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THE ILLUMINATIONS!*
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MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.
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FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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districts The arrangement and classification aro modelled . after the lucid form of the parent Directory , and the map is extremely useful for reference . The work is a considerable contribution to our " ltmerarian literature . "
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TTTE have recently had the illuminations intended to celebrate the W Prince of Wales' birthday , and the light which was thrown on the dark machinations of Guy Fawkes , but the illuminations we allude to in the present article are of a much less trivial and a much . more ingenious character , as may be seen by a glance at the little work , to which our article refers . It opens with a succinct historical account oi the art of illumination , which is very interesting , as . the sources where the fullest information on the subject can be indicated . As a specimen of modern illuminated works , we may refer to one described in another column under the head of "Ornamental Literature . lhe other
portions of the work are devoted to " materials ; " " outline" ( which embraces the heads of " initials" and " borders" ) , " [ colouring ( which is an extensile and elaborate part , containing some useful tables ) , and " o-ilding . " Then follows an appendix on " landscape , " " figure , " « styles , " " copying , " and " design . " Altogether this is an useful manual , and * teaches an elegant accomplishment , well adapted for dissipating the tedium of ennui , and affording harmless and ingenious recreation . The ancients had made considerable progress in the art of illumination , a single work produced prior to the commencement of the Christian era contained no less than 700 effigies . But we must refer to the work itself , simply stating that it contains some very interesting information .
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SPECIAXt . PIanover , jSTov . 13 , 1860 . T HE danger attending the presence of Hungarians and Italians in the federal fortresses is rendered evident by the fact that several Italian soldiers have attempted to escape from the fortress of Mayence , across the frontier . This fully justifies the outcry which was raised by the press against the selfish policy of the Austrian Government in removing the German-Austrian troops from the fortresses of Mayence , Ulm , and Rastatt , and supplying their places by discontented Hungarians and Italians . This endeavour to desert now proves how well-founded are the fears of the press and people , that in case of war these troops are not to be relied upon , either within or without the walls The garrison of Mayence consists , in time of peace , half of Austrian troops , and half of Prussians , together 8 , 000 men . The ¦ war garrison of 20 , 891 men is composed one-third of Austrians , one-third of Prussians , and one-third of troops belonging to the contingents of the smaller German States . The peace garrison of Ulm is composed of Bavarian and Wurtemberg troops , to which Austria adds two companies of artillery ; the war garrison of Ulm , from 10 , 000 to 20 , men , is composed one-third of Austrian and two-thirds of Bavarian and Wurtemberg troops . The peace and the war garrison of Rastatt is composed of Austrian , Prussian , and Baden troops . Of the war garrisons in the federal fortresses , Austria has to supply , upon the ¦ wh ole , 17 , 167 men ; Prussia , 14 , 447 ( including the garrison of Luxemburg ); Bavaria " , 11 , 189 , the garrison of Landau included ; Wurtemberg , 5 , 828 ; Baden , 7 , 024 ; Luxemburg , 1 , 565 ; the so-called reserved division—that is , the smaller states—16 , 045 .
By these figures it is seen how large a share Austria has in the watch and ward of the frontiers of Germany against France . TSo one can be surprised , that the people view these changes of troops with misgivings and fear ; but it is singular that the Prussians are , of all , the most indifferent in the matter . Even in peace the spirit of the garrison may be affected unfavourably by the mixture of foreign elements . If , however , in war a part of the garrison should be composed of troops who are nationally or politically inimical to the German cause , or who may be inclined to regard the enemy as their natural friend and ally , such a garrison , it ia tolerably certain , would not tend in any degree to strengthen the defence , but would , on the contrary , enfeeble and ehake the confidence of the rest of the garrison , who would feel that they had enemies within as well as without . This change of troops is regarded as a sure sign that Austria has made up iier mind for another collision in Italy . This military isuncier tue circumstances
measure , , so comprenensiine ana natural , that the consent of the Federal Diet has been viewed quite as a matter of course , and therefore no question has been made of it . The people are , however , by no means satisfied -with this tacit acquiescence oftheDiet in so important a matter , at a moment when Germany is in danger of being entangled in a general European war . Will the Confederation , and more especially will the confederates , who have to supply contingents to tho garrison of the federal fortresses , tolerate this exchange of troops ? The question
is suoh a vital one for the security of the German frontier , that one might suppose it had been foreseen and provided against by the Diet . But , manifold has have beon the labours of the Military Commission at Frankfort upon the military constitution of the Confederation , no deoision has yet been arrived at os to whether those Governments possessing territories not belonging to the Germanic Confederation havo the right to form their federal contingents of German or foreign troops according to their convenience and pleasure . The federal military constitution merely
declares against the amalgamation of the contingents of the smaller states Avithi those of the two great German Powers , the object of which is to preserve the independence of the smaller states . Austria has indeed custom on her side , for not only formerly , in time of peace , has Austria placed Italian and Hungarian troops in German fortresses , but also during the last war , and , as far as is known , no official objections were made against it . This ' question , at the first view , may appear to be exclusively a German home question ; but . it is also of vast importance to that nation which is supposed to be the natural ally of Germany against
France , to know of what elements the garrisons of the fortresses which guard the frontiers are composed . With such troops in her chief strongholds , Germany offers the fairest field to France to obtain military triumphs , and to nullify , as in the time of old Napoleon , the defeats she met with in every other quarter of the world . When the German papers assert , as they have been asserting lately , recriminating upon the attacks of the Times , that the alliance of Germany is absolutely necessary to England , we need hut point to the fortresses of Mayence , Ulm and Rastatt , and call their attention to the nationalities represented by their
garrisons and the chances of surrender . The Austrian Government does not appear to have much confidence in the maintenance of peace , or rather the peaceful professions of the Emperor of the French . The Court knows , doubtless , more than the newspapers can tell us , and proceeds therefore , with as much haste and energy as the state of the nnanceswill allow , to provide the army with all the newest improvements in cannons and rifles . Gaiubaxdi stands spectre-like in the foreground , and behind him the man of the Tuileries . The Borsen Halle contains the following letter from Vienna , under date Nov . 4 : — " We have it from a trustworthy source that a Government messenger has just arrived here with such important dispatches from Paris , that Count Rechberg was induced to start immediately for Ischl for
the purpose of communicating personally the contents to the Emperok . " There is also a great agitation observable in the Foreign Office , wliich can only be attributed to the arrival of the said dispatches from Paris . Unless we deceive ourselves , the alarming report of Pkestce Metterxicii resolves itself into a conviction on the part of the Prince , that the intervention of France in the eventual war between Austria and Italy is a settled affair , -whether Austria continues on the defensive or proceeds to the attack . What Austrian diplomacy could fathom in Paris has been fathomed . France is not only preparing herself for the war against Prussia and Germany , but iB sdso placing herself in- a position to meet the eventuality of a warlike conflict with England , although this last is
at the present moment in Paris considered to be the least probable . The continuous warlike preparations prove that France is resolved to take a part in the coining war between Austria and Italy . Add to this , the portentous information which has reached the Court . at Vienna through a confidential channel , that whole parks of the heaviest siege artillery are being sent from the French arsenals to Piedmont . In consequence of these evil tidings it is becoming the question among the advisers of the Emperor whether it would not be wisest , under such circumstances , at once to adopt the initiative , and venture a decisive blow . The question will assuredly be discussed , but whether the discussion will lead to a positive result in favour of an eventual offensive policy
is somewhat doubtful . A letter from Trieste , dated the 5 th inst ., says : — " Early this morning the territorial battalion of fusileers was commanded into the court-yard of the grand barracks to take the path of alJegianco . At nine o ' clock 1 , 200 were drawn up in tho court-yard , where , m the prcsenco of Brigadier Heuchlin , the ceremony was to take place . The form of oath having been read , the other forms were about to bo proceeded with when a low murmur was hoard from the ranks . The men refused to take tho oath , it being contrary to ancient traditional and historical custom . As the mencvincod a disposition to rfiaist . and . moreoverhad fixed their sword-bayonets , tho brigadier
, ordered the colours to be taken back to the court-houso , and sent the militia home . This was effected amidst the shouts and cheers of a great crowd of people . The com puny which escorted the colours to the court-house , on returning to the court-yard , demanded that the " National Hymn" should bo played by thenown band . Several officers have already sent in their resignation . Instances of similar acts of insubordination are constantly alluded to in private letters from different parts of tho Austrian Empire , and tend to prove the small prospects of success that Austria has in a war oven against Sardinia , much less against France . The turbulent occurrences in Posth have subsided , ine Comitato appear to be accomodating thomselvcs gradually to the
new order of things . If Austria has roully given up hor contnuising policy aud her old system of repression , there is a prospoct or restoring tho auoiont peacoful relatipns between tho German Austrians and the Hungarians , or perhaps it would bo inoro correot to say between the Emiucrou and the higher and middle classes of Hungary .
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Macl-wood ' s Shilling Bcrlbbtlnv Diary / or 1801 . London ; Junioa itl . U'kwuou , PntornoHlor-row . This diary contains u poat » l cUslriofc nmp , an nlmannolc , nndtlio uhuhi information . It iB of oonvoniont and Biiitiablo dimonsiona for luyinff t »' tho table and not getting mislaid , and nf ; ouoh opening thoro ni'o " oven , daye of tho week at a glanae , with blotting pnpor iutorJenved . It is not . liablo to tho objeption urged agninafc memorandum Twoke oy » person of short memory to whom tho ueo of one was rooomroonaoa
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• 4 Manual qf Illumination on JPaj > or and Vallutii , Hy J , W , Ilrndloy , n . A ,, and nn Appendix by i \ g . Goodwin , D . A ., witli twelve Utliogrnplilo UlUHtrntlono . London : WlnBor « nd 23 owton . » 8 , RnthOojic-placu , 1601 ,
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qaq The Saturday Analyst and Leader . |_ Nov . 17 , 1860
The Illuminations!*
THE ILLUMINATIONS !*
Miscellaneous Works.
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS .
Foreign Correspondence.
FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 17, 1860, page 946, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2374/page/10/
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