that the river Zarnbo ^ was not navigable . That road strangely to him who wus then nuvigating tho river .
_ ., ..,. ThoPresidont alno read extracts from letters which had been addressed to lilmself , and announced that ho had the assurance of Lord J . Kussoll , the ij oroigu Secretary , that overy aid which hu could afford would , be given to Dr . Livingstone .
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^ ZJ 2 ^ J ^ 2 ^ L }^ iiL ^ THE LEADER 1313
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Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 3, 1859, page 1313, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2323/page/5/
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