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W^KATI!E R, PRATP:RS.
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INDUCTIVE ¦ PSYCHOLOGY.* he
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Untitled Article
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Untitled Article
THE . rain , which made us tremble for our han'Orst : -., lias filled tho ¦¦ . springs in our Uplands , and , -by thoroughly Hashing - the Thames , . i ' nriyt i ' or ought avc know , have saved . London from a prsti-. lencc , and the r . arvos-t was never lost : after all . Therefore , our prayers for fine weather , were , according-to some , mi impiety and an impertinence , and the . satire of one of our Cote ^ npojvirias falls heavily ' on the Ci . shop of Sallsui / uy , as having presumed , of course with many other * , to interfere , or -rather ' as fancying " , that-national pray or * could interfere with the wi < e and settled course of things . We shall soon 1 ) 3 taught- to doubt wliellier prayer lias been- enjoined , or what may touch objectors nearer , whether the'disposition , say rather the universal instinct of praver , is not a fallacy altogether ; and whether that to which all good men , heathens included , have ., especially j .-hvii - in their' adherence , is not a grotesque blun . ai , <;• , n : i . irreligious pro . - . uinption . It i , i raMicicr . rious . that the best m ' eu of every creed and sect s-hevulu have bevn grievously . . wrong , and that non-prayer ;? , including- for the moot part atheist , ! , and those negligentof most moral duties , should have been right , and that their mere unconcern should have coincided so marvellously with the highest practical piety and submission to divine arrangements . ""•• ¦¦ . ¦ Certain difficulties connected with prayer , obvious now , and al-Avays obvious to every . thinking man , are paraded before us , as if they Avere . a discovery . We often pray , says . Skakk ^ pkhi ; , for thing ' s . - . - ¦ . '¦''¦ ¦' ¦/¦ . ¦ . ¦ ¦ W 1-iich the ' wise powers Pcny us for our good , so find Are proilfr , . . By losing of our prayers . ¦ We often pr : \ v , unconsciously , for things in the ordinary course of nature impossible r : md equally good men . in various parts of the " . world ; or even in the same country , are : infilaiig ' ¦ prayers for opposites . which , cannot , of course , in ^ literal sense , both be " ¦'• aiite ' d ' : Interests are opposed . ; vThe shepherd gains-by \ vct / seasons ; " says .. . bir VyiLT . r . vK Tn ? . fPXT-, " and the ; ploughman . bvdrv ;'' while ' trade : increases in one place it decays in anotheiv " ' such , variety of conditions and courses . of lift ? , meiis' designs . and interests iniis ' t be : opposite to each other , and : both cannot ' succeed alike . Is not this . a sufficient ¦ reason to many for not praving at all . . . The prayers and blessings of the * Old Testament may be said generally to differ . Ayiilely from the . Ifcyv ., as ha / ying more to do Avith the body and temporal ^ fortunes , less with , the internal state . Tliei model prayer simplifies the latter greatly , nnd takes aAyay selfish strivings for . preference in the matter of secular , benefi fc . ••' Give us this day our . daily bread , " better p ^ 'haps so , than' largely and in-. discreetly amplified . This wasto . be the general , siinple , ungreedy form , arid that omnipotence of prayer ¦ ¦ -winch' was to reinove mountains ., AA ' as , spoken of probably- ' -. with' reference to miraculous interferences granted to certain individuals . This : ' would now be adniitted . by all , I ^ o one ¦ woiild pray against the action of a necessary natural lav , Avhen once fully discovered to be invariable ; for in-. stance , men might pray that the rains which swell a deVastatin" ' river . migltt eoaso , not that the river might suspend its course , or How bac'kiVards . . ' ' .-. ¦ What ; ¦ ¦¦ ¦!)« vip-K . N- calls \ >' tho page of contingency , " is open for prayer . '; at least , as long as it rpinainy in our eyes contingency ; To pray agniiififc -a . i * -universal action of nature would be . chimieterisod by tiro ' inost pious men now . as arrogance ) and folly-. ¦ " ., ' . ¦ "Will our pliilospphers nllo \ v us . to go so far as to \ m \ y ¦ " for our daily bread R !> Wei .-say ¦ ¦ notli . in'y here about fine . ., ha-vvosts ,- still lews abpiit fine , lmvvost ; . Aveathov . . Iloro .. is a difficulty .. What piits bread into'pur mouths may take it out' of a man ' s month Avhp is " in © very Avti ^ Avorlhier , than . onrsolvcfl , and who is ' prriyingr for his . daily bread . as onriiestly . as wp do , If ¦ . philosppliprs will leave u , <» what is cphfossodly tlio boneficial altitude ofjwgyor , the ioclin ^ of dopondence of some sort on a highoi' Being 1 , for what then may wo pray ? ' ¦ , ¦¦ ¦ , . . ; _ ¦' . ' ¦ ' . ' . ' ¦¦ . ' ¦ ¦' PbiMniitfls . i j sais exnoncloro nunnnibus . j probably ¦ : in the words of . 4 bho Old . Kpinan Satirisi , " ., pbodionfc pasaioiVs , arid a will rosiguQd , AndPntionoosovoroign o ' oi'fcrnnsmatedill . May we $ g oven so i \\ v as this ? ¦ We . may be contravening the courso of natuvd and the nocpssary ordorof tlnng-s . " Tpmpostis , " savs X ^ ovd JEJhsiciitr , " occasionally slinko ouv dwollhiffs and , dissipate omoommQrcp , but thoy scourg'o before thorn the lazy elements , whioh , Avithout thorn , would stpgnilto ' -into pestilqaco ; " andi » ay avo ¦ ¦ not say tjje smno of mo . « il '' s ' tormw nnd disorder P Tlio tejnpoHt of despotic ; tyranny may wako a nation into libovty , and if tho doapofc haa pviiyod , and prayod HuceossfVilly , rio-ninsthis own'arbitrary w" 0 11 Aynole nation nugM Imvo maclo ( slower pvogTOss , Is ot ono of nuv vanities , is ffivon in vain , aiul theroforo avo should porhnpH bo wrbiic to put up any prayer for thoii ' diminution , . Tho . soopool . contingency AviJ ] , wo beliovo , al \ vay « by sufllciont for the oxorc'iBQ of prayor , thpiig-li diseevorios of natural anil neoo »« arv la \ vs mm lipi'o . ancl there limit it . As to tho nn $ wer of pruyor wo ¦ SWf Jr ' ' ^ mf& ? ftll ' n 81 G « to |? ay whothor they ' are satishea with the roaulfc . of their prnvors—bo ttatisfiodns to oon ' tinuo them . Wo behove tjmf thoy would answer " yes , " and with t ' ruo ¦ and nnfaltorjng' lips . ^ rhoro jh , ono thing wo woujd oiwovvo , for tho benefit of Ilib wioiw Xhomoinent ivnntuwiT law in diwovoved it iboooirios a piuwnount duty to attend to it , « od ancV imiuvo forg-ivo uothnw to . liowliii-enoo ¦ ** $ wpuW ^ hQNy tln « hy MYvyUig piV the uninpqn atot I oliiU ? of a puo , Spiho pbjopt , on relig-iovis ^ rpu ^ ds , ; to ; . nv « ttfn ^ thomfiojvps . of
i _ ¦ _ ¦ . ' " ¦ ¦ : . " ¦ " " ~~ : j f-imihir important discoveries . The declaration of the Sarbonue at j Paris , with reyard to this very' ( subject , in < v . iilatiou , m answer to pious objectors , Avas . . ' i C ^ qui esfc tttilc aux liomms'j nc psi'tt doplairc a Dieu .
Untitled Article
Oct . 13 , 1860 ] The Saturday Analyst and Leader . 863
W^Kati!E R, Pratp:Rs.
W ^ KATI ! E R , PRATP : RS .
Inductive ¦ Psychology.* He
INDUCTIVE ¦ PSYCHOLOGY . * he
Untitled Article
% 17 L usu ( wm-k mentioned below t's a wetf on which to v v hang the folloAving 1 disquisition . Xew ide . is , conceptions , : m , iions ., require iicav terms for their adequate expression . These . ' ' i ) ' 5 iy he . newly-coined words and phrases , or old ones employed with ; new-jiicanin ^ -. s carei ' ully defined . We have at present no form that j comprehends all the . perceptive and emotional characteristics of \ sentient beiiij . ys . from the ' highest to tJie lowest : no tiM * m for erqjrcs . si-ng * ' ' tlie a ^ ' ^ re ^ 'a ^ e of phenomena which distin . Lrui . shes llie liA-iiij ^' oriyfi-nism j frc .:: n thp-dc : ; d . body . Por Avant of another term , aa'c shall call this i , 's-j / rnira ?/? // . Xo ' . v it Avill be found lh : \ t t ! ie p ^ yehicuiitv of all ! aiiimiitod rreaturcs , from flic hig' ] j . est lo tlie Ivwcrft in common , has i tAA'o essential and fundamental charaeteri-sfics . One is the capacity oi" peveeivinj . '" things ; the Other is the capacity of feeling' desires and their ¦ correlative aversions . Among- the ¦ '" thing's " that cah-bc ] jorceivcd , are not merely external objects and internal states , but rehrf /' oit-f . Relations , ag'ain , are of ' various sorts : there are relations j betAvcen external objects , as 'between -greater and Joss , in map'iiitride and number ; relations , between internal . states , as . between the sudden . renienibranco of a calamity ¦ temporari-ly forgotten , and the consequent jp-ief -tlisit ensues on recollecting- it ( an-example of the relation of cause ami effect ) ; relations between external objects- and internal states . , as betweeri the poisonous substance and the effect jn-oduced in the living- . organism' ( another : example of cause and ! effect ); relations of relations , as- ' . the relation between the ratios in I 2 " : -1 and 3 : 12 . The relation which 2 bears to t , Is : half as great ; . •• : ¦' that' Avhicli 3 bears to 12 , is a quarter as grant , ¦ : consequently the : relation which the ft > rmer bears to the 'latter' is flint of being-, half , as great , ' .. Relations of . relations may ha indefinitely extended ; thus having e'ot the relation 'betAvceii 2 ¦ ¦ . 4 < and 3 : 12 , avo ina-y compare i-fc " ' with the relation which 1 : 12 bears to ( 5 : 30 . Xovy i is one-third of 12 ,. and G is one-sixth of 3 <> , so that the relation which 4 : 12 . bears to 0 : ZQ , is that of twice as great : ' that in , equal to Lho : relatioa betAveeil 2 : 4 and 3 . 12 ; The , velation of % : 1 to 3 : 12 , is , f Avice ; iis-: great ; the relation . of ¦!• : . 12 t \ A \ ¦ . > KM ;; twice .- . as - . great ; . . tlVerefore tire relation of t / wxa fico /• cl « : io ;/ : s h llui't of equality . Or- cxpres-i it thiis-rri bears the saiuo proppi-ii-on . to , ;;| .,.. as ' = ( . !) . ear . s to-f . ; these fractions " reducGcl to a coinmon ' denoiiiinator , and--to their lowest' terms Avill stand thus—J : I :: i : i ; or expressed in Avords— -a third is as much greater than a sixth , as a half is , greater than a quarter ; or tlius- ^—the relation between one-third and one-sixth , is the same as the relation between . a-hulf . and a-quarter . And it may be mentioned herein passingvthat , the ^ greiiter the number of relations , of relations , &ci , that can be perceived , the greater the intelligence—fhe higher the intellectual development . We hjivo here einployed nuiaerical relations as most convenient for illustration-. The ' iriost , prominent of the noi ^ niathematicjil rulatioivi is , that of cause and ' . efffcet atluded to above . AnotlH-r hiohly important relation is that wli'ich goes m-ulei * the varioris designations , of fitness ; adrtptatioh , .. cong-ruity , ' , harmony ; it is thtv . oilieo . of reason , that " is oi the capacity of -pcrcG . iving 1 , in oiie of its diverse , modes pf acting , to cpgniso . and appreciate this " velafioh ; and thereloro it is . that lnmlanniiscry , degradation , and ci-iino are , to uso . the \ cpnnnoii expression , " revplting to the intellect ah > v 61 L as to the heart , " there being hi iilio spcctaclo of an . improvable and a progressiye being like ' man , phmg ; cd in . ' vice and guilt an il suffering ,. " an .. litter reversal of this peculiar relation of fitness in which reason delights;—it bcipg rcwenibcrocl that " well-being " and . ' happiness " consist in the fitlioes and congrin ^ y siil ^ usting betwoeh a sontiput creature and 0 io inllucnco . i and conditidiisipporiiting imon . it ; Now if . . . ' iive descend to the " . luiwblost animals , we shall find that tl ^ ey possess , in howpvpr low n degree , these two funtltvmontal constitupiit ^ of psyehiqalit . y . ( JOS n'ition or perception , and fooling '; if they did not tnoy could iipt discern their food ; they could not distinguish what is food ; iroiri what is npt ; thoy could not distinguish betAveen being hungry and boiiig' gorged ; thoy could npt Wow when to cat and when not j in , short they-would ' not bo . living , creatures at all , for they could not porform the essential functions of . living' creatures—those functions which constitute fiomo of the most important conditions of their very ' existence as living oroaturcw . , Lot it bo vomomboi'e ' cl that those 'terms , perception and fooling ,, must bo undoriitopd in then iutelUgiblo hquho . } in the moauing that can bo clearly and pvooisGly dolinod ; not as implying Homo v ^ ift'uo Higiiilioatioriy rosolvablo into a jnero illuHion vv iigmunt of tho mind . It in true that ohomioal wub » tancos ' ¦ inauifost wJvat oppoar liko ' prpforenoca-ov .. avoi' 8 i-un « . ' fyr uthoi Huhstuuoys j iv plaut appears to' knoAy iiMvhioh direction tliuro is moHturo or light , and stvikos out itw mforior extremity toAvards tho ono , and i < w snporior towards tho . other . ] 5 ut avo do not oiUl tho « o plioiiomojuv potf'ooytkm and fooling ., anympro than wo pall tlio liiowiiioutH oonsoquautiiponthprn musoular inotiaii , nlmr / ly Ijoonuso oJioimoal BubfitimoGo and . plants avo notanimnlfl , ui . id do not po ^ oas a ihuh-. tiulav syatonx ; and . the .-vvoi'da porooption and fooling aro Avoms anpHed to rtnunala , and to an-imnjh only . In ohc-imoai phonomonn wo employ tho tov } n ^ aB » l / iy , vrtuthwn , < fco . W \> hnvo no Hiutublo and ni ) itt'opriuto tonris ' at uvwvnV fov ( U' « i uaiin / iMvhaL wo-mu . y roughly oall tho inpfciaolH of jvlunln . . TIiohu ¦ vc ^ itiiblo ¦ jiirttmouand ahomioal afllnitio * Jiniy bu q . nito . hh ouwqus and Iuo . vpllewblo as : tho' uevoop ^ pw ( tml ewlinav ^ odtfirttijm' and einotianuhty of , * /' owllcii * Jfanuqtcif ' ¦ VIoxiivi'KUh »>> ' I'Voaorldt Jlrldtfos . J-omlon | Willli »; & HouJ ¦
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 13, 1860, page 863, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2369/page/7/
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