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^ August % 1851. THE N0RTHERN STAR 7
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EMANCIPATION OF THE JEWS. A meeting, con...
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The Framework Kwiiikbs of Nottingham. —A...
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PBOGBBSS OP '« ' BlOOMEKISM ," , ' l» TH...
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Umiimal ^arttamettt
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SATURDAY, Julv 26. HOUSE OF COMMOKS,-The...
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An Interesting Expbriment.—At one of ..t...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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, r . HE WEALTH AND COMMERCE OP *• THE UNITED KINQDOM ,
[ The following paper -was read by Mr . Awards , compositor , on Wednesday , 23 rd July , at the weekly meeting of the 'Kuminators j ' a new Society established at Discussion Jail , Shoe-lane , Fleet-street . It is peculiarl y valuable in itself , and most creditable to the a uthor and the Society . ] The paper which I bave the honour to address to the Society and visitors relates to the position , condition , power , and influence of the British people ; god which further proposes to consider , in detail and in aggregate , so far as the limits of a paper will permifi the wealth which the industry , ingenuity , and stai in trading concerns have gained for th is same people ; concludin g by a few general reflexions , as to the probable ultimate destiny of so g igantic an accumulation , if the spirit of trade rivalry pursues its present irresistible course .
Prom a set of valuable tables , submitted to the Bousoof Commons in 1827 , by a gentleman of the name of Conhng , tbe land , called the " United k ingdom , 'consists of " 7 , 394 , 233 acres , of which 46 , 532 , 970 acres are under some sort of cultivation . Of the total number of acres stated , there are 15 , 871 , 48 $ acres unworthy of cultivation—which leaves la , 0 uO , 0 f ) D acres of acknowledged importance m a prolific sense , but . which legislation and private enterprise have not yet deemed advisable to turn to a profitable account . The opinions of our statisticians differ & 8 to the annual value of the produce grown upon the land under cultivation . Mr . Spackman quotes it at £ 250 , 009 , 000 ; Mr . Porter at £ 300945000 ; while a
,, Mr . J . Macqueen makes it £ 686 , 524 , 132 , under protection prices , and £ 170 , 580 , 485 , according to the prices of 1830 . Both JJr . Spackman and Mr . Porter ' s estimates are based upon the average prices which ruled prior to 1846 ; and so were Mr . M'Culloch ' s , for he makes the value of the produce , in 1 SU , to bo £ 227 , 771 , 543 , being the lowest computation of the three authors named . The annual rental of the said land is stated , by Spackman , to be £ 33 , 753 , 015 ; the local taxation on which is £ 18 , 314 , 908 . The capital embarked thereon is described as £ 250 , 000 , 000 . - This rent is paid in the following proportions , by the different countries : —England and Wales , £ 49 , 167 . 083 ; Scotland ,. £ 5 , 530 , 623 ; Ireland , £ 13 , 562 , 946 ;—Total ,
£ 39 , 316 , 662 ; from which deductions are made of £ 563 , 047 ,-leaving , as before stated , the sum of £ 53 , 753 , 615 , as the net total rental , annually , for the United Kingdom , Mr . Disraeli , in his speech , February 20 th , 1 S 50 , based his calculations on sixty millions , as the annual rental ; and as this so closely approximates to the figures previously , quoted , something like correctness-may be fairlyassumed from tbe statements . In 1814-15 , the average of rent , peracre , in England and Wales , was 18 s . 6 £ d . j in 1342-3 , rather less than thirty years after , this sum was augmented to £ 1 Is . 8 | d . ; being a rise of 3 s . lid . more on each acre . Mr . Alison , the wellinora historian makes this observation , when commenting upon the rise iu the rental of land . " That .
in tha last thirty years , while the land rent has increased in Great -Britain by about 12 . ' . per cent ., house rent has advanced as much as 140- per cent ., or nearly twelve times as much ; and although the produce of the soil has increased , in the same time , about 46 per cent ., land-rent has been raised 12 per cen t , only . '" - This augmentation of . house-rent is a paint- worthy of particular notice , since Professor Alison ' s statements are corroborated by . the speeches made in parliament in 1 S 45 , during the Cora Law Agitation , put forth as founded upon parliamentary returns . Thus , in 1814 , house-rent in Great Britain is mentioned as £ 16 , 259 , 399 ; in 1843 the . sum of £ 33 , 47-5 , 733 is quoted , being an increase of more than £ 22 , 000 , 000 sterling or 140 oer cent .
- When the cry-is raised of " house-rent reduction , " as it assuredly will be raised sooner or later , it will require the ability of the ablest man to satisfactorily controvert the justice of the call , based as it will undoubtedly be on such facts as those I have here put forth . Having ' ascertained these particulars connected with the land of the United Sin odom , 1 how turn to consider the numbers and condition of the people at present resident thereon . The census , returns for England and Wales , Scotland and Ireland , for 1851 , give the following results : —England and- Wales and Islands in British Seas / 18 , 043 , 747 ; - Scotland , 2 , S 70 , 7 S 4 ; Ireland , 6 , 515 , 794 ;—Total , 27 , 435 , 325 . —Total increase for England and Scotland in ten
years , 2 , 263 , 550 per week , 4 , 353 ; per day , 622 . An analysis of these figures , and a comparison of them with : the census returns of 1821 , 1831 , and ISA , however briefly entered upon , points out mucn matter for philosophical inquiry . I find , for isstance , -England and Scotland have , in ten years , increased at the rate of $ per . cent ., the additional number of souls returned in 1851 over 1 S 41 being 2 , 263 , 550 , for whose accommodation 177 , 944 houses have been erected or are now " standing , more , than there were ten years ago . The metropolis comprises 2 , 363 j l 4 l souls , being an increase since . 1841 of 414 , * i 2 , equal to an increase of li-per cent per annum . This augmentation is in precise accordance with the anticipations of most well-informed men ,
who spoke of ; it previous to the publication of the census ; but Liverpool , the second place in ; the United Kingdom , the rate of increase in it in ten years has been 50 per cent , and its dock space doubled ; so that we have , in the very heart of the empire , an emporium which doubles its population in twenty years , and its commercial facilities in erery . ten . With such evidence as this , it is not extravagant to anticipate that a seaport of a century ' s creation will at no very distant day be the capital and ruling centre of the commerce of tha world . Manchester , Glasgow , and the other seats of manufacturing industry , all present features of proportionate advance ; but Ireland , ill-fated yet largely blessed Ireland , presents itself before us with an aspect as wretched as its progress , is . , the opposite of that mentioned for the kingdoms of the South and
the North . Her population numbered in 1821 . 6 , 801 , 627 : in 1 S 31 , 7 , 767 , 401 ; in 1841 , 8 , 175 , 124 in 1851 , 6 , 515 , 794 ; so that there are 286 , 033 souls less in 1851 than there were in 1821 ( thirty years ago ); and 1 , 665 , 171 less than in 1841 ( ten years ago ) , which , in other words , is equivalent to sayinff that Ireland contains 2 , 000 , 000 less peonle than = she ought to have numberedwhen rated with the increase of the neighbouring kingdoms . In ten years , 1 , 100 , 090 of the flower , of her soil have emi gra t ed directly from her ports , and 500 , 000 of her race have . alsoleft these , shores from-other places . In 1841 , the nnmberof . senses was 1 , 334 , 360 j in 1851 i 1 , 115 , 007 , less by 269 , 353 in the last ten years —a convinoing proof not only of the extent of eviction but also of demolition of , the mad huts of this ill . fated people . ....-.. .-,,- ; < . r . .- ; - ;
This census of Ireland is really a very important if not alarming document . Depopulation , inso fair and rich a-land seems to awaken the words , of a contemporary of 6 oIdsmith ,. one . Lawrence WhvtC , and induces roe to quote some ; . thoughts , which , though describing a state-of things 110 years , ago , * . « . written so long back as-1741 , sixty . years , before the Act of Union , is quite apposite to the . distresses facts just mentioned . . ! - .- : " The lands are ^ ajl monopolised ; The tenants racked and sacrificed ; Whole parishes ,-to shun the fate Of being oppressed at such a rate , By tyrants who still raise their rent . Sail to the Western Continent—Rather than live at home like slaves , "bey trust themselves to winds and waves . " Goldsmith has placed on record these truthful words : —
"HI fares the land to threatening ills a prey , Where wealth accumulates , and men decay ; Princes and lordsmay flourish or may fade—A breath can make them as a breath has made—But a bold- peasantry—their conntrv ' s pride—' men once destroyed can never be supplied !"' Adam { smith declares "themost decisive mark Sl W " ** « f any country is the increase of § £ ?^ 'J ^ 5 tb raates this comment on things as they now are- " For -a whole generation man has been a drug in tbis conning and population a nuisance . !* ro babl y , although these Btatfr S * - " ? ? Pp 0 Sed to each « ther , there is some 5 * r * ° tn * a ^ it , thejftmw declaration smacks o * tbe Malthusian doctrine , which is more Devilish than Christian . "
Ih the fenr provinces of Ireland , -siz ., teinster , ¦ sunster , Ulster , and Connaught , where the decrease alluded to amounted to 1 , 733 , 604 , there are DO less than 6 , 295 , 735 acres of , bog land susceptible w culture , but which , in modern days , a spade has "STer been permitted to penetrate . What a horrid anomal y then appears before us—tbe people leaving J « land of their birth , and dying in ' . hundreds by ^ rvation and disease , occasioned by want of food i 'here such a prodigious quantify of land remains ™ tof cultivation . This statement , too , is inr "eased m value by another remark , that the dimi" ? tiqn is traceable particularly to the agricultural X 1110 ^ . Ttms . in the countv of Mayo , for esanir
V Jq ^ ^ 18 il » tnere " were a population of ah Pers ° ns employed and dependent on agri-Benrt' waere WI , 324 were engaged and decent on manufactures , the diminution is equal foof ft-. Ti 2- » U 4 » m ; so with all the other Wq" Producing districts . This Irish census is * hiph of a separate study , the leading features of pn can only be glanced at in a paper which f poses to consider the state of society at je . ut ? e more fact connected with the popula-Peara J ? part of m ? fi ^ J * must close . Itap-3 jinU ttat in England , and Scotland there are tjiij .- ' . f fniales more than males , a proportion Wj .. ^ 13 inimical to moral and social progress , the "" " * i howeter , enlarging upon this fruitful thet £ - " ^" hyand thought , iwill place before ° » nety some results which affect the fertility .
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? £ «? S ? pl 0 s P ; o P agation . A writer in vol , III , of thei'Trmantionsof the American Medical Association makes these remarks in a paper entitled , On the causes which operate on the proportion of the sexes at birth . " " An analysis of 65 , 542 births gives the greatest number of conceptions , male and female , a * being born during the winter and spring months ; the greatest excess-of male births in winter . The influence of-plenty and deficiency of food , overworking , die ., - is shown in the fact , that m many parts of Europe , ; where the general population is overworked and underfed , the excess of male births is very small , being in France and Prussia 6 per cent ., in England 5 per cent . In Philadelphia , where the hygienic condition of the people is
favourable , the maie births exceed the female by 7 per cent . Male conceptions diminish in times of scarcity or alarm . Thus , during the cholera in Pbila . delphia , there was a preponderance of female conceptions . -The same fact was noticed in Paris . " This conclusion is of much importance , if it be true , as the . result would seem to imply that it is ; since , it would be an argument of a most convincing character , showing the necessity , in order to diminish , or at any rate check , this growth of female births , of looking , to the physical and sanatory wants of the working classes , so tbat they may always have cheap and wholesome food , and be'less prone to d i sease , through better drainage and- improved habits of cleanliness . .. ¦ ' ¦ - - - ' ¦¦' •¦ '¦ - ¦"
From the land and the numbers of the people , now advert upon bur material wealth , our trade , home : and foreign , and our commerce , manufacturing and shipping . - ...--. . . 1 . —Railmtys . —A paper , dated March 21 st , 1850 , prepared by a Mr . J .: S ., Teats , a stockbroker ; furnishes the following calculations , relating to thirteen of the principal railway companies : — " 3 , 164 miles were then occupied by these thirteen railways , the gross receipt , in ; the last half year , from passengers and merchandise , £ 4 , 506 , 901 ; the work ing . expenses , £ 1 , 632 , 616 ; the government duty , £ 105 , 643 ,- the local rates and taxes , £ 135 , 813 ; the depreciation and renewal fund , £ 157 , 911 ; making a total of expensesof £ 2 , 031 , 983 . The interest on
mortgages was £ 634 . 253 ; the dividends ion . preference shares , £ 219 , 770 ; rents * and tolls to other companies . £ 334 , 096 ; so that the gross expenditure to be deducted before any sum-could be taken for dividend to tbe- ordinary shareholders was £ 3 , 220 , 372 inthebalfyear . The average dividend paid on the whole ordinary share- ' -capital of £ 80 , 644 , 068 was at therate of £ 3 3 s . 6 d . per cent ; per annum . This was for the last half year for 1849 ' ; the rate of dividend paid bv these thirteen railways , far the first half year of 1850 . was . only £ 2173 . 6 d . per . cent , per annum . " The money sunk , " or rather expended ; in the construction of tbe railroads
formed at theendof 1849 , was equal to £ 250 , 000 , 000 , subscribed within six years from the funds of the people of all classes who possesed property ; and a writer in the Ifoming Chronicle , January j 32 nd , 1850 , estimates the laws and parliamentary charges of all the railways up to that time at no less than ten millions . sterling . From a parliamentary-return , published at the close of last year , it appears th' at . the receipts for . 2849 were . £ 11 , 806 , 493 , of . wb . ich £ 6 , 277 , 892 , was for passengers , and £ 5 , 528 , 606 for cattle , goods , & c . In this year , 63 , 841 , 539 passengers rode upon the whole of the lines then formed , in the following classes : — ... ' :
. .. , ^ : - - Nos ; Hidin g . Receiptsfromi First Class ...... 7 , 292 , 811 £ 1 , 927 , 768 ; Secondditto 23 , 521 , 650 2 , 530 , 968 , ' Third ditto 15 . 686 , 911 . « .- 711 , 592 Parliamentary .. 17 , 203 , 412 1 , 101 , 884 Ifixeaclass ;¦ 136 , 755 ...... 2 , 678 _ 2 . Shipping . —Mr . Spackman says : —f The number of the vessels in the British empire in 1844 , consisted of 31 , 320 , amounting to 3 , 637 , 231 tons , and giving employment to 216 , 350 men . . The capital invested is rated at £ 10 per ton— £ 36 , 372 , 310—the profits on which , at -10 per . cent ., ' gives £ 3 , 637 , 231 . In 18 H our colonial trade gave employment to more than one-third in tonnage of'the ships that entered inwards and cleared :, outwards . This fact is worthy of notice , as showing hdw valuable is this trade to the . mother country , and with what care should the interests . of the colonists
be guarded by the British government . \ ' " . ; , 3 . Colonial Interests . ' —Mr . -Porter , estimates that India pours in ' the lap of Britain £ 3 , 000 , 000 sterling annually ; but Mr . Spackman more . accurately speaks of it as equal to ten millions . The dividends on East India stock , charged on ; the land revenues of India , amount to . £ 630 , 000 per annum . ; while the yearly revenue of India is £ 18 , 000 , 000 , ' a large proportion of which is paid to natives of . our . own , and who are now employed in , its government . Her trade with us is about i 8 , 000 , 000 a year . > : What is here mentioned of India can-be applied to the remaining colonies subject to British rule , The sugar islands in the West Indies , fin the value of production , are mines of wealth , for the loss of which nothing would compensate us . Oar possessions in
the Cape of GoodHope , in the . Mediterranean , in Australia , in . the European aud -African colonies , in those . of North America , also the Soutb ,. absorb one-fourth of . the whole . exports of the United Kingdom '; while the" value , of the land , > and the valueof . the produce grown on the . same ; islestimated at nearly seven billions , (« . e ., 7 , 000 millions of money . Eesideht upon . the soil governed by British supremacy , are 130 , 000 , 000 of souls , wh » may be said to be advancing , every day , into a state of civilisation highly nattering to the progressionist . From the . days of the Stuarts , Great Britain has been adding these immense links to . her commercial and powerful chain of influence and power , until now , it is said , that the sun never sets on her
dependencies .. -From , . our . shipping and ., colonial interests I have but to " turn to another of the treasures of our ., land , viz . —tbe Jifining operations ; which yield us an amount of wealth and power , too often forgotten . whilst dealing , with euch prodigious giftsand . undertakings . From the . yearil 200 we can date the discovery of coal ; and although this mineral has been more or less in use since that . tiuie until now . the annual . o ns nm ption is e s ti m a t ed a t 4 O , QQ 0 , GfJ 0 of tons ,, yet some of our best writers assure us that ' the present stock of coal is likely to hold out for at least 2 , 000 years more . The annual produce , . when rated at 10 s . per ton , is . worth £ 20 , 000 , 000 sterling ; but , to the consumer ,, this
sum must be equal to £ 25 , 000 , 000 , as paid for the use of coal alone ... Our iron is computed to sell for £ 14 , 000 , 000 sterling by . M'Cullochr . and . tin and copper severally . produce—tin , £ 315 , 000 ;; copper , £ 1 , 406 , 000 . ' . From the ' sale of lead another . millibn of money is raised , " and salt helps ; the total ! by £ 400 , 000 . Thns , tbe minmg interest gives employ ^ ment to about 200 , 000 persons- ; the value , of the prodnotions , in all , is . equal to £ 36 , 000 , 000 , of which £ 31 . 000 , 000 are purchased by the- home -trade , and £ 5 , 000 , 000 J > y the foreign trade . The returns of the property and income , tax ,. ih-1842 r 3 , showed . that the profits , of this trade reached £ 2 , 872 , 30516 s . 5 d . —which would give th ^ capital laid out on the same , when reckoned at 10 " .-per } cent ., to be , equal ito ¦
£ 28 , 723 , 000 . . .. . - , . • -, ; . ;! Kor must wo pause hero for there is -the manufacturing interest yet to consider . Neither -words nor figures ., can adequately- pourtray- the great value , in a social and commercial sense , of this expansion of , trade in modern times , j In the productiona . of goods , fabricated from cotton , woolj- fla ^ , and . silk , in our hardware and cutlery- workings , and in the making of the other incidentals to this department ,. full £ 100 , 000 , 000 of-capital has been embarked , giving employment directly to a million and a half of souls—the realised value of the productions being £ 200 , 000 , 000 sterling , annually . . Our Forei gn trade , from the extent -of its connexions , mu ? . t always be a subject of careful
attention . . In amount it certainly ; is not so large as it would be thought to he , considering the sacrifices which have . been made to extend it ; In 1849 our foreign trade , exoeeded by one-fifth , in exports , thj » t of the year preceding .. The official return of the Board pfTrade declares the total value of the exports of the principalarticles of British and Jrish produce , for 1849 , to he . £ 58 , 848 , 042 ,-and -this . includes the value of the raw material , which , in many cases , ia of . foreign production . Calculating-the annual production of wealth in the United Kingdom at £ 560 millions , it isclear that , in the aggregate , the foreignitra / le absorbs . b » ti :. one-ninth--of the total- amount .. She / . home -trade is tbat-which British ; fllatesmen-ishonld strugglo to extend ; not
exclusively , but in preference ; if partiality be necessary ; for even in our . manufacturing industry , the home trade purchases two-thirds , the foreign trade but one-third . In 1801 * the official value of the exports , was £ 24 , 927 , 684 j and the real or-declared value , £ 39 , 730 ^ 59 ; In 1846 the official- value was £ 134 , 385 , 829 , showing that the quantity-of goods exported to be about five and a half-times as much as . in . 1801 ; but the real or declared value of the exports in 1 S 46 . was £ 50 , 837 , 660 ; 8 C- that , while the business done had increased more than 400 , pei ' cent ., theprice obtained bad increased only
50 per cent . This proves tbat the foreigner is retceiving now nearly eight times as much produce for his money , additional to what be received fifty years since . . Mechanical skill and a decrease in the money value , of the . raw material have brought about so vast a disparity . We may quit this branch of commerce with a passing remark—that whilst there are too many of our people- dependent upon foreign , purchasers for employment , ever to allow t b i s t rade t o de c line ,, still those at home must not be . negleotedt inthe desire to eell cheap to the foreigner , ; for , after all , with them rests the real prosperity of our producing and consuming ¦
power . . < - The revenues of the Church of England are too large to be unnoticed here without committing the sin of omission . The whole church-revenues , including the bishops landed estates , and the estates of other dignitaries , may betaken at £ 3 , 500 , 000 . In 1848 the total number of benefices was 11 , 611 of these , as curates , thirty-six were m the receipt of between £ 30 aud £ 40 per year : fifty-eight bad from £ 40 to £ 50 ; 233 from £ 50 -to £ 60 j 118 from SSt o * TOi S 5 e from * Wto- * * fy *
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to £ 90 « , sixty from £ 90 to £ 100 ; 393 from £ 100 to £ 110 ; twenty-four from £ 110 to £ 120 ; 184 from £ 120 to £ 130 ; sixty-two from £ 130 to £ 140 ; 153 from £ 140 to £ 160 ; and the remainder above £ 160 . Two archbishop ' s income is estimated , but known to be- much ' more , . £ 28 , 360 ; and twenty-five bishops' incomes are reckoned at no less a sum than £ 122 000 , nearly , equal--to £ 5 ; 000-a head . From the statement read . of the income of the beneficed clergy , with that , of the archbishops and bishops jus t read , there can be no . question that the good things of the Church Establishment are not remarkable for impartial distribution . Southey says tbat " this Church of England has rescued us first from heathenism , then from-papal idolatry and superstition : it has saved us from temporal as well as spiritual despotism . " The learned Vr . Arnold eloquently observes , that its parochialsystein
is " designed to secure for every . ' parish the greatest blessing of human society—that is , the constant residence of one . individual who has-no other business than to do good of every kind to every person . " Arid Canon Sidney Smith thus- apostrophises the »' gentlemen of the money-bags , ' and of wheat and bean land , " as he addresses them by , " 1 woulu not have ' you forget that the word" church means many other things than-thirty-nine articles , and a discourse of twenty-five ^ minutes' duration on the sabbath . " Church reform ; through church abuse is oh' nearly fiverybody ' -s tongue ; . and a . faithful inquiry into . the whole subj 3 ct will assure the . student that not only is church reform necessary , but that many of the church ministers need a strong reproofj . not for doctrinal errors . only ,, hut also for a want of that ministering care ,. and . attention Over those'from whom they draw . princely sums of
money . , ,, % .- , I have now produced abundant evidence , showing to . what a height of riches and power this nation has been , raised . To some minds , this . almost incredible accumulation . is regarded , as testimony ^ of an approaching decline . Mr . Alison , ! in his " ¦ Principles of Population , " " says , " , " A survey of the . fate of all the great empires of antiquity , and a consideration of the close -resemblance wbich the vices and passions by which they were distinguished at the" period of the commencement , of their decline ' , bear to those by which we are . agitated , leads to the melancholy conclusion that we are . fast approachingy if :-we have nofc already attained , the utmost limit of . our greatness ; and that a long decay . is destined to precede the fall , of . the British
empire . During tbat period our population will remain stationary or recede , " our courage will perhaps abate , ' our wealth will certainly diminish , our ascendancy will disappear , and at length the-Queen of the waves will sink into an eternal , though not foVgotten , slumber ; A few , fishermen will spread their nets oh the ruins of Plymouth ,, , and the beaver construct his little dwelling under the arches 6 f Waterloo Bridge ; the fowera of York arise in dark magnificence amid an- aged - forest ; and the red-deer , sport in savage independence round the Athenian , pillars of the . Scotch , metropolis ^" -. Mr . Mac aulay , ih his History of . England , says , j . ' « The more carefully we examine the history ; of the past , the ' more reason shall , we find to dissent from those . who imagine that our ¦ age has been fruitful of new social evils . The truth is , that the
evils are , with scarcely an except ion , old ; That which is ' new is the intelligence which discerns , and the humanity which remedies them , " Here ate two statements ) the declarations of two of ourbest nftniilthe opposite " » f each other ; and perhaps < 3 uizofc , who , previous to the re volution , in France of 1848 , wrote these words , "Never have human relations been regulated with more justice , nor produced a more general well-being as . the result . At ho epoch , perhaps , has there been , all things considered , so much honesty in human life , sq many beings living in an orderly manner ; never has so small' an amount of public force been necessary to repress ¦ individual-wrong-doing . - " ' I . sayj "' perhaps , Guizot would not thus have written could he have foreseen the days . of ; Februa ' ry , and contemplated
himself living , in England-as a ,: refugee . ; Mr . Mackay . in his "Western World" observes , *' It-is true that more has been done -for mankind during the ; la ' . seventy years , - thani perhaps , during the previous seven hundred . " , Mr , ' irCulloch , somewhat-differing , '; thus writes ,,.- ' " It ¦'¦ is . doubtful whether the condition of the labouring part of the population has not been deteriorated during the last twenty-five years ; and , at all events , it is but too certain that their comforts and enjoyments ; have not been increased in anything like the , eanie proportion as those of the classes above them . " On January 19 , 1850 , the Times leader declares , " In the midst of the splendour and- abundance of this country ,-there is so appalling an amount of squalor and destitution that the imagination almost recoils
from conjuring up before it the alternate pictures that would . convey a faithful idea of the social condition of one of our great cities . It would be easy to dwell upon the contrasts between the extremes of human fortune , presented , to the . eye of , the observer as he passes along thoi London streets ; and yet how'faint are its outward signs in comparison with the inward agony , of extreme destitution in the midst of civilisation . " Listen to Lord John Russell'in 1844 , ' - ' If we compare- the condition of the working classes with what it was a century ago , ( say 1740 , ) it is impossible not to see . that , while the higher and middle classes have improved , ! and increased their means of Obtaining comforts , ' the men who till the soil and work in factories . have retrogarded / and cannot' now ' get ; for . , their wages
the quantity of the necessaries of life they could , a century ago . ' . ' Mr . Sidney . Herbert has remarked , VThatour wealth , and our population have putgrown the narrow area of our country . We want more room . We'have too much capital andjtoo many pedple— -more capital than we can . employ with profit—more people than we can . maintain in comfort . - The Poor Law returns tell us , that in the year ending Lady-day ,: 1849 , England ' and Wales alone spent £ 5 , 792 , 963 inthei relief of tbe poor , the total amount raised , in taxes , being £ 7 , 674 , 146 . In thefdllowing July ,: 997 , 796 paupers were reoei . vingrelief intnesetwoplaces . ¦* This " showsevery sixteenth person to be a pauper ; but when we consider the : varied forms ; of charity which obtain in this country , the unfold millions of- money , spent in endowed almshouses , hospitals , asylums , for every imaginable - infirmityj coal- funds ; clothing funds , charity , schools , voluntary labour , rates , church
collections ; alms done in secret and trades unions and societies , itis impossible not :, to . see : that there is a , fearful amount- ' . 6 % . poverty , prevailing , as aistressing as itis l alarm ' wg , . The : last account publiatjo ' d , declared , that : in 563 unions of England , there , were 16 , 728 able-bodied paupers of b ' qth sexes receiving relief in the" house , - and . 136 , 658 in the receipt ; of onfc-door . ' relief , ; , 50 , 000 ; df ^ hich were widows ' .. 7 Jf I . turn to pur Criminal Jurisprudence , here the figures show that crime increases far beyond : that of population . < Frbm ' 135 to ' 39 ,-five yearsithe number ^ ofc commitments' was 112 , 864 ; from 1845 to' 49 , ( ten yeafS . after , ) the numbers stand , lSS . iOS ^ being ^ an ihcrease of 231541 ; ajud the great proportion of this increase can be traced to " malicious offences against property ;• and eveuiin the ^ case : pf murder . -the same ' - observation of increase-has to be mentioned , particularly . in respect to female executions . ; The account stands thus : —
'> r . - . - .,, .: > /¦ v * . ; . - t ' . •' - ' - ' -- - '" Male ' s ! P . em . From 1 S 35 to ' 39 315 persons were executed 228 92 : -.,, A 1640 to'H 4317 ditto -221 126 ' „ lfilSto'WSGS . ditto : -205 160 ; ¦ Thiisr in fifteen years , female executions have almost doubled , and the number of murderers has increased . from 31 aial 839 , to 365 in-1849 / beiog fifty more ; ¦ ?' ¦ - ; : - '• " ' ¦ ' ¦'• ¦< ¦ ""' ' ¦ I ¦ As respects our canals and turnpike-roads , our national liabilities , and the amount Of taxation annually raised to cover . them and pay the exigencies of the state , the former are not of sufficient iniportance-to be noticed here , and the latter are so wellknown , that to enlargeupon them in ' a paper
which , does not exactly comprehend-them , would be only to add to its 'length , and render it more tedious than is , really"rriecessary . But , in closing my ; remarks , arid drawing " my own conclusions from thereto ' and opinions I ; bave deduced for the information of the Society , I may be allowedto observe , tbat the decline spoken of by Professor Alison does not seem in my mind iustined : by _ the real position ; of the countryi , Nevertheless , it is madness \ td , say that ib ' e great nioral . and social progress which the countr y , has made in latter years , has been characterised , with that degree of improvement that should -be supposed to . accompany it . Whilst our statesmen hay © devised means for raising ; " incredible ., sums of money for feeding' paupers , .. they , have been silent as
to . any practical , measures how to employ them . Idleness . is ; the . parent of mischief ; our lands want cultivation , yet the country is declared t » : be too confined in its area to-feed those resicenj ; thereon . Our Colonies want peopling , ye £ eiuigratiori remains a voluntary effort . Crime is . yastly on the increase , and no , steps are taken , by governmental effort ; to stay the demoralisation consequent ori ' the same .- All is left to private ; enterprise and benevolence ; the government duty seems to be passive as to useful work , active in thelevving of taxes .- But Education is happily making great way in tbe homes of the poorest of men ; the Press is yielding up her treasures to men who have hitherto wallowed in ignorance and lived in sloth and
degradation , The time will come , when the anomalies I have here sketched will be removed by the master hands of a few mcn . dictated bya . wholesome public opinion ; when the immense barriers which now separate rich and poor will be struck down ; when starvation arid destitution amongst those of the . able-bodied of our people , willing to labour for their bread , will no longer be heard of as a fact ; when our women will be kept at home lor tbe performance of their domestic duties , for which nature only intended them , in place of hurrying lo the factory at the sound of its warning bell ; when tho children of our poor will , at proper hours , be feeding upon'the mental food of ah improved littraturojin place of following the ac « OB ; . "to and fro , of a
;. Tab French M Rome.—The Pope Has Commu...
spinnmg machine ; when , indeed , there will be poor ! S ? women ' bufc 0 lttly 8 ° i » a relative sense-the S £ H V ? S thosewholab <>« r . a «< iai'ehonestly EHS ? ° - u heir work-the remaihderof society , those X ^^ idd , e cla 38 ' a « you ^ iU . meani"g and ISk ^ P' ^ « rves to . developij-the genius nttur ^ " ^ WW \* . La whilst no S anoFfnS U . ' ver . ^ P ect to see , by along distance , an earthly paradise around them , yet may tHffiwiv ft f ™ M « ertions to ob-KJf torthelabouring classesi " whose inge ? ffiw P « everance ,. when viewed in the aggrei e TJZ deL- EngtecKlt ^ e modelKhoweverimperfhl ' w ? clvlhsed co » nt « es , and . stamped upon ¦ nnnnS . n a ' ? areer of freedom and ease , in the „^ h ^ , i ' ' ym ' of which long may it be vouchsafed to tbe British people , not by the wordy who Mo * L ° n Sf a , teiDVoral sovereign , r bufr by Eim wiD ^ he Be'aU and'the End-all of everything that is human and divine . . ¦ °
^ August % 1851. The N0rthern Star 7
^ August % 1851 . THE N 0 RTHERN STAR 7
Emancipation Of The Jews. A Meeting, Con...
EMANCIPATION OF THE JEWS . A meeting , convened by the National Charter Association , was held at the National Hall , Holborn ; on Wednesday - 'last ; to take into consideration the present question respecting ths emancipation of the r ^ Mr . ^ D .- Rdpfv was called to the chair , and said , that although he did hot ' hold with t ^ o principle of privilege , he contended , nevertheless , thatas Mr . Salomons and Mr . Rothschild were elected under ai corrupt and rotten system , they had the right of sitting , in > corrupt androttqn houses He considered that an nljury was inflicted upon the electors of London and Greenwich in refusing to aliowthe representatives they had selcted to perform the duties delegated them ' . ' '" :: ' i : ::.
, Mr .-ARNotr then read letters from Sir B . Hall , Alderman' Salomons , and Mr . Rothschild , pleading other-engagements for not attending . The names of the two latter members were received with some disapprobation , and cries of" no usurers" Mr . T . Hunt likewise apologised for noh-attendance , 'on the ground of illness .- " '¦ = . r ' Mr . Elhot moved the first reiblution , to the effect that themeeting-resOlves tb support the electors'pf London and Green wich agairist the ! attempt to disfranchise those constituencies because their members refused to take an oath opposed to their consciences , aud resolves ]) to use-all -legal means to-remove all religious ' tests tending to place aban on any man on account of religious dpihiori . ¦ Mr . G . 'Ham , a mechanic from ShemGld , " seconded
the resolution in an able and augmentative speech . Had . 1 the meeting been called to- support Mr . Salomons as a candidate to enter parliament , he ( Mr . ¦ Hall ) ' -wOuld not havethen appeared on the platform , but he seconded the reaolutioh ' as an advocate of religious tolerance . : ( . • Mr . Le Blond said the question was hot whether , the meeting > approved of the persons elected for London and Greenwich , but-whether they should permit disfranchisement on account of religious opinions . •; They must look at the springs bi action which induce the opponents of Jewish emancipation to persist in that opposition . He did not think their opposition arose from conscientious motives , but simply because theyknew tho emancipation of the Jews to be a step l n the r i ght path ' of progress , aud would tberefore give a greater power to tthe masses . 'of the . people , i The-law-did' not provide against dishonest men sitting in the house , ' but
interdicted those who were too conscientious to cast aside'their religious scruples . ' : / He considered that the House of Commons had lowered itself by permitting the other house , ' to dictate in a matter of popular representation ; but- Mr . ; Salomon s would show both houses that there was a power superior to . either—tbe ijury-box ; ( Loud cheers . ) . Mr . DioK regretted that the Chartist Executive had come forward in behalf of usurers ; be did . not think either of them entitled to sympathy . He wasLcredibly informed ; that one of the houses of Rothschild was now negotiating a loan for Austria . ( Hisses ) . ^ He . movedtjas an amendment :-r"That the meeting , sympathising with ever v religious 'denomination , and iholding Tsittv tho right of the people to elect for their representatives persons of any religion without restriction whatever , ' consider it is not the : interest of the working classes here assembled to i symaptbise with usurers and capitalists , dike Rothschild and Salomons . " ' .
Mr . . Bezbb supported the amendment , and asked where were Salomons and , Rothschild ? He contended they , did not think fit to come because the meeting , was a i Chartist ' / meeting , and however much they might prate about religion , they cared nothing for other liberties . He once asked Alderman Salomons whether-he would vote for manhood suffrage , and . met with a positive negative . ; . We know that Rothschild will support Moses and Co . and Austrian despotism , but are these reasons , for supporting them ? wHe complained that the Executive had summoned a meeting on the same evening that one was appointed to be held elsewhere for the Chartist Victims of 1848 . « .. ¦ .. ¦ ¦ '¦ ' !( ,,
. . .. -Mn O'Bbibn did not believe the measures : being takenjnandout . of parliament were to emancipate the Jews as a body , but- merely tbe rich ones , j He read theiOtber : day iin the Times ithat Baron James Rothschild was closeted ; with an Austrian minister trying to negotiate a loan for the purpose of putting money into the pocket of the Emperor of Austria to enable him to ; cut down' both Jews and Gentiles ^ ( Hisses : ) .,: He did not think those people deserving Of BympathyiWho would deprive the great masses of their liberties . Jesus Christ was crucified because he preached liberty , equality , i and fraternity , and those who crucified him followed the same avocations and belonged to the same tribe as Rothschild ; . fialomons , andiMoses . . . ' j Mr . ; Ernest . Jones ; cordially concurred in every word of the first resolution .
The Framework Kwiiikbs Of Nottingham. —A...
The Framework Kwiiikbs of Nottingham . —A delegate meetingofthe Framework-knitters of North Nottinghamshire was held on Monday , July 28 th ;' at tbe Black , Swan , Mansfield , to adopt measures to prevent the reduction of wagesnowoffered bv their employers .. and ,-. other general business , — Delegates present—William Parker andJpbn Gani bleV Suttoh-in-Ashfield ; William HiMej and Edward Lee , Mansfield ; Samuel Booker , Mansfield-Woodhouse ; John Smith ,. Nunoar-gate ; Francis Lever , Hilltop , Derbyshire V . Thomas Muliinitteyi Eastfieldside ; Thomas Meo , Arnold ; William Barnes and Jesse Eatbn , Buddingtbri ; "Gf ^ 0 fge . Sheltoh , Huckhall-uhder-Heithwait / r . Tbom ' as . 'Mor ^ thorne ; George Wood , Hardstaff iiSam . uel'Buritinffv
Nottinghani . T-Peter Mee was called to th ' e chairl *" Allthe e ' kpeiises of the different Idealities . were * examined and found correct ,. ' wh ' tsh amounted io . £ 85 , and was ordered to be paid a ' c . jidrding ; to Rule-That all localities pay , according , to tbeir number ' of enrolled members . As . ' Sk ' egle y didihbt payithieir share of the expenses- at the ; iast . tn . pnthly meetingi ' a deputation was agreed to . ; ba sent over , to . inddce , them to join their brethren and pay their fair share of the expensed—Mr . Bunting reported'that but i of l ; 200 enrolled members Jn the Nottingham . Unified Cut-up and Selviged Heel Branches ,: ohly ^ abb . ut 300 are employed ,, but that , thqyj have through all diffU Qultiea maintained the statement price , and ; thattbe ; men in the Nottingham ^' districtwere , 'determined
to have the' present price , as , in their opinion , ) if they ' : made stockings at ; half ; price " .. ! they ' ,. wou ) d not have one dozen , mbre to ' manufacture ;' Mr , Mee , of ATUOldi ' tepprted that the old . "Wrought Hose ihands were in a ' deplOTab'lo ' conditibh- ^ hht hundreds of them had been . out of , work " weeks ,, and some of them ' months }; that' their / brethren at Sheepbead , in Leicestersbirej bad heenfdh , strike for twenty-three ' webks : ; that all , th ' eir"Jfunds . had been gone some time , and :. that '; . their , men , we ^ e driven by hunger to accept tbe Manufacturers propositions—that is / , Messrs . Green , . ' Moiley ,. arid Son ' s firm , Allen ' s fifm ,. Hurst's ; firm , Wilsonfs firm , and Jamcs' ^ firm , pf Nottingham ; Wardfs firm , and Brittle's , firm ,. ' ., of Belpher , ' . Derbyshire , hate , one and all , ' ' given' notice ' that oh Saturday next , they would tahe Is . per . dozen of , the present price paid ; that ' thejr "had ho hope to . prevent thle reduction froni taking ]) lace , " uhiess . all branches of
Framework Knitters stop working for some ; time 4-sayone month ,, and show the mauufaoturer ^ their determination to maintaini their present ' . 'Wages . ! Mj . Lever , of Hilltop , ; supported the" last speaker ^ anidsaid that if great eftorts were not made at this ; mo ? menttbeirwagei would go dow . n , hever ! mbre"to ' rise . Mr , Eehdall , district ' s ' ecretary , ' suggested tb © pTQpriety of caUing , ' athr ee counties ' delegatd meeting ( of all branches ) , ^ o 'be heldat'Mtingham , by advertisement in the local papers , totake tbe opinion of the whole trade respecting ; a general striRe foir One month , or tO use any other means such 'ipeetiing might adopt , - ; - ^ , maintaiu their present socisjl position ;—Mr . Booker , of Mansfield' Woo ' dhouse ,, proposed Mr . KendallV suggestion , that ! an advertisement be sent'to ' the . Nottingbam p ' apers / . forthb above purpose , ; and that three delegates be ' appointed at this meeting to represent ! the North Nottinghamshire district of Framework Knitters . — Besolved :- * « That Samuel Booker ; Peter Mee ' , and Edward Lee , be the three ' deputies . '" ;" ' f
Pbogbbss Op '« ' Bloomekism ," , ' L» Th...
PBOGBBSS OP '« ' BlOOMEKISM , " , ' l » THE VHITBD Staies . —At a ball in Akron , Ohio , ou the . ith inst . | over sixty of the ladies , were dressed in full Bloomer costume . The Cleveland Plaindealcr says the scene was enchanting ; , long dresses hitherto hid froni View all tbe graceful movements of the lady dancersy but here all was visible wuM related to the " poetry of motion . '; . Iu Lowell , all the factory girls turned out m procession on . . the ! ' ith , all dressed in tho Bloomer costume . During this day a banner was presented by the girls- to one of the fire companies , and m the ; evening a . large . company ,. the , girls inr eluded , sat down-, to , av- sumptuous entertainment . At Battle Creek , thirty-one young ladies , in Bloomer costume , took part . in the celebration on the 4 th . — - Albang ( l ! .-S . yArgu 3 . ^ : ! , '\ : ' -li- \ '
Umiimal ^Arttamettt
Umiimal ^ arttamettt
Saturday, Julv 26. House Of Commoks,-The...
SATURDAY , Julv 26 . HOUSE OF COMMOKS ,-The house mot at twelve o'clock . The Consolidated Fund ( Appropriation ) Bill was reada third time and passed . "The house then went into committee on the Improvement of Towns ( Ireland ) Bill , and passed a great many clauses after some prolonged discussion . The biU is to be proceeded with on Monday . " The report oh the Patent Law Amendment Bill was brought up and agreed to . The house then adjourned . MONDAY , Jew 28 .
HOUSE OF LORDS . —SxuiHi'iELn MaBKEI Ebmovai , Bill . —The report of the committee on this bill was brought up . ' - ' Earl Gr & nvim , e offered some strictures upon the clause introduced into the bill in the Commons , by which compensation was granted to the City' of London corporation for the , loss of privileges consequent upon the abolition of the market of Smifchfield , ' and jmoved ah amendment by which the compensating clause was expunged from the measure . - ¦ - •' ¦ - ' , . ' ¦ ' Lord JPowis , the Bishop of Ossory , Lord Salisbury , and Lord-Harrowby defended the recommendations of the committee , and urged the right of the Corporation of the'City to compensation ; while Lord Granville's motion . was supported by Lord Lonsdale ; Lord Sydney , Lord Beaumont and Lord Cranworth . ' . ' - ' " -The-house then divided , when the numbers were— ' ' '
' , h For the motion of Lord Granville ... 59 ¦ ' Against it- " - .., , . „ 15-44 The Merchant Seamen's Fund Bill was read a second time on the motion of Lord Ghaj ,-vii , lb . Several other bills before the house were forwarded a stage , and their lordships adjourned . house OF COMMONS . ^ -T he house met at welvo o ' clock . - ! Parmamemarv Oaihs . —Mr . V . Smith gave notice thateavly next session he would movethat the house do resolve itself into committee to consider thequestion of parliamentary oaths , with a , view of abolishing all baths except , the oath of allegiance . . '•• Tub Park fob . FissburvJ—In reply to Mr . Wakley ; who wished to know whether measures were in progress with a view to com ply with the wishes of the inhabitants of Finsbury ' an'd the City of London , for the formation of » park , at the north-east end of London , • :
• Lord J . Russell was understood to say that he entertained a hope that those wishes might be complied with , but he was not able to say when , sir J . Fkankhn ' s' Expedition . —Mr , 'Aksiey wished to know from the hon , gentleman , the So « oretary to the Admiralty , whether , from any report which had been received at the Admiralty , be could say whether the report which appeared in the newspapers respecting the expedition of Sir J . FranktiN Was a fabrication or not , and , if it was , whether it was . the intention of the government to put in force the'JawB regarding tbose who circulated false ¦ ¦
busts ? .., -,-, - ¦ .-. ''¦ '•' Mr . PAUKEBsaid the only report which he had seen was that which appeared in the newspapers . Whether it was a fabrication or nofc he had no , means of'knowing . : : : , t Medical ; Charities ( Ireland ) Bill . —The | house having gone into committee on this bill , - . Sir i W . Somerville stated , that the advanced period'of the " session left no chance of passing the bill in 'its ' present shape , so much opposition I being threatened-upon ' . ' its ; vevy numerous clauses . He therefore proposed to pass the enactments having r ' efereace . to dispensaries , and abandon allthe rest of the measure .. ' . , - ¦ : i :. ¦
' The b . ill thus retrenched was then allowed to pass through committee . ' . .. i Sir W . Somerville afterwards announced that the Valuation ( Ireland ) Bill would not be pressed during tho present session . . j Case op Mb . Alderman Salomons . —On the motion' for ^ considering the petitions from Greenwich , The Sfbaker said that before proceeding with tke ' order-of tlnvday , he had better read to the house the following letter which he had received from Mr . Salomons : — . i Great Cumberland-place , Friday , July 25 , 1851 .
Sib , —I am advised that it is my duty respectfully ; to inform you and the house , that two actions at law under the statute , have been commenced' against me , for penalties alleged to be incurred by me for having exercised , on Monday , last , the right of sitting and voting in the House of Commons' as memberfor Greenwich , and that atthi trial of those actions . any resolutions or proceedings which the house may . adopt can be given in evidence in that action , —Vfith the greatest respect 1 have the honour to be , sir , your most obedient servant , - v David Salomons . To the rigbthon . the Speaker . i
SirB . Hall presented the following petition from the electors of Greenwich : — ,, The humble petition'of , the electors of the borough of Greenwich , assembled at a' public meeting of the elec' t ors , held at the lecture Hall , Greenwich , on Thursday , the 24 tltda ' y of July , 1851 , ¦ . ! , -. .-Sheweth ,- ^ - -c a . ' ' ¦ - ¦ ¦ " ¦ i . ¦ That a , vacancy having occurred in the repreBentation of this borough on the death of our late respected member , Edward George Barnard , Esq ,, we elected Davie Salomons , Esq ., alderman . of the City of . London , to represent the borough in parliament ; who , being duly returned has , as we believe , qualified himself to be a member of your honourable heusei , '¦ - .-. ¦
., We therefore deeply regret to learn , that your honourable house contemplates some measure by which our undoubted right of having our interests represented in the House of ; Cominans may be interfered with- ; and , believing that our honourable member is under no legal disability , and has qualified himself to sit and vote in your honourable house , we humbly but earnestly pray that your honourable house will permit , us to be heard by counsel at your bar in defence of our undoubted right to elect our oivn representatives—a- principle which not only affects our constitutional privileges , but those of every other constltuency In the kingdom . i > ' And your petitioners will ever pray , & o ., SI . Pomiifex , Chairman ;
He concluded by moving that tbe prayer thereof might . bo granted , and . the petitioners heard at the bar , ' r . by counsel , in defence of the right of their elected member to enjoy the privileges andperform the f unctions of a legislator m that house . j : ; ; The Axtornet-GbnbraIi oohtehded that the subject hadheeualreadyi so fullyidiscussed ; that no new lignteould be-. thrown upon jit , and . the only result from ^ the . arguments of counsel , would , be a . further wasting of iiimu by ^ tbfe . legislature . ; ; , "I ' Mri ' O . ' ASsTBvsupported . themdtion . ! ¦ : lijlSir / IiuTnESiGEBiobserved'thnt'the petitioners ashed in terms only to , defend a right which no one contested ,, namely , - itbaf-ofi eleotingiwhom they pleasedas their representative . n •; . .,. ¦ .- ; . < -. i - ' -: '! Afier a misceJIaneou ' s conversation ,
^^ Mri'AuHbNBY ' rec omaiehded the government ! to grant some delay , for the purpose of considering the perplexed question , before ; proceeding- to settle ! it off-hand ,. by ., passing the resolution which Lord J . Russell bad announced .,,: ..,., ; [ , ; . ' . > ¦ . ¦¦{¦¦ . ;[ •' ¦ :: r , Iioi : d Ji'Ruas ' KLL denied ' that the oleelors of Greenwich had my locus ' standi in ' thehouse . Their privilege extended only as ' to the choice of the represejatative . whom they would return , and was not interfered with by a resolution of the house / suhc as , he . had , suggested , simply declaring the duty that devolved on them noVto , admit a member who had been unable to' fulfil the formalities reouived law ji ! ' ¦ ¦ -:- ¦ '' ¦ ¦ :- ^ ¦ •¦•«¦>¦¦ ¦ ¦> >¦¦ ¦
by . . - . v , ; : - ; . -- ,-. , jMt . Alderman SmsET and ; Mr .- Macorboob supported the motion . ...... .. ; , ; - ,. ; i -:- ;¦ . | The house , divided- " . - .. . s-- ; ^ Tor ' themotion .. ' . ' ... ' ... .. ; 75 ;¦ - Against ' it '•• ..: . ... ... ... 135-60 . . BabonubRosihschilI ! . —Mr . R . Curhie thereupon foreboi-eto repeat , the same motion in this case > , urging Lord . John Russell at the same-time to bring forward a measure next : session for securing to the , electors , of the kingdom their indefeasible right to . retu . ro to the . house the ineuthey . ' deemed best , fitted : to represent their interests . , i ' . . ¦ < ¦ ..... ' ¦' ¦ '¦ i -
,.. Mr . ' Ansxbt , however , moved ithat the petition from the electors of the . city , of London , in tbe matter of Baron de . Rothschild , be . taken into consideration , - and that ; the petitioners be heard by oonnselat the bar ,-in pursuance of the prayer of their . petition . ¦ ¦¦ .. . ¦• • • : •_• ^ . v : < M- - •' ¦ '•' ' ¦ ' ' - ¦ - - < . . . ; Mr . ; A « AOSBv supported this motion , ' ¦ , Mr . ' -R .-GuRRiB , as chairman pf the meeting at which "the London' petition was adopted , i entered intb a viriety of particulars touching the incidents 'that occurred on' that occasion ^ - ' ' -- ' -- ' 1 - <••! Mr . B . Osbobnb rebuked the hon . member for Northampton for bis inconsiderate revelations , and tbe Prii ^ e Minister for his ¦ tepid . advocacy , of the gfeat fe ' ause ' he'h ' ad undertaken to promote . ¦ If the question how before them , involving , as it did , the [ highest considerations ; were not ' satisfactorily - settled . he foresawi the nrdliabilityof aseriOUBpopular agitation , apd . a perilous inaietance , onthe part of , tb . e . c , ouptjry , To ) f a ., reform of the upper branch of the legislature . ' . * '" , „ '" ; .- ' , : > . ' - . : j Sir J . Tvbell opposed the" motion . '' ! ' , i
Mr . ' Hobhouse , after observing upon the personalities ; 'that had been imported ' ¦ into -the uebate > cited precedents . for the proceeding now desired' by the petitioners , and insisted upon their right tft be heard by counsel at the bar .. He defended , ; .. witb many- arguments , the ultimate object that was in view , contending that religious differences bight not . to operate as a harrier against Clio exercise of constitutional functions . , ,. ,,,-.-- ,, , j On division . there appeared : ' For the motion ... ... •¦• & ¦¦
'Against ' ' ' ... ' ... 77- . S 3 . ; The resolution proposed by Lord J . Russell hswing become the Qu & Btion baiove'tho house , - ; Mn C . Ansim moved as amendment the ad- ; dition of a sentence which recognised , the , sincerity ; of the conscientious scruples which , pre vented Mr . i Alderman Saldmonsfrom taking the oath of abjura * , tion , and p ledged the hoiise so to alter the formula of that oath as to obviate the objections which now ! prevented elected members professing the Jewish teligion from taking it . . :. ., Mr . Hbadlam supported the amendment .
Saturday, Julv 26. House Of Commoks,-The...
Mr . Evans found that the law allowed all other oaths to be so adapted to the consciences of the Jews , and contended that the oath of abjuration should not be made tho only exception . Tho house divided—For the amendment ... ... 50 Against S 8-SS Mr . Bkiuki . reopened the legal argument , maintaining that if any doubts existed as to tho sufficiency of the oaths as uken by Alderman Salomons , thoy were such as could only be properly solved in a court of law .
Lord J . Russbll again stated the question that had been placed before the house . They had simply to decide . upon the interpretation of an act regulating the formalities attending the admission of members tb their own body . This point he contended they were perfectly competent to determine , and he proceeded arguing that the determination oug ht to be against the admissibility of the members for Greenwich and London . If the opinion of a court of law were desired , however , it might be easily obtained ; and the preliminary steps were , it gjemed , already taken for the accomplishment of that object . Mr . C . Anstet , opposing the resolution which now Stood before them , declared his conviction that even if it wore now passed the time was near at hand when it would be rescinded ..
After some remarks by Mr . A . Smith , a division was taken on the resolution of Lard J . JRussell . Ayes ... ... ... .,... 123 Xoos ... ... 68- ^ 55 The orders of the day were then gone through , and the house adjourned at twenty-five minutes past two . The Chancellor of the Exchequer said that notwithstanding bis personal impression in favour of retaining tho structure , the commissioners , of whom he was one , could not think themselves
justified in delaying tho performance , of their undertaking to pull it down , unless there should be a very general expression of public opinion to that effect . ( Hear , hear . ) Sir R . Ixous contended that the pledge given to the country for tho speedy demolition of the edifice was of too solemn a character to be violated . Ml ' . Ewam understood the pledge in the light of a contract between two parties , namely , the commissioners and the public , which might , therefore , be rescinded at the will of the grantee .
Mr . Macgregor and Col . Thompson supported tha motion for an address . Mr . Govlburn insisted on the duty of keeping unbroken faith with the public . He apprehended , groat danger from any precedent to encroachment on these most valuable public properties , the metropolitan parks . , The motion was opposed , for similar reasons , by Mr . Bankbs and lord Seymour . Mr . TVafcley , M Vilners , and Mr . Geach supported it . Crystal Palace . —Mr . IIeywoob then moved , pursuant to notice , an address to the Queen , pray , ing her Majesty to issue directions , in such way
she may deem tit , that the Crystal Palace . may De retained in its present position until the 1 st of May next , with the view of determining whether the building could be appropriated to purposes of pu lie Utility and amusement . . ' Col . Sibihorp opposed tho motion , The Chancellor of the ExenEQtifiR , recommend , ing the house to proceed cautiously , stated tho extent of the liabilities which the maintenance of the Crystal Palace might involve . On the part of the government he professed to offer ho opinion on the subject , leaving the determination of ' thejuestioa entirely with the public . ...
On a division , the motion was carried by a majority of 78 to 47 . ' " '" Mr . ' C . Amstet introduced the subject of transportation and was insisting upon tbe propriety of discontinuing the transmission of convicts'to Van Diemen ' s Land , when tho house was . counted out at ten minutes to eleven o ' clock . "
TUESDAY , July 29 . HOUSE OF LORDS . —The Episcopal and Capitular Estates Management' ( No : 2 ) Bill , the Smithfield Market Removal Bill / and tbe Civil Bills ( Ireland ) Bill , were read ' a third time and passed . . Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill . —The Marquis of Lansdowne moved the third' reading of this Bill . ¦ -.- ¦ - - . The Earl of Aberoeen reiterated some of the objections he had at a previous stage urged against the measure , and declaring his apprehensions of its mischievous consequences were still unalleviated , entered a protest against the passing pf the Bill .
The Bishop of Oxford supported , and - '• Lord Stuart de Decibb opposed the measure . The Duke of Argyll contended that tho Church of England being a national institution , might summon the legislature to her aid when attacked by a foreign power ; .-..- ' -. " ¦ Ear l Fortescub , in intimating his assent to the measure , trusted that Parliament would-not'Shrink ; from passing a more stringent enactment . if required . ..: V : ' . After some remarks by the Earl of Glengall , Earl Kelson ,, the Marquis of Sligo , Lord ftedesdale , Viscount Gage , and Earl Grey , the Bill was read a third time , > On the question that the Bill do pass ,
Lord Montbagle proposed an additional clause , ' by which the penalties enacted under the measure were to be avoided , if the Roman Catholic Prelates in Ireland took the designation used in the Bequests Act . - ' ' The Marquis of Lansuowne , in explaining that the amendment was based upon ah erroneous interpretation of its legal effects , took occasion to- offer some vindicatory arguments upon the general scope of the measure . : The Earl of St . Germans , Lord Cranworth , anil the Bishop of Oxford having spoken , . s :, Lord Monieagle withdrew his amendment . The Bill then . passed . The Charitable Trusts Bill went through committee . Their lordships adjourned at a quarter past eleven o ' clock . ¦ :.:.- " .:. •• ¦ : >;
-.-HOUSE OF COMMONS . —At the noon flitting of the house , tho medical Charities Ireland BUI was read a third time and passed . '; ..... i > , j A considerable time was devoted in discussing the clauses of .-the-Metropolitan . Sewers- Bill , ' .-which finally went through committee , and the house adjourned for two hours . ; ,- '' ¦ .. ' . ' ¦ l-i ] . ' ¦ ¦¦ ' ¦ : ;; ' Resuming at half-past six , _ ' Mr . IfREWBN . moved a resolution declaring that tho excise ! duty on hope wasimpoliticandiunjust , and ought to . be repealed-at tbe earliest ' possible moment . " -,,-: > - " . .:. - ¦¦• ¦ - ¦ '¦¦¦ : o . !'¦¦¦ £ " - ' - " : i " - : Mr . L . Hoboes moved an amendment setting forth the . , expediency : of accompany ing . ( any ; reduction in . , thediityon hops home-grown , ; with a corresponding diminution in the import duty ori the article .- ; , ; ..: » ,-.., ¦ . , . ;•; .--. -. ..- •• ¦ £ : : '•¦ i-- " - ' ' ^ '¦ " ¦¦ ' ' j' - "; After a few words from . Mr : Barrow and Mr Curtehv ; . '• ; . . ¦¦; •!• • . i ¦!¦ ::..: ¦/¦ ¦ ¦ < ' <¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦
. The Chancellor of the Exchequer declined to > enter upon a : topic which : had been four . times already . discussed and decided , during . the present session ., .-.- ¦ .. , . -W . .....- •' -- ¦ » •¦• -- < > .. ' ¦ ' * Sir J ., Tyrell ,. Mr . . Cobden ,: andMr . Bass having spoken ,, - '; .- . . ...- ¦• ..-.-. ¦• ..--. ¦ - 'i .-¦ ¦ ' - .. Mr . Hougbs withdrew . his amendment , andthfi housediyideduponMr . Frewen ' s ' motion , .... '• > . » , Ayes ... ... ... ... ..- ' . ¦• - SO .. HoeSj ... ..:...--i ... ' .....-. : ... ' 5 ^—29 . """" .: * . ; : Wednesday , July so . -. t ¦¦¦> . . HOUSE OF ; LORDS . —A . brief sitting was held for the purpose - of advancing , several public anol private bills through a stage respectively , and thei ^ lordships adjourned . :.., . ; , ' ., .-. ¦¦ . ¦¦ l > .. - •' : HOUSE OF , COMMONS . —Lord J . RussBU iatimated that oh Friday he should movetheadjourn * ment of the house on rising until the following Wednesday . .., ; :,. ¦ i . ; .- ' . The Patent Law Amendment Bill was committed pro forma , after some discussion . ..:. ' , ( :. "<> -a The Church Building Acts ; Amendment Bill and the ' Petty Session { . Ireland ) Billweut through eon > mittee . ,.. . ... . - .... [;; r . -. .. » .. .. ^ v ^ - ; , - > h . i-\ The house adjourned at six o ' clock .. . " ; ...- < ' ( Continued in the eighth page )
An Interesting Expbriment.—At One Of ..T...
An Interesting Expbriment . —At one of .. the evening meetings of " the British Association for the Advancement of Science ,. CM .. JBoutiguy , a ifenpfl philosopher ; having been pledged " to ,, finsthii ; hand into a pot of melted icon ,, : a . pot of glowiM-metal , red hot ; from , th ' e ' "furnace , was placedlief . qre . lanjj when , h ' aving-dftmWdlhis . right ^ ahd witho ^ littlo Water , he plunged ltwith ' . p ' erfect-impunjtjrj intotha mass .: Tua sensation ,: he ; asam « d , ih 6 i fiPBetatoii , was one rather ^ of cold than of heat ,, and he ; gijfe the followingie & aoh for the phenumenon ;—^^ moisture of the skin became cdnverted , hy heat , ; iiiJ 6 that peculiar condition ' termed spheroidal : vappuf , ; whi ( jh j beiiiga bad conductor of ; | ieat , effectual-pjteientftd ^ skinfrpmbemg burned ... ; . 2 - ^ -ftJ . ' / iy . ^ -fjiV . !; ' . S « wrs . T- ^ e use -. of : splrits , -say b Liehi g , " tha celebrated chemist , is not the cause . -jbut . an effect of poverty . It is an exception from the uulp when a well-fed man becomes a spirit-drinker . iOh '/ tha
other hand ; when the labourer earns by hi & lwjrjS less thawisrequired ' to provide . the amount of . food which -is . indispensable ih order , to restore , fujly > hia working power , an unyielding , inexorable -Xawot necessity compels ; bim vto -have irecaurs & ito spirits ; He must , work ,. but ia ' coneequence tofinsoaicient food , -a .. certain portion ! Of . hat working , pow * i , ia daily . wanting .. Spirits ,.. by the » action , on the nerves , enab } e ; h . im to make upthe . deficient powet at the . expense , of . his . 6 od ; y ,-i-t 6 : con 6 ume > to-day .-4 hia 6 quantity ; which ought-naturally to have been m » ployed a . day . later ; He draws , & o to ftpc & k , a- tojl on his . health ,.. which must be'always'renewedj ' . he-. cause , for . wantof means , he . cannot : ; tto »^ P » he . consumed his . capital instead of his . ^ inter ^ esw and the result is the inevitable . banhrnp tey 01 ma body . .:. -.-, 1 .....: . . ..--. ' t .- V- •¦
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 2, 1851, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_02081851/page/7/
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