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PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. #
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to the second branch of that house whic h had , in . fact r acctuired hereditary possession of the empire . The eldest branch united under its dominions all the Spanish Periinsula , America , the Portuguese Indies * the Two Sicilies , Sardinia , Milan , Franche-Comt 6 , knd the Catholic Low Countries . The United Provinces of Holland Were exhausted by a war which had lasted since 1568 ; the Italian States were held down by the preponderance of Spain ; France was pressed upon by the Austrian possessions ; England was threatened by Spanish intrigues in Ireland and Scotland ; the princes _ of the empire were reduced to vassalage under the House of Austria , and hatred , united with fear , towards Spain was universal . According to Henry ' s plan , a league was to be formed or all the natural enemies of the Austrian power . France and England were
to be at its head , and gather around them the princes and republics of Italy and Germany , the Dutch provinces , the kings of Sweden and Denmark , and the protestants of the Austrian States of German v Hungary , and Bohemia . By this union of forces , the Emperor and Philip the Third were to be attacked , and upon the ruins of their power an equitable order of things was to be established . Among the changes and ameliorations contemplated , the imperial dignity was to be made elective , and though it \ vas _ to be confined to princes of the empire , according- to ancient usage , it was
not to be given twice in succession to the same house . Bohemia , with Moravia , Lusatia , and Silesia should be formed into a kingdom , its king to be elected by the allied powers . Hungary , with the archduchy of Austria , Styria , Carintbia , Carniola , and all the conquests Avhich might be made in Transylvania , Bosnia , Selavonia and Croatia , should also have a king , elected by the same potentates . Poland , which then extended to the Dneiper , enlarged by conquests of territory taken from the unfaithful surrounding her dominions , should have the same srovernment . The Tyrol , Voralberg-,
Franche-Conite , Alsatia , with the Swiss Cantons , should constitute a Helvetic republic ; , to be governed by a senate , of which the Emperor and princes of Germany , and the Seigniory of Venice , would be the supreme arbitrators . The other possessions of the second branch of the House of Austria were to be divided , according , to the views of the great powers ^ among . ¦¦ ' the minor states of Germany and the Venetian Republic , which would acquire Austrian Friuli and the interior of Istria . In Italy , the Duke of Savoy was to cede his ultra-Alpine possessions to France , but to assume the title of King of Lombardy . Sicily was to be given to Venice , who was t 6 do homage for it to . the Pope . If theTontiff refused to join the league , that kingdom , was to be divided , and apportioned according to the wishes of the hing electors . The Italian Republic was to be
composed of the free cities Ferrara and Bologna , the States of Genoa , Parma , Modena , Mantua , Massa , and Tuscany . To the Pope was to appertain : the title of immediate head of the Italian Republic , without any other acknowledgment of his supremacy than a crucifix—value ten million seudi ^ -every twenty years . The eldest branch of the House of Austria would retain Iberia , with the Balearic Isles , Sardinia , and the colonies in both the Indies , besides supremacy over the countries which might be conquered or discovered in other parts of the world ; these not however to be united as colonies to the monarchy , but to be formed into separate kingdoms for the various princes of the House . Such was the proposed territorial repartition of Henry IV . Though not adapted to our times , it offered great advantages in the
early part of the seventeenth century . To Italy it promised independence , and the reduction of its numerous petty states to four . The PontjflF , by the acquisition of the kingdom of Naples , would have become the enemy of Spain , and consequently the adversary of the Jesuits , the satellites of that power . But perhaps the greatest gain would have accrued to the dynasty of Savoy , which , extending without interruption to the Adda , and assuming the kiiig-ly title with the iron crown , would have been , in a position to profit by any discontent which might arise in the Venetian provinces , or by the disunion of the small states forming the Italic Republic . Probably , before the lapse of a century the kingdom of Lombardy would have touched the Adige and the Mediterranean .
His plan being thus sketched out , after having consecrated the principle of religious liberty by the Edict of Nantes , Henry became desirous of conferring 1 with Elizabeth , Queen of England . With this object , in the summer of 1601 , he repaired to Calais , ostensibly that he might , with greater facility , watch the progress pf the war in Flanders , which was then proceeding qn the very borders , of France . Ho wrote to the Engli s h sovereign , who replied , lamenting that etiquette and propriety forbade her from joining him . She begged hex' clearest and best beloved brot 7 iei' to believe flint she the more regretted it , because she would have liked to communicato to him something 1 which she neither dared confide to any one , nor
commit to paper . Henry speedily made arrangements for conferring 1 with her , and being 1 unable to go in person , despatched M . do Hosny to Elizabeth . The minister crossed the straits , professing to remain incognito , in order that he might visit London without restraint or formality . Upon' arriving at Dover , where the queen was , ho waa courteously , arrested in her name by a captain of her guards . The incident neither surprised nor displeased J > o Rosny , and he Buffered himself to be conducted to Her Majesty ' s presence . In the interview which followed , ho was struck with admiration nt the genius of Elisabeth . With brevity and clearness lie denoribed , to her the * state of ^ Europe after the Pence of Veryins , and showed that the uniort of Franco and England was necessary to humble the power of the House of Austria , and deprive it of a , largo portion of its . dominions . But , he added , it was important the two great allied powers should limit ) their desires , and not aspire to making acquisitions which might prove mutually displeasing *; for example ,
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THE appearance of Mr . TiMBS ' s ' Xqar- ot jracDs -- dqui suggests and facilitates a review of the gains of civilization during the last year , through the progress of science and the employ mont of additional aids to human work . It is now generally admitted by great thinkers that there is a definite relation between speculative opinions and social arrangements ; so that forms of government , the nature and direction of tlie action of the State , and the character of domestic and individual life , aro all affected by the changes which talce place in the current philosophy of the age , A sciencevfull ot violent convulsions , intermittent energies ; and marvellous , interruptions of established order , could uot fail to manifest affinities with rude despotic arrangements and the constant employment of brute force ; while , on the other hand , the recognition of an unchangeable , orderly , and on the whole equable evolution of natural events , plainly tends towards the introduction of milder and more beneficent conditions of society . Rude and imperfect soienco is prodigal ot violence and penurious of times ib cannot wait for the accumulated action of prolonged but quiet forces ; and instead ot patiently watching- the operations of nature , imagines the occasional appearance ot epochs of abnormal strength or violenpe , through whoso sudden operation it cpnqoives all great cjuwgos to be produced . Kude ^ ana imperfect governments are precisely analogous in their operation , and manifest the same love for violence and the same distrust or "" from " such considerations that we feel most strongly " j . " ] nexion between philosophy ' and morals , and recognise the youugM . i rii t—~ r ~~ ' '' ^^^——i hi . i u i ¦ ^'
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England would not like that the Low Countries should become French provinces , nor would France suffer that England should possess them . He told her tliat lie had already persuaded . Henry of this as indispensable to gaining the confidence of the minor allies , and now demonstrated to her , as he had done to him , that France and England would gain sufficiently by acquiring preponderance in Europe . "It was , " he saysj " matter of surprise to me , to see how Elizabeth and Henry , who had never conferred together upon their political projects , precisely agreed in all their ideas , even to the minutest particulars / ' " For the rest , " he writes elsewhere , "I found her greatly concerned about the means of carrying out this grand project successfully ; notwithstanding the difficulties which she foresaw would arise on the two capital points , the reconciliation of religious differences , and the equalization of power , there seems to me no reason to doubt of success . " The conditions , and various arrangements due to the Queen of England , showed that ¦ m penetration , wisdom , and mental qualities in general , she was not inferior to of the kings most worthy of the name .
any When the bases of the league were laid it was not difficult to extend it . The minor princes were urged by their passions and interests to join it . By entering it they might safely hope t <> gratify their feelings of hatred and revenge towards Austria , indemnity themselves for the long-continued terror she had caused them by aggrandizing themselves at her expense , and enjoy a long and secure season of peace , which would enable them to disarm and develope their resources of commerce and industry . Finally , they thus saw France deprived in future of the means of undue extension , and considered it as the establishment of an order of things Which , irom its equity , bore the appearance of stability . ' ¦ - n' . , . i __ . Elizabeth occurred in 1603 todisturb
Unfortunately , the death of . the happy combination . " I have lost , " writes De Rosny upon this occasion , " the irreconcileable enemy of my enemies , and my second self . " Despatched without delay tp the Queen ' s successor , James 1 ., he found the Court of England divided into several different factions . It was only at the fourth audience that he could obtain a private interview with the king . When , after much precaution , he explained as much of the project as he thought necessary , James listened to him attentively , agreed with all the ideas submitted to him , and signed a treaty for the defence of the United Provinces . 1 his the Marqms _ carried back to France , andj haying Obtained its ratification by Henryreturned to James for his signature . But the weals and
, vacillating' English monarch had no sooner put his ? hand to it than he violated it , and , at the instigation of the Spanish party , stipulated for a treaty of neutrality relative to the War of Flanders , bnortly after , he wished to renew the treaty as at first drawn up , and alter some months and even years of hesitation , determinations and counter determinations on his part , Henry and De Rosny , fonnd that no dependahee could be placed . upon him . In spite , however , ot all difficulties they persevered , and all seemed prepared for the realization of the grand plan , when the secret transpired , owing to ^ the imprudence of Henry himself . It seems to have been due to that circumstance that his life was cut short by the dagger of RavaiUac ,
May 14 th , 1610 . . The news of Henry ' s death caused the most contradictory manifestations of feeling . The regret of his own subjects was indescribable , the rejoicing of Spain and those connected with that country intense . He was wept as a father by the inhabitants of the Low Countries . The people of Venice exclaimed with tears in their eyes , Our king is dead . Holland saw itself abandoned to its own exhausted resources . The princes of Germany were condemned to continual suffering under the House of Austria . Venice was obliged to give up the coyeted possession of Sicily ; the Pope to abandon all hope of the kingdom he had been on the point of possessing , and the House of Savoy lost its hold of the royal crown of Lombardy , which it had all but secured , and for which it was obliged to wait and labour for many long years .
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Feb 11 1860 . 1 The Leader andSaturday Analyst . ! 33
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* Tho JTcar-Book of Facts . » y J , F . TiMiis . London : VT . Kent anu uo .
Progress Of Science. #
PROGRESS OF SCIENCE .
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 11, 1860, page 133, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2333/page/9/
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