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it overiook alocomotive engine « IBI|t '...
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ggric nttoa- aitf ywttaaum
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. For the Week co...
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AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION. second liciusn...
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A Strong Breeze among the Holt Fauns.—A ...
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Extraordinary Balloou Ascent prom Cremor...
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. THE; PAUPER AND THE FELON. One of the ...
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ExrEMMENTAi. Titirs on ihe Crotdoh Atmos...
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It Overiook Alocomotive Engine « Ibi|T '...
IBI | t ' „ i _ . . . ¦ ¦ % , .. SetTEMBEB 13 , 1845 . 6 .: . - „ : « , . ' Tt # ^ 13 RTHE ^ lgt ^ AR- . -1 % , ¦ ' ¦ " i _ — . ^——— - ^ a »—»»^^«««»»—»» MMi- »"" '^ WN « wi »« i ^»» i—MM *»«^ T * # T'g """ l , ld ,, w ^ " ** ' ^ WIir' ^^^^ -
Ggric Nttoa- Aitf Ywttaaum
ggric nttoa- aitf ywttaaum
Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencinsi Monday , Sept . 18 th , 1843 . tExtractediV omiaDiABroWcW < W ^ onfive all farms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model arms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at laithwatte , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . NowelL of Faraley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lauds . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Wilhngdon and Eastdean , of
five acreseach , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , thc other hy John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . AnindustsialschoolfarmatSlaithwaite . Fourth- Several private model farms near the Bameplace . Theconsecutiveoperations in these reports will citable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural ralue of the south with the north of Engbnd . The Diaby is aided by "Notesand Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , -which we subjoin .
¦ "The culture of the ground is thy happiest state , O man ! Envy got the possession of gold , silver , or fine raiment—their joys may cot be so great as thine ; for these things lead unto sloth , and a life of slothfulness is prone to vanity and imaginings of evil /* . KoiE . —The school farms are cultivated lyloys , u > h » in retem for three hours * teaching in tlte morning , give tliree hours of their labour in the afternoon for tie master ' s benefit , which renders tlie schools selfjBUPPORTIXG . Wt believe that at Bandy Tyas six" eevmtlts of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to tlte hoys , and one-seventh to thc master , who tvM receive the usual school fees , Help the boys to cul-¦ tiraie Vieir land , and leach taem , tn acMift ' oii to reading , writing , & c , to convert their produce into - bacon , by attending to pig-keep ing , which at Cliristmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , ' - „ ' amongst then in proportion to their services , and - 'be made thus indirectly to reach tltcirparents in a way - the most grateful to tfitirfeelings . ]
SUSSEX . HoxiJtx—Wfflingdon School . Boys carrying out solid manure for winter lares after , rye , for spring food . Eastdean School . Nine boys digging and picking stones , rest gleaning with the farmers . Piper . Digging up potatoes , and preparing ground for wheat . Dumbrell . Stacking stubble , hoeing turnips , thrashing wheat . ^ VESDiT— WiUln gdon School . Boys carrying manure out . _ Eastdean School . Boys gleaning the stubbles , digging the ground where the tares were grown . Piper . Digging np potatoes . Jhimlrtll . Carrying dung with the heifer , hoeing turnips , thrashing ~ wheat .
wzdxesdax— WilUngdon School . Boys digging up early potatoes . Eastdean Scltool . Boys emptying the portable pails , and breaking leaves from the turnips . -fipcr . _ Uoeing turnips . ItumbreU . Raking ^ stubble , thrashing and winnowing wheat , carrying dung with the heifer . THDKSDAT-- ] JTHaiou ' onSeAooL Boys digging up early potatoes . Eastdean Sclwol . Boys emptying the pigstye tank , carrying contents to the wheatstubble . Piper . Digging up potatoes , mixing up manure . Jjumbrell . Kaking stubble , thrashing wheat , digging and carrying potatoes , and dung with the
heifer-Ibidat— mllingdon School . Boys digging up early potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys picking weeds from potatoes and carrots , and carrying them to the pigs . Piper . Digging wheat stubble , for rye and tares . Humbrell . Stacking stubble , thrashing wheat , digging potatoes , carrying manure . Satdudav—WHlingdon School . Boys thrashing peas for the pigs . Eastdean Scliool . Boys holyday , master digging up potatoes for the pigs , « fec . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung .
COW-PEEWSOiYiUingdon School . Cows fed on clover , white turnips , and a little chaff . Dumbrell . One cow grazed in the day , stall-fed morn and even with mangel wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer stall-fed with tares . 3 f . B . Look carefully to your stock all this month and next ; if you do not they will get low in condition . liABLT Bahluv pok Pics . —Get some of your early barley ground for the pigs as soon as thrashed , and mix it well with boiled potatoes ; one bushel now will do them as much good as two in cold weather ; be very careful to smash all your potatoes , and let them be given only just warm .
Rte Sowixg , Axn quaxiitx of Seeh . —Now is a good time for sowing rye . It is frequently sown in August , and the later you sow , thc more seed you must use ; two ' and a half bushels per acre is the quantity of seed generally sown at an early period , but deferred sowing , may make tliree bushels , or more , necessary . It may be sown in drills or broadcast , as at Easthournc ; in the former case three bushels of seed will be sufficient , In . xhe latter , it is "usual to SOW four bushels per acre . Sow thus plentifull y , that the crop being thick it may be cut the sconer . Work your manure as fine as possible , and put on five bushels to the rod of stable dung , before the ground is dug over ; or twenty-five gallons of liquid to the rod . Then sow the seed and cover more slightly than for wheat , in manuring for rre , or indeed any crop whatever , do not bury the manure too deep " ; just cover it np , and no more ; for every shower that falls has a tendency to cany down thc soluble part of it still deeper .
Wixter Take Sowixe , axd quamtit of Seed . — Always strive io sow early , particularly for your first crop of tares , which may either be in drills or broadcast . In the former case you may keep the crop clean with the hoc , and by stirring the soil improve the growth of the plant . At Easibonme , both methods are practised . The distance of the rows in thc drill method is about six inches , and the quantity of seed two and a-balf bushels per acre , while four Luihclsis the quantity used when sown broadcast . The drills are formed with a wheat hoe , and the seed deposited at a depth of about two inches . In both cases they add . either by digging in broadcast , or by placing upon the seed in the drills , as much fine ¦ worked mouldy manure as can be spared from their ¦ whe at mixen . " There is probably no crop tbat will pay the fanner better , for the manure he may add , than the -vetch . It not only increases the bulk of bis
Crop , hut pushes and brings it forward , at the very time when food is scarcest , and if the tares are , as they always should be , succeeded by turnips , the land ivill be more ready for them . " It is customary , in most places , to mix about one quarter , by measure , of rye , with seeds of the winter tare . The rye supports the tare plant , and is not often rejected " by the cattle . Tho writer may be allowed to add , that the present year his produce was , in a crop of this kind , after the rate of ten and a-half tons of green food per acre , or when dried , after the rate of two tons and three-quarters of vetch-hay . Theory informs us that tliis two tons aud three-quarters should be equal in sustaining power to more than six tons and threequarters of the hay of the natural grasses . Vetchhay is perhaps too coarse to be relished as dry fodder , but chopped up and steamed with turnips into mash , it would , doubtless prove verv excellent food for cattle .
Steet for Legumixous axo other Seeds . — -The following method for steeping has been found to answer well for Lire , rye , or other seeds . It tends to start the young plants into quick and vigorous growth , npon which frequently depends the success of the future crop . Mix ia your steeping "vessel equal parts of tank liquid and urine ; dissolve or macerate In it a few pounds of pigeons' dung , or the dung of fowls , or guano , well pounded , and an equal quantity of common salt ; stir well together ; put your seed In a wicker basket , and pour thc fluid through it several times , letting it drain back into the vessel , for fiitnrc application . "Use gypsum , not quick lime , to divide the seeds , and sow immediately .
Agricultural Instruction. Second Liciusn...
AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION . second liciusn bt professor johnston . "Wc give thc second lecture of Professor Johnston , as promised , which'lie delivered the day after the one v e reported in our Jast number . The Professor roc and said—Gentlemen , at the close of my address to you yesterday , I told you that I thought tbat what I said would not possess tbe same weight , or appear to bare the same importance to you as to the practical agriculturist ; and tbat you could not by any means feel tbe like interest that I feel , because , in ail probability , most of you are unacquainted with the way in which agricultural clie-Eiisrry bears uptm , and is advantageous to the practical agriculturist of tbe countrv . It was for that
reason that I offered to give you an exposition of most of the important pointsln the edenee—to give you a short sketch , a sort of bird ' s eye view , of that interesting branch of knowledge , to induce you to teach which I presented to you so many considerations yesterday ; and I am confident , that when you bave thus formed an Idea of the subject , you will find it jmosfc interesting , aud one which will yield you great satisfaction and pleasure to become acquainted with . Gentlemen , there was a time when this bill upon which we now stand was nothing but a naked rock of lava . Tbat old lava gradually decayed , as modern
lavas do , and crumbled down , and formed 1005 C matter on the surface , in which seeds of plants grew , died , and left their remains . Thus , by , degrees , the eoil accurcnlatcd to such as you now see on fhesurace of this rock on which plants now grow . Such is the history of nearly all the soils on the surface of globe . Suppose yon take a portion of any one soil , aud pat it npon the end of a piece of metal , and in any way expose it to the action of the fire , you will see that part of the soil will grow blacker at tbe edges-, by and by tbat blackness will disappear , and ihe soil wih assume a colour more or less dark , ac-COrduig to the nature of tlie substances of which that wjnea remains consists . If you take this portion of & fi EOiljftta ; it is heated and weigh it , you win find
Agricultural Instruction. Second Liciusn...
that after it is exposed to tbe fire it is not w . agto as before . That portion of the soil which : has ^^ aed away consists of the remains . of - 'thp ^^ g & JHBeOf which I have spo ^ ena ^ those _ anin | fth ^ s ^» ye died and been depositSPrathe soil ^[ an ^| RM £ par nures which have been Jtp | licd by t ^|& £ | gffi ^ $ j ! ps vegetable matter forms what is c 4 h || pl ||| p & , and the other : portion of ^ the sbi ^^^^^^ nic matter . The quantity of organic . mi ^^^ i ^ i ^ ery much—in some soils it exists to the ^ gglgnj ^ o &' two per cent ., m others fifteen and twenty ^ jwnt ,, and in peaty soils sometimes as high as seventy per cent . If you take a piece of vegetable matter arid burn it , such as this piece of wood , you will find here also tbat a large portion will not burn away , but remains , forming wood-ash . It is the same , then , with regard
to the plant as to the soil—a part burns away and a part remains . If you look at tlie tables you will see that different plants have different proportions of inorganic matter—thus , meadow hay leaves nine or ten per cent , of incombustible ^ matter . Again as to animal substances , take a piece of muscle , dry , and burn it , and you shall find that the greater part of it will burn away , which is the organic matter , the remains being , as in the soil and in the plant , the inorganic and incombustible matter . Now one hundred pounds of fresh muscle contains phosphate of lime and other saline substances to the extent of one per cent , of incombustible matter . Thus , the three different substances , soil , vegetable and animal matters , consist of organic and inorganic matter ; but there is this difference , that in the soil there is a
larger portion of inorganic matter than in p lants and animals—in the latter the greater portion burns away . I shall call your attention now to the inorganic portion of soil . By looking at tho table you will observe that the inorganic matter consists of different substances , such as " silica , which forms a very large proportion of flint ; alumina , a substance which forms a very large proportion of pipeclay ; oxide of iron , which is the rust of iron ; jiotash , of which the potash you get from tbe shops may serve to give you an idea ; chlorine , which is a kind of air ; and then there are manganese , phosphoric acid , and carbonic acid . These substances are found in all soils , but not in equal proportions . Tou will see in the table before you the details of the constitution ofa soil which would yield good crops for perhaps a
hundred years . Were you to possess such a rich soil as that , and sach soils are to be got in the virgin land at the Cape of Good Hope , on the banks of the Ganges , and the Mississippi , you would always find that it would contain a notable quantity of all these different elements . In the second column of thc table you have a list of the quantities of the different substances ofa soil capable of yielding good crops , but which would require to be regularly manured . Tou will observe that opposite three of tho substances tho word "trace" is put , which means that though the substance was notabsent altogether , yet it existed in so small a quantity , that it could not be weighed . In the rich virgin soil stated first , you observe that there is of limefifty-nine per cent ., " while in the second column there is only nineteen . Of phosphoric
acid there is tour in the one , and only two in the other . In the third column of the table is the constitution of a soil so barren , that though manured , it could not produce a crop . "You see that there are many gaps in the list ; in short , there are only five substance which exist in anything like quantity . So much for tlie substances which exist in all good soils ; and you may be sure that if any soil does not produce a good prop , some one or other of these substances are wanting . The question then arises , —how do soils come to have such different compositions as these ? I stated to you how the crumbling of rocks formed the soil along with the accumulation of organic matter in it ; and if I had had time , I should have directed you to a geological map , and shown you that in every countrv tbe rock on which the soil rests is
different , and if it be true that the crumbling down of rocks forms the soil , you learn at once how soils must differ Very much in their composition , In feldspar soils , of which rocks principally consist , you will observe only silica , alumina , and a few others . A soil formed from this , must therefore contain a large quantity of these substances which are in all soils , while it would be deficient in many others . As soils differ in this way , we are led to this practical question—how can we make this soil to be like that soi , or how can a bad soil be made equal to a good one * The answer is simply that youmustsupply those substances which are wanting in the soil—you must supply as much potash or lime as are wanting in the third or poor soil—and as much lime and phosporic acid as are wanting in the second , to make up all the
constituent elements which exist in the first or rich virgin soil , and which are necessary to enable the soil to produce a good and profitable crop . This shows you the benefit of an analysis of the soil , by which a farmer is enabled to decide what the soil requires , and proceed accordingly . 1 shall next speak of vegetable substances ; and first , as to the inorganic part of them . If you take thc ash . which remains behind when a plant has been exposed to the fire , and analyse it inthesauvway as with the soil , you will come to this result , that the inorganic part of the plant contains precisely the same substances as the inorganic portion of the soil . In the table on my right hand , you see the composition of l . OOOlbs . of bay . The different kinds of hay have different q uantities of t h c sam e su b st a nc e , which gubstanco is
the same as in the soil . In reference to the ash of vegetables , 100 lbs . of wood would leave behind not more than half a pound of ash . Perhaps you may be inclined to ask why , seeing that out of 100 lbs ., one half pound only isash , can that half pound be necessary for thc existence of the plant , or is it rather merely accidental , and in no respect making any difference to the plant ? No such thing , gentlemen . Thathalfpoundofashisjusfc as much an essential part of the plant as tbe 09 J lbs . which burned away . The same is the case with wheat , which leaves 2 lbs . of ash . I state these facts , in order to bring you along with me in my exposition of the principles of the science—that you may see how I come to the conclusion , and which must be true , that the plant could notlive—that it could not fulfil tbe purposes
of nature , unless it contained this small quantity of inorganic matter . If you look to the table on the ash of kay , you win find there is an analogy between it and the soil . Red clover contains in l . OOOlbs ., 31 lbs . of potash ; rye-grass as little a ^ nine pounds . O f phosphoric acid , rye-grass contains one-third of a pound ; red clover less than 7 lbs . ; white contains 5 and lucerne 13 lbs . ; "Wc learn , then , that these substances are present in different proportions in the ash of different hinds of hay , and from that we draw several important practical deductions . Let us inquire whence do tbe plants derive the organic and inorganic parts of which they consist ? They derive the organic , partly from the soil and partly from the air—the inorganic , solely from the soil . In the air float certain proportions of all those substances which
enter into the inorganic part , hut none of those which enter into the organic part of the plant . Now , the different kinds of plants in the soil will materiall y effect its constitution , and have a remarkable influence upon that constitution . Suppose I grow lucerne upon the very fertile soil detailed in the fable , as the lucerne takes out a large quantity of lime and of phosphoric acid , you would see that the crop would rob the soil of a large proportion of lime and of phosphoric acid , and that therefore it would not grow the same crop with that luxuriance which characterised it at first , because it could not supply with the same ease and abundance those peculiar substances upon which lucerne lives more than upon any other . Take the ash of the different kinds of grain , and you will find that each in its own way
affects the soil . Wheat , oats , and rye require a large quantity of phosphoric acid , and so if you grow wheat a long time in the same soil , it will draw out this phosphoric acid among other things , and thereby reduce its quantity . This is what is meant by exhausting the soil . If rye-grass is the plant used , it will exhaust the soil generally , because it does not take away a great portion of any one of the substances . In the same way , different crops make the soil poor ; but if I take the same crop , say 15 or 20 times—a practice which , as is well known to the most of you , existed not many years ago—it would by that time produce no crop at all . The land , then , may be exhausted in two ways , generally of all the substances , and specially , of particular substances ; and from this circumstance we are enabled again to make two or
three practical deductions . In the first p lace , inasmuch as the soil contains a limited quantity of these substances , and inasmuch as different crops carry off different portions , you at once see why it is judicious to have a rotation of crops—that the longer the time is which elapses before you take a similar crop , the longer will the soil last and continue productive . A soil may produce one crop , when it cannot produce another . Let ns enquire mxt why land is manured . The composition of the soil would toll you in the first instance , for it is obvious that manure is applied to restore those things which are wholly or comparatively wanting . Chemistry tells practical men how to renew their exhausted soil . Suppose that lo crops of oats had been taken off apiece of land , it will lose a large quantity of lime , phosphoric acid , and potash , and in order to restore it you must supply the soil with those ingredients of which it has been robbed . Manure being composed of the remains of vegetables taken
off the land , and containing all those things of which the plant consists , the farmer , generally speaking , is enabled by its application , to retain the fertility of the soil . But then , observe you , he adds all those things which are required for a fertile soil , which may be a great deal too much , and may not supply an adequate abundance of that particular substance which the land actually requires , and thus a great expense is entailed which he may not be able to undertake , and thus the land falls short of that richness which he wishes , and which , at a less expense , he might be able by other means , under the guidance of chemical knowledge , to provide for his land . If the farmer knows chemistry , he will , at far less cost , and far more effectually , secure good crops . I come next to the organic part of the plant . You observe , when I pike this wheat flour dough , and wash it in water , it diminishes in bulk , and tbe water becomes milky . The portion tbat remains , for itwill not all wash away , is a sticky substance , and this is called gluten . If thc water is allowed to stand a short time , the white will fall to the bottom and form starch . The flour
Agricultural Instruction. Second Liciusn...
ic is thus easily separated into tvS ^ aB ^ ithe starch and the gluten . If lint or hemp-s » i | S put into a press and squeezed , a large quantity ]| if & pU . iwill- ' come ov £ but not the whole that the plant ^ contaics ; and thiS " = is the case with all seedsi more or le ^ . thpugb . the fiitty matter may not : be so abundant perhaps aa ^ o produce by pressure merely . Wheat contamsfgluten to-the extent of fromten to thirteen per celt , ; meadow . May of forty per cent , of starch . Of fat /^ heat ' cpntaip . s from two to four per cent . ; straw , som ^ ihi' es thrift per cent . ;' oats , six per cent . ; Indian con j ^ nlnefpelr cent . ; arid meadow hay , from two ; tofivefericerit . Thus the organic part of vegetable matter contains gluten , starch , and fat . I shall now make a few
observations on the composition of the ' animal . Of what does the ash of animals consist ? The body , you know , is composed of various parts—of muscles , fat , bone , and other elements which ; I need not detail . Let us examine the composition ¦ of the muscle , and we shall find that it contains two and a half per cent , of posphate of lime , and a third per cent , of other saline matters . In bones you do not have all the substances which exist in wheat , but you have some of them , such as lime , XHajnesia , & o . In ten gallons of milk there is three-tpurths of a pound of saline matter ; so that if you take thc composition of the muscle , of the bone , and of the milk together , you will find that animals contain the different substances which are to be found in the soil . Thus it is we learn the intimate connection between the
composition of the inorganic matter of the plant , of the animal , and of the soil . But where does the animal get this inorganic matter ? They obtain it from the plants . In bone six-tentbs of the whole consists of phosphate of lime and magnesia . Now , an animal could not support itself or walk about without some bone or firm substance to uphold it . " It feeds upon herbage , which it must have , in order to obtain those different substances of which it is made up . But if the plant has no soda or magnesia , the bone coul d not be built up , no more than the walls of this house could be erected without lime , stone , and other substances . It is necessary , then , that the plant should have all these substances , in order to supply them to the animal creation—a purpose which it could not fulfil unless it contained all that is necessary to build
up their bodies . And where does the plant get these substances ? It gets them from the soil , nor can a plant live without them ; and here we have a beautiful example of the provisions of . nature , for a plant cannot grow , it cannot live , it cannot appear at all unless it can acquire those elements ; and that , too , just because if it did live it might indeed deck the surface of the earth , but it would not be able to feed animals , which is its great purpose in the creation . Thus a beautiful thread of philosophy , pervades and connects all those different substances . Of what does the organic matter consist in animals f It consists of two parts , the muscle and the fat , and you will remember we have three things in the plantfat , gluten , and starch . If I take a piece of muscle and wash it , I shall wash out the blood and make it like the colour of fat , and upon tearing it out it will be seen to be fibrous . When the fibre is analysed it is found to be the same thing as the gluten in wheat . If you take the fat of animals and compare . it
with the fat in plants you will find a remarkable analogy to each other , though , they are not absolutely identical , and I believe they could very easily be converted into each other . Tbe organic matter of vegetables contains the same substances as the muscles of animals . Vegetables contain a large proportion of that which will very readily form the fat of animals , the only difference being that animal matter contains no starch . Let ns now see what is the purpose for which the animal eats its food . Unquestionably for the support of the different parts of which it consists . Sou see again what a beautiful connection exists between the organic part of the plant and that of the animal . " The animal eats gluten in order to form the fibre . When I eat rolls to breakfast I eat a quantity of gluten and starch , and that gluten saves the digestive organs the trouble of manufacturing gluten for the frame . Out of those rude elements which constitute the soil and which float in the air it is the
duty of the plant to prepare those substances—those bricks , as it were , to be carried away by the builder to fill up the different gaps which are continually made in the body . There is a great difference between starch and gluten . That substance called nitrogen exists in the fatter , but not in the former ; ' in the fibre and not in the fat of animals . Thus nitrogen is obtained wholly from the soil , therefore it is- necessary it should be in the soil . In beans gluten exists to the extent of twenty-eight per cent . If therefore you or I eat beans , we eat that which is capable of building up a much larger proportion Of muscle in the body . Again , if the soil contains a larger proportion of gluten , beans will grow when no other plant would , Some animals lay on the fat very abundantly , and some like myself lay it on very
sparingly . If you have an animal inclined to lay on tiit , feed him with Indian corn . There is an important difference between the composition of the vegetable aud that of the animal : but in the former there is gluten , starch , and fat , in thc latter muscle and fat only . The lungs are' a sort of carbonic acid manufacturers . The starch we throw off to the air the plants suck in , and thus it is the leaves aro continually in motion , beating against the air , forming a thousand little mouths which perpetually suck in thc carbonic air which forms starch . A man throws off about seven ounces per day of carbonic acid . Tims it would not be enough to eat merely of fibre and fat , but we require to cat the vegetable sutstances which contain starch , gluten , and fat , because the general purpose
of nature is to save the stomach the trouble of manufacturing these substances for itself . The lungs might suck in the same as plants do , but such is not tbe order of nature , and it falls to plants to supply the deficiency . The stomach can build more easily from carbonic acid than it could from muscle , in feeding young stock , the fanner must give as much as will not only supply the daily deficiency ,. but also supply an increase of muscle and bone . You all know that every part of our body is continually undergoing a change , and that a certain ' Quantity of gluten must be eaten every day to supply it ; and it is the same with young animals , and therefore they require an extra supply of the elements of muscle and bone , in order that they may increase in size . You may by attending to the different qualities of the kind of food , make your animals either very fleshy ; very bony , or very fat ; animals eject in dung and other
excrements a great many substances : and as the plants contain substances which are soluble with water , it is of great consequence to take care of- 'the ' liquid excrescences , and to mix it with the solid , so that the whole ot the animal matter may be preserved , which , being taken back to the soil , it is provided with the same substances almost for ever . If you allow the liquid to run into the rivers , then you bare the land of what the plant gets from the soil , and which the animal gets from tho plant . When the animal dies , all those things which it got is returned to the soil , and thus the same revolution goes on from the soil to the plant , and from the plant to the animal . These are some of the points , gentlemen , by relating which I wish to interest you , which demonstrate the over-ruling presence of one Mind ,
directing practical operations te the same end . If there was not the same spirit and intellect pervading in the nature of the soil , the plants , and the animals , there would be some confusion ; but as they do exist , there is manifested the presence of one mind and of ' one principle , directing the whole cycle of animal and vegetable life , as there is to be scenj in all tbe cycles and motions of . the planetary bodies . In wishing to teach those under you the elementary principles of agricultural chemistry , I don't wish yon to leave out of view the beautiful and powerful evidence which it affords of the existence of a Deity , who is present at all times ; and regulates in his infinite wisdom all our affairs and intercourse . I , therefore , concur entirely in the remarks of Mr . Pyper , that moral training is above all things necessary for the young . Moral
training comes first , intellectual next , and practical last of all ; but yet all are here combined , for by this practical knowledge you can give the young mind a new view of natural | theology . It is not merely chemistry or phisiology , but this seems to be one of the most beautiful pictures of natural theology . I might tell you there is a great deal of poetry in the sketch I have presented to you . Tho whole planetary system in dead masses float in space , and the dead earth forms the subjects which geologists contemplate , but on the surface of this dead earth , you have a soil , a vegetable and an animal life ,, subject to changes which must interest and concern every enquirer . Suppose the soil contained no seed—that no vegetables grew , and no animals existed—still no doubt the other parts of the creation would go on ; and this subject of ours is just one idea , an episode , as it were , in connection with thc planetary system . And this little enisodo in
the mighty poem of nature presents to ns the Divine bounty , goodness , wisdom , forethought , benevolence and the exalted intelligence of the Divine mind ' How beautiful it is indeed ! What an incontestibl manifestation of the existence of thc Deity is to be found in this episode , planted on our own globe 1 I have no doubt , gentlemen , that in imparting this branch of knowledge to those under you , you will enjoy an agreeable , an entertaining study yourselves . I came among you an entire stranger , and therefore I have not been able to speak with the freedom and ease which , perhaps , I otherwise would hav e done ; but I hope the kindness you have shown tome , and the attention you have paid to my explanations , will in some measure , at least , have made up for my deficiency . If you do me tho honour to ask me again before you , I trust I shall be able to address you in a better manner than I have been enabled on this occasion to do . The learned professor resumed his seat amidst great applause .
A Strong Breeze Among The Holt Fauns.—A ...
A Strong Breeze among the Holt Fauns . —A student belonging to the Convent of St . Augustine ( one of the wealthiest monasteries ) , was sentenced last week to two months * imprisonment , by the Judicial Court of Police , for having given a severe thrashing to the prior or abbot k > f his convent . It is fortunate for the culpritit did not happen in a country where the convents exercise their o . vn jurisdiction otherwise he would have fared much worse . —Malta Tin 63 .
A Strong Breeze Among The Holt Fauns.—A ...
¦ - '¦ '^ " ^ WlPPPiip ^^ irm- " ' ' TO THE EDWOa ' oP TIIB yKOJimS ^** A « 5 fe : ''!/ Snv- Hayip ^ on ^ . labouredwi ^ o ^^ immertal ' Sadler and theh » defotig | bloOaBtler ^ to achieve tho emandpafion ^ ffiofaotoytwofpr womq than Egyptn \ nborid |^ o , * I ^ waysi < 4 el mi Interest In everything mooted bi ^^ hat ^ hnpohnrit question , ' - which Mr . O'Connor has moat appositely described as " one of the essential . rudiments ' of ' ' the ' Charier . " It gave me ' much pleasure to learn from the Stir that Mr . Gardner , of Preston , had adopted the Ten Hours' plan in his
establishment , by which he has earned the respect and esteem of tho operatives of that town , lint , sir , why are most of the public journals silent on the subject ? Is an aristocrat ' s fall from his horse , or her 'Majesty ' s trip to the Continent to spend otlier people ' s money , of more vital importance than the disinterested , benevolent , and humane act of Mr . Gardner ? Yes , sir ; with hired scribes and fawning sycophants such nonsense is the culmhrvting point of their " public instruction , " whiU they feel it profitable to blink everything , having a tendency to benefit the working class .
I thank you for giving publicity to the noble example set by Mr . Gardner to his brother millowners ; but allow me to say , 1 do not thank you for giving the echo to a . Mercurial paragraph in last week ' s Star , without a word of comment . I allude to the following : — Factoky LiBona . —An Example won-riiv or Imitation . —Messrs . Norrls , Syhes , and l isher , havc very Kindly reduced the hours of labour at their establishment , Newton-mill , Huddersfield , from twelve to eleven hours a day . This arrangement will give the younger portion of their hands the opportunity of attending an evening school , where they will be able to . receive that iustouetion necessary for after life . The men also will have the pleasure of enjoying more domestic comfort with their respective families at ' home . ' We hope that their labours may in an especial manner be crowned with success , in return for this noblo and praiseworthy example , and that it will induce other , masters to adopt the same system . —Leeds Mercury .
Coming , ai the above does , from the oraele of the capitalists and profit-mongers , it ought to be recrivedwith suspicion . Do you find Mr . Baines following up the paragraph by another " example" MORE " worthy of imitation , " viz ., the example of Mr . Gardner f No ; 'the crafty journalist knew " a triclc worth two of that . " He , no doubt , knew that in his own native town the Ten Hours ' system was in practice . He knew Vtia operative factory workers wore elated at the prospect of their wishes being consummated , and he also knew that tho-Manchester Central Committee were again at work to accelerate the overthrow of Moloch ' s sway . Hence appeared the paragraph you copy , toit / iont a word of comment .
Sir , —I am sure you have not forgot that the Eleven Hours' plan is the spawn of Hothouse , the "Whig—that it was handed over to old Dame Baines to nurse as soon as it came into the world , and that the old Dame has always held it up when the factory " workers' own has publicly appeared . In short , the Eleven Hours ' plan was projected for no other purpose but that of frustrating th » objects of the operatives and their friends . This fact is . well known , and the Whig bantling is still as hideous in the eyes of the workles as ever ; and Baines and Co , will find to their discomfiture that old birds are not to be caught with chaff . They know that the most eminent of tho faculty have declared that Ten Hours'daily labour is the utmost that human nature can sustain with impunitythat it is enough for man , leaving the immature portion of our race out of the Q uestion .
They know , also , that a living philanthropist , practically acquainted with the factory system in all its ramifications , and ' one who has spent a long life in the study of human nature and tlie position of society , has , after years of observation , pronounced eight . hours' daily toil a sufficient burden for the human frame . I allude to Mr , R . Owen , whose knowledge of society none will dispute , however much they may differ with him on the conflicting pojnts of religion . . - Sir , I am afraid of trespassing too much on your space , but I sea a motiva in Baines inserting tho paragraph at this juncture . Perhaps the Huddersfield firm are " cxperimcntalits" to subserve that motive . Yet , depend upon it , it will be " no go . " Ten hours ' , men know the enemy ' s engine of warfare . They know the opposite side ef Boar-lane end very well , aud they will keep an eye on the movements in that quarter , while they will , as they ever have done , repudiate the Eleven Hours' system .
No concession ! No compromise ! No fulsome adulation for Eleven Hour tricksters 1 Yours truly , Gl , King-street , Long Acre ; Wm . Rideb . Sept . 0 , 1 S 45 . [ Our friend is wrong . Mr . Gardner has not adopted the " Ten Hour System . " Ho used to run his mill twelve hours , like the rest of the millowners at Preston . He reduced the hours of working to eleven , and tho result , in amountofproductionandincrensedcomfortto the "hands " employed , induced him to make another reduction to ten and-a-half liours a-day . The last account we saw stated that Mr . Gardner thought of trying the Ton Hour plan ; but as yet we believe the hours worked are ten anda-half . Then for the Huddersfield case . Before Mr . Gardner made any reduction at all , tho Messrs . Starkey , of Huddersfield , had reduced their working hours to eleven , paying the same amount of wages as for twelve , while all the rest of the mills in the neighbourhood were running twelve . Tlie result , extended over a space of
now upon two years , has been so satisfaclory both to employers and employed , that the example set by the Messrs . Starkey lias oeen followed oy the TJroolvS at Armitagebridge ; by the owners of the Meltham mills ; and the Messrs , Armitage , of Milnes-bridge ( we believe , though of the two latter , wo are not sure ); and note by the firm of Messrs . Norris , Sykes , and Fisher , of Newtown , Huddersfield . It was to record this last fact , so honourable to the parties concerned , that tlie paragraph in the Mercury appeared , which bears all thejimvks of having been furnished by the Huddersfield correspondent , and inserted just as sent . Yfe do not think that the Messrs . Baines had any other " motive" in giving it insertion than to record a fact worthy of imitation by all in Huddersfield who still run their mills twelve hours , when then-neighbours show that it is possible to Jive , and even thrive , by onlyrunning eleven , even when they pay as much wages for eleven as tlicy did for twelve . We trust a few more will " experimentalize ; " and that tho Messrs . Starkey and Mr . Gardner will lead the way to the whole Ten Hour plan . —Ed . N . S . ]
[ £ 3 F Since the above was m type , we have received tbe ( to us ) pleasing information , that the firm of the Messrs . Shaw , of Steps Mill , Honley , near Huddersfield , have followed the example set them by the Messrs . Starkey , and have commenced to run their works only eleven instead of twelve hours daily . In according all praise to thc Messrs . Shaw for thus voluntarily adding six liours weekly to the life of the workers in their establishment , without any ahidgment of their means , we do not think that we are guilty of " fulsome adulation ; " and we apprehend that both the Messrs , Shaw and the Messrs , Norris Sykes and Fisher , aro deserving , in these instances at least , of a better name than that of " tricksters . " At all events , we would cheerfully refer that question to the " hands " they employ , at the end of their week ' s work , when they have enjoyed the comforts of "home" for six hours longer than they used to do ! If this be the result of " elevenhour trickery , " wo trust tbat the other employers in the Huddersfield district will turn " tricksters" too . — En . iV . S . }
Extraordinary Balloou Ascent Prom Cremor...
Extraordinary Balloou Ascent prom Cremorne Gardens . —On Monday evening , Mr . Green made another ascent in his Nassau Balloon from the gardens of Cremorne House , and it being announced that he would bo accompanied by a lady and a leopard , a very large company were assembled , there being nearly 12 , 000 persons present . At half-past six , a female , together with a young male leopard , tho property of a Mr . White , a trainer of beasts , and the keeper , made their , appearance upon the grounds . A car had been prepared for the occasion , and attached beneath the regular one ; the three having entered it , Mr . Green placed himself in tbe
uppei \ car , when they proceeded to make several ascents to the height of the trees , at thc conclusion of which thc aeronaut made preparations for his final ascent with Mrs . Green , Mrs . C . Green , Mr . Salter , Mr . Hardwicke ( themagistrate ) , Mr . Littlejohn , & c , in all eleven persons . The balloon having been released , took a south-westerly direction , in which course it procwded for some time , when entering another current of air , it returned towards the gardens , over which it hovered for some time , and finally it descended at Notting-hill , about half-past eight , and Mr . Green returned to the gardens , it being , by reason of the various currents into which the balloon entered , one oftho most extraordinary ascents made for many years .
Child Murder . —Birmingham , Saturday . —During the week a child murder of considerable atrocity has been brought to light by Mr . Davis , the town coroner . The circumstances , as elicited at the coroner's inquiry , may be related briefly . At Springhcath live a hard-working couple named Jenkins , and during the latter part of thc week tho wife had a quarrel with a woman named Marsh , who manifested a great degree of spleen in tho course of the altercation . This day week a fine little girl belonging to Jenkins ( fifteen months old ) , after toddling about from bouse to house , was suddenly missed . Every search was made in the vicinity for it , when it was at last ascertained that the poor little creature was seen to enter Marsh ' s house , with two _ other children , and was not afterwards noticed until discovered dead by its father in the evening , in the cesspool attached to the water-closet . It appears , a few minutes after it was missed , thc father went to Marsh ' s house for the
purpose of ascertaining whether the child was there , when Marsh assured him it was not , and gave him a light to satisfy himself . An inhabitant , however , named Mullins , deposed that a short time before tlie father went to look for the deceased he saw Marsh take a child by itsjiand to the water-closet , and return without it , at which time she was drunk . The jury , however , believing that the child might have fallen in accidentally , returned a verdict to that effect . But subsequentimportant disclosures coining to the ears of the coroner , a fresh jury was empanelled at the Turk ' s Head on Friday , when it was satisfactorily explained that the child could not have fallen through thc scat , and that Marsh had been frequently heard to say that she would serve thc par ent out before the week was out . The jury , after sitting until a late hour last evening , returned a verdict of " Wilful Murder" against Marsh , who was fully committed .
. The; Pauper And The Felon. One Of The ...
. THE ; PAUPER AND THE FELON . One of the most startling and appalling facts broueht forth by the inquiry into the operationuf the old Poor Law was , that convicted felons were better led and provided for than the poor in the workhouses . This fact was displayed at the time in beautifully printed octavo hooks sent forth by " tho Poor Law Commissioners , followed by innumerable speeches , essays , < kc ., all in condemnation of such a system ; and the impression thus made on the public mind prepared the way for the New Poor Law , which was to raise the labourers' wages ; elevate them above a state of pauperism ; teach them to depend on their own resources ; and surround the farmer with a happy , contented ; well-paid peasantry , instead of ei-ouching bands of turbulent , fierce , ignorant , and vindictive desperadoes , kept at the parish expense . We fear that few of these anticipations have been fulfilled ; but wo have again before us the fact that convicted felons , now working ( if easy labour can be
called work ) in Portsmouth dockyard are much better fed than the poor in the same county . Four days a week the felons are supplied each with Moz . of beef a day . By the dietary of the Poor Law Commissioners for Andover Union , the poor are supplied with " cooked meat" only two days a week . This cooked meat includes bacon for one of thc days ( Saturday } , and certainly is neither so wholesome nor nutritious as the felons' beef . But , by the Union , dietary , the poor man has not 14 oz ., but only 8 oz ., and the poor woman but Goz . Of bacon , the value of which depends so much upon its quality , the men have 5 oz ., the women 4 oz . The term '' cooked meat" is an ambiguous phrase , It may mean » very inferior description of meat from that implied by beef . But , waiving that , we have the fact , as it has been published by tho Government itself , that the felons have each 5 Goz . of meat per week , whilst the poor man has only 13 oz . per week , and the poor woman only 10 oz . per week .
, Now , there is probably no person who has thought or paid attention to these matters who does not know some aged pauper , 70 or 80 years of age , pressing towards the house prepared for his abode . Look at that bent but stalwart frame , His sinews and his mind , —for it is a gross mistake to suppose that no skill is required in the agricultural labourer , —have contributed towards the enormous wealth of his country for upwards of half a century . Time at last has taken all the work out of him , though the wealth he has assisted to accumulate remains ; and we ask , is not - | such a man justly entitled to a . comfortable existence in his latter jdays ? Humanity , j ustice , Christianity , can give but one reply to the question . That man is entitled to a fair proportion of the accumulated wealth of the community of which he has been
all las days a valuable member ; and yet we turn to the dietary tables and find this man infinitely worse off than he who for his crimes has been expelled from society ^ and is kept in safe custody , like a wild beast , because he cannot be trusted at large . Let us not , however , be misunderstood . "We do not want to reduce the felons' allowance . They have probably no more than nature requires tokeep them in health ; but , if so , in what state must be the poor , whose allowance is miserable even as compared with that of the convicted felon ? We do hot want , we repeat , to reduce the felons' allowance ; but . we do wish to see that of the poor increased . This , it may be replied , would increase pauperism . Granted for a moment : but will not tlio fact of a far greater amount of food being given to the convicted felon than
to the pauper inevitably increase crime ? . Isit not offering a premium to crime ? Does not such a system as this belong to that category of errors committed by Governments ? If , it is said , the poor are kept too well , they will consume all the rents of the land . In this brief sentence are contained two grand errors . One of fact ; the other of theory . Those who have any practical knowledge of the poor know how reluctant they are to go into the workhouse under any circumstances . They will sell or pawn every thing they have before they will enter those real prisons , but nominal places for relief to the poor . - Half-a-century ago the same repugnance was felt by them to receive parochial aid ; but the . times compelled thousands to submit to it , and it is true that a race of paupers was reared ; but
even those , —and there are no worse characters generally than those raised in the workhouse , —will not apply to them if they can get employment out . What , then , is the remedy ? A fair day ' s wages for a fair day ' s work . This , could , it be accomplished , is tbe only real cure for the evils of pauperism , and to this the country must come sooner or later . Why is it not done at once |? it may be'demanded . The reply is , that the farmer has so many demands upon him that he is compelled to pinch his labourer . What are these demands ? 1 st . Rent , four or five times higher than before thc American War of Independence . 2 nd . Taxes ; increased from five millions a-year in the reign of Anne to fifty-five millions a-year in the reign of Victoria . 3 rd . ' County rates ; as poverty is the
mother of crime , the county rates increased to punish the poor as criminals . 4 th . Tithes , increased in the same proportion as rents . 6 th . Then come wages , with other burdens , all of which tlio farmer must pay , and having paid , finds that enough money is not left in his purse to pay the labourers properly . A family raised upon 10 s . or 12 s . a-weelc roust end in thc greater portion of them becoming paupers or something worse , fall . Then come the poor-rates ; and we have the fact , in the Governmental dietaries , that tokeep down the expense of pauperism the invaluable poor man , who has given the labour of a whole life to increase the wealth of tbe country , is served with but 13 oz . of meat per week , whilst the unprincipled' convicted felon rejoices on 5 Goz . per week . — Brighton Herald .
Exremmentai. Titirs On Ihe Crotdoh Atmos...
ExrEMMENTAi . Titirs on ihe Crotdoh Atmosphehic Railway . —On Friday ( says the Morning Herald ) we had the satisfaction of ivitncssing several experimental , and as far as wc are able to judge , we may add successful , trips on that ) portion of the Croydon line of railway which has been laid down upon the atmospheric system , of which Mr . Samuda and Mr . Clegg are the inventors and patentees . These experiments were instituted with the view of getting the apparatus in good working order , and arranging the mode of working prior to the line being thrown open for the use of the public . They may also be regarded in some degree as tests of tbe objections to the atmospheric principle which , during the Jast session , were urged upon more than one committee of the Houses of Parliament in cases , where the principles of locomotive and of atmospheric traction entered into
competition , the portion ot thc Croydon line upon which the atmospheric apparatus has been completed extends from the Croydon terminus to the Dartmouth Arms station , a distance of rather more than five miles . It runs parallel with thc locomotive line , and connected with it three pairs of engines for exhausting the tubes have already been erected ; the first at the Croydon station ; thc second at the Norwood station , a little more than two miles from Croydon , and the third at the Dartmouth Anus , three miles from tho Norwood station . The engines are of 50-horsopowcreach . From CroydontoNorwood . tbctrains are propelled by the Norwood engine , which exhausts the first two miles of pipe , and afterwards the duty of exhaustion for the remaining three miles is taken up by the Dartmouth Arms engine , which actuates the train to that station . On returning from the Dartmouth Arms the vacuum is created for the first three
miles as far as the Norwood station by the engine at that place , and for the rest of thc distance to Croydon by the engine fixed there . In passing we may observe that the engine houses are beautifully constructcd edifices , adorned with many architectural embellishments , and a short way off have nothing about them to denote that there resides thc gigantic power of steam . The vacuum tube is 15 inches in diameter , and the ruling gradient on the line is 1 in GOO , except where it passes over the Brighton Railway by means ofa viaduct , at which place the inclination for about ^ a quarter of a mile is 1 in 50 . Friday'scxperiments were made with a train of six carriages , including the piston carriage , the aggregate weight of which , and the company in them , was calculated at upwards of 3 , 0 tons , and the first trip was from the Croydon station , shortly after two o ' clock . This trip , however , could not be considered in the light of a * ' trial . "
inasmuch as Igrcat delay ensued at the two intermediate stations—viz ., the Norwood and the Anerlev Bridge stations , for thc purpose of avoiding inconvel mence to thc ordinary traflio on the locomotive line . Still , the result was sufficient to indicate that the tractive power was under the most complete control , and that there was every facility for arresting the progress ofa train at the various stations , in order to set down or take up passengers . On this occasion the train was started when the vacuum in the tube was only 12 inches : but the five miles , exclusive- of the stoppages alluded to , were accomplished in 10 minutes , being on the average about 16 miles an hour , ihe train left the Dartmouth Arms station , on its return , at a period when it could run through without interruption , the vacuum in the pipe 21 * inches . Ve now seemed almost to realise the idea of the poet , who makes one of the glorious creations of his
imaginations L ' - —— "Glide through the even On a sunbeam swift as a shooting star , ' ' for the four and a half miles to the summit of thc viaduct , where the breaks were applied to bring the train to a state of rest before arriving at the Croydon station , were performed in five minutes and fifteen seconds ; and the last quarter of a mile of that distance , up the incline , at the rate of 65 miles an hour llio result of this trip showed that a speed of GO miles an hour could be attained at the end of 3 miles from the point of rest , with a train of thirty tons ; a fact to which great weight is attached ' '
by Mr . Samuda in comparing atmospheric with locomotive traction ' It is proper to observe also , that , even at the h > he « t velocity , not the slightest oscillation was perceptible that the noise was no more than might reasonihiv ho expected , and that the application of the " breaW ' wm most effective . The third trip from Croydon to the Dartmouth Arms was made with similar success the only observation necessary to make i « tint- tho intermediate engines at the Norwood stations were not at work , and that tic exhaustion w ^ SblJS solely by (^ Dartmouth Arms engines , fivKEin advance ofthostarting point ! On the train Sin
Exremmentai. Titirs On Ihe Crotdoh Atmos...
returning to Croydon , it overiook alocomotive engine entirely setting i ^ jrt . tlw ; 0 ^? fe ^ raS nonents and as feeding even their own inosc LSit ^ wast whether , under-aJl the circumstances , a useful rate of speed cc 4 d . be attained , the adversaries of thesystem continuing tbat theI friction of air thiough the tube would bo so great as to prevent the possibility of attaining a velocity of more than 15 mdes an hour on - ¦ .. -,: " iJf _» - _ : * „„ rtnnl .-a locomotiveeriaina
when the process of exhaustion was ^ oing by means of an engine three . miles ill advance . Iho above experiments showed , however , that the tram acquired a rate of 60 miles an hour , when , full that distance from the exhausting engines . ; And the promoters of the atmospheric system further regard these experimental trips as conclusive evidence ot the truth of their position , that after haying travelled one three miles' sectimTr ^ p ipe the tram can enter another section «' . ' V propelled through it with an equal velocity , anu Liiat a line of 300 miles m length would in fact be merely repeating one hundred times tlm same oneration . without in any way extending
the amount of the experiments . Upon this subject wo do not feel called , on to give an opinion—unscientific people will be better able to judge of it , when the whole line from' Croydon to London , the works on which are making rapid progress , are completed , and the system is in full operation . We understand that several "trial" trips were made by Mr . Samuda and Mr . Clegg , who were both present , on Thursday last , with trains of 18 carriages , containing a large number of persons , and weighing 90 tons . A speed of 30 miles an hour was then attained for a short distance ; and the viaduct over the Brighton line , where the inclination is 1 in 50 , was surmounted at 20 miles an hour .
• Desperate Suicide nv x Youxo Gentleman . —On Thursday afternoon a long inquiry was opened before Mr . G . I . Mills , deputy coroner for Middlesex , and a , jurv , at the Marquis of Hastings , Ossulston-streefc , Somers Town , on the body of a gentleman at present unknown , who committed self-destruction under the very singular and unaccountable circumstances subjoined . Harriett Mayno said that she lodged at 26 , Aldenham-street , which house was kept by a female named Bryan . Shortly after twelve o ' clock on the night of Tuesday last , she met deceased , whom she had never seen before , at a concert at the Garrick ' s Head , in Bow-street , where she partook ofa part of pint of sherry with him and a tall young gentleman , his friend . •• The deceased told her he had previously been to Evans ' s Grand Hotel , and had partaken of
two bottles of wine and some rum punch . Shortly before three o'clock on Wednesday morning the deceased bid his friend good-bye , loft the Garrick ' s "Head , and accompanied witness in a cab to her residence . At two o ' clock en Wednesday afternoon . she invited him to partake of breakfast , but he refused , and said he would ; rather have a glass of wine . He gave witness half-a-crown to send for a pint of sherry , and on her calling Margaret Bryan , the landladv ' s daughter , to go for it , deceased added , " Stay , I will send for something else that will do me good . " Deceased then asked for a pen and ink , and wrote a prescription in Latin , telling her to send it to some chemistgiving her 2 s . to procure it .
Mar-, garet Bryan went to the shop of Mr . Wakefield , and on her return with tbe wine said that Mr . Wakefield said he had not got any , and that it was poison . Witness told deceased , who said , " Nonsense , it is no such thing ; it is only to enliven up low spirits ; send to another doctor . " Margaret . Bryan then went to the shop of Mr . Rentmorc ; in Clarendon-square , and brought back a phial about'three-parts full of stufi smelling like almonds . Deceased was then lying on the sofa in the parlour , and appeared very cheerful . Witness left him to get her breakfast , leaving the phial and tho wine on the table . She returned in about five minutes , and on entering the room asked the deceased how he was . He replied he felt better , but his stomach began to pain him . At that
moment he turned over on the sofa and appeared fain ting , and made a gurgling noise in the throat . She called for water , and sent for a doctor . Mr . Wakefield came and said he was dead , and had taken poison . By the Coroner . —I had never seen deceased before . I had not the slightest idea that he had sent for poison ; and I intended to have taken a portion of what ho sent forbad he left any , as he said it was for low spirits . I should say ho was not more than twenty years of age . When alive he appeared of rather sallow complexion , and had dark brown hair . His dress consists of a black frock coat , black satin wa is tcoat , iavender-colourcd striped trousers with straps , the whole quite new ; a blue striped silk neckerchief , white stockings , yellow kid gloves
and short boots ; anew hat , maker ' s name " Townsend , Cheapside and Regent-street . " He had with him . a small yellow stick with tlie handle much bitten , and his linen was marked "G . Oidfield , junior . " On his person were found two handkerchiefs , one white muslin , with the name "G . Oldfield" on it , the other silk ; a cigar case , a green purse studded with steel beads and tassels , with two shillings in it ; and on his finger a gold ring with a green stone . Deceased did not give witnesss any other money than for thc wine and the stuff . Margaret Bryan proved having gone with the prescription first to the shop of Mr . Wakefield and then to that of Mr . Rentmorc , where she procured the stuff for deceased , and paid
Is . 3 d . for it , and that she was served by a young man , Mr . llentmore ' s brother . The witness having identified the prescription , the Deputy-Coroner said it was in Latin , and was "half an ounce hydrocyanic acid , " and at the bottom was written " For flavouring soups , " and it was signed " G . O . " Mr . Wakefield proved that when lie was called to sec deceased he was quite dead . ^ The Deputy-Coroner animadverted on any chemist selling so large a quantity of poison to a stranger , and called upon Mr . llentmore for an explanation . Mr . llentmore , jun ., whosevved it , said he understood that the girl who fetched the poison came from ihe pastry-cook's in Seymourstreet , and knowing oil of almonds was used in the trade , he served it . The Deputy-Coroner said the
circumstances of the case were so strange , although there was no reason to believe that thc witness Maync had connived at the deceased poisoning himself , that he _ felt it necessary to adjourn the inquiry for further evidence , and to have the body opened . Thc inquiry was ultimately adjourned to Monday , and after the post mortem examination the body will be removed to St . Paneras workhouse for identity . —On Monday the i n q uest was resume d , when Mrs . Emily Oldfield , repemaker , Southgate-road , Ball ' s-pond , Islington , stated that the deceased was her son , and that ho was warehouse-clerk in the employ of Messrs . Warwick and Sons , wholesale druggists , Garlick-hill . Last Tuesday morning he left home for his office , and told witness that he would , if allowed bv his
employers , go with some friends to Gravcsend that day . She gave him 8 s . Gd ., but did not know what other money ho had . She never afterwards saw him alive . Her impression was that he had been drugged in the house , Aldenham-street , and then murdered . The coroner assured Mrs . Oidfield that both he and thc jury were fully convinced bv thc evidence given on the first day that her son had not been drugged . On the contrary , they felt that the circumstance was unfortunate for all parties , and that every attention had been paid to him . Frank Merrick , a youth about eighteen years of age , deposed that on Tuesday nightheaccompanieddeceased to thc Adelphi theatre , and afterwards to thc Garriek's Head , Bow-street , where they had between them a elass of gin and
water . _ After some delay there , deceased left him and joined a female in the room . Deceased , who was not drunk , left the Garrick ' s Head about ono o ' clock on Wednesday morning , but with whom witness did not know , nor did ho afterwards sec him . On two previous occasions deceased slept with him at his lodgings , Cloak-lane . Mr . llentmore , brother and assistant to Mr . Rentmore , surgeon , said that he sold to the servant of the house , JNo . 15 , Aldenham-street , half an ounce of the essential oil of almonds , in an ounce and a half bottle . He imagined that it was required by a soap-maker , or a pastrycook . It was usual with druggists to sell as much as an ounce of it to persons in those trades . The bottle was not labelled . Mr . G . Wakefield , surgeon , said he had
examined tbe bod y , which from the ajsoplm & ns downwards , gave evidence of tho destructive presence of prussic acid , and which , no doubt , was the cause of death . The quantity sold to deceased was sufficient to kill tour persons . Mrs . Oidfield having stated that 2 s . worth of brand y had been sent for after her son entered the brothel , Alice Bryan , the landlady of the house , her daughter , and the woman whom deceased accompanied home , distinctly proved that such was not the fact , and that all that was brought in was a pint of sherry . The jury , after hall-an-™ £ . » el lberation , returned a verdict " That George Uldheld , jun ., died by taking essential oil of almonds with his own hands , but that there was no evidence ot his state of mind at the time . " The jury accompanied the verdict with a censure upon Mr . Bentmore , jun ., for having so incautiouslv sold the poison .
Another Coltaery Explosion . —On Tuesday night last the inhabitants of tho village of Aberdaro , who have hardly had sufficient time to recover from tho excitement produced by the late dreadful catastrop he , were thrown into a state of great consternation by an explosion in Blaengawr collierv , the property of Mr . Davics , of Hirwain . The violent concussion of air consequent upon the explosion had the effect of an earthquake in shaking the whole district , tt appeared that thc accident was occasioned in consequence of some of the workmen having , contraryto the positive instructions of the master , cot an underground door placed in some portion of " the colliory , which had the effect of obstructing a current of air-There were happily not more than five men in the pit at tha-time of thc explosion , three of whom were dreadfully schorched ; they are , however , likely to r . cover . —Cambrian .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 13, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_13091845/page/6/
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