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IHarch 13, 1847. THE NORTHERN STAR. 7 1 ...
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tforeign iHotmmnts
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"And t will war, at least in words, {And...
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"I think I hear a little bird, who sings...
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THE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS. OREGOX ...
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J fertfp Intelligence
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MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK. The accounts cont...
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FRANCE. The Scabcitt.—The Heformi of Mon...
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ffovt im iflfeweHanp
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The Jews in Sweden.— Stockholm, Fan. 26....
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Corr&ponjatft*
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43F While Parliament is sitting, it is i...
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ALARMING DISTRESS IN MANCHESTER
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SECOND GREAT MEETING OF THE UNEMPLOYED. ...
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Abolition of Smiiuvield Market. — Petiti...
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demaijdaj^Non-. t /^ vi V '? X to .* rte...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Iharch 13, 1847. The Northern Star. 7 1 ...
IHarch 13 , 1847 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 1 11 1 ¦ ¦ ' ————¦ ¦ «—« - — - —«———————»« ,
Tforeign Ihotmmnts
tforeign iHotmmnts
"And T Will War, At Least In Words, {And...
"And t will war , at least in words , { And—should my chance so happen—deeds , ) With all ivho war with Thought !"
"I Think I Hear A Little Bird, Who Sings...
"I think I hear a little bird , who sings Tie people by-and-by will be the stronger . "—Braos
The American Agrarian Reformers. Oregox ...
THE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS . OREGOX RAILROAD — LAXD BOBBERS K 0 CT 8 D . Our friends are " carrying the war into the enemy ' s camp "in right good earnest . For some time pasta monster speculator , name I Whitney has been a-itatin < r a scheme for making a railroad fW < m the Lake of Michigan to tbe Pacific , and unitinu the Oregon with the eastern and northern States : the whole length of the line would be two thousand four hundred miles . Whitney proposed to effect this acheme and reward himself and his associates by the Mowing means : —1 st , Congress was to grant to the proprietors a strip of public lands thirty miles aide taeh side of the intended road the whole length of the tine . 2 nd , Mr . Whitney and his associates to build tie first ten miles of the road at their own expense .
and then the lands on five miles of the route to be sold to pay for the n « t five , and so on throughout the line . 3 rd , Every ten miles of the mad when comp leted to become the propeny of the United States mntil the whole was completed , the company to have the free use for their transportations ; when completed the companv to have the road for their own profit , subject to the service of transporting troops , government stores , < bc .. free of charge . 4 th , If at any time before or after the completion of the road , Whitney and his associates , or their heirs , should pay , or secure to be paid , to the government of the United States , the sum of sixteen cents per acre for all the lands granted to them , then the road , machinery , land and all to revert to Whitney and !«• associates , their heirs and assi gns , and to be their sole and exe ' usive property , for ever .
Such was this notable scheme of legalised fraud and robbery which , so far as New York is concerned , the Agrarian Reformers have blown sky-high . We lay " legalised robbery , " for the scheme has already made some progress towards legalisation , and will , we fear , yet become law , unless the working men of ether States bestir themselves in time , and act with the energy exhibited by their brethren of New York . Whitney ' s schnne was introduced to Concress in 1844 , and in 1845 and 1 S 16 favourable reports thereon irere made by committees of tho Senate and Iloase of Representatives . That scheme we have denounced as a scheme of
public plunder , or to speak more correctly , the plunder of the public on so eigantic a scale as to far outstrip in infamy tbe wholesale robberies committed by the Norman bastard and his cut-throat brigands . Can our readers compass in imagination a mass of laid sixty miks wide , of the length of ftro thoitfand four hundred miks ? This enormon ? quantity of land Mr . Whitney modestly demands for himself and his associates to repay and reward them for their patriotic project of making a railway to the Oregon . This eand , from its contiguity to tbe railroad , would become , in course of time , of immense value .
Whitney and Co . claim to have the power to sell portions of this land to complete the railroad . With an eye to the future value of the land , the prices for the first lots so'd would be charged proportionately high , but the lots remaining unsold when the railroad was completed , would , thereafter , fetch a much higher price , whether bought or rented from Whitney and Co . The quantity of public lands demanded by these greedy speculator ? , would cutup intoseveral " states , " and , verv probably will yet snpport a population of *» e hundred millions ! Was not William the Norman a mere petty larcenist compared with Whitney ?
But the railroad is to become the property of the United States ! Yes , the nominal property ; but . under any circumstances , the actual property will be Whitney and Go s . The United States' government troops , stores , ic , will be transported duty free ; but the profits of all other traffic will go into the pockets of the speculators . In fact , the railroad is to be conveyed to the United States government , to protect it , at the national expense , for the benefit of the company . This is not all—provision being Bade to enable " Whitney and Co . to take possession of the land , railroad , machinery , and all , and them and their heirs to hold the same as their sole and
exclusive property for ever : All the robbers , pirates , and scoundrels who have expiated their offences against society by suffering the last penalties of the law { Judge Lynch ' s law included ) since the foundation of the American states to the present time , lure—all their crimes put together—not committed one millionth part of the outrage on society which this scheme would inflict , if carried cut . We are no admirers of Lynch law , but really even such law is much too good for villains who dare to propose to rob the community of its first means of existence , and consign millions to that state of slavery which the landless poor of Xew York , as well as the landless poor of Lireip -o , are doomed to .
Recently Whitney visited New York , to obtain popular support for his pet project and with that view a public meeting was held in a large building ealled tbe Tabernacle . The mayor of New York was called to the chair , supported by a host of disreputable politicians and public plunderers ; all " honourable men , " ot course . Mr . Whitney , who is described by Yoaay America as " adapper , rotund , and rather shrewd-looking gentleman , about five feet four inches , who did not f eem as if he had ever been short on rent-day , or known what it was to want a supper ;" explained his scheme . After explaining all the advantages of the said scheme , political , commercial , moral , and reli g ious , Mr . W . gave place to Mr . Louis Ryckman , ( agrarian reformer , ) who in a
masterly speech showed up the wickedness of the project , and concluded by moving a string of resolutions , exposing and denouncing it . Mr . Commerford ( a . r . ) rose to second the resolutions ;—but here a scene of confusion ensued , caused by the determination of the " respectables" mob not to allow Mr . Commerford to speak . The working men were as determined that he should speak , and , being the majority , the " respectable " found they must either give way to fair play , or run for it . They preferred the latter ; and Whitney and bis associates , the mayor and the rest of the " respectables , " precipitately withdrew , amidst the jeering and cheering of the working men .
Mr . Kyckman was now called to the chair , and Mr . Commerford had commenced addressing the meeting when the gas was turned off . It appears that Whitney had given instructions to turn off the gas , if any oppo . sition to his scheme should be manifested ; but this was at first prevented by persons who were aware of the disgraceful plot ; the Whitney gang , therefore , " shut off " the gas outside the building . The meeting was not long in the dark ; in a few seconds the Tabernacle , by the aid of " loco-foco matches , " was illuminated by candle-light . Mr . Commerford then continued his speech , and the resolutions , as follows , were unanimouslv adopted : —
That a Aation ; : ! Railroad en ; ht fo be the property of the nation , or the property of tbe States through which it should pass—that the proper means for constructing a railroad is a tax on tbe people at large , or on those States to be benefited by the road—and tbat a project of this magnitude ou » ht not to be entered upon by Congress without first submitting it to tbedirectvote of the people . That while we are engaged in a war , supported by Seme influential journals , with tbe avowed object of -entailing upon the country a national debt of one hundred Jand fifty million dollars , do new project of expenditure not absolutely necessary should for one moment be entertaiaed by Congress . That a national debt is a national curse , which ought on no pretence to be tolerated by a republic , unless to preserve its existence in a case so just tbat posterity would acknowledge the justice of the tax .
Tbat the increasing evils of land monopoly are now so palpable and alarming that the public lands cf the United States ought henceforth to be appropriated exclusively for tbe free use of tbe landless in limited quantities ; and that any proposition to alienate them for any other purpose 0115 bt to be looked upon as an attempt at public plunder . of the most glaring magnitude . That the prominent truth is now being acknowledged that every adult , born upen the soil , has a right to demand % f the state the free use of land upon which to procure a subsistence , and that if any farther obstaclesbe thrown in the way to the freedom of the public lands , the landless masses will have a ilaim difficult to be resisted for the use of the aearest uncultivated land to the place j Of their birth . I
Tbat Congress ought to & x opan a site f or a railway * o Oregon , and to survey the lands adjacent in farms and lots fur the free and exclusive use of actual settlers , no oneof whom should hold or even possess more than one tarm or lot ; that a lauded democracy might be stretched cros ^ this coatinent- « ho would do their share toward makiBy a railroad . and what would be far more important Would contnbmte immensel y to the spread of a Jandsd democracy to the extreme confines of civillsafioi That for Congress to delegate to any one man or any set of men the power to sell tbe public lands to make a railway , and thus tax the cultivators of the soil exclusively for that purpose , would be to suable Commercs to charge Labour too dearly , and wonld b » far too great a stretch of power .
That Commerce hasalnaysbeenjtoo much and Labour too little catered for by government , and it is now time for labour to speak out fearlessly and vindicate its rights . That while a system remains among us by wlich some , with no demerit on their own part , are born in the houses of other people , landless and in poverty , with no ¦ ri ght except to walk the high-ways and by-ways , und 't » g , of the poisessors of the houses , lands and property , bread or work ; while otters , for no merit of their men , are born in possession of many houses and much land , and the proceeds of a thousand men's life-long toil—while a sjste-m so unnatural and unjust as this txists , instead of asking the general government to « I » rge , or delegate the power to charge , two or three hundred dollars for a farm , it would be far more wise , equitable and Justfor the ¦ state of New York , and especially the city of Sew York . to ¦ demand that the land be made free , and to furnish our fKMr aud landless citizens with the means ef emigrating « u * . er . That if Congress , ( whose right to do this act we deny , ) ttutsfiaace of all justice er right , and of every republican
The American Agrarian Reformers. Oregox ...
principle , votes this immense tract of land to Mr . Whitney und his associates , we most firmly hope that the first crop gleaned therefrom will be one of determined Antt-RtnUrs . That it is a virtual denial to the inhabitants of the vast region proposed to be thus granted , and to thsir descend , ants for ever , of the right to self-government ; the right to make their own laws ; delivering them body and soul to the bondage of labour to avoid placing them in the cruel gripe of a company who , by the very nature of the tenure created by this grant , could have no relation to the people , but that of the usurer to his dupe and victim —of the tyrant to his slave—of the vulture to his prey ; and farther ,
That such legislation is not more tyrannical , impious and anti-republican tban it is disgraceful as an outrage upon common sense , —as an endeavour to build up a land monopoly—a blasting and withering curse , whose foundations are crumbling and whose walls are tottering to their fall , assailed by the tears , the groans , the curses and maledictions ot its starving victims , and the enlightened reason and benevolent aspirations of the good and great throughout the civilixed world . That this meeting condemn the conduct of tbe Mayor , "Mr . Whitney and his associates , " in inviting the people to consider their project , and when they found tbe opinion of the audience adverse to their plan , endeavouring % disorganising the meeting and ordering the extinction of tbe lights , to prevent a public expression of that opinion .
J Fertfp Intelligence
J fertfp Intelligence
Movements Of The Week. The Accounts Cont...
MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK . The accounts contained in the Paris papers of the rise in the price of grain are really alarming . Sentence has been pronounced on the leaders in the bread riots at Buzancais . Three have been condemned to death , four to the galleys for life , and the others to imprisonment and hard labour . If these sentences are carried into execution , we hope that the people will do themselves justice by elevating , < i la lanteme , the first batch of monopolists they may have the power to pass ' sentence upon .
Mrs . Munoz was to leave Madrid on Monday last for Paris , whither she has been preceded by Count Bresson . According to accounts from Madrid , the disgust of the young Queen to her husband had gone so far that she 1 ad resolved to apply to the Pope for a divorce . All personal communication between the hapless couple has long ceased , and they very seldom see each other , though occupying the same palace . Behold the moral result of the intrigues of Louis Philippe , Guizot , and the she-beast , Christina !
The prospects of the insurgent Junta at Oporto are , on the whole , brig hter . The last of the government steamers had joined the Junta ; on the other hand , one of the Junta ' s steamers , the Duque do Porto , had been wrecked , with the total loss of all her hands . General Povoas , formerly a Miguelite partisan—a very able and accomplished soldier—has taken the command of the insurgent army . Saldanha has not moved . It was believed that Povoas would take the initiative in bringing on a combat . The ex-Miuisters of Bavaria have published a very affecting address in relation to the Lola Monies affair , which they describe as " the greatest calamity which could have ever afflicted Bavaria . "
We must express our doubts of this ; we fancy a rise in the price of beer would be regarded by all good Bavarians as a much greater calamity . The Spanish dancer has only , thus far , excited threats and window-breaking , whereas the great Beer question excited a veritable insurrection . French policy is producing a harvest of anarchy in Greece , and infamy in Algeria . Disorganization and menaced revolution in one country , and razzias in the other , combine to add fresh laurels to the wreath won hv the " Napoleon of Peace . "
President Polk demands three millions of dollars ( with a prospect of getting them ) to buy peace with Mexico . If Mexico is in the market for sale , then , of course , Santa Anna is the seller . We will believe in the Mexican general ' s treachery when an accomplished fact , not before . This war is costing the United States immense sacrifices in men and money .
France. The Scabcitt.—The Heformi Of Mon...
FRANCE . The Scabcitt . —The Heformi of Monday has the following on the state of the corn market : — " The rise is making truly fearful progress . Very large arrivals from abr -ad can alone check it . Unfortunately the quantities of grain announced are of no great importance ; most of them , besides , already have their destination . They are alreadysold ; some to municipalities and societies of assistance in the departments of the interior , and will not , therefore , influence and check the prices by their arrival . " Tho continued rise in the price of corn is not confined to Paris , but extends throughout France . Disturbances in consequence continue . Troops of unemployed artisans and labourers are ranging the country , demanding and taking bread .
Electoral Reform . —M . Duvergierde Hauranne ' s Electoral Reform Bill , which has been twice before the Chamber during the present Ministry , was brought before the Bureaux on Saturday , and gave rise to a very animated discussion . Out of 361 members present , 164 voted for the reading of the proposition , and 197 against it ; so that M . Duvergierde Hauranne had a majoritv of 33 votes .
SPAIN . Queen Christina , with her husband , was to have left for Paris on Monday last . It was rumoured in Paris on Sunday , that in Catalonia and the Basque provinces the Cariists had assembled in great force , and that all communication between the frontiers of France and the Spanish capital was consequently stopped , llumturs were also afloat of the seizure of several towns in Catalonia , the flight of the authorities , the pillage of public treasure , & c .
PORTUGAL . THE CIVIL WAR . Oporto , Feb . 21 . —Marshal Saldanha , with 7 , 000 men , 900 of whom are cavalry , is at Vendas Novas and Oliveira de Azemtis , three or four leagues south of Oporto . General Casal , who proposed making a stand against Das Aulas at Vianna , has abandoned that city . lie made a show of fighting at Ponte de Lima , leaving 200 men in the Castle of Vianna ; but on the approach of Das Antas , he broke down the
bridge , and retreated tothe frontier at Valenca . Das Antas did not pursue him , and entered in triumph into Vianna , and was preparing to reduce the castle , when he received several urgent despatches from the Junta recalling him to Oporto . It was thought that Casal ' s movements were feints to draw Das Antas away from this city , and give time to Saldanha to cross the river and intercept him . Das Antasobeycd , and he and his division of 2 , 000 men aro in Oporto , and at Villa Nova de Familcao , a short distance from it .
The Queen ' s cause has received a great blow by the desertion of the Porto steamer . This merchant boat had been hired at Lisbon , and fittcd-up as a war steamer , and was very useful in carrying despatchesalone the coast , and assisting in the blockade . Ou leaving Vigo two days since the steward and crew mutinied , overpowered the officers , and then brought the Porto into the Douro and surrendered her to the Junta . The Junta has now four steamers —tbe Mindella , Porto , Duke of Oporto , and the Vesuvius ; while the Queen has none , unless , as it is rumoured , she has hired the Royal Tar . Oporto is perfectly tranquil , and the city abundantly supplied . The Duke of Terceira and other prisoners have been removed from the castle of the Fez to the city prison . They are well treated . The Queen , it is said , refused to exchange Bomfim and the prisoners ef Torres Vedras for the Duke .
The Junta has seized on all bills coming due in the Bank here of the Bank of Lisbon . This haul and the receipts of the Custom-house , which have been considerable on imports and exports , give them for the present abundant funds . Several Miguelite partisans are acting under the Junta , but no union between them has taken , or will take , place .
BELGIUM . Tub Famine . —The greatest agitation prevails all over Belgium in consequence of the high prices and dearness of food . The Belgian papers are full of details of rising prices of grain and popular commotioas . SWITZERLAND . Communism in Switzerland . —Thecfficial journal of Darmstadt of the 1 st publishes a decree , ordering all workmen , natives of the grand duchy , who are in Switzerland , to quit that country immediately ; and declaring that , until further orders , no workman of the grand duchy will be permitted to go to Switzerland . This decree has been issued in consequence of the spread of communist doctrines in some of the Swiss cantons .
GERMANY . Bavarian Politics . —The resignation of M . d'Abcl and the other ministers occasioned by the Lola Montes affair , has been followed by some riotous proceedings at Munich . Four professors of the University having manifested a spirit of hostility to the king , were , dismissed . On this , ( he ptlldent ?
France. The Scabcitt.—The Heformi Of Mon...
accompanied by the townspeople paraded the streets shouting for the profesiors . They next proceeded to the residence ot Sonora Lolo Monies , uttering seditious cries and threats , and broke her windows . The military , who weie immediately SHmmoned to arms , could not prevent the rieters from breaking the windows of several other houses and public establishments , and even those of the ro ; al palace were not spared . On the 2 d other gatherings took place in the public thoroughfares , and many more seditious cries are stated to have been raised ; but the troops had been kept in their barracks , the town-guard had been called out , and no violence was committed . On the 3 d the citv was quiet .
UNITED STATES . Livbrpbol , Wednesday . —By the arrival of the packet ship Henry Clay , Capt . Noye , from New York , papers to the 9 th ult ., inclusive , have been received , but their contents are unusually meagre and unimportant . From tbe seat of war there is not any intelligence worthy of notice . . . The Army Bill , empowering the Executive to raise ten additional regiments , had not been earned through the Senate . . , , The Three-million Loan Bill was creeping slowly through its various sta .
ges . . A dreadful steam-boat explosion took place near Mobile on the 28 th ult ., by which a number of lives were lost , and several persons severely wounded . The boiler first burst , and the boat afterwards took fire , and blew up , having gunpowder on board . 1 he passengers amounted toaboutl 00 , of whom it is estimated at least 30 were killed .
Ffovt Im Iflfewehanp
ffovt im iflfeweHanp
The Jews In Sweden.— Stockholm, Fan. 26....
The Jews in Sweden . — Stockholm , Fan . 26 . —The ciders of the Jewish communities in Stockholm , Norkoping , and Gottenburg , have addrased petitions tothe Government , praying for equal rights with tbe other Swedish subjects . These petitions are referred to the Board of Trade to make a report upon them . Great Flood in Hungary . — Letters from Prcsburgb , Hungary , mention the destructive effects of an inundation ' in that country . The waters were out for several days , and at one time the river bad swollen to 20 feet in height . Romb—A snow-storn of unusual severity has visited Rome .
St . Pbtbr ' s . —Tbe two shapeless blocks meant for Peter and Paul , standing on each side of the ascending steps before the portico of St . Peter ' s at Rome , have received notice to quit , and will be replaced before Easter by two marble statues of somewhat different taste , from the chisels of Fabris and Tadolini . theone director of tbe Belle Arti , the other a scholar ot Canova . These modern productions are on a colossal scale ; each figure is nearly twenty feet in vertical height , though a single block from Carrara . Each cost 12 , 000 dollars .
Corr&Ponjatft*
Corr & ponjatft *
43f While Parliament Is Sitting, It Is I...
43 F While Parliament is sitting , it is impossible for us to find room for long letters . Correspondents are requested to be as brief as possible .
BROUGHAM v . BROUGHAM . [ Under this head , Mr . Oastler continues his ex posureofthc ex-Chancellor . Wcgive the following extracts : ] ,.,..,, If there was one principle on which his lordship rested his hopj of the usefulness of that measure more than another , it was the " central power "—the commission . * * * Lord Brougham thus paves the way for the introduction of the commissioners : " I think I may lay it down as clearly following from what Ihave stated , tbat there is one main point , the necessity of arriving at which cannot be denied—I mean securing such a degree of unity of action in the authorities invested with the parochial superintendence as can
be obtained only by the establishment of one central power : In the . second place , I think it follows that tbe persons in whom this control shall bo invested must be armed with very ample discretionary power . Next , it seems clear that these ought net to be political persons , if I may so speak—that tiiby should be members op ^ EITHER House of Parliamentmen belonging to no parly—men unconnected ( politically speaking ) with the administration of public affairs , and unmixed with the contests op the State . If I should be consulted in the choice of the individuals , I will only say , show me a person ( and I think I know that person ) , whose opinions on parly matters differ most widely from my own , and if he be a man of firm mind , of extensive expo .
riencc as to the working of the Poor Laws , of conciliatory manners , of sound discretion—if he be a man whom I can trust for his temper ( one of tho prime requisites in such a work ) , and that man I prefer before any of those with whom I most agree in politics ; nay , more , if I saw two persons sufficiency gifted , but of opposite political opinions , I ivould name one of each party , in order the better to gain the confidence of the public—to show the country that , in the appointments , there is no favour —that , in tho selection , the only consideration has been qualification and deserts . I have said that extensive and effective reform in the administration of these laws can only be accomplished by entrusting large discretionary powers to the commissioners .
Of this no doubt can exist ; and a very slight attention to the subject will convince you of it . The bad practices have taken such root , and spread so widely , that a strong hand alone can extirpate them . But it must not only be strong—it must be ever ready ; in other words , " all must be left to the discretion of the men entrusted ; for , if each time a step should be taken , c'ther going too far , or going in the wron g direction , or stopping short of the proper point and not going far enough , you had to wait until Parliament was assembled , and a bill brought in to change the plan , and a new Act passed , it is needless to remind you , that for months the whole of the machinery must stand still . " " One uniform inflexible rule , prescribed by a statute , can , therefore , never be applied to various cases ; hence , the operation must be performed by a discretionary power lodged
somewhere , that the hand which works may feel its way , and vary its course according to the facilitiss or obstructions it may encounter ; nay , an arbitrary discretion—to use a word which has been employed invidiously towards the measure—and arbitrary , to a certain extent , it must be , because it must be both ample and unconfined , in order that the rules for its exercise may not paralyse its movements . " My Lords , I am perfectly aware that such powers as these may bejdesignated as unconstitutional . " Well , Sir , Lord Brougham was believed—the Constitution was set aside-to make way for the commission ! * * Englishmen were " reduced to a coarser sort of food !"—they were shut up in union workhouses—there they fought with each other for the pickings from putrid bones!—stinking bones!—destined to manure our fields !
That" central power" has been permitted to take its own course ; to it every power of the State has been subservient—Cabinet Ministers , legislators , judges , magistrates , the army and police , nay , even spies have been all employed in aiding that " central power" to spread its icy sceptre over England ! And what then ? Has it accomplished its mission '—has it reconciled the people to its * ' coarser sort of food ? " No ; but it has , asmight have been expected , turned upon its authors—it has denied its responsibility to there , and defied the orders of " their lordships "—it has even disgusted its foster-father , Lo * jJ Brougham . . After a succession of denunciations from his lordship , his anger waxed hot aqainst his former pets , the New Poor Law Commissioners ; until , at length , he threatened to summon them to the bar of the House of Lords .
Read the following report of proceedings in the House of Lords , on the 13 th of August , 1 S 46 , twelve years after " the same hand" had seated them in " power : "—
CONTUMACY 07 THE POOR LAW COMMISSIONERS . Lord Brougham rose to move that the returns ordered te be made by the Poor Law Commissioners by that House should be made forthwith . One was an important return relative to communications that had passed with them . It had been proved in another place tbat one oi tbe commissioners had interposed , and the secretary had not made the returns . He had moved for them three times , and a fortnight since hadrooved that they be made forthwith , and yet they were not made . The Poor Law Commissioners were bound to make the return ; to speak gently , It was a grievous negloct of duty in the commissioners setting themselves against the orders of tka * House . The other return was of the number of times tbe
commissioners had met as a Boird since 1810 ; he under , stosd the return would be " nO , " and , if so , they had not acted in a legal manner ; for the act gave power that they , or any two of theu > , "anting as such board , " ehou d put the act in force . It was necessary that they should hold a board ; and yet it appeared in evidence elsewhere that they had not [ done so . He deeply regretted this , because it increased the clamour out of doors against the law , which people , for reasons of their own , made against it . After a short pause , the noble and learned lord again rose and said , that it was suggested to him that he was wrong in moving for the returns forthwith , as h « had already moved for th « m three times , and a fortnight «« c « had moved tbat they be presented forthwith , and that he ought not to move a fourth time . He therefore gave
notice , thatif the order v . ere not complied with , and the returns made by five <\ 'clock to-morrow , he would » ov « that the commissione rs and their sceietary be called to the bar . His lordshi p was not as good as his word ; but , no matter , the or p 0 rtunity was furnished , and Lord ™ 5 "f ** denounce the Poor Law Commiwion , and thus sar ., 8 fied "the clamourers out of doors " inar , new » ppomtment was a great blunder . Leadoa , feb . 20 . Ricbabb Oastleb .
Alarming Distress In Manchester
ALARMING DISTRESS IN MANCHESTER
MEETINGS OF THE UNEMPLOYED . A public meeting of the unemp loyed took place on Thursday , March 4 , in Stevenson ' s-square . Mr . W . Drxox was called to the chair , and said , perhaps there has been no period since 1820 when the factory operatives were suffering so much as at present . I believe , that out of 170 mills , there are now 26 standing altogether . Some of those mills have been standing for upwards of eleven weeks , and I leave you now to judge what must bo , the condition ; of the operatives and their families who were employed in those mills . There are upwards of seventy mills working from two to four days per week ; and 1 ask , is it not time that something should be done to ameliorate the condition of tho working classes in the manufacturing districts ? Mr . S . Clark moved the first resolution : —
That , in the opinion of this meeting , it is the duty of government to protect the working classes against all monopolies , inasmuch as the monopolists of corn and cotton possess within themselves the power of throwing the working classes out of employment , and of starving them into acts contrary to peace and order . Some people denied the duty of the government to take care of the people , but he thought it was instituted for the protection of the people . Political economists said that they would only have protcc tion for property . But wbat created property » Labour—and the people were tho labourers ; comc qucntly . they required ? protection from gove rnment even before property . It was well known that the machinery in cotton mills , that goods and warehouses
and shops , were protect ed by L'ovornment in preference to the labour of the working classes . They therefore claimed protection from government , inasmuch as all governments were founded on the principle of protection . They had laws of every description for the protection of property , but none for the protection of the working chases . The very fact of that vast assembly being compelled to live in idleness , and to starve , proved that the working classes had no protection . It was the duty of the government , if they did not compel the manufacturers to find employment for the people , to find it themselves . A noble lord had said that it was the duty of the government to remove the barriers to tho people getting employment ; but they contended that since
the people were shut out of the government , the government ought to find employment for them . lie thought it was a fact that the manufacturers ^ this country , even those of Manchester , who had been contributing their five-and-tiventy pounds to the soup kitchens , had made their tens of thousands by purchnsing up the corn of the country . Up to the vear 1554 there was a law to imprison parties who bought corn or made gain , in this way , of any provisions whatever . This was not tho case now , because political economists said that capital must have its swing and be protected , and labour be left to uo where it will , for what government cares . He believed that it was the duty of government either to open provision depots , or to compel the pin-tics who
had bought gram , to sell it at fair prices—suppose at an average of the last seven years . It has gone the round of tho papers that a merchant in Belfast had made £ 00 , 000 ia three weeks , by buying and sellingrain , and the same had been done in other places . Government ought to prevent this , because it was an indirect robbery of the working classes by making everything dear but labour , and then they generally found that the masters reduced the price of labour , and made it cheaper still . With respect to the monopoly of cotton , many believed that it was in consequence of this that the mills were working short
time . That might be one reason , but there were a great many others . Government ought to puta stop to speculation in cotton , inasmuch as there were 70 , 000 persons employed on cotton in Manchester alone . He did not know the number in the whole manufacturing district , but the political economists asserted that tho people employed in the cotton manufacture and trade wore more than a majority of tho working classes of the country . If that was the case , it was the duty of government to see that the people dependent on this great staple article were not . compelled to starve in vast masses , like that which was there that day .
Mr . Thomas Joxks said they had been led to believe by certain politicians that , could we but extend our commerce over the whole face of the habitable globe , the people of England would become prosperous and happy , and plenty would be the lot of the toiling millions . By a strange fatality , the people of England gave their assistance to the capitalists cf this country to enable them to monopolise the whole trade of Europe and of the world in their own grasp ; and noiv they were assembled to petition the House of Commons to find the means of employment for the people , that they should not lie down to die of starvation . These men were now asaing for tie reduction of the duty on tea , that they might have all the trade to China in their grasp ; but would the people be
again gulled by these men ? The free-traders of this country had ever been their bitterest Iocs—their most wily enemies , and unless the working men of Manchester showed them that the home market was worth all the foivign niarlfcts in the world , they would trample the people into the very dust of misery . The resolution said that government was bound to protect the people . Was not government ordained for the protection of life , liberty , and property ? Then why had not the lives of the labourers , and their only property , their labour , been protected ? Why were they left in the grasp of any remorseless tyrant that thought proper to grasp the whole of this property around us , the buildings and the land ? If a man stole a grease-not from a warehouse , not
worth twopence , the law punished him for the theft ; but when masters reduced wajres two shillings or three shillings per week , which was robbery , no laws reached them . ( Applause . ) The sooner this system was destroyed , the belter for the whole human race . By tho old law of England , before political economy was known , the labour of tbe English artiztin was protected ; by the laws of England , passed in what were called the barbarous middle ages , any man gambling in the food of the people was compelled by Jaw to forfeit to government the whole of the corn he had gambled in , and pay a fine of £ 20 for the first offence ; for the second offence the corn was forfeited , aud a fise of £ 40 ; for the third , beside tho fine , he was stuck in the pillory and his ears cut off ,
[ A V < w ; e ; Served him rigfit . ] This was oneof the good old laws of tho barbarous times , when men had the barbarous custom of eating plenty ; and it would be a glorious thing if this barbarous custom as to eating were again in fashion . The working man , J iii the middle ages , obtained as much food for one day ' s labour as he docs now for nine days' work . ( Hear . ) With the rise and progress of the middle classes in England , would be found the decline and dovmial of the workina classes . As the middle classes sprung up into manufacturers and merchants , the workmen sunk down from , independent labourers info paupers and beggars . The middle classes had wrung their fortunes out of the blood and bones of the working classes ,
and then left them to degradation , misery , and starvation . The resolution said it was the duty of government to protect the people against all monopolies . The anti-corn law leaguers had told them , that , _ if there was a duty on foreign shoes , the English shoemakers would have a monopoly ; or if English manufacturers had a duty on foreign cotton goods , or English farmers upon foioign corn , that these were monopolies . But ho ( Mr . Jones ) said these were not monopolies . He called it a monopoly when a few men like Sir Joshua Walmsley got together , and got large quantities of corn , and agreed to keep up prices . When such men ns
Cobden and Bright erect factories and employ labourers , and prevent you labouring for yourselves —th'seare monopolies , and thesoarc the mimopslies we must destroy . ( Applause . ) Wo want tho government to destroy these monopolies , and to find employment for the people . They had the means in their own hands , and were , therefore , bound to protect the people ; aud they oonld give them no protection except by employing their labtiur , and thus prevent such men as Bright and C « bdcn from making fortunes of the bones and sinews of working men . ( Applause . ) He seconded the resolution , which passed unanimously . Mr . James Clarke moved the second resolution : —
That while wa admit the principle of equal exchanges , and distinctly deny raising any barriers or obstacles to trade , wo protest against tho present specious and capricious system of commerce , as it prevents th » equitable distribution of the fruils of industry , destroys the home market , aud drives tho producers of wealth Into pauperism and crime . It had long been asserted that the working classes were so foolish as to raise obstacles and barriers to trade and commerce ; but they now stated publicly that they admitted that man has an undoubted ri ght to fcxebange his thoughts , language , production in trade , and everything else , without let or hindrance , and that they were much belied by those who said they were opposed to equal exchanges . It was a
Divine command that man should earn his bread by the sweat of his brow ; but who had sat that command at defiance ? The aristocracy of the land , the tithe-eaters , and tho fund-holders , —in fact , all the rich of the land ; and in doing so , they had set at defiance the first principles of political economy . They told us there , must be capital , —wealth saved ami put by , —tliat people might become refined ; that there might be something to fall back upon in times of famine and scarcity . Tho people fully admitted this ; but would ask who had the most just right to this wealth , those who never produced a pin in their
lives , while those who producod all the wealth of the nation were left , whenever these periodical . convulsions came , to starve , or submitted to bo immured within the walls of workhouses 1 He contentled that the working pcop lo should have this wealth in their own hands , to fall back upon in such convulsions No one with tho least sense denied the principle of a fair exchange ; but they denied the right of a man who had never produced a pin , because his father had aro *«» d wealth , to appropriate it to himself , not having earned it , but got it under tho name of profit ! This man stepped in between two prouueors , and said , " I will talse the coat , hat , and shoes , you
Alarming Distress In Manchester
have made , ana I will find you customers tor tlicm ; but I will give you the lowest possible price , and cm you down until you have scarcely sufficient left to buy the commonest necessaries of life , and you and your family shall always be on the very verge of dsstitntion , —that 1 may sell these things dear and take the profit or difference between the exchange , anil place it m my pocket , or in the bank , and by the . s .-means place yon in a continual state of slavery and subjection . there was a wide difference between rr . 5 « f WhWi , present s F ' cinus sJ ' 8 tcm ( , ! ZJ ™ t u ik ? s f [ , ora a man tho produce of his intt ?' . f ™ taw , 7 , i , low 1 , im toc ^ ' It was high mo a stop were put to this . Men should not hold this power to say to the working classes , « We want you no more ; co and starve or be immured in work
, - house * . Auain , capitalists bad the legal power to buy up all the weal th and all the corn in the countrv At this time , Mr . Sturgc stated , that time was a greater amount of corn in tho country than for some years ; and yet while this was the fact , the uiiveinment had been compelled to alter the laws en corn " still the workin ? people were no better ; the robbery was only shifted from one class of men to another ; and he held it would be far better if the aristo ' cracy held it in their hands , than that these freetraders or freebooters should have the power to buy up corn and starve the people . ( A pplause . ) Again , here was a large assemblage , all out of work . What was the actual loss of production and of wealth to the country by their being unemployed ? The
capitalists paralysed the exertions of the working classes , and hindered them from having things necessary to life ; and the people must be determined to put an end to this state of things . ( Applause . ) Few present did not want a good suit of clothes . When he wrote to John Watts , to a-k if he had any work to spare , ho replied that he bad not ; that his shelves were Cull and he wanted cuslomeis . Yes ; and tailors were walking about wanting coats , while he had plenty on his shelves . Was not this monstrous ? If the devil himself came on earth , and planned a state of society as horrible as possible , he could not have devised any more horrid than this , — that those who produce food should be walking about starving , and those who produce clothing should be
walking about naked . While three million pieces of calico we re in our pawn-warehouses in Manchester , the very weavers' families were destitute of gowns , shirts , and chemises , and their beds of sheets . Despite what Henry Brougham , and Roebuck , and the whole circle of political economists , might fayt the people were not about to undergo a legitimate thinning or starving to death , as they were standing it in li'e ' and . The people here would not be murdered out of existence , that Lord Brougham mitiht receive out-door relief to the exttnt of £ 5 000 a year ; lor if his lordship ' s principle were correct , that no able-bodied labourer oneht to receive out-door relief , Henry Brougham ought , to give up his £ ' 5 , 000 a j ear . ( Applause . ) lie had calculated
that . it at work , he could have clothed sixty , . seventy , or eighty _ people comfortably : but these were denied this clothing by Ibis infernal system of trade and commerce , which must have an alteration ; and ho swore here to-day that wc would have an alteration . ( Applause . ) We must have it ; for he would rather submit to the bayonet or the bullet , or to be sabred , than see bis family starve , ( Applause . ) The tendency of such a state of things was to drive the people into pauperism , and the next step was into crime ; for there wasa point beyond which indifference was impossible . ( Hear . ) lie , for one , would not submit to be pauperised or confined within tho wails of a workhouse , that people who had reapeil the rewards of our industry mh > lit r ' . ot in luxury . The tendency of the free-trade measures was to open the ports > A the world . For whom ? For the middle classes , that they might freely trade and traffic in the productions of the
working classes of every country —( hear )—and bring luxuries to their own houses , and live sumptuously , while the producers were driven to starvation . This was the only tendency of the present free-trade mcasure ; and the proof of it was , that every year , just in proportion as our production increased , tho consumers in our home market decreased . Thus , by a strange fatality , they first cried out " Production , production , " and then they cried '' Consumption , consumption , " for everybody but the people of this country . Thousands were every year thrown out of the consuming market . Three million pieces of calico were put into the pawn-warehouses , that the people might be starved down and driven out of the consuming maaket . lie told these people that ihey must either let us ' into the pale of tlie ' constitut-on , that we mitiht have laws passed for the protection of the people , or it ivould be the bounden duty of government to step in and protect the people . —( Hear . )
Mr . Do . \ nm ,,. y seconded the resolution , which passed unanimously . The Ciiaikman said , since he had taken the chair , some person had handed up an anonymous letter , suggesting a resolution , which the meeting might deal with as they thought proper . It was—That this meetiHj ; laments most sincerely tV . nt ouv government does not put those laws in force against forestalling and monopoly in grain , when our warehouses in Liverpool and JlaneLesler are completely full of grain , the owne . rs of which are the Anti-corn Law Lcngue , that called out so much against ihe poor farmer and the landlord , as being monopolisers . That the poor are now starving in the mielst of plenty , . ind that this meeting prays the legislature , that our goveninu-nt will immediately put tlie > laws into force . ( Applause . ) A young man named William Nixon moved tho third resolution : —
That as machinery has greatly superseded manual labour , and may be increased to an unlimited extent , and consequently rtduce the toiling millii ns to the lowest depth of sooiol misery ; we therefore call upon tliegovernment to find employment for the people on the land , where they woulJ producefood for their relief ; unite agriculture with manufactures ; create a heme consumption for themselves ; and unite too landowners and the people in the bonds of mutual interest . Government , whose duty it waito protect the people , having neglected that duty , they had a right to tell government they woulil be protectctl . and in what way . If there were no labour in the manufacturing town ' s , they had a right to say to government , " Here is the land ; it ia our own ; and wo have a ripht to bo placed upon the land , to cultivate it for ourselves . " The premier bad introduced a measure to relieve the poor o Ireland by giving them land to cultivate : aud if
wc have land in England , and peop ' c unemployed , government having put the Irish upon their soil , ought to put the English upon their own soil in this country , to cultivate , lie did not think that any notice would bo taken of the resolutions of this meeting by the government ; but that would only prove that the working men of England otisht to take their affairs into their own hands . It would prove that the government cared nothing at all about them ; anything , in its view , was more valuable in the state t han the working classes . If government did not use their endeavours to remove thu distress , it would only prove their inability to bo legislators and statesmen ; and that if the working men of England were only placed in power , or had to elect their own legislators , thoy could not choose worse men than the present . ( Applause . ) Mr . Pmi'ps seconded the resolution .
Dr . Stout , in moving the fourth resolution , said that it embedied the letter which had been read to the meeting , lie believed that if the law of Elizabeth , against forestalling , had been in force now , there would have been no occasion for large meetings on account of our fellow creatures starving on all hands . In his opinion , capital was the cause of the present miserable state o the country . This hod blasted many things beauteous and fair . The power f the ( iui'ou and her ministers was limited ; l . ut what limit was there to the power of capital ? Ho supposed that it would be considered highly criminal
feir 50 individuals , with 25 millions of money , to purchase all the staple commodities of life , and not allow them to be distributed to a starring people ; and that if 50 bears or tigers , or such savage animals , were to come into the town of Manchester and devour or destroy all they came at , all tho newspapers would exhibit the greatest horror ; but was not the case of the capitalists like these cases , aud was it not just to como to the conclusion that murder lay at the door of those who had been forestalling and laying up bread stuffs , while their fellow creatures were pining away ? He concluded by
movisg—That a petition founded on the foregoing resolutions ba sent from this meeting , signeid by the chairman on behalf of the meeting , and that the same bo suit forthwith to T . S , Buncombe , Esq ., for presentation . The motion was seconded by Mr . Stephen Clakke , and passed unanimously . A vote of thanks was then given to the chairman , who replied in an able sp tech , and the meeting senaratcd .
Second Great Meeting Of The Unemployed. ...
SECOND GREAT MEETING OF THE UNEMPLOYED . A second open air meeting of tho unemployed operatives of Manchester was held on Monday morning , at ten o clock , in Stevenson ' s-square . About five thousand persons were present . Mr . James Clark was called to the clmir . Mr . Joses said , on Thursday last , a number of resolutions were adopted , and it was decided that from them a petition should be drawn up for presentation to Parliament . That petition he held in his hand , and he should read it : —
The petition commenced by catling the attention of Parliament to the present suffering and alarming oouditioa of the working classes . This condition the petitioners believed to be caused chiefly by tbe present spurious and capricioussjMom of ci mmerce , which had atendeney to destroy the homo market , and prevent that equitable distributien of the fruits of industry which a well-regulated system would afford . The petitioners were further of opinion that the system of trading In corn was contrary to every principle of justice , and ought not to be allowed to continue , as it permitted the capitalists of the country to withhold that article offood from tbe necessities of tho people until they could command most extravagant and enormous profits , -and enrich themselves by tlio starvation ol the poor . They thtsoSore prayed tbe house to tuferce the statute law of E . aiUlh nindc scainst
Second Great Meeting Of The Unemployed. ...
rore .-staliiii ^ f , & c . Furthermore , tlio petitioners believed that mncliinerj had greatly superseded manual labours and might be increased to an illimitable extent , so as to ilrive tho working classes to pauperism and crime ; and they therefore prayed the homo to placo the surplus labourers of the country on the land , where they would produce food for themselves , unite agricultural and manu-Ueturlug industry , create a home consumption , and place at once ilie landowners and people in tho bonds of mutual sympathy and interest . And believing that the landed proprietors were , or ought to be , tho natural pro . lectors of the people , and that there was an affinity with their interests which did not exist between the industrious classes and the capitalists , who could nt any timo emigrate with their accumulated wealth , and leave tho people to be supported by the land , tliej hoped that these things would be taken into careful consideration , so that the inrcrt'Sts of the people , and of their legitimate pro tutors , might not bo sacrificed to the aggrandisement pa elass . *
The speaker , having read the petition , proceeded to ask what were the causes of the suffering which they had met to ask Parliament to alleviate . The fact is , that their whole misery lay in over-production . They had produced more than the whole world could consume , und , having no power to distribute that wealth , they were left to starve in the midst of the wealth they had created . There was in this country mechanical power equal to 800 , 000 , 000 of human bein « s . One human being could supply the wants of throe , so that they had power enough to supply 2 , 400 , 000 , 000 persons . The whole population of the globe amounted to 800 , 000 , 000 , so that by the power of England alone they could in one year glut the markets of tho world
wiin sutiicient produce to supply it for three years . Why , wo had now a greater amount of commerce than any nation in tho world ever had before ; and we had more misery , suffering , poverty , and degradation than there was ever before . Liverpool afforded a striking illustration of this fact . Magnificence and squalor were there to be seen . Forty thousand persons were living in cellars , and the docks , the warehouses , and the public huildincs proved that great wealth existed there ; but the wealth waa con > fined to the lew , ai'd the masses weie involved in misery . Government , however , hail the power of improving the condition of the people , by calling into existence the cultivation ot the waste lands of England ; they had the power of making them ( the working classes ) walk about in idleness , to malie
wealth for themselves , and improve the home markets . There were 15 , 000 . 000 acres lying waste , and capable of being brought into cultivation : —if they were allowed to cultivate that land , they could improve the face ol England , make the people happy and independent , become good customers for the home markets , and set commercial and manufacturing capitalists at defiance . They must show government that they were determined no longer to submit to the present capricious system of commerce ; that political economy should no longer hold them down in the duit of misery ; that they were now beginning to think for themselves , instead o f allowing tho broadcloth to think for them ; that they were beginning to take the advice of Sir Robert Peel , and taking their own affairs into their own hands .
Mr . E . Chopper Clank said they had been told by political economists and others , that if working men would be sober , careful , and industrious , they would be able to save and get on in tho world . Now , ho had been working for eight years ; he had been all that time a sober man , and he had been endeavouring to save ; but the fact was , that he was now just where he was when ho set out . ( Laughter and cheers . ) He did not expect much from the House of . Commons ; but they would meet and agitato , and force upon government the question , that the surplus part of the population should be put upon the land .
Tiiere was no other way of remedying tho evil . ( Hear , hear . ) Something must be done for the people . It would not do , in towns like these , to starve the people for months together , and then create a slate of things that they could not get justice , and turned out for revenge . They wished to prevent that : they did not wish to sec the public peace disturbed ; but he could not see why they ought to be goaded on to starvation-that they had any right to have soup delivered out to them by the hand of charity , when they were able and willing to labour .
Mr . IJoiDEX , a journeyman pattern designer , supported the motion at great length . The reason why he was present that day was , that Enqiand was at a crisis unparalleled in her history , and there was no class that was not interested in the way in which tho crisis should terminate . If the advice given at the last and present meeting was acted on , namely , that all who were out of employment should go to the workhouse , and solicit tliat legitimate relief they were entitled to , he , as a ratepayer , should be compelled to fall into their ranks . It seemed to him as it the workmen had now got something like a scintillation of truth . Hitherto they had been gulled by the humbug of free trade . In the fable , it was stated that the wolves urged the sheep to separate from the
| degs , their protectors , on the ground that there was no . community of interest between them , and wncg the i cunning wolves had succeeded in their object , they I fell upon and devoured the defenceless sheep . The ; capitalists had acted the part of the wolves . ; They had got working men to believe that their inteiests and those of their natural protectors , the landi owners , were- not identical , and , when they had j effected a separation , they fell upon the unprotected I workmen , and butchered them . All nations which i had ever attained a high state of commercial pros-! perity had afterwards sunk into nothing . The mean' ing of commercial enterprise was swindling . It was based on the sacrifice of the interests of others . He
was not a patriot , for that meant nationalism , he waa a coimopoiite ; ami lie said , if commerce was attemied with injury toothers , abandon it , and trade no more . Sir Joshua Walmsley liad since September last made . . £ 100 , 000 by trading in the food of the people , and tlicn ho gave £ 10 to a beggarly soup kitchen . After alluding to the Ten Hours' Bill , the speaker .-aid , rather than that they , their wives , their sisters , and their children , should labour for more than ten hours a day in the factories , let them sink , ? , nd the wares go over them . Tho Chairman then put the motion for the adoption of the petition , which waa carried amidst some cheering .
Mr . Stkimien Clarke proposed the next resolution , which called upon every trade immediately to form a committee , and out of it to appoint two members to act as a central comtnittee , to [ meeton Friday evening . The speaker said that the present commercial syetem , was the most infernal system in the world . " When ho and others wailed upon the mayor , to request him to convene a meeting of the unemployed , his worship and the town-clerk evinced tho utmost indifference , to their state and feelings . To make an impression upon them , they must , every mother ' s son of them , go to the Poor Law guardians —( cheers)—and tell them that they would not be treated as were the poor miserable creatures who came here , and who were within their grasp , but that they would have relief . ( Cheers . ) He had agreed to go with his fellow-workmen , for he would never recommend others to do what he would not do himself . If tho proposed committee were appointed they would organise meetings to keep up an incessant agitation .
Mr . Nixon seconded the motion , lie advised the working men to " agitato , agitate , agitate , " for that alone would do any good , and incline government to hearken to them . The resolution was carried unanimously , and tho Chairman expressed a hope that they simuld have plenty of more guests before to-morrow . ( Cheers ) . t Mr . Stoiiky next addressed the meeting at consideral-le length . Ho thought there ought to have been a recommendation to government , in the petition adopted that morning , to billt t all the unemployed upon those who had property sufficient , tha samo as thoy would bil . ' et soldiers upon tho town . ( Laughterand cheers . ) lie believed that this would open the door—he meant the factory door , and the door of the soil . 'Die people were starving on all hands .
and this was attributed te tha provieWnoe of God , in permitting the failure of the potato crop ; but this was a lie of the blackest kind . In all the ports of England , and wherever there were speculators to be found , there was grain in abundance . If such lies wero palmed on the people , then there was a ,.. dcptU of cunning that ought at once to bo exposed ; and with one united voice men ought to declare , both to Parliament and every one concerned for the welfare of the human family , that something must and . should be done to better the condition of tbe working classes . ( Cheers ) Three hundred mill tons were taken every y var from tho working classes , and they got back , in return , scribes , lawyers , policemen , spies , prisons , bastiles , siddiers , sailor ? , hangmen uto . At half-past twelve the it'oeting was adjourned until Thursday morning .
After some conversation amongst the speakers , it was decided that the uneniploved should parade tho town , and that they should pay a visit to the board of guardians . One of the speakers called out ft To the baslile . " A considerable number then formed themselves into procession , and went through sumo oi the principal thoroughfares .
Abolition Of Smiiuvield Market. — Petiti...
Abolition of Smiiuvield Market . — Petitions aro lying for signature in different parts of the mctropoli » , calling upon the legislature for tho abolition of Smithficld market . Counter-petitions from the graziers and others attending Smithtield on Wednesday obtained S 50 signatures , calling on the J . ord Mayor and corporation of the city of London . tfcuse their influence to prevent its supprcssio , their , principal argument being the fact , as proved by the money takers and bankers' accounts , that the market causes an outlay of £ 7 , 000 , 000 annually in the city of London . EuitorBAti PAcruns . —The New York Tribune asserts that a system has been entered upon by the cities of Germany to transport their paupers and vagrants to the United States . The Tribune intercourse" with the offenders Lola . Moiteb—According raria , of 23 th February , the solle Lola Montes to tho rank berg , had already been carried
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 13, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_13031847/page/7/
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