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    World before Man / ' " The World as it now Is , " " Man m the World , "" Man Dispersed over the World , " and " The Plurality of Worlds . " Under these various heads the . important questions arising out of them are discussed and elucidated in a manner that may be easily comprehended by the youthful student , and at the same time refreshing to the mature and thoughtful reader . .. f The work entitled a " View of the Salmon Fishery of Scotland ^ is evidently the production of a writer who has had many years experience in the business of salmon fishing-, and who has made the nature and habits of salmon a subject of close observation and study . of its

    The causes of decline of the salmon fishery , and the means improvement are clearly pointed out , and " all the knowledge relative to the habits of the salmon that is useful , or which seems necessary for the benefit of the fishery , " Mr . Mackenzie has carefully recorded in this volume . The sections on Stake-nets , Right * of Parties , Scottish Rivers , Friths , &c , and Close-time , are each interesting and important , and will be found to contain as much interest for the general reader as useful counsel and advice to those who are more immediately concerned in the matter . " Do grilse grow to be salmon ? " is a question fully and intelligently discussed in the valuable appendix to thjs work . ' ....

    , The little work on " Glycerine and Cod Liver Oil , " to winch is added a chapter on Physic taking ; or Counsels for the Sick , is a useful and valuable treatise , and as such we recommend it to the attention of the public . . In a pamphlet written by Richard Bayldon , and published at Leeds , the advantages of reducing the hours of the miners' labour , and the necessity of educating the collier boys , &c ., are well and clearly pointed out . The regulation and inspection of mines will , we have no doubt , be lienceforth rigorously enforced , the lives ot the miners protected , and their welfare studied . We trust that such will be the result of legislative enactment .

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    The New Quarterly Magazine and IAierary Chronicle for May contains much that _ is interesting and attractive . "A Summer Dream , " a romance , begins ! its first chapter in this number . " Henry Graham , " tale , is continued . " Leaves from the Diary of ^ a Gentleman of independent Means , " Leaf Xv-promises to be highly entertaining . " Prague , " a sketch ; "Notes of a Trip from Newcastle to London , " and " Would-be Poets , " are articles that enable this new Quarterly Magazine to put forward claims to public patronage . - __ . : ¦ ¦ . - ¦ - .. We have received TJie ^ Leisure Hour fa y the past month , the contents of which are too numerous to specify ; but the reader will not find them too numerous to read , as the tales , articles , and poems are exceedingly interesting-. The Leisure Spur is , moreover , well illustrated . " Routledge ' s Illustrated Natural History" for May contains the Jlistory of the Cape Buffalo , Banteng , or Javan Ox , Gaur , Aurochs , the Yak , and South African Antelopes , etc- These curious , though : not generally well known animals , are excellently illustrated .

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    rule that city which , according to Macchiayeixi , contains within itself the arh of Human intelligence . Although it has furnished to the Church eiifht popes and thirty cardinals , it has never taken kindly to priestly dominion . Even in . 1848 , when Bologna seemed disinclined to accept a popular regime , it energetically protested against the Sacerdotal Government , and swore never again to submit voluntarily to clerical slavery . Situated at the foot of the Apennines , and crowned with beautiful hills , the fertility of its territory is such as to have won for it the name of Bologna la Grassa , while its university is known by the appellation of Bologna la JDotta . The latter began to flourish in the fifth century , has always had a large number of students , and has produced some of the most talented scholars in the world . The inhabitants of Bologna , in number about 60 , 000 , are reputed

    for the versatility of their talent , quickness of perception , and kindness of heart . The Bolognese are remarkably expansive and demonstrative . Easily led by the counsels of those whom they consider their friends , they are equally cold and incredulous towards those whom they hold in light esteem . They are proud of their past greatness , and ever ready to point out to strangers the monuments of their ancestors , and converse upon their deeds of prowess or literary attainments . The men are tall , dark , robust , and graceful ; their countenances expressive of the various sentiments which animate their niinds . In general , faithful , and attached to their wives , they are more commonly seen together at church , and places of amusement , than in most other towns of Italy . The women arc no less , frank and courageous than the men , and many of them have fought by the side of their husbands and brothers , in the modern wars of Italy , with a valour riot inferior to that of the rougher sex .

    A striking , trait of Bolognese character is the enthusiasm ^ aronsed by a noble action * for the performance of which they are ready to make any sacrifice . The priests have done their best to brutify this people and destroy their admiration of honourable deeds . And they have-.. ¦ unfortunately succeeded but too well in their designs . A fraction of the lowest class of the populace , encouraged in every crime by the open indulgence or tacit consent of the iniquitous policy-. which found its interest in supporting the violence of the rabble forms a compact phalanx of robbery and violence which will long defy the best efforts of civilized and enlightened rule . But even this depraved class is animated by patriotic love p / country ; and if the most incorrigible can be got rid of by . banishment-or imprisonment , the rest-will ,. in time and with judicious efforts , he restored to the right path . Everything is to . be hoped for and nothing despaired of in the case of men who , like by far the larger proportion of the Bolognese , are ready to sacrifice themselves and their sons for the sake 6 f their Country . ' ¦ . ¦ .

    In ancient times Pisa was only second to Rome , and maintained the greatest splendour throughout several centuries . As a proof of its antiquity and importance , the following lines of Virgil may be cited : —¦' " Alphaene ab ori ^ ine Pisae Urbs Etrusca . " From this it appears that tine poet attributed to Pisa an origin still more remote than that of Rome . The Pisans are believed to have come to Italy shortly after the sieye of Troy , whtn Etruria was "flourishing as the mother of a numerous people , and inst 7 uc ~ fmj |~ it 3 " Roman conquerors in religion , ngi'iculture , the fine arts , and general magnificence . Aecoi'ding to Stkabo , Pisa was sit this period a maritime power , and constructed ships . And this is confirmed by

    Virgil , who numbers Pisa , among those cities and countries who furnished JEneas with naval supplies . The city was , doubtless , built upon the Arno , at the point where it flowed into the Tyrian Sea . At the present day it stands some miles further inland , but this arises from the daily backward flow of ' . the sea , as demonstrated by the nature of the soil which separates it from the shore , and is entirely composed of marine debris . This extension of the Italian const is common to the wholo peninsula , but especially at the points where the rivers flow into the two seas by which Italy is surrounded . It has been demonstrated that the Apennines are continually diminishing in height , and the enrth

    borne from them by the rivers to the sens insensibly increases the size of Italy . After t ' ho Romans had reduced Etruria to a province . Pisa became a Roman city , and next in importance to the Capitol . The two famous marbje tablets , known as the- Pisan Cenotaphs , contain a decree by which Pisa is ordered to wear mourning on the deaths of Caius and Lucius , the great-grandsons of Augustus . From the same soxirce it is known tluvt Pisn had magistrates of equal standing with those of Rome , a pontifical college , theatres , Circonsinn games , and that , like the metropolis , it sent Legates directly to the Emperor . That it was very large , anil adorned with magnificent edifices , is proved by the ruins and remains still preserved .

    ( speciax . ) Turin , May 10 th , 1860 . VICTOR EMMANUEL'S PE 0 GRESS . THE programme traced out by the Piedmontese Cabinet , a . nd lnboured at so indefatigably during the past twelve months , may be said to have been realized and completed by the visit of the king to his newly-acquired provinces . The occasion has been in every way remarkable , nnd has offered points both of contrast and of resemblance to former times which may well invite to thought and reflection . The reception given by the dwellers in some of the most ancient cities of Italy to their modern liberator has been such as to prove that his ardent efforts to secure 'their freedom , and tho genial warmth of his fraternal and philanthropic aspirations have succeeded in melting the snows and glaciers of tyranny and priestcraft under which they have lain buried eince the Middle Ages . In spite of ban and interdict , and in spite of clerical example in at least two of the cities visited , loyalty has far outweighed both fear and respect for Papal authority .

    Bologna holds a foremost place in Italian history for learning and civilization / Polibius , Pliny , Livy , Strabo , and Tacitus , bear witness to its distinguished rank in intelligence and intellectual culture . It was one of the most ancient of the Italian Republics , and may bo said to have been the first to uphold popular rights , and the last to yield to the logio of force . Etruscans , Gauls , Romans , Greeks , und Longobards occupied it successively . When left to itself , it suffered terribly from the factions of tho Lambjuitazzi nnd the Gehem . ei , nnd whs subsequently subjected to the same party feuds which devastated the other countries ' of Italy .

    The PEPOI . T , yxscowTr , nnd Bentjyogm : successively usurped dominion over it . In the times of Julius II ,, it placed itself under pontifical protection j nnd subsequent Popes held it in nbaoluto subjection , although it retained the name of a republic . By the trenty of 1816 , it wnd completely merged in the possessions of tho Church , in spite of the protests it had long niado against theocratic tyrnnny . Bologna' has always token an' nctivo part in every Italian movement , nnd its sons have ever been ready to sacrifice themselves npon the altar of their country's liberty . Notwithstanding nil t heir efforts , the Pontiffs have never succeeded in reconciling- to ' their

    ^ After the invasion of tho Goths nnd Longobards , almost nil the cities of Italy fell into a languishing condition ; but Pisa suffered less thnn the rest , ns is indicated bytho fact . that in the seventh cohtury it despatched n fleet ngninsfc the subjects of Phocas , who had usurped the empire of Maurice . At the end of the tenth century , Pisa besieged the Snrncens in Roggio di Calnbrin , nnd nover desisted from harassing until it had completely exterminated them . A few years later , tho Pisnns united with tho Genoese to attack the Saracens in Snrdinin , nnd entirely banished them from tho island . About this period , the Moorn , who held possession of Sicily , dnrod to offer insult to the Piann flag . In return , tho Pinnns entered the port of Palermo in great force , and to tho , nlarm . and constornntion of their onemies burned , under thjejr very eyes , several Moorish ships , freighted with tho most , valuable

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    478 ; The Leader and Saturday Analyst . [ May 19 , 1 S 60 .

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• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), May 19, 1860, page 478, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2348/page/18/