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DISTRESSED STATE OP THE COUNTRY.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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MEETING OF MAXTJFACrTJREBS AND MEBCHAHTS IN BIRMINGHAM . Birmingham , Tuesday . Yesterday , a meeting , comprised of the leading merchants , m * Tmfactnrers , and tauten of the town , ¦ was held st the Town Hall , for the purpose of taking into cousideratum ths present depressed state of trade in Birmingham , and generally throughout the country , with a view of adopting « och measures as might be deemed expedient for a removal of the difficulties tmdei which all classes were suffering .
James James , Esq ., having been called to the chair , explaiaed the circumstances under -which the meeting had been called , observing , that circulars had beea sent to men of all parties and politics , inviting them to attend , and he felt happy that that invitation had been so well responded to . He need not inform th ^ se around him that the country at large was suffering very deeply at the present moment under the pressure of great pecuniary difficulties . The Manchester memorial , which , most of them had doubtless rrad , estimated the losses © ecasioned by the fluctuations of the currency at so . enormous amount , the exact- sum he did not now recollect Whether their estimats -was correct or not , lie ¦ was not sufficiently conversant With the-Snhjeet to determine ; &U he knew -was , that the loss to tie eoantry fe » m the cause referred to must
be very great , and -when he . considered the suffering caused by that loss to the most deserving elastes of the community , he felt that a more important subject coa'd not engage their attention . Althongh the resolutions which were to be submitted might give rise to gome difference of opinion , he felt that many of them were so self-evident that they could not fail to be carried by common consent . He had received a letter froni a gentleman to whom tha resolutions had been submitted , an eminent banter of their town , whose opinions were entitled to every res : ? ci and attention , he caudal to James Taylor , Esq ., of the firm of Taylor ar . d Lloyd—in which , while he regretted , in common wi-h fiis fellow-townsmen , the present distressed state of the country , suggested a remedy perhaps a » variance with the opinion of the meeting .
At the request of the meeting , ilr . Taylor's letter was rdad . by the Chairman , in which the tniter expressed his opinion that the * doption and . carrying ont of the resolutions , instead of remniyiiii ? , would involve the country not only in greater difficulties , but in much danger ; that the issue of Government notes , proposed by tlie resolutions , wuuld open a door to inuch fraud , a ? they might be issued wiUiout detection to an indefinite amount ; and that , in his ophron , the fluctuations in the currency misht be obviated by silver being made a legal tender—gold bearing a proportionate value , as on the continent
Mr . GODDAE . D , a merchant extensively engage in the Aiaerican trade , was procee < liT > g to animadvert on the levtex of Mr . Taylor , stating that it was never contemplated by the rescissions that the country should be flooded by small notes ; when the Chairman suggested the propriety of abstaining from commeiit on ilr . Taylor ' s opinions , as that gentleman was not present to defend or explain them . Mr . Goddakd , on behalf of the committae , then proceeded to submit the resolutions prepared , seri-jtim , observing that they had been laid before Borne of the most intellgent men engaged in commerce in London and other parts of the country , all of -whom , with the exception jnst quoted , had . cordially appro-red of than . The following are the principal reaolxitions of the series proposed and adopted by the meeting :
" That , under existing circumstances , the amount of the circulating medium is mainly determined by the amount of the issues of paper by the Bank of Sngiand . " That experience furnishes decisive proof that with in amount of Bank of England notes in circulation of about £ 22 , 000 , 000 starting the productive classes can be folly employed , and the vast mercantile operations of the country be conducted with ease and safety , taxation be made productive , and be eheerfully borne by the people ; bnt on the contrary , that when the issues of that ettablishment are in course of material cantraction , a scene of ruin and distress ensues ef such » direful character as to threaten even the subversion oT soeietrv
" That tha same experience shoirg ttat the BanS Of Eag ' aad cannot »^ a ' . l times keep a sufficient amor . nt of its cote * in circulation , while it is compelled to supply fold for exportation for commercial or speculative purposes ; that the exportation of gold may be occasionally necessary and beneficial , and may occur while the general balance of trade is in favour of the country ; anil , therefore , that the obligation imposed upon the bank to contract its issues for the purpose of stopping « ach exportation is highly impolitic and most injurious in its operation , deranging the trade of the country and of the worid , and placing the entire community at the mercy of circumstances , otherwise not of the slightest possible importance .
" That the resources of the country are great , affording ample mean * for the supply of a safe and efficient rorrency ; that under such a currency its immense transactions may be conducted with ease and security , ann that , therefore , whenever the directors of the ba-k are called upon to contract ita issues below the sum of £ 20 , 000 , 000 sterling , it becoir . es the duty of Govern-Stect to provide the bank , pro tempore , with an adeqaste substitute for its note * , or for go \ d , in the &hape et Government notes , to be issued by the bank , on demand , in payment of its own n&tea , and be received , from time to time , if required , as often as returned for taxes orotb&r payments , so that the aggregate amount of Bank and Government notes in circulation Bhall not St any time fall below the sum of £ 20 , 000 , 000 sterling .
" That the buaness of the country cannot be condarted without the aid of the private and joint-stock banks , and that depriving them of the right of issuing aoses under proper regulations , will increase the tmhscassKents of the community at large , but m * re especially of the agricultural classes , and will tend very materially te recince the current income of Government " The ether resolutions disclaimed all wish , or intention to promote tbe interests of one class to the injury of BBOthtr , and recommended ths appointment of a committee to communicate "with the Ch&ncafloi of the Exchequer , Sir B . Peel , and other Members of Par-Eament . upon the matters contained in the resolutions —to invite the cooperation of tha large landed proprietors , and the commercial and manufacturing interests , and to prepare petitions to ths legislature , embodying the views and objects contained in the reso lutions .
A lengthened discussion ensued en the resolutions as tfcsy were severally proposed . Mr . W . Fox , wrre-manufaetureT , considered it some-* bat strange , that in recommending that the Bank of England should fix the standard of its issue at £ 20 , 000 , 000 , that no notice should be taken of the amount to be issoed by joint-stock and private banks . Mr . Geach , manager of one of the Birminrhani bants , » aid that the opinion was gaining ground more sad more every day , that the currency had much to do with tie prosperity of the country . He had eo hesitation in asserting that the contraction of the
circulation was more severely felt every time it took Pkee . There were not , ha admitted , the number of Mores that there used to be , but there was infinitely SKffe general distress . The man who earned his ^ Os . vweek did not fail , but he ud his family starved . He did not subscribe to all the opinions expressed in the ttBolntions , but he was convinced that the time had Hived -when something must be dune by the legisiatae to correct the evils of the present system . If the eomtry could be inouced to believe ihat the distress « ad derangement of commercial affairs which so fre-? B 3 iUy occurred arose out of the existing monetary * 7 * tett , be was satisfied that the evil -would soon i ' e
Zemedied . Mr . Goddabd observed , that it was utterly impassble far the Bank of England , under the present law , to keep a certain amount of money in eirculatien ; for it k their interest to do so . bat they were bound to meet all their notes in cold . Mr . SiXT , lamp manufacturer , in adverting to the misery and distress which resulted from the dsian « 6-aieats of the currency , raid that the misery was not felt by the working classes only , for their employers fet it also . It had been stited in the House of
Commons , that in yean of difficulty and distress the deaths in the country averaged forty thousand more than in ordinary periods , when the labourer had food and em-P' -Tmeat in abundance ; but , in this estimate , no cal-WkSon was made for the mass of human suffeiiag and jj * feolen hearts -which such a state of thinjs projr ^ - He had no wish to enter into the question of we Corn laws , but , as a scarcity of corn had recently t ) een felt in the country , h « would point out how the PKseat currency system affected them under such cirsn&i -iances . When they were obliged to have j ^ oarse to other countries to supply the * de-** j «* y « f their harvest at home , and gold wgan to leave the country in payment for wheat , the
« a * of England instantly contracted ita circulation , **» rendering the people less able to supply them-«« je 3 wit h tke first necessary of life . It had been «* n » ted on incontrovertible data that there wsre not j *« tfasa £ 500 , 000 , 000 of private bill * aioat in Eng-~^ at one and the same time , all depending for pay-™ nt on the basis of the legal tender—the latter ^ mtiDg to about £ 30 , 000 , 000 of gold , and from * fy > Oyo , ooo te £ 25 , 000 , 000 of papermoney . The gold , JT" * to some demand , leaves the country , and the ?« oeni it went ont the bank withdrew its paper n , — - "tun vun me unit nriuiurew iia paper .
J p very money or gold a man had to pay his bills 2 ** takeu out of bis hands . Every one bef ™ s alarmed ; the bankers themselves kept a large ~ £ « it is their Conors ; gold , in fact , becomes univer-™ y scarce . The tradesman is unable to sell bis goods , ge iaoney does not come in , and he i&ruined in trade . £ ™ urst thing they had to do in the rectification of ^^^ cy was to stop its -fluctuations ; and if tiuy Srf 1 U 2 SI 1 ffieieirtin its action , they could then enlarge « 3 U tender . The true system of a sound currency , not in the exceasive issne of sold or todpt . > , nt in
** Pttg the money equal to the wants of the country . ^ The meeting -was afterwards addressed by Mr . toa . of Sheffield , and other gentlemen ; and & & . ^ ee having teen appointed to carry ti ^ resolu-*** ««•> efiect , the meeting separated .
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. That the depressed condition of trade in Birmmgham was not exaggerated , the foUowin K facts , eop ^ Q ^ rom the Birmingham Journal , abundantly " State op Bikmogham . —To give anything like a correct picture of the depressed state of trade in BYrnnnghswn , and its consequences , would be no easy SS ^ JJL * ^ S ™ ™ idea . The oldest , moat extensive , and respectable merchants , manufae-Slin ^^ ™ ' °° nCDfin representing tne prein nan » nnv f- " ™ P " »? t « l m taeir eiperience . ftS « ii ! PPLcal + loa ^ I , orkin & men and women , for SS- £ f ^ t * ° v " 8 tralia ' ^ e been made , and refund , wnhm the last two months , a * one ernigration-oruoe in the town . Between twenty and thirty good houses and retail shops are uatenanted in three oi the principal streets , and thousands of middl » ^ H » : T ^ L tlie depressed condition of trade in BirJ
Emm rented houses are unoccupied in every part of with auction-bills , and a purchaser can hardly be j oond for either leasehold or freehold property . The S&tv shops « e . crammed with goods purchased « hJ 5 l f i ° i V * The Pa ^ brSteM , b ^ ing completely stocked , refuse any except what are termed bes . pledges Thousands of mechan . es are living on tia ^ r wages , thousands on quarter wages , and numbers of creatures are sustained by means known only £ nMn ^ ' £ y I 1111 ** *' - Upwards of threehundred applications were made to the Gloucester Railway Company for situations as guards , & <^ within the **? ,= ""?*• The poor-rate is doubled , and numbers are leaving their houses to escape paying it . All is gloomy , and no one can see a project of imnrnv « . meiitin
. the midst of these symptoms of distress we have an apparent anomaly , of which we have in vain songhi an explanation . Everywhere in ihe outskirts streets are being laid out , and houses rising as if by magic . Walk out to-day , you have a greeB peld—to-morrow it is covered with elegant build-~ vP i v m ^ hours more ^ s * let » tenanted . ) e believe we do uot exaggerate when we say , that for the last twelve months not a house in Edgbaston parisn has stood empty for a couple of days : and yet in that period there cannot have been fewer tnan two hundroJ houses added to the number , and all ot them substantial and respectable . In every direction building is proceeding with a similar railway speed , bur ^ hiefiy in Edgbaston is the progress remarkable .
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MEETING FOR THE RESTOR ATION OF YORK MINSTER . On Saturday a meeting for the above purpose waa held at the Thatched Honsa Tavern , St . James ' a-strest . Among the noblemen and gentlemen present were the Eirl of Harewood , the Earl de Grey , the Archbishop oi ^ ork , the Bishop of Durham , Lord Feversham , Lord Wbamclifftf , Lord Radstock , Lord Hotham , Sir J . V . B Johnstone , J . Yamyden , Esq ., E . Harcourt Yernon , Esq ' , Hon . £ . R . Petre , Sir John Lowther , H . Lowther , Esq ., M . P . ; J . Hardy , Esq , J W . Childers , Esq ., Mr . J . Hornby , &c The Right Hon . the Earl of Harewood was called to the chair .
The Chairman observed that since the occurrence of the misfortune which had been the cause of their assembling taia day a number of gentlemen connected with Yorkshire had deemed it advisable to call a public meeting on the subject . Having done so , they had written to the Dean and Chapter of York , to know in what condition the funds were which were applicable to the restoration of the itinster . They had , in reply bt « n apprised that the existing funds applicable to that purpose were toialiy inadequate to proceed with the work . It was , therefore , determined to call a meeting in London for the purpose of setting on foot subscriptions . In one of the resolutions which would be submitted to them to-day it was proposed to call a general meeting of the county , and also that the funds should De . placed uu . itr the entire control of tb 6 subscribers It was also proposed that the restoration of the Minster
should be placed in the hands of a person who had on a former occasion been entrusted with similar repairs Sir Robert Smirie , who had perfected tbe work with so much satisfaction to the subscribers , within the estimate he had given . There was some hope that the Government would encourage the undertaking , and diminish the expense of it by a grant of teak-wood , or other wood , as they had done on the former occasion . It would now only require fifteen thousand cubic feet to restore the roof , whereas it had taken twenty-four thousand cubic feet the last time . It was considered tbe tstimate would be reduced £ 3 , 500 by such a grant The Noble Bail concluded by stating that a provisional committee had been formed to superintend the business here , and by reading letters from Mr . Bethune , Mr . W . Duncombe , and the Bishop of Bipon , regretting their inability to attend the meetings and stating -their full concurrence in the objects of it .
Lord WhabVicliffe rose to propose the first resolution , and state . ! that his Lordship and a few others had written to the Dean and Chapter to ascertain the state of the funds applicable for the purpose in view , and had received a satisfactory reply to thtii inquiry , which hart been made in the form of five questions . This reply stated the annual income to be £ 2 , 620 ; that the outstanding debts for the fire of 1829 amounted t « £ 3 , 876 19 s . 3 d ., of which the Dean and Chapter ware liable for £ 1 , 500 , borrowed « n their own personal security . The Dean and Chapter felt they had no right to call on the public on this- occasion , but they would receive any money the public may feel disposed to give , with the understanding that the subscribers should have the control of their own money , it was intended that
aa iron floor should now be substituted for a wooden one , and thus render the edifice less liable to future danger . The Noble Lord mentioned that Robert Smirke , in a letter on the fcuVject to tbe committee , stated that being unable fr » m ill health to go down to York himself , he had sent Mr . Ritchie , a gentleman well qu&lih ' ed for the task , to inspect the Minster , and be could state from . Mr . Ritchie's report , that the restoration -would be corepleted in a year and a half , at a cost of £ 25 , 000 , which would be reduced £ . 1300 if slates were used instead of wood . His Lordship had aleo ascertained that the bells could be restored for £ 1 , 700 , and concluded '• y moving that a subscription be now commenced for the purpose of rebuilding York Minster , and that the subscribers should have entire control of the funds .
Sir J . V . B . Johnstons seconded the resolution . Mr . Stasyield made a few observations relative to the insatisfaetory manner in which the funds on a former similar occasion had been manned . The Chairman and Lord Whjesciiffe explained , after which the resolution was passed . Resolutions were also proposed and seconded by Earl de Grey , Colonel Tempest , Lord Feversham , the Archbishop of York , Mr . Lowther , 4 c . It was proposed and carried that the proceedings of the committee be published in the Times , Morning Chronide , Globe , and Standard , London papers , and such of the provincial journals as might be deemed
necessary . A subscription list was then handed about the room , and the sum of £ 3 , 350 15 s . was subscribed on the Bpot His Grace the ATcbbishop of York pnt down his name for £ l , ooo . Thank * were voted to Lord Harewood , and the meeting separated .
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REASONS FOR OPPOSING THE PROPOSED SCHEME OF " A NATIONAL PRESS . "
The advantage expected from * national press ia the support ef tbe cause ; 1 st By reporting the proceedings of the Radical body and defending their principles against opposition ; and 2 ndly . By raising a iucd for the use of its proprietors—the Chartista generally . I remark npon this , — First The organ of a body , if such body be numerous , and , in many eases , divided in opinion , can never advocate their cause with such energy as the organ of an individual member , provided that member be honest , and of sound views . In defending its principles , the writer , in tbe former case , is so hampered by the numerous peculiar views of the proprietors , as to disqualify , -positively to disqualify , hia writings from possessing either energy or strength . Th » ngh the
Chartista are agreed upon the great principles of the Charter , they are divided , and disagree toto aelo upon many most important points . One arrives at the conelusion of the Charter being just aud proper by a process of reasoning -which another , equally convinced of its truth , may think absurd . One for-ends it , it may be , upon Scripture , while hundreds scout the notion of any such tiling . Now , it is very evident that \ rhile toe proprietors are of this way of thinking , the edito ? must so write as not to offend the peculiar views of either patty . The print is the property of the whole , and the opinions of one party are entitled to as much respject as those of another ; and unless that respect be " rendered to them , their shares of thia " national " stock -will very soon be in the market And in the same way will this difficulty arise when any new
scheme is mooted . All points upon which Chartists differ , whether it be a new scheme of agitation , paper money , or gold , teetotalism , or whatever it may , must be eschewed by the editor of the " national , " or the same results will follow . So in that it is moat evident that , so far as this press is designed to be an advocate of Chartist principles against their oppressors , it must be weak and puny ; and , as an arbiter of differences , or a promnlgator of new views among themselves , it must be silent entirely ! I defy any one to gainsay this . - But we will be told that this press will aerve as an excellent chronicle of Radical movements . Nothing of the sort ; here also it will be found wanting . Each city , each district , and each association oonsidar themselves as much enticed to have their doingB registered aa those of ttislr neighbour proprietors ; and unless this
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be done ewhich la impossible ) the neglected party would throw up their shares . Now , all this arises from tbe number of the proprietors , and their difference of opinion ; and is the cause why the Operative , the Chartist , and many other joint-stock papers rank into an early grave ; and why no paper but such as have either been the property of an individual , or of a few persona of similar opinions ever rose to eminence . The more numerous ths proprietors , and the more different their sentiments , the &ieater the difficulties it has to contend with . Such being the case , I leave any one to judge of the chances which this " national" afia'r has of ever supplanting our present press , doing wonders for the cause , or of living to a good old age . ( u lm ™« iMi > m , «< , w ^ «„ . *„
I never expect , nor does any one , I dare say , that one paper , however ably conducted , will supplant all the rest . Its inability to afford local newa for every district , independently of other objections , precluded this But the objections brought against a joint-stock " national" do not hold here . Men would be displeased to sea doctrines promulgated in a paper of which they were , in part , proprietors themselves , and give up their interest in it in consequence , which , if they had no such connexion , would either pass it over in silence , or content themselves with an expression of disapproval . At all events , none but such as differed very much fro m it would cease to support it ; and when they did so , they would transfer their patronage to some other more congenial to their -views . Thus a few private papers ( if I may be allowed the expression ) would flourish where one " national" wouldnever obtain a footing .
Second , with Tegard to the assertion so vauntingly made , that such a press would prove a source of much wealth to the Radical cause , I have but a few remarks to make , tho assertion being so very absurd , that I shoul 4 , kope , for the honour of the cause , few need to have its absurdity pointed out Casting out of view tho impracticability of the scheme , as already shown , let us just ask ( supposing this bantling were to be ushered into the world strong and able-bodied as proposed ) where is the money to come from ? Answer—From the readers . Just so ; and who , pray , are the readers ? Answer—The Radicals ! Aud so it is the money of the Radicals put into the pockets of the
readers of the " national , " is it ? A very wise plan truly . It were very well were these same readers of the ' national , " from whom the money is to come , Whigs ; but when they are Radicala , the scheme ia just taking pennies out of their right hand pocket , and putting it into their left— minus always the expense of getting up the " national . " of a verity this is a notable scheme for raising the wind . ' Has the ingenious discoverer of this mine of wealth ever heard of a scheme proposed by some statesmen , second only in sagacity to himself , for liquidating the ^ National Debt by a sinking fond ? If not , let him do so forthwith ; and he will find the fallacy to be the same in both ; » . e . taking eut of one pocket to fill the other .
These remarks , I may mention , have been penned for the use of the readers of the Star generally ; the wise projector of the scheme in question having declared that he will pay no attention to anything that may appear on the subject unless it . have the Christian and surname of the writer annexed . When we assert a fact not universally known as such , it is right and proper that the writer ' s name should go along with it , as a security for its truth ; but where appeals to reason and plain argument is the subject , the addition of a name might make it pass for more than its value , but the want of it nerer can . Men will weigh the argument , and Will adopt it , if they feel convinced of its truth , be the writer who he may . Such being the case , I have no doubt that these remarks will at all events be as much attended to as those idgned " W . G . Burns , " although they bear no other signature than
SCOTUS Edinburgh , 27 th June , 1840 .
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FOURTH CENTENARY OF THE INVENTION OP PRINTING . Throughout Germany , the celebration of the Fourth Centenary of Printing has been national On the 24 th June , all business was suspended ; processions , feasts , illuminations , and addresses were everywhere the order of the day ; and old and young , rich and poor , gentle and simple , united to honour the invention , the progress , and the triumph of the typographic art .
. But ^ ihe ease has been far different in England , which , perhaps , owe 3 more than any other nation under heaven to the press ; and we began to think the event would be passed over altogether in this country , when we learnt that the journeymen printers of Leeds had determined on' its celebration . To the members of the Leeds Journevmen Printers' Associations , then , belongs ( as far as we have been able to learn ) the distinguished honour of being the first in this country to celebrate the immortal art they profess—an art upon whose rapid progress the wisest and the best are contented to attend—before whoso peaceful conquests the high and mighty of the earth are compelled to and
give way , upon whose glorious triumphs beauty herself need not disdain to bestow her most ap rovb glance and her most fascinating smile . It is true their humble means did not permit them to vie in splendour and luxury with ttte gorgeous fetes of the continent , and that their demonstration was confined to an unpretending dinner , to which they invited the master printers and editors of Leeds but this circumstance , so far from detracting from , considerably enhances the credit which is so justly due to them . The dinner in question took place on Saturday last , at the Bay Horse Inn , Chapeltown , and was served up by the worthy hostess , Mrs . Pearson , in excellent style . Nearly one hundred persons were present on the occasion . There being two societies in Leeds , the
president of each , Mr . H . Pullan , and Mr . N . Bates , had a table over which w > preside—a cross table from one to the other being occupied by the employersand the secretaries of the two societies , Mr . Thomas Floyd , and Mr . Wm . Haigh , fulfilled the duties of vice-chairmen . A party ef glee singers ( Messrs . Dinsdale , Longbottom , Clapham , and Drake ) were present , and sung the various glees , &c , in first rate style . The dinner took place at four o clock in the afternoon , aud after the cloth had been drawndue justice having been done to the substantial" Noiuiobis Domine" was sung , after which , The Chaikmah , in proposing the first toast , alluded to his own incapacity to fill the situation in which he had been placed , and which he was sorry had not fallen into more experienced hands . He called for a bumper for
* The Queen . "—The toast was drank with enthusiasm , and was followed by the National Anthem . The Chaibmab next proposed " Prinoe Albert ; may he live long , and his actions deserve the praise of the British empire . " Glee— " Life ' s a Bumper . " The Chairmju * gave " The Quoen Dowager and tne rest of the Royal Family . " Glee— " Hail Star of Brunswick . " Mr . W . P . Pshkins proposed M The Army and Navy . " Glee— " Peace to the souls of the Heroes . "
The toast was acknowledged in a humorous strain by Mr . Nathaniel Bates , one of the presidents , who had been one of the volunteer force . Mr . Thomas Morris , after congratulating them on the number and respectability of the attendance , made a few apt observations on the occasion which had bronghithem together . He gave " The immortal memory of John Guttenburg , the inventor of the art of printing . " Mr . Thomas Wrat , the oldest master-printer present , made a few appropriate observations in reply to the toast . Glee— " Hail smiling morn . " Mr . Wm . Haigh , vice-president , proposed " Wil > liam Caxton , the first English Printer .
Mr . Joshua Hobson , printer of tbe Northern Star , responded to the toast . ? Glee- " Great Apollo , etrike the lyre . " Mr . John pAKBOTr proposed— " The " Newspaper Press of Great Britain . * ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Pebbing , proprietor of the Leeds Intelligencer , returned thanks . The toast , he said , was one which ought to be drank in every assembly—one which ought to call forth the kindest feelings of all . He compared the newspapers of the present day with thoBe of former times , » nd in allusion to the fact of its being really the fourth estate of the realm , said
it was not bvany means to be placed in point of im-j portance at No . 4 , No . 3 , or No . 2 , but was unquestionably ^ and to all intents and purposes , number one . ( Greet cheering . ) Glee— " The House of Commons in in uproar . " Mr . Thomas CurrELi . proposed— " The Master Printers of Leeds . " The toast was drunk with great enthusiasm . Mr . Jowett returned thanks for himself and tbe other employers present-Glee— " As the moments roll . " Mr . William Ramsdrn , after a few appropriate observations , gave " The Editors of the Leeds Newspapers . "
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Mr . Perring , in returning thank 3 , alluded to the absence of Mr . Feargus O'Connor , the proprietor of the Northern Star . He adverted in strong language to the harsh treatment he had been subjected tospoke i a the highest terms of his private worth aud gentlemanly conduct—and- ; expressed an opinion that , on leaving his prison , he would ba honoured and respected , while his persecutors would be universall y eondemned . These remarks were well « j « 5 i yed by those preaent , and their applause testified their sympathy with the sufferings of the imprisoned patriot . Mr . Perring then proposed , as a toast , without reference to politics , but as a compliment- " The health of Edward Baines , Esq ., . .. . . . ..
x toast was acknowledged in suitable terms , by Mr . John Goodau ,, the overseer iu the Leeds Mercury Office . "The Liberty of the Press , " "The Town and irade of Leeds , " and many other toasts and semitimentg , teohnioal and professional , were proposed and drank , and the utmost conviviality aud haraiouy p revailed until a late hour , the company hating kept well together to the last . It is trusted by many of the journeymen that this demonstration will eventually produce a result highly beneficial to the trade . Thero are two
societies in Leeds , and it is felt by all that that is One too many ; while the differences between them ate so unimportant tfaat every friend to union am ' otig workmen must be led sincerely to hope that the harmony prevalent at this celebration may be made conducive to * better understanding for the future , and that , by a mutual concession , the two / societies may at i length happily and hoaourably oecomo blended iato one . It is aiso confidently believed that the meeting has tended to cement the bond of amity which has hitherto held together the employers and the employed of this town .
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GROSS ARISTOCRATIC OUTRAGE
For the last three weeks s * ome excitement has been occasioned in the neighbourhood of Hamptou in con ^ sequence of an outrage on a policeman , which was committed on the morning of the Sth ult . by four gentlemen . Information of the occurrence having on the following day bee n communicated to the bench of Local Magistrates , sitting at Twickenham , they immediately commenced a rigid inquiry into the circumstances of the case . The magistrates , after taking the deposition Of Police Sergeant Churchill , who Bpoke to the riotOUS conduct of the gentlemen ^ proceeded to the residence of tho injured policeman , Charle 3 Wheatley , at Kingston , whom they found very ill , and whose deposition was then taken as follows : —
Charles Wheatley , police-constable , No . 224 , V , sworn . About a quarter before one o ' clock yesterday morning , I came up to Sergeant Churchill , at Hampton-Wick . Near the Swan public-house , I observed four gentlomen and the sergeant , and also a fly about twenty yards off . The sergeant told me to turn the light on their faoes to see if I know who they were . I did so . He then directed me to go to the tiy to ascertain if there was a name or number upon it . I was going to look , when one of the fonr prevented me , and pushed me almost down . He had a light coat on , and was about five feet eight inches high . I think I should know him as ; ain . I took him into custody by the sergeant's orders , and was going to convoy him to
the watchhouse , when thereat of the party came aud laid hold or me , and began beating me . They were all three upon me . I was thrown dowa upon the ground , when they kicked me upon the hands . 1 kept my hold of my prisoner , but after a great struggle they cot him away , leaving his boot in my hand , which I could not find afterwards . 1 got up again and pursued them ; they were getting into the fly , and I renewed my hold of my prisoner , when they commenced beating me on the back pari of my head with a stick . It was a long stick . A sort of walking-stick . While I was holding to the legs of the person I had taken into custody , one of the party in the fly said , " See who it ia , " and one of them gavo me a violent blow on my forehead , when I fell backwards on my head on the ground the wheel of
ana the fly passed over my feet . I was then insensible , and laid there until I was picked up . A hat was picked up on the spot . " In ¦ conaequonco of further information , a warrant for the apprehension of " The Right Hon . George Edward Baron W ' aldegrave , commonly called Earl Waldegrave , and three other persons , whose names are not known , but whose persons are known , " was accordingly issued , and placed in the hands of the police for execution , and instructions were in the meantime given that every exertion should be used to trace to whom the hat belonged which was found on the spot immediately after the outrage . That has since been ascertained , and on Sunday , the 20 th ult ., some additional evidence was taken .
It was proved that the hat belonged to a gonlleman named Richmond ; that it had been stolen from his head at Epsom , and that he could not have beeu concerned in the assault . Other circumstances , which have subsequently come to light , lead to the opinion that tho gentleman who stole the hat on the race-course was the same who wore it on the night of the outrage on the policeman , and that individual is supposed to be a person of considerable notoriety , and whose name it would not be prudent at present to mention .
The police , after tho issue of the warrant , used every endeavour to apprehend the parties implicated , for which purpose they went to Ascot races , thinking to meet with them there , but were unsuccessful . On Friday last , however , they recognised two out of the four on the race-course at Hampton , and on the officers acquainting the clerk of the course with their business , he sent for the two gentlemen to come to his office , which they did , when they proved to be the Earl of Waldegrave and Capt . William Duff , who both entered into
sureties to appear before the magistrates to answer the charge on the following day . On Saturday the Noble Earl and Captain Duff accordingly appeared before the sitting magistrates at Twickenham , when the evidence previously given was repeated . They were admitted to bail , themselves in £ 100 each , aud one surety each in another £ 100 , and tho witae 8 Ses were bound over to appear and give evidence at the trial . The police are engaged m looking after the other two persons implicated .
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BREACH OF PROMISE OF MARRIAGE BY A DISSENTING CLERGYMAN .
COURT OF COMMON PLEAS , Tuesday , June 30 ( Sittings at Westminster before Lord Chief Justice Tindal and Common Juries . )
ALfcJtUTT V . EUSTACE . This was an action to recover compensation in damages for a breach of promise of marriage made by the defendant to the plaintiff . Mr . Sergoant Talfourd and Mr . Robinson appeared for the plaintiff ; and Mr . Humfrey for the defendant . Mr . Sergeant Talfourd said , that the plaintiff ia the action was Miss Esther AUnutt , and the defendant the Rer . George Eustace , and the action was brought for a-breach of promise of marriage . The defendant had pleaded , first , that no promise h ad been made ; secondly , that there was no consideration for the promise , if made ; and thirdly , that after the promise , it was mutually agreed that both parties should be exonerated from the engagement
The plaintiff was the youngest daughter of a respectable farmer residing at Hendon , in Oxfordshire and the defendant was a dissenting minister , living at present at NuneatoflJ in Warwickshire , where it appeared he had contracted marriage with a young lady of that place , subsequently to the promise lie had made to make tho plaintiff his wife . It wo aid be proved that Miss AUnutt and the defendant had known each other from their childhood , the 'latter having been apprenticed to her brother , who was a grocer , carrying on business at a place called Chinner . About the middle of the yes r 1835 the defendant felt desirous of becoming & m mister of religion , and his friends and relations , who professed the prinoiples of a particular sect of Dissenters of independent denomination , ' favoured his views , couceiving that the talents h y displayed fitted him for such an undertaking . T ^ e defendant to leovil
accordingly wen ; . mSomera jtBhire where he studied for his new calling , aaj ' , subsequently completed his religious and ^ genet ? J educatiou at HighburyCollege . Previous , howev * r , to his leaving Hendon , he had paid his address * , to the plaintiff , and a mutual affection existed b > tween them , but the young lady was at first advera- to an union With him until she received the sane ' . ion of her father who consented to their marri ? , as soon as the defendant obtained a living , an / j after he left Htehbory College he was received by tho family as the affianoed husband of the pla intiff . Subsequently , tbe defendant , having enter * d upon his duties as a minister , went to Nuneaton t a preach a sermon , and thereto mot the young lady wa 0 vf&s now his wife . Th « r Learned Sergeant , in order to prove the terms of the ongagement , whic h existed for a period of three years , between tb . e plaintiff and defendant produced and read several lengthy epistles which
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the latter had written to the former , in which was mixed a strange medley of love and piety , endearing expressions of never-dying affection , blended with scraps of Sonptore , moral maxims , aud quotations from religious writers . One of the letters was addressed to " Mrs . Esther Eustace , not the smith ' s V » ? £ * * ¦ Pjwson V In another , he called the plamtiff his " dearly beloved Esther" —his"lOY&ly httle dear '' -hia « little darling f and the very last letter which ^ he wrote to her before he broko his iaun , and declared their connexion at an end , contained these words— " One of us will have to appear soon a 3 the minister , aud the other as the minister ' s wife , and this letter was signed , " Your affectionate husband , George Eustace . " After commenting at ... ... . .
some length upon these productions , the reading of which produced no small degree of amusement in the court , the Learned Sergeant produced the last letter of the defendant , which was addressed to the father and toother of tho plaintiff , assigning a 3 reasons for bis breaking off the proposed union h' » " personal feeling ? , " his ?* ill - < tato of health , " and finally , « the very limited means he had of supporting a wife and family , " adding , that under such circumstances " his marriage with the plaintiff would only be productive of misery to both . " Tho objections to tho union which the defendant had thus urged were all known to bimjong before , and it appeared that they were not sufficiently strong to prevent him from formin " another matrimonial alliance with th © young Jatfy
Who was now his wife , and to whom he was united in one short month , after he had thought proper to forego his engagement with the plaintiff , whose affections he had won , and to whom hia faith was plighted . The plaintiff , under these distressing circumstances , feoling deeply the injnry she had sustained in being thus abandoned by the man on whom she had placed her affections , and to whom she was led to behevo ahe would have been united for life , came before a jury to ask for the only compensation she could now receive , namely , such damages as they should consider she was ' entitled to , for one of tho most serious and heart-rending injuries that could be inflicted on a you ^ a woman of
unblemished reputation ; whose feelings and affections had been so cruelly outraged by ouo in whom she was induced to place the most unbounded confidence , and by whom , without any juBt cause , she was deserted for another . The Learned Sergeant having called evidence to substantiate his case , Mr . Humfrey proceeded to addresa the Jury for the defendant . He admitted at the outset that as the pleadiugs stood , the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict , inasmuch as he had made a distinct promise of marriage to the young lady , which he had not fulfilled , and the only question for the Jury would be the amount of damages .
Lord Chief Justice Tindal summed up the evidence , and in allusion to the letters of the defendant , his Lordship observed that he could not but deprecate a reference to the sacred and mysterious language of tho Scriptures , and the parade of religious feeling which those communication 3 displayed . It was clear that the defendant had promised marriage to the plaintiff , and that he had broken hia engagement , and the only question for the Jury to determine was the amount of damages . The Jury retired for a short time , and then found a verdict for the plaintiff , damages £ 150 .
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FRENCH AFRICA . ( From the Toulonnais . ) Algiers , June IS . —We are very uneasy on account of appearances , which indicate that the Arabs aro meditating mischief . Masses of Arabs have been Been prowling in the plain , near the Massif . Abd-el-Kader ' s regular infantry and his red cavalry have been seen at Fondouck , and have joined Ben Salem , who is planning some treachery . The militia of the country assemble at night , and keep a Btrict watch . The troops in Algiers are likewise on the qui vive . This evening the inhabitants are busily engaged in tracing tha source of a report that had overwhelmed them with despair , until the Moniteur
Afgenen had disabused them by announcing the succsssful return of our expeditionary army . According to this jreport , Marshal Valee broke up from his bivouac at midnight , between the 14 th and 15 th inst ., and made a forced march towards the Col , which he occupied . The Arat > 3 , thinking he was going to Medeah , allowed him to get before them ; however , 1 , 500 of their troops had-time to reach the ravines between the hillocks which skirt the high road and the mountains , so that they could not be observed from the high road . The Alarshal having occupied tlie hillocks , made the advanced guard inarch forward ; as for himself , having taken a position whence he could observe everything , he did not quit his post until he saw the baggage descend
the hill peaceably ; and after having seen a battalion of the 48 th Regiment descending its turn , he then j oined the head of the column , having first withdrawn the troops which occupied the hillocks , thinking there was no further danger . In an instant after those hillocks were abandoned by our troops they were occupied by the Arabs , who poured a violent discharge of musketry agaiust our rear guard , composed of Zouaves , Chasseurs of Vineennea , &C . Three times those positions were taken and retaken . Abd-el-Kader ' s cavalry struck their infantry , who were not quick enough in mounting to the attack , with sticks ; the confusion became horrible ; in fact a butchery ; they struck each other with their fUts , being so close together that they could not use their arms . The sides of the hillocks
were covered with dead bodies . Finally , for the fourth time , the Arabs took possession of the ground , the convoy having passed , and our troops having no longer any interest in keeping possession . It is said that in this affair we have lost 153 killed , and 300 wounded . It is likewise said that when the Marshal sent off his despatch from Mousaia he did not know of the massacre of his rear guard . According to the same account , entire companies of the Zouaves had loBt all their officers , and were led back by a corporal . We once more add , that we have doubts concerning this misfortune , which agrees so badly with the praises bestowed on Marshal Vallee in some letters which we have read : Algiers , June 20 . —We are really alarmed : all the troops are consigned . The drummer of the militia is waiting to receive orders . of
Three O ' cLOCK ^ -Three hundred the condemned soldiers are marching out , under the command ot Colonel Marengo . Since morning smoke has covered the MAtja , and still we do not know what the Arabs had left to burn ; at every minute I could write to you events succeed so rapidly , and tho danger becomes imminent . The Arabs are in alarming force , and threaten our last asylum . It is the sword of Damocles , which each person sees suspended over his head . The losses we have sustained for the last month in mowers alone amount to 100 , and we call on the authorities to prevent such misfortunes .
CIRCASSIA . Constantinople :, Mat 27 . —All the world here ia now excited to the liveliest interest in Circassian affairs , from the astounding reports of victory alter victory that havo of late come upon us with such rapid succession . So fax as I have yet been able to learn , there had been captured , previously to . the departure of our present informants , six forts on the coast to the southward of Ghelendjik , and two between Ghelendjik and the Cuban . The capture of the two latter ( Aboon and Nioolaeffski ) muBt be considered as of great importance ; because the line of communication by them , which cost General Williamiueff and his huge army such great efforts , during two years , to estaWish , and which has not been maintained without several
severe struggles , is thus ontirely destroyed . And the capture of Aboon especially appears to have been one of the most extraordinary achievements of the Circassians ; for the position of that fort is more formidable for defence than that of aay other , with the exception of Ghelendjik , as the very gradual slope of the termination ot the hill it was seated on gave its guns aolear range in every direction aronnd ; and the garrison , on account of the importance of the position , was one of the strongest , having amounted , as is believed , together with the military colonists lately sent there , to nearly three thousand men . But the most desperate exploit was the capture of Tohopseen , whose bastion and battlements were of more formidable construction than those of mos other forts , and who 3 e garrison , together with its
military colonists , formed a force of about 2 , 600 men . Tchopseeuis the first echelle to the south-eastward of Pshat . Its fort was seated at the termination , towards the sea , of a ridge that extends down the centre of the beautiful valley , which is closely environed by steep hills , excepting on the east , where another smaller valley joins it ; and , as the former of these valleys communicates with others which extend ( with the interruption , however , of several defiles ) all the way from much beyond Ghelendjik , they formed the chief highway near the coast , for those going to the Southward , who were obliged , by the position of the fort at Tohopseen , to diverge there from the former commodious road , and Betake themselves to mountain paths , both ragged and circuitous . But two other considerations made this fort a special eye-sore . 1 . That its greater distance ( about one mile and * half ) from these *
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^ r ^> e S&dyZJ ^ an others , andj commanding the greater portfair oi tno two valleys , suspended much valuable siui-^ T ^ ViV " * ** <* beea oneof the chief ^ SXstopS ^ r mmerM '? tU ^^ tnHfe ^^! ffi ^ npOT " h \ fhe ^ i !^ a ' h « H ' .: - 1 & 2 L ^ ajji ^ ?** ° » e * the most daring of tCt ?*™** •»»»« Jhe many gallant ohiefcaiiS SSfZT' ^»« sters , and * h <« e of tba nugnDournood , were swollen bv others from th « ri ChW 3 ° f Notwhatch , tiU abU %$ > warriort had gathered round the devoted fortresT The S-^ Z ^ T ^ l ™ having seized parties for
' 8 to ™ « «» ramparts on three sides fromiho valleyl and tor-the foursh trom the rWge , he formed of Ihe mags ofhi 3 a cordon entirely round the fortress , so that not a man of his- inmates might escape . ^ h » sabre and the dagger were tho only weapons to be osed tand the very earliest of the dawn the noiseless signal for the attack . The carnage was frightful , for the Russians , on being driven from the ramparts i > y the impetuous assault of the Circassians , retreated fig . uing , foot by foot , towards their barracks an 4 central defences , where the pewder magazine ex » ploded in the midst of them . Tlia prisoners captured in endeavouring to escape formed but a small proportion ( about 500 ) of the whole ibrca ; the real »? 1 perished bv the explosion or tlio sword !
In this affair the Circassians lost between 300 and 400 men , bnt I am happy to say that it was the most clearly bought of all their successes ; for the forts on the eoast to the southward ( which were captured first ) were eo completely surprised , that tk e assailants gained the mastery with comparative ease , and the garrisons of the two last captured were so ; error-struck by reports of the fate of those who lad . resisted , that they laid down their anas immediately 6 n being summoned . , All the forts , save one which . the Circassians mean to maintain , have been entirely destroyed , au <) their garrisons , artillery , and ammunitionborne off into
, the mountains . The number of Russians killed and captured 13 calculated at upwards of 12 , 000 . Tho heavy pieces of artillery muat amount to nearly 15 (* as each of the forts was mounted with 15 to 20 ; and as for ammunition , the Circassians , whose ideas have been hitherto somewhat parsimouious in regard to tnat commodity , bow eay that they have an abundant supply for ten years to come , lu this respect , howevflr , the Russians will assuredly experience a great " change upon their again taking the &e \ d , for thousands of rifles thut were but occasionally aud spangly made use of ( for economy ) will henceforth , come into unremitting operation against them .
Intellij { 6 uce from Odessa informs us that there has been formed there aa extraordinary council of war , ol which , R-i jevvaki , Comiaander-in-Chief on the Circassian coast , ia member , for the purpose of devising some more effectual means of fortification ; aud that immense despatches of troops have beea made from all tho depots in the south of France . But the Circassians stute that those first sent by sea did not attempt landing on their coass , but proceeded to the southward , from which some inter that a revolt may have broken out in Georgia . As for Circassia , tho reports were that a force of 40 , 000 men , which was Wing assembled on the north of th » Cuban ,, would be forthwith moved across that liver to compensate for the late disasters , by lyin ;; waste the open country towards the Cuban with fire and sword . —Times .
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTH EHN STAR . Sir , —The following are a few extracts taken from my brother ' s letter ; ; hey are at your service to do asyouthink proper with them . Hoping you willr excuse me for thus addressing you , I remain yours , mo 3 t respectfully , Walstnghaji Martin . " Northallerton , April 23 d . ' Do not think that twelve months in this house of slavery shall make me play the coward . I will do my duty while here . I shall patiently bear the yoke ; but my soul , that was born for freedom , shall continue to soar aitor truth , which is the powerful engine that tyrants wish to destroy . " " NorthallertonMay 9 th .
, "The Secretary of State has not answered my petition ; but I su « pt | ct that he has caused my removal to the treadmill , as one of the Visiting Justices informed me that he ' was corresponding with him . I did expect his Lordship would have investigated the discipline of tho prison , and ordered my removal to York , or allowed m « the same privileges in this place , for which reason I only refer to the hardships of being forced to work at the mill . Those persons that have never been to prison imagine that the silent system is merely an abstinence frotalkIt
m . takes in a wide scope , as the prisoner is not . allowed to move his head , or cast his eyes either to the right or left , or upwards . I have never Been the chaplain in his pulpit , and I imagine I ass close to him when at chapel . 1 sit next to one of the unfortunate Sheffielders at work , and have never seen but the side of his face . I can compare myself to nothing else but" Patience on a monument , smiling at grief . " I am lacked in mv cell , and am obliged to continne there in perfect silence until moning . " " May 15 . —I have nothing but my bed in my cell to write on . "
June 8 .- —The peace-loving Whigs , I wish they were landed safe in heaven , drinking out of the chrystal fountain , aud leave the 3 e countries between , us and the Tories . Our situatioa could not be worse , besides , should have only one dog to contend against . Poor Duffey is in the Hospital . I hope the Radicals will overlook all his faults , and pay respect to his ashes , as I am of opinion that he will soon go the way of all flesh . His constitution is broken . You will hear of his death most likely beforo me . " The following is the answer to the letter I sent to the Marquis of Normanby . You will perceive it is exactly a month between sending the letter and receiving the answer , as you had a copy of the letter in tho Star ot the 13 th inst .: — . "Whitehall , 25 thJune , 1840 . " Sib , —The Marquis of Normanby having carefully considered your application in behalf of William Martin .
" I am directed to express to you hia Lordship's regret that there is no sufficient ground to justify him , consistently with hia public duty , in advising her Majesty to comply with the prayer thereof . " I am , Sir , " Your most obedient " Humble servant , 41 Q " \ T PjJIT . T . TPPflL . " Mr . William Martin , 22 , Lowther-strect , York . "
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CABX'SLE . Awfully Sudden Death of Major Agliombt , M . P . for the Eastern Division of the Cousty of Cumberland , and Chairman of the Quarter Sessions !—This morning ( . Tuesday , June 30 th ) we were informed that the above-named gentleman , had dropped down dead on entering the court . We could scarcely credit the statement , for we had seen him the day previous presiding on the bench ; he then appeared in perfect good health and spirits , and was going through the ordinary business of the sessions . On making further inquiry , however , we found the distressing news to be but tod true . It appears ; the worthy major ( now no more ) bad taken breakfast at the Crown and Mitre Inn , and appeared to be in his usual way . He then walked to the Court-House , and , on going up the stairs , he suddenly . dropped , and , bnt for the aid of some persons near , must have fallen to the ground . The
business of the sessions was immediately suspended until four o'clock . The circumstance has produced a thrilling sensation amongst all classes of society , for the major was much respected for his urbanity ox mannerand benevolent and kind disposition . The chair , which his untimely death had left vacant t cannot be filled by one more upright , impartial , and just . Regardless of party , ho administered justice with that « ven-handednes 3 which was the admiration of all who beard him . He was , we believe , about 60 years of age , but was a person of healthy and robust appearance , and of very temperate and abstemious habits . The magistrates of the county may ne ' er look upon his like again . His death will cause a vacancy for the Eastern Division of the county . Who may be brought forward we know not ; some think Sir J . R . 6 . Graham , but , in our opinion , he will scarcely risk hi 3 present seat , when a general election is shortly expected .
OLDHAKL Public Meeting . —On Monday night last , a very spirited public meeting was held at Mr . E . Lees '? , Duke of York , West-street , Mr . James Bardsley in the chair j to take into consideration tbe best way of raising funda to relieve the suffering Chartists and their families , when the following resolutions were passed :- ^ Moved by Mr . Sutcliff , and seconded by Mr . Hafilam , " That it is the opinion of this meeting that the middle classes would best consult their own interest by supporting the People ' s Charter . "Moved by Mr . J . Greaves , and seconded by Mr . T . Yardley , " That this meeting is of opinion that the conduct of the Government in persecuting individuals for advocating in a peaceable manner any change ' which the country and the individuals so
agitating think ought to take place is base , and contrary to the spirit of the Constitution of this country ; and , as , this meeting so thinks , . they pledge . heinselves to support , to the utmost ortheir ability the imprisoned Chartidts and their suffering families . "—Moved by Mr . Smethurat , and seconded by Mr . Haslop , " That a committee of seven , persons be appointed by this meeting to carry the above object into effect , and to receive subscriptions from collectors , and also from different trades and societies , and that the following persons be the committee : — James Whittakor , Leopard Hadop , Henry Chapel * Thomas Yardley , James Bardsley , Henry Smethuret , and George Henshaw . " A vote of thanks was given to the ¦ Chairman , after which the meeting separated , determined to carry ont the spirit of the resolutions .
Distressed State Op The Country.
DISTRESSED STATE OP THE COUNTRY .
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VOL . III . ] S o . 138 . SATURDAY , JULY 4 1840 pi « cb ro »» m * umqh , or 3 > Five Shilling * per Quarter . ba done whi ch ft t ^~ ZI ~ 7 TJ ~~~~~~~ ¦ ' ' ~ — ~
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^^¦ •^^¦^^^ ^ V - J ^ . ^ S * e ! f ^ ' ¦ ma ^ f ' ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦''' " ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ' Jr ^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ r ^ -w t- ^ i **^ ^^ mm ^ S ^^ " ' ¦ ' ' ' "'¦ '¦ ' f ' AND LEEDS GENEML ADYERTISEB .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 4, 1840, page unpage, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2691/page/1/
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