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May 20, 1848. y HE NORTHERN STAR. 3
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fjo ttr^
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THE BROTHERHOOD OF RATIONS . AK AKTIClPi...
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HPRRAH—HURRAH—WE MOTE. A TR1DSPH. It Eor...
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GERMAN STUDENT'S SONG. WO HDTH USD CBAIT...
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KIKG RIGMAROLE ALIVE AGAIN ! With t^e se...
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THE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR. The Cotnmitt...
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* This Committee hag now ceased to exist...
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THE MIDDLE CLASS MOVEMENT. The Ruxbs and...
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The Prussian Reformersi intend to revert...
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ifmpcnai faniammt
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MONDAY , Mat 15. HOUSE OF LORDS.—The onl...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
May 20, 1848. Y He Northern Star. 3
May 20 , 1848 . y HE NORTHERN STAR . 3
Fjo Ttr^
fjo ttr ^
The Brotherhood Of Rations . Ak Akticlpi...
THE BROTHERHOOD OF RATIONS AK AKTIClPiTIO * . ( Su ggested by Beranger ' s' Sainf * alli 5 n « its ptvpttl . ' Tbe wars had ceased : the weary nations failed Xhiir tattered flags , and sheathed their blunted swords ; Ana . s'cfc cf Wood , the decimated world Counted lis scars , its glories , and rewards . A little whisper , raised in doubt and fear , Hide an appeal to all the suffering lands-Form an alliance holy and sincere , And join , join hands . 01 3 men left childless and ditconiolate ;
"Widews forlorn , and maidens sorrow . crowaed ; The cmlarea loitering at the cottage gate ; Tke young men mournful , gaiicg on the ground , Joined in the cry , lamenting , yet of cheer—B peatin ? ever . Oh , ye ruined lands , Form an alliance holy and sincere And join , join hands . The ploughman singing at the early bob , Stopped in Ms Usk , and shuddered to behold , Through tie long furrows fer the future corn , Half-buried skulls projecting from the mould-Bones of his brethren scattered far and near ; And sally gsiing sighed , Unhappy lands , Form an alliance holy asd sincere , Aad join , join hands .
The whisper spread—it gathered as it went ; Frem crowd to crowd tha aspiration fhw ; Distracted Europe staunched the wounds that rent Her bleeding bosom , pierced at Waterloo ; Her wisest sons with voices lead and clear Took up the words and bore them o'er the lands—Form an alliance holy and sincere , And join , join hands . W . ^ y should ye drag , ' said they , ' the furious car 01 Wind smbHian ? Why with sweat and moil Follow the panting demi-gods of war , And with vonr blood make runnels through the soil 1
Long have ye seffcreii—long in mad career Borne fire and sword and sorrow throagk the lands-Form as alliance hely and siacere , And join , join hand * . 'Sheathed be the sword for ever—let the drsm Be schoolboy ' s pastime—let your battles cease , And be tke canaon ' s voice for ever dumb Except to celebrate the joys of peace . Are ye not brothers ? 6 id , whom ye revere , Is be not Father of all climes aad lands , Form an alliance holy and sincere , And join , jsin bands .
The words grew oracles ; from mouth to month Rapid as light the truthful accents ran , Prom 'be cold Xorlsnd to the sunny South—From East to West ; they warmed the heart of man ; The prospereu * people with a sound of cheer Passed the glad watchwoid through the smiling lands Form an alliance holy and sincere , And join , j 'in hands . They spread , they flew , they fructified apace ; Tha spear and sword hung rusting on tke walls , Preserved as relics of a bygon * race When men went mad , and gleried in their brawls , peace , the fair mother of each bounteous year , Dropped corn an * wine on the prolific lands . Form an alliance holy and sincere , And join , jein hands .
England forgot her deeds of feattle done , Fsanea blnnhed at' glory' gained in fields of gere , German , Italian , Spaniard , Pole , and Hun Tsueht kints a les ? on and were foes no mow—Knowledge achieved the circuit of our sphere , Aad Love became the gospel of the lands—When that al isuce , holy and sincere , Had joined ail hands . Puppet Show
Hprrah—Hurrah—We Mote. A Tr1dsph. It Eor...
HPRRAH—HURRAH—WE MOTE . A TR 1 DSPH . It Eores—It mores—Eirth hath not slept—It crouched but far its spring ; Of silence is the thunder born , And winters harvests bring ; It did but palfied weakness feign , Tbe mora its strength to prove ; 'lis bounding for the gnal again ; Hurrah—Hurrsh—we mere . Shout—shout—the fettered might of Franca A < aia hath rent her chaia ; Ho , tyrants , crouch , —3 t Antoiae treads The Tuil !< -ries again ; In mijesty and digit she rose , Again to Earth to prove , A nttio'j ' s will can laugh at swords ; Hurrah—Hurrah—we more . Some—Rose—once mor > a trumpet blast
Rirtss in the chainlets sound ; Great thoughts aeamha < ii Genoa spoke-Free wards hath Florence found ; pilermn all her tyrant ' s wrath H * th dared ia arms to prove ; Fres . Siples shouteth by the sta ; Hurrah—Hurrak—we move . Ths storm is forth—the rushing blast ; Lo , in its miehty roar The thrones sod azdeat powers ef wrong Usurp the Earth no more ; Ho , Prossis , where ' s thine Iron rule f Ho , Austria , dost thou prove The byword of exnltme man t Hurrah—Hurrah—we move . And Poland , giant sin of time , For thee is promise dumb ? Shouts not triumphant hope thy name t
Is not thine hour too come ? It sweeps—the rending storm sweeps on ; Lo , the free Esrth shall prove Its nobler life—its chainless years ; Hurrah—Hurrah—we mave . And England sleeps ;—Bohemia stirs-Stirs too the fiery Hon ; The Lombard rends ' the Auitrian ' s keel , — Milan hath freedom won ; Awake—awake—press thon too on , First-born of Freedom , prove Thy right to lead the msreb . of man , And teach the world to move .
German Student's Song. Wo Hdth Usd Cbait...
GERMAN STUDENT'S SONG . WO HDTH USD CBAIT . Are Girman hearts with strength and courage bestinz ? There to the claag of beaksrs gleams the sword , And true and steadfast in our place of meeting , We peal cloud in song the fiery-word ! Though rocks and oak-trees shiver , Ire , we will trembls nevgr ! Stronc like the tempest , see the youths go by For Fatherland to combat and to die ! Bed , red as true love be the brother-token ,
And purs like gold the soul within imprest , And that in death oar spirits be not broken , Black be the ribbon bound absut the breast . * * * Though rocks etc . And now , since fate msy tsar ns from each other , L ^ t each man grasp sf each the hrotherhaad , An 4 tswecx onee more , —0 , every German brother , Truth to the bond , truth to the Fatherland ! Though rocks and oak-trees shiver , We . we will tremble never ! Stronc like the tempest , see the youths go by Per Fatherland to combat and to die ! Boteitfs Journal
Kikg Rigmarole Alive Again ! With T^E Se...
KIKG RIGMAROLE ALIVE AGAIN ! With t ^ e sensible remsrks of P trick Blake , Erq . , of the Echo , Killarnev , thereupon . Suggested by arig-« sro ! e speech latel y snouted in tke Confederation Hall . Friends , there are fifty thousand men Coming to help u « Yr Blase : Arrah > When i Friends , they are coming bere , I vow , To do onr business
MrB .: ifttrfta / Soxc ? Friends , they are oomlag , but sot cose ; I only say they ' re—MrB .: Coming to wise / While they fizbt for n * Friends , say what Shall we do for thr-m—MrB .: Bb'd titir hat ! Hy Friends , I say , Repeal is won'lis won , I tfll job ,
Friends-Mr B .: What fun ! Fri-ndj , I am for the ' 82 ' G-attan . and
zlorious—HcB . ; DiddcwnuDool The Lnrag will mek « a splendid show , Like Sing Cole ' s fi Idlers-Mr B .: All of a tow I The Bishops all upon a she ' . f Sit by themselves—MrB . ; Oh ! powers of Delpk \ The Lord Lieutenant , with his bat Upon his head-Mr B .: Just think of thai . ' The Lords and Commoners do hold Their hats in hand—¦ Mr B .: Ift gte'ttttegcatch cold ' .
Kikg Rigmarole Alive Again ! With T^E Se...
The ' common people * sll run out , And throw their hats up , dance , and shout—MrB .: Notif thty know what thtg ' rs about \ Friends , I myself will sit as one M . P , far MrB .: 27 i « oU Blarney Stone ! Friends , we will wear our gold-laced coats MrB : But what about tke ptople ' s coles ? Friends , we will all be ralghtj grand-Mr B .: But how about the poor man ' s land ? Friends , there are other' gents' to spout , ( Then I have dene-Mr B .: J . h \ tTien , get out ! United Irishman , J . p . M
The Organisation Of Labour. The Cotnmitt...
THE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR . The Cotnmittes of Operative sitting at the Luxemboure , under M L » uis BIsnc , thus continue their report , the first portion of which appeared in the Northern Star , of Saturday , May 6 th : —* We had not only to provide for the necessities of the present , but to coll . ct materials for the future . Thus wo have seriously pnndered pnd c . refully discusfed down to the most minute detiiis the majority ol the questions af . feeling the safety of the people , by which we mean the safety of society at laree , for wo cannot too eften repeat that interests are dependent on each other , andif they have come to consider etch other as enemies , it is solely owing to a want of study and a defective state of society . Those who now oppose us with such inconsiderate im . petaoslty are not aware how far our ideas arecalculated to re . assure and protect tfcem .
Ko matter ; the day will come when the blindest of our adversaries nill do us justice . Our eonaclenees justify us , and tbat is enough . The Secretirie * . General of the Ministerial Commission for Workmen , M Francois Tidal , and M . C Secqaeur , have been instructed to prepare a resume of the principal results of our int-roal deliberations . The foil 'wing is the enjemWe of the Ideas which we have thought it our duty to lay before yon : — ' To the old territorial and military feudality has latterly succeede d a financial , commercial , and industrial feudally , which it is now our business to destroy , in the name of the mutual dependence of humanity—t . « ., for the benefit of a'l—of all without rxception .
By the will of God . a new and mere lofty conception of right has arisen irem the concealtd movement of ages . Sentiments and Ideas have chanted ; customs and insti . tntions necessarily tfnd to change in modern societies . The monstrous results of the system of laliser / aire have compelled the state of hopeless discr-dit to which it is reduced . The economical edifice < tf the past Is cracking and crumbling on all sides ; its foundation * are under , miaed , and society , as it has been constituted by competition and isolation , has almost become an impossibility . Trade , commerce , national labour , the whole activity of
the Eurspean world , find themselves abandoned ti a radical and permanent state of confusion , to periodical crises , to absolute blindness as regards the fnture . Want and disorder are universally prevalent ; the arena of the mercantile world is strewed wi h wounded and dead . The lot of a large portion of the people Is lamentable ; they are attenuated , depressed , atrophised , and decimated by incessant toil , thanks to the system of political economy now no loudly vaunted . For want of work there are some whe live plungel in hereditary misery ; there are others who are driven by grief and privations to succumb to all the sunife ? t ! on » of destair .
Butbeholdthe arrival of the > Jour for coming io a settlement with distress , and considering measures of a remedial and r «> toratlve tendency . The sacred standard around which the people rally Is inscribed with three words which m hand will henceforth effice , for the realigation of this motto is brought about by the resistless course of events—these words are , ' Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity . ' Now , two groat forms cr combinations seemed destined to envelope in a way , the new civil and so . ial re-Iations of mankind ; two great ideas , necessary corol . larles of the sentiments of f qua'ity and fraternity , alone possess the power in the pre « en = day of reconstructing and enrichicc — on the one sKe association , Mih prin . clple ef all strecrth and all economy ; on the other , the disinterested intervention o » the State — the principle of all order , all'Hstributive jostle ? , and all unity .
We have sufficiently detailed the benefits conferred by the principle of association ; those benefits legalise its accession , which we announce to yon . Ao ta the State , it is clear that if i ' has any social duty , it is to interfere is a peaceful protector wh er ver there are rights to ndjast and interests to guarantee ; it is in equal conditions cf moral , intellectual , and physical dev-lopment . This is its law ; and it can only accomplish this law by renerving to itself the right of distributing credit , of furnishing Implements of labour to those who want them , in euch a manner as t . i render the living ; sources of wealth ncces'ible to all . Toke away this economical attribute—take away all foresight from the State—ire mean the State as dem <» cr * tically constituted—ani the organisation of labour become ; a lie , and the intolerable miseries of the people must rtmaln for ever with , out a remedy .
These principles will have no efficacy unless applied to every sphere of social activity , to every order of labour and interests . If a vast ensemble ot ra . escres and combinaioDB c > nceV » r . d in W \ i spirit of uritj , do not sioiul . taneou'ly aod progressively transform agriculture , trade , and commtrc—if the 1- g'slator and the political economist , in their views of tie future , do not lend eqaul attention to tke production , the distribution , and the completion of wealth—if rbey do not at once harmonise the mode and the laws—if they neglect to introduce mutual dependence and reciprocity between occupations , betwem person ?—all is campromiped and perilled , because allis su'j-cted anew to contradiction , to twofold emp ' otmsnt to antipathy and to war .
We have alreadv , atter having shown you what mo . tivee induced us to pronounce the downfall of the system of a lib-rticide laissetfaire . to substitute for anta . gonism an 4 isolation the principle of union and wutcal d-pendenc ? , li'd before you a sketch of the plan for the organisation of labour in the workshops of manufac luring industry , aad we hive even pointed out bow , by the construction of a few vast edifices—t . « ., by a single intelligent and architectural arrangement—it would be possible to r a'ise a large saving in the consumption of the workingcla-ses without disturbing any Interest . But we must go farther : w-i never dreamt of confining within such narrow limits the complex problem of the orgaaifation < f labour .
In tact , are not competition , confusion , and disorder everywhere prevalent in to « n and country—ia the farm and the shop as w-llas in the factory t Do they not weigh down every sgi and sex—do they not oppress women and children quite as much as mtn and adults ! Theu the agricultural soeinl w « rkshop , and h * workshop of exchange , sale , or purchase , ought to be organised si multaneous T y wi f h the industrial social workshop . Theoommenosmeat of this great work is pointed out to us by the very circomstaBC s in which we ar- at present placed . Everybody must be struck by two great fact » , which are aggravated in proportion to our ad . vance—by a twofold tendency , which at once menaces us with ther'pleti'n and the pauperism—the too ranch and the too little . —of the state of society in Englind . Disaster devastates the ranks of ihe masters , and idleness saps the ntrgies of the people ; in many workshop ' labour is wholly eu « pend » d , and a lswe number of ope raiivee , UDclioinVd and floating , remain excluded rora the labours of the nation .
Every day we are visit .-d by the beads of all sorts of establishment "" , who come to abandon t » us their implements of labour , requesting us totubstitutp thesgency of the State for the'r own in orrter te tavp the waaea of their numerous anploycs As to the unemployed operative " , they rush to us in crowds . A merciless uects-ity , th- refore . Is about to bend the will of the legislature ; wants so imperious must be satisfied . 1 . The State ought to stnp . or at least diminish the disasters < f privm ¦• trade , to save the masters by purchasing their implements whenever it mnj be convenient so to do , ani wh < -n they themselves make tbc offer . The Suto omrht also to save the operatires by husbanding the means of continuing their labours . This i « the twofold erject which we prope « e to at ' ain i » . elaborating the plan « f social workshops for trade , to which we have already drawn your attention .
2 The State ought ti cr * ato new centres of labour ani production , to which all the unelassBd , unoccupied , and necessitous portion of the papulation may be admitttd Immediately , and find prosperity , S' -eurlty , diitnity , and liberty . In order to meet this pressing necessity , we propose , as a measure alr-ady in principle adopted , the redemption of the railroads , canals , and mines , ia order that they may hts immediately transformed into social work-hops , into dockyards of the Republic . With the same objfct ia view , we propose tho erration of agricul nral workshops ia different parts of the French terri'ones , whrre the eurp us population of the to 'ns may find un nutlet .
We propose entrepofa and bazaars , with the oVject of regulating exchanges , cf introducing 'ruth and sincerity into business transactions , of simplifying the circulation , and renncing the expenses of trade , of establishing industtial credit on ne * basts , and ef rendering the use of paper money general , 3 The State ought to insure tke financial resources of all these establishments , to found a sjstem of territorial and commercial endit . ond for tkis purpose to decree an cnimVc of institutions or economical enmbi . nations corresponding with the exigencies of an unprecedented state of thing ? . We consequently prr-pos 1 ? to tranfform the system of backs and assurar . cts into national innt'tutions ; to ap propiiate to the special budget of tbe organisation of labour all the prnfirg teerainz from tl-e cresticn of the bazisrs and entrepots , nirh the economy of which you will goon bemad- at qtainted . _ We also propose a project for tbe organisation of territorial credit , according to which hypothecary debts
* This Committee Hag Now Ceased To Exist...
* This Committee hag now ceased to exist , and its president is proscribed by the 6 ciirofo > : e .
* This Committee Hag Now Ceased To Exist...
may be redeemed and capital placed at tho disposal of the agriculturists on reasonable terms . Other practical conceptions which we are elaborating , especially that of an unique tax , will complete this en . ttmble of measures destined to serve as a means ot transition from the old to the new order of things ; for It is not oar besieess to make a tabula rata of the vestiges of a long past in one moment , but in a manner to engraft the fatnre on the present . To sum up , we submit to discussion two very distinct orders of measures—on the one hand , social workshops of agriculture and trade , to be organised on the new bases of association and mutual dependence ; and , on the other , institutions to be founded , modified , or transformed .
And , first , wa will develops onr Ideas respecting the agricultural workshops , the commercial basaars and entrepots , the unitarian organisation of assurances , and tbe national or State banks to be established tbrougbeut the Republic . 1 . AOBrcOLTDBE . Agriculture off « rs to labour a vast and fruitful fielda field almost unlimited . Agriculture permits th constant apportionment of production to the w ints and the resources of consumption—it offers to labourers a permanent occupation and certain remuneration . A full develupement may be given to agriculture without any fear of addleg to the accumulation of markets or depreciating produce—without any fear of ruining neig hbtiur ing workshops and displacing , instead of succourine , distress—without fear of tbnwing upon the streets poor labourers employed elsewhere , or lowering the rate of wages .
The eulvhater lives ob tho soil , on the proonce of the soil , and has no need of purchasers . His existince does not depend , like that of tbe operative , on the vicissitudes of commerce , chance , political crises , the closing up of a distant outlet , or an unforeseen catastrophe . Tbe oper * tiv . ) employed in trade can only live on condition of finding an outlet for his produce ; whereas agricultural produce , strictly speaking , may be consumed by the producers themselves . Agriculture is favourable to the health and tho mo ralityof the labourers ; it enables them fo vary their toils—to develop their activity and intelligence in the open air , surrouo Ud by the splendour of nature .
Manufacturing industry , on the contrary , accumulates human beings in towns by thousands , in filthy and an . healthy houses , in wbich mm , women , and childre n pine away and perish for want of light and air ; it exhausts the operatives by the exoss of & monotoaous labour ; It devotes them to misery , immorality , and too often , to premature death . France Is certainly not over-populated , but the pipulation is very badly distributed , A better distribution must be eff-jcted ; the desert tracts of land in the cnuo . try must be peopled with the surplus population of tbe
towns ; the majority of labourers must make an influx Into the fields , and be employed in the work of bus . bandry ; the superabundant population of tke manufacturing tewns must be aliared to these agricultural colonies . The inevitable result of the voluntary emigration of a certain number of labourers would be tbe amelioration of the condition of the urban operatives , the diminution of the number of tho unemployed , the absorption of a part of tbe labour offered , the consequent abolition of the system of underselling between starving competitors , and the raising of the prices of the manufacture or tbe rate of wages .
Agricultural working depots or colonies must be created . We propose tbe foundation la each department of social agricultaral afelf « r * , placed under the direction of the State . Th-se establishments would be theoretical and prac tical tchools of agriculture ; they would guarantee to every labourer not only the ncht to work , bat also tbe right to the implements of labour and the fruits of toll , the right to education , the free development of the faculties , and tho sweets of existence .
A 8 umoflOO , 000 , 800 f . would be appropriated to this special purpose . This sum would not be raised by loan or tak ? n from the normal budget or the ordinary re . ceipts ; they would not be levied npon tbe taxpayers by means of Increased imposts . They would b » furnished by new sources of public revenue—fruitful sources which only require to be drawn upon . We will inform yen pre . gently how , without adding to the charges which now burden the citizens , but rendering real services to so , ciety at the same time , tbe State might increase the annual receipts of the national treasury by several hun dreds of millions . These colonies , in our opinion , ought to be orgaeised in the following manner : — A credit of 180 . 000 . 000 f ., destined for tbe establish ment of agricultural colonies , would be placed at th ' disposal of the State . These colonies would be the property of the nation .
In tbe first instance , one colony would be created in each department , with power to increase tbe number , it necessary . Each colony ought to bo composed of about 100 families . Each colony would be directed by an agronomist , who would represent the State , and command and superintend the labourers , This director would choose bis principal assistants , and form bis squadron of contre-maitra . When tho colony was in full activity , and the inhabitants had ha 1 time to form an acquaintance with each other , the eonfre maitres would be chosen by the director from tbe candidates designated by the colonists themselves
One-third , at least , cf the personnel of the colony would be composfd of cultivators , another third of mechanics , whose labours are necessary to agriculturevucb as smiths , wheelwrights , masena , joiners , carprnters , locksmiths , tailors , shoemakers , wooden shoemakers , harness-makers , and farriers ; finall y , ths Inst third would consist of manufacturing operatives taken from the towi-g . The qualification for admission would be tbe knowledge ot a trade and indisputable probity and morality . The preference would be given to the largest and poorest families . The director wonld decide npon admissions in the first instance , but as soon as the personnel of the colony wis partiall y formed , none would be admitted without the concurrence of the committee of management .
This committee of management , composed of fifteen members elected by tbe cftlonistsat large , would deliberate on all ths interests of the association , and superintend tbe carrying on of Its affairs under the presidency of the dir-ctor . The committee wonld also decree exclusions , but only after formal inqu ' ry and judicial sentence , signed by two-third * of the members . The colonies would be subject te the unitarian system , nnd tbe principle of culture by associated families . The colonists would be lodged in one vast edifice , divided into as many separate apartments as there might be families . Bach family would have a spacious and commodious lodging , clean , salubrious , well warmed and lighted , the wholefor a very moderate rent ; for everybody knows that the construction of a vast edifice calculated to ledge 100 families , costs less than 100 Isolated houses .
There will also be common halls , rooms for meeting and reading , a library , books , journals , ail the conveniences met with in townn , all tbat facilitates intercourse and renders life attractive There would be an economical L-ltcbfTi , where alimentary substances would be prepared and sold at cost price ; there would even be lavatories and common washbouses . In this manner the colonists wonld enjoy all the advantages of aggregate and social life , and all tho savings of which consumption on al . rge scale permits tbe realisation , and . n'V ( . rehehss , every one would have his homf , his domestic fireside , his interior , where be might isolate himself and cut himself off trom all com . munication as if in an inviolable sanctuary . Speculation amongst associates Is prohibited . There wonld be neither shops nor merchant * in the colony . All the provision" wonld be purchased wholesale by the managing e , > mmllue . and sold at cost price .
For the establishment of these colonies waste lands belonging to the communee may be purchased . Lind * may be till d , ponds drained , marshes rec . dered salubrious , and new territories conquered for cultivation . PrUate property may ho bonght , and , if necessary , the hw of expropriation appealed to . for the colonies are in the highest degree , establishments of public utility . A large domain may be taken , already furnished with a « niubl » habitation and agricultural implements , < fcc . There are still chateaux in France which the owners wonld willinglj give up to the State , and old feudal lands which mlgkt become m » gnificentcol' > nies . By cultivating waste lands susceptible of fertilitylands the saleable value of whisk is now insignificantthe colonists would be placed In the most favourable conditions , and the surface of tho cultivated soil wonld be increased .
Tbe colonists would combine agricultural with Industrial labours , bat agriculture would le the fundamental basis . Even now this combination bas become a necessity both to R £ ricuitnre and to trade , a question of prosperity or decay , of life or death . Thanks to this com . bin'itlon , every one might change bis occupation , and find rest from 'he toil cf the workshop in the recreation of field labours , and tlce versa . Besidts , in eider to realise tho abundance of all things , we must be able to turn to accoent nil avallnble forces of the time and of the physical power which sometimes agriculture and sometimes trade cease to require .
When there is no work geing on in the fields—whtu th * . fi . ason Ib unfavourable , during troit , rain , and enow , rtorina the Intense beats of summer and the long nights of wlnt > r—great activity may be applied to mechanics . When , on the contrary , ssed time or harvest requires , at a g-ven moment , the simultaneous co-operation of a lorge number of labourers , the works or the factory would be suspended , nnd the cultivation of the fields exclusively attended to . This would be a fruitful marriage of agriculture and trade . The colonists are te be mutually dependent . They are to be associated for agricultural and iodustrial labout s , nnrl the nrofi is to he divided are to consist of the prodnce of tbe two occupations combined . In the first instance , the wages of labour will be levied on the gro'S prodnce of the colony . These wages will ba uniform for lnhourera of the same class , but there may he several different categories .
Ti' 6 Council of Administration appointed by the colonists , and presided over by the director , will determine the various categories , and fix the rate of wages for each .
* This Committee Hag Now Ceased To Exist...
The wages will be paid weekly ; but , esoiasive of those flsel wages , all the associates will have a right to a shar e , of the profits . In fix ng the . rate of wages the average actual rate of every profession and every district will be assum ^ a as the basis of the , minimum . This average rato t « k «<« as the minimum on one side , the savings realised in the expenditure by con'umption on a largo scale on the other , r . nd finally , the r . gni to a division or a ractlon of th « profits , will immediately bettor , the condition of the labourer ! in a very remarkable manner . The minimum ot wog . 8 will be guaranteed , In every ease , by the reserve fund , to which we are about to allude .
After the deduction of the amount of the wages the expenses ( whatever they may tv ) of ( be operations , and the charges of keeping material * in repair , < fcc ,, will bo levied on the gross producn and , lastl y , interest at 3 per cent , on all the capital invested for tho profit of the State . Thesa expenses an > i interest will form part ot the annual expenses , and bo placed to 'hu d"Wt of the a » m > elBtion The coIonistB will thus pay an annual interest of 3 per cent , to the Sute on all th « capital est of the colony . The surplus uf gross produce will form ihe not produce or profit . This profit will he thus divided . —
1 . One fourth will b > levied for the profit of tho State , to serve to found new colwnivs ( ipi'Ciw . 1 appropriation . ) 2 Another portion will be devo'e *! to the formation of a fund for tho maintenanc •• • < f the aged and the sick of the colony . Out of this fund the physicians will be paid , and tho expenses of ph . rni' ) cy nnd infirmaries , < bo ,, defrayed . All these expenses will be supported by the association ; 3 . Another fourth part wlil btvo to form a reserve fund , appropriated to the realisation of a mutual dependence amongst the different colonists and all tho social ateliers of * he republic . In thin manner tbe workshopa « r colonies , re uced ono y * ar to a state of distress , maj be succoured by the mote prosperous . Tfeis reserve fund . f , > rmrd by a retention of one-fourth ef tho profits of all the colonies and ateliers , will Hivm form a considerable cnpital , which will belong to nobody in particular , but to all collectively . The reserve fund ef all the at « Ji « r « of France will bo
conflict ! under the surveillance oi the « tate , to a superior council of administration , which , in contingent oases , will haro to distribute relief , and moreover , to employ the aggregate capital . 4 . Finally , the last fourth of the profits will be up . proprlated to the colonists , and divided amongst them in proportion to the number of days' labour annually per . formed by each associate ; all working days being considered equivalent . Women and children of both sexes who miy have worked in the colony will have a right to participate in the profits .
Now . aft in the industrial agricultural attlieri advan ta « e may be taken of the weokent powers and the most limited understandings , the father of a numerous family will not have , as now , to support tilone the expenses of housekeeping . Oa tho other hand , tho asylum , the creche , and the gratuitoua school , will taltn charge of infantine education , and the colony will provide for the expenses entailed by sickness , and the maintenance of Invalids and aged p > rsons from the relief fund . To these colonies may be annexed establishments which will become certain causes ot proiperity and frnttful sources of income , — 3 . An agricultural sohoul , to which will ba admitted pupils paying annual stipends , and buruors maintained at tbe expense of the state , the departments , and the commune ; the professors will naturally be paid its of the budget of Public Instruction ; the children ot tbe colony will be admitted to the courses gmtis .
2 . Asylums to be founded for the Incapacitated In . tourer ; houses of retreat f <» r nged persons of both sexes . 3 . Tho charitable establishment !) now situate in the centre oi towns , and which would be far hotter placed ia tho country , where they would intall less expense , nnd where the pitisionnatres would lead a happier life , ot the same time that they might make themselves useful ia gardening operations . 4 Orpi-an and f . iundllni ; asyluron . Tbe children will be brought up as cultivators of the soil . As living is chaperin thecountry , it will be the interest of tbe state , the departments , and the communis , which support tho expenses of these charitable institutions , to come to an understanding with the ro . in « ge mentof the colony , and they may thus reduce t ! -e ci"il list of distress , or txtend their relief to a larger number of unfortunates .
If the invalids , the infirm , the aged , the indigent , and the fatherless , maintained ot great expense in tho towns , were transferred to the colonies , the Utter would betur . nished with consumers for their comm ditien and their manufactured produce , an i the soil w .. uld be enriohud with the manure which a numerous population would supply . According to our idea , relations of the clo « cst mu ual dependence ought to be entortaim d hetne n the diff rent colonies , as well as betwen nil the workshops placed under state supervision . These worktops wonld naturally become customers of each other , nnd r gulate the exchanges of commodities amongst themselven .
E » ch wou'd produce , in pretere . no > , tho article in the production of which it most excll- d , either by Teuton of the nature of tbe soil , or itn inour . ip'itn . 1 « ite . or the mperior qualifications of the people The State as hupremo dir- ctor will combine - ^ nrt distribute tbt » lab ur , distribute the orders , and maintain ( be < qulibrium of production and consumption . Such is a summary of our plan . We shall have to devslop to you its minutest details . It now n mains for us to txplaiu by tbe aid of what rreourees the State may be enabled tofouni colonies . These resources will befu r nl * hed to us by the pro uee of the magazines and the commercial hnznarn , th « centralised assurances , and the annual prunes of the national banks . ( TufceconifniKd ' . )
The Middle Class Movement. The Ruxbs And...
THE MIDDLE CLASS MOVEMENT . The Ruxbs and Objkcts op thb Metropolitan Political Club . —At a meeting of the ' ru-rds r . t Liberty , Order , and Peacp , held st 94 , Ward urstreet , en Thursday , April 20 tb , 1848 , Vlr Cha ^ s J . Smith in the chair An adores * , ma-tod N 2 was adopted , and ordered to be printpd for general distribution . The following rules and regulations were then read and adopted : — 1 —That this assoeliitlon be denominated th- ' Metropolitan Political Club . ' and con « ist of nil pereonx fa . vourablo to the advancement of useful and practical rcformi" , 2 . —That the association be governed by a president , vice . ptesideats , an executive committee , and a general conncll , secretary , or eeeretaries , elected annually by tho members convened for tfeat especial purpose .
EESIDENT KDFfaiOE l __ To convene public meetings in London or in the country—to disceminate tracts , and Instltutulectures for the purpose of impreB » inir on * he Cr > wn , the Government and the Legislature , tbe Imperativa necessity tor on immediate extension of the eh-ctlvo franchise to ell m-iln residents who have attained the ago of twenty . one years , who shall have been resident for the period of six months in the tenements for which they claim to vote . Provided that such persons are not in rcctipt of parochial relief , and aro unconvicted of crime , QUALIFICATION FOB aiPBEBEHTATIVES . 2 That all horn culjcts » f tbene rualms shall be eligible to represent the people in parliament , provided their incomes are rated In such manner as thp ln « v rlircctn , end at not less than the annual value of £ 2 fl 0 'r , d upwards , derived from trade , real estate , commercial er profrsMonal pursuits , and who shall obtain tbe majority of votes in the manner hereinafter Indicated .
MADE < F VOTING—TBE DilL"T 8 . —That in order to protect the industrii ui and other classes fr » m Intimidation and loos , and to enable them to execute tho elective franchimt for tha bi n . fit of the community , their votes sha'l be t ; ik » n by ballot . ELECTORAL DISTRICTS 4 . —Perceiving the gross im qualities in numbers In th-: various consiitucnci ? b of Great Britain and Ireland , this club deem it just that the country shall be divided Into liatricts , and tbat population ehouid b <> th ) basis nn which the people ought to elect their representatives to parliament , therefore tho club demand Equal Electoral Districts .
DUBATION OF PARLIAMENTS , 5 . —Great injustice is perpetrated against the nation , ia consequence of the law which empo » ers represemafives to hold tbeir seats fur seven years . The average duration of septennial parliaments is scarcely three years , consequently , therefore , we concider Hint it would recon . die tbo working masses with the middle elas » e » , by incistimr on tbe abolition of the septennial act , and tbe enactment of a law , making the duration of parliament Triennial . Tbo Metropolitan Political Clab earnestly r , qoest the cooperation of the middle classes with the working-men ,
In order to f fleet : 1 st , —Resident Suffrage , 2 nd , —Income Qualification for Members , Brd . —Voto by Ballot , 4 th . —Equal Electorol Districts . 5 tb , —Triennial Parliaments . In order to defray the incidental expenses of this as . eociBtion , tho executlvecommittee appeal to all reformers for subscriptions and donations . O-ie shilling and upwards will entiilb tho Rubactiher to his icreipt of membership . Signt-d . by order of tho Meeting , CnAELEB John Shitb . Chairman . Edwabo Portwine , Secretary . Committee Itcome , 91 , Wat dour-street .
The Prussian Reformersi Intend To Revert...
The Prussian Reformersi intend to revert to the ancient costume of Germany , and to rlo away with the 'awkward and untmaniug freck coat and troWfCHA brilliant comet , known as HaMey ' * , which only introduces itself to tbo notice of the world every hundred years , will , it is understood , make its appearance in the present year . It . appear ? , t ' mm the report of tho OmmiasioEcra of Charities , tint , landed and funded property to the amount of £ -1 , 433 598 , yielding an annual income of £ 784 , 171 , ia held in truat .
Ifmpcnai Faniammt
ifmpcnai faniammt
Monday , Mat 15. House Of Lords.—The Onl...
MONDAY , Mat 15 . HOUSE OF LORDS . —The only business of Import . anc « in this bouse was tbe second reading of Lord Stan-Ivy ' s Bill for tbe better arrangement of Parliamentary business , and by which his Lordship proposes to amend tbe present system , which keeps their Lordships idle at the commencement of the Session , and overwhelms them uith work at its close . Lord Campbell , Lord IUdesinle , Lord Brougham and others mage objections to tbe Bill , hut it was ultimately read & second time without a division .
HOUSE OP COMMONS . —Navigation Laws —After some opposition to the proposal to go into Committee on these Laws , the ministers carried their point , and Mr Labiocbbbe rose to redeem the pledge given In her Maj « sty '( t speech at the commeno « ment of the session , and to recommend to the consideration of Parliament the laws which regulated the navigation of the United K ' ng . dom . If tho changes which ho was about to recommend were of a more vital and extensive character than any previously accomplished , he must remind the com mittee , that of late year * everything else had been changing around us . Th * emancipation of the South American colonies , the invention of steam navigation , the rivalry created by tho long continuance of peace in commercial metters , the great changes which we had made
in the system of protection , were all circumstances which rendered It necessary to consider what effect had been produced upon them by the Navigation Laws . He adverted to the changes made in those laws from tho time of Richard II . down to the time of the Commonwealth , when our present colonial system first came Into force , nnd traced them subsequently to the celebrated statute of the 12 th of Charles II ., and the Statute of Frauds , whioh had left their Impress very ntronglj on the laws still In force . He then described tbe Navigation Laws as t ' ey now existed . They rested on three statutes—the 8 ih and 9 th of Victoria , c . 88 , which was now the statute navigation law of ihe kingdom : the Sth and
8 ch ot Victoria , c . 19 , which was an act for the registering of British vess . ls ; and tho 7 th and Sth of Victoria , o . 112 , which consolidated the laws relating to merchant . seamen . Having briefly stated the provisions of these acts , be next proceed to statu the reasons why , In bis opinion , they ought to be altered . The firat object of them was to secure to ourselves tha colonial tradn ; tbe second , to secure to ourselves the profit of long voyages ; and the third , to secure to ourselves the indirect trade of every country in the world . Now . he thought that we could not leave the principles by which we strove to carry out those objects without applying to them large and fundamental changes . He traced what he called tho mischievous results of those
provisions of the law which prevented tbe subjects of thiarealm from importing into this country from any port in Europe goods theproduce ef any country in Asia , Africa , or America , except in British bottoms , Commerce bad outKrown those regulations ; they might be all vary well formerly , but now , when tbe facilities of commerce were so much increased , tbo results of them could not be otherwise than disastrous to ourselves . But wo ought not only to consider the mischief which these regulations caused to ourselves ; we ought also to consider the trade with other countries which they absolutely prevented . He then adverted to the effect of our provisions to secure to ourselves the Indirect or carrying trade to this country . The committee , however , would widely mistake the question which it was then callsd
upon to decide , if it supposed that it would be able to retain this carrying trade to the exclusion of other countries . The time was fast approachipg when we could not be abl < - to trade with nay foreign nation on equal terms . Hiving thus stated to the bouse what tbe law was , and bavin * explained hla reasons for believing tbat we could not maintnin it In it * present state oonducively with our own interests , ho then prososed to explain the alterations which be proposed to mako in It . Beginning with those parts of the system which he did not propose to alter , he ob ^ ervtd , that it was not his inttntion to recommend any material alteration in tbe law affecting the c <> a « tinR trade of the country , although be was convinced that if thut trade were thrown open to foreigners it would produce no evil , so sufficiently was that trade
protected by its ovtn nature , Ncithtr did he intend to propose any alterations in the laws which restricted our fUherles to Britinh vessels . Having made these two reservations , he proposed to deal in a very largo and general manner with tho remainder of tho system of our navigation laws , Hnving looked into that part cf our synttm which prevented tbe introduclion into the United Kingdom of the produce of Asia , Africa , and America , from any port of Europe , and into tbat part of It which protected our carrying trade , he was convinced that we had no realinterest in maintaining either with respect to those countries which were inclined to reciprocate with us . He therefore proposed by act of parlbiment to strike from the statute-book both those regulations . He advised the bouse , however , not to
deprive the Queen in Council of that power which she h . 'td always hitherto possessed , of imposing countervailing duties on an- foreign nation which treated our phippinp : with Injustice . Such were the views of Her M jesty's government as to the navigation laws , properly so called . Ho then called attention to tho en » ctment 8 which regulated the character of British v . spcls . In exposing the British shipowner to unrestricted competition with the shipowner of every part of the world , we ought to afford him every facility to obtain his ship nt the cheap -at rate . He therefore proposed to entct , th it it sbouM not be necessary that his ship should be British built . He also proposed that a ship hunt by a British subject abroad should bo entitled to British registry . With respect to manning , he proposed
to leave it still necessary that in Bri : ieh vessels employed in tbe coasting trade tbe crew should all be British sea . men . In British vessels engaged in the foreign trade he r < q i rsd that thref . fourths of tbe crew should still be B- tish seamm and only one-fourth forelgwrs . He also proposed to admit Lascars to the character uf British ai amen—a privilege to which they were entitled by tbeir g oi conduct , their skill , and tbeir fidelity . He also proposed to take away the necessity Imposed on tho Brlsith sh powner of taklt g apprentices . The operation ot tb > - apprentice system was inconvenient and burdensome on the shipowner . The law required that one . six'h pirt ot the crew should consist of itpprenticu boys , and br so dt-ing created s glut in tho labour market , and so dr < . ve tho abldbodied penmen ont ef our own mercantile
nney into that ef Sweden or America . He abrogated entir . ly the present law . As to the coasting trade of the cMon ' es , be proposed to reserve it to tho colonies , as be had Hone to the mother country . He should leave , bow . avtr , to each colony , if it thought fit , to throw open its coasting trud" by on act of tbe colonial legislature . Such were the outlines of'he measure which ho now nubmltted to the consideration of parliament , and which , after full and mature consideration , he deemt d to be conducive to th-great in'erestsof tbe country . While the character o' British seamen for handling their ships stood as high a « ev ' r . yet , owing to ^ he incapacity and want of intelli .
(?> nce on tbe part of tbo masters of British vessels , nnd it was even stated owing to tbeir low system of morality and imperfect discipline , British ships were fast losing their character in tho commercial market of the world . The const qnence was , that merchants trusted their ear-K 0 ' -b to the ships of America , and Bremen , and Sweden , rnrher than to the ships of England , aad tho house and the government were bound to provide a remedy nithout d lay for so painful and deplorable a state of things . He proposed during the present erssion to Introduce two bills for the benefit of the shipping Interest—one , to amend thesystrm of light duties , and another to regulate the merchant seamen ' s fund .
Atri ro' . vrn'ition involving questions and explanations as regards the proposed pla ° , Mr Riibinson ruse in opp'si-ion to tbe motion , nnd was fill-wed by Lord G Bentinck , MrHENLET , Mr Hudson , nnd Lord Inoebtbe . T ^ e Bpeakera in favour of the proposed plan were Mr Hume Mr J . L . Ricaruo . and Mr Mitchell . C penin Habbis moved the postponement of tke subj ct for a fortnight , by which time the committee of the H'lttseof Lords , sitting upon tbe suty ' ect , would havere . ported . This proposition was opposed by Mr Laboucbere , and , af = er some conversation , on a motion to tbat fffect , tbo chxirtnan npnit ' d pronrrss , and the houso resumed . C'ltitHin Habbis thf . n moved the adjournment of the debate for a fortnight , the houso dividing ;—Ayes , 28 ; Boei . 62 : msjorlty against tho n-otlon , 54 ,
Col . Sibthobp moved the adjournment of the house which pntp-sition was lost by a majority of 57 ; the numbers 63 o 26 . T"e p-riot at which the house should go into committee , ™ i'h n vl-w to the resumption of tbe debate , was again discussed , Mr LtioocntRE intimating thai tbe no . ii e kIiouM stnnd on tho paper for Thursday , when Lord John Russell would intimate tho day on which tbe subject should bo renewed . TBt < house adjourned at a quarter to two o ' clock , TUESDAY , Aran 16 . HOUSE OP LORDS . — Pensions to Spanish Refc / gi ^ b . —Ti : e Miirqnis o £ L « ND ndbbb'J , in submitting a motion relative to pensions paid to Spanish nfugees In this conn'ry . asserted his belief that £ 20 , 000 a year at least was paid to these recipif nti , and moved for a list of their names , and of tbe sums paid to each .
The Marquis of Lansd wne stated that tho utmost amount pahs" in any ono year was £ 18 , 000 , In 1823 ; but sincrt thut period twrebad been t < gradual decrease until the amount had reached ill " 77 , tbe number of ncipients having at one period been 300 , but which had now decreased to 56 . He was desirous ofroeiting the wishes of tl o n'tble marquis as far ns possible . bat trusted he would nnt insist upon the names of the parties being given as that request could not be conceded . The Duko pf Wellington observed that tho amount , small hs It hod now become , waa Riven in charity to In- ' divinuoln who had performt d service to tbo British army in the time of need , and the pnnsions were not given on nm politic ! or other ground whatever . He trusted the nt , m g of those receiving aid would not be published , bs many of them might eventually return to their own country .
The Marquis of L ' . ndoubjeby then altered the form ef his motion as suggested , and withdrew another relative to S pinish affaire , the eoverainent , and Mr Bulwi r . The Commons ' amendments to the Removal of Aliens ' Bill wero considered and agreed to , the Poorhouses ( Ireland ) Bill reads second time , and their lordships adjourni d , HOUsE OF COMMONS . —A now writ was ordered to bo Issued for York in the room of the late Mr R . Yorke . Lord O , Behtihcs gave notice of a motion for returns ,
Monday , Mat 15. House Of Lords.—The Onl...
With tbe object ot' tth „« ftHg Ufc . If clSo ! P ee Trade osu poorratfs , the price of bread , the . rato of "ages , & 0 . Cathidbai akd Collkoiate Chubchbs . —Mr HobSHAHJ rose to move tha tan bumble add- ess b ^ presented to her «» .. jes'y . praying that « he will be gmcloosly pleased to direct * an Inquiry to be made Into tbe state of our cathedral and ! collegiate churches , with a vt-w of ascertaining whetherr they may not be rendered mora conducive to th < services ! of tho Church and the spirits ! Instruction of the people ., He said he should not attempt t- > -how how fur 'heso ei .. tabllsbracn'S hsd snswererf the end of their institution . , Hu detired not to describe their tncl-nt orlttin , but their ' present decay , Hin proposition was , that they had been Instituted nnd e- d « w > d for religion" purposes ; and that , tbougb for s ^ rne centuries trey bad answered their
object , they had long c » asetl to do so , and had become oaustisof thfldooay of religion , th' injury of the Churcbi and the increase of dissent He could show that la every diocese tbey t-ndert to weaken , and not '" to strengthen , tho Christianity of the country . To begin with the arebffipiscopal see of Canterbury—premising that ha gpoko of tlio irgel , and not the Rdnal state of thinus , for kijwj mti » ting abuses had been prospectively provided aitninBt by tbe legislature . In that see tho stalls had b- > n r-duced to siKty , end the income was £ 20 , 000 , of whtih £ 8 , 080 were divided among the Chapter , the Deati having > - «•• shares ; nnd , In addU tion to this , each Cinon mi :: f ! t bold a livlnp v . ith hie stall , thus adding £ 9 000 'o the . imemeof ihn Chapter . There was , moreover , an eiti-n-ive and expensive
establishment at each ctthedrtil ; orccentors , vicars choral , CheristcrS i librarians . & c , The question to be usked was , what was all this for ! What we ? ' the duties performed or the advantages derived ! Is was notorious ond melancholy that these ostoblisbmen : s -xlsted only for the actual extinction of religion in their respm'tive districts . What was prnvMed for the congregation—so much being provided for the olerjjy . In Canterbury there ivero cathedral s ; rvlces performed by thu Chapter and tho catbe . dral establishments , and tho pHrochiat services performed by clergy principally in thepatronatje of the Chsptir Now , &» to the former , one main reason for the preservation of those establishments was ttif muinti-nnKCf ) * f duly service in all its beauty and solemnity . But the mode in which the services were performed brought not any credit
on the Church , nor very numerous audience" to the cathea dral , In Canterbury cathedral ( t most favourable instance ) the attendance hnrdly equalled th ^ number of those officially engaged in thu performance of the icrviccs . Ill Durham , tho functionaries present on ono day were thirty , and the audience onlv four . So at York , Peter , borough , Wells , Carlisle , Roch ' ster . and cvn Oxford , ( . Imilar results had been obtained . There was not much re t urn , therefore , for tresc establishments gn richly endowed The Sunday servlcts were not materially different . It wonld be supposed that , If in any placea the services of the Church were appropriately performed and adequately appreciated , It would be in cathedral cities ; bnt the reverse was the fact ; for it was tb « rule , that in proportion te the richness of the Chapters , was tho
poverty of tbe parochial clerey . In Canterbury , out of fifteen parish church' b , only one bad a clergyman supported by law ; all the rest were sustained by voluntary contributions . Indeed , the clergy of that ci'y hud presented a memorial to the EeelcRhstical Ci « rii'M 9 siont > rs , praying for some provision from the incrmes of sup . pressed stalls Yet that memorial reasonable as it was , bad been rejected , thouefe not one of the oler « y had £ 200 and several had not £ 100 a-year . The whole number of penons attending divine service io the churches of Canterbury last Sunday were 5 700 ; those attenoijig lo Dissenting cbapeU 4 . 800 ; though accommodation in ths former was for 8 , 000 , and in the latter for only 3 809 . There was tils * another important point . Dr Chalmers said , if you wish to Christianise the man , educate the
Child ; and while , in Canterbury , there were 650 children instructed in tbe Sunday pc ' . ols of the Church there wrfi 840 instruct ! d in the schools of D ' ssetit . All this was easily accounted for . It would be exprctfd that in the churches of such a city the services w > u !< i be well and eflicien'ly performed ; but the fact was hardly any of the churches bad morn than one service on the Sunday , These facts showed the lethargy of the Church , and ho believed that more was to be appn bended from tho concealment than the disclosure of tho truth . Still less car « was taken by the Chapter of the rurtil parishes entrusted to their care , In few of wh ' ch there were resident clergy , Church erhnols , or regular Sunday services . Nor was the case better with respect to the charities of tbe Church . In Canterbury , for instance , the poor were
defrauded of the benefit of a most benevolent charity , tb » ' Society of Poor Brethren , ' The Archdrncon , who had the right of nomination , hod Abused it by applying it ia favour ofdtpondendentparUhlon'rs and servants of hit own . Nay , one of the richest mm in the city , n & raed Austen , had been nominated Prior of tbe ' Po » r Brethren . ' ( A laugh . ) Mrs Anstenbad been made a ' jjoor sister—( laughter)—and Miss Austen another ' poor £ j . ter , ( Loud laughter . ) Nor waa this all . A ' Prior , ar Austen bad fe control of the property , end let it te one of his sons— . whethtrfjr a small rent or no rent none can tell ; but ell tbe city was scandalised by th * flagrant transaction . The Arcbdeocsn who thus dtalt with this sacred trust- ^ the alms btqueathe 3 for tbe support of poor and decayed men—hud not lets than £ 3 200 a vear
irom various sonrces . He « rm \ d now go to Lincoln , where tho Chapter o' four divided an Income of uvwi . rds of £ 6 . 000 . Here , however , tbe Com misRieners had nut made any reduction , but had a ^ d d another stall , atid left the Chapter uncontrolled , wttbout any restriction ss to tbe application of any future increase of its incvujs , This princ ' ple could n"wbero be so improp ' r p * in the case of Lincoln , for the Chapter bed formerly represented thrir income as likely to diminish , whereas it fcn 3 increased , nnd enrh Cinon received not less than £ 2 000 a year , Inclusive ot bii living , What wtr » the duties perfi rmed for euch inct met ? He hsd nevs r been able to discoter . lu answer to inquiries frora tha commissioners , the D «« n hf . d answered that bis dutios vtcro ' the usual tlutiis ofn D « n '—( A lau « h )—and the
sub-Dean had said'his duty w : ;« to assist the Dean 'Laughter)—while tho Canona h . ui answered in the same way as the Dean , I * was wit h while mentioning that in Canterbury , the Chapter maintained tbat twelve was tho proper number of Cnnons ; whereas in Lincoln , t !; e Chapter bad as strenuously protisted against cav iu-CfQDfto of their numbsr , from « n obvious objection to the diminution of their incomes which would r-suit from a division of it among a gr-ater number . Within a olr . cumference of ten or twelve miles of Lincoln were seventy five parishes , having amoncst them only thirty resident incumbents , and t- elve resident curatop—in all forty-two clergymen for scventy . fivo parishes . Na loss than ihirty . four had no clergyman of any kind , r < s ' deot within their bounds ; in eight cases tho fflieiatiar
clergyman was resident in Lincoln , cither in confluence of connection with the cathedral , or eome othr cause and in twenty . t <* o cases the minister wfco officiated en Sunday * resided in some more or less distant parish . Ot the Bev-nty . fivc , forty four were held In plurality ; of the B'jventy . fiva , forty . fivu were held by 'inn-residents ; of the seventy-five , forty . tno were without par . sonaRe . houses ; of the seventy five , there wery raore than sixty in which there was enly one service oa a Sunday . The work ng energy in these parisi-. us generally suffered severe privations , and two cf the : * had cctually died of starvation . To sV . ow the laborious nature of the duties imposed upon the working clergy ho would read to tho hnuso a communication which ba had received , and which contained a statimcnt taken from the mouth of a clergyman : —
"TVe rector of a rich living , sateen milts off , has tak . * n his family to the wnter-slde . He fends his urnom to our friend the pars n to know if he can * take his duty' at half-past ten o ' ch-ck next Sunday mornicg . Our friend says 'No , ' he is engnged at that hour , but l . g will take it at twelve o ' clock . There bt-ins no ono clio at hand , twelve o ' clock is fixed nccordincly , ani the dU . tantparlsbiontrt of the rich rector , who come to the Church at the usual hour , find to their surprise ttat thty have to wait an hour and brec quarters befon the service begins . Well , at half-past seven o ' clock on tbe SaKday mornin ? the parson , leaving' his own parish , cantTs off on the pony to do duty slstetn mil , s away at n little church of which he is curate . This service beginv nt ten o ' clock , so he gets through it pretty quick . civ < sa
short sermon , nnd gets it orer by twenty minutes lo twelve o ' clock , just in time to do , fcy ft . st ridinir , the three tnile » that are necessary to bring him U the absentee incumbent's church . The service there is got through as rapidly as the other , and then catching tho poor pony , who had been nibbling In the churchyard whilst his master was preaehing . away they gaUop fifteen ral'es across the country to a village where the- incum . bent is ill and also wants a-slstance . Here tho service commences at three o ' clock , and they jus' arrive ia time . It is only a ha'f sfrrlce , the rector not agreeing with tbe bishop as to tbo absolute necessity ef two strmobs a day .
Tub tmlfs are to bo gone overtog-t borne . Fony is pretty tired , but stands it like a war-horse . Oh tbey get to their own parish church , where there Is a small cengregation waiting to see if « Pareon will givo ' em ' ere a service . ' Thkmskes hU fourth , and he is pretty tired of ' Dearly beloved brethren' when he has got to the end « f it . ' This , ' said a clergyman of the neighbourhood ot Lincoln tome , 'thin I did eight Sundays runclng in the dogdsjs . ' ' But I have done B-me harder work then that , ' & aid he , Surely , never ! ' I exclaimed . « I assure you I have ; once when M- , who is very fond ef shooting , had gone to the moors , and his neighbour C had gone to the lakes . Join K— 's l rothir died . He
sent to me to ask if I eould take his duty . I replied that it was impossible , ' Master , Sir , ' said fais servant , ' will bo very sorry to hear that , for h « is sadly confused what to do . ' Weil , ' said T , ' tell him if he will send me one of his hurrers ( he is a ftimous sportfman ) to meet mo in Lincoln , I'll try to trite his servieo at six in tho evening . ' I starfcJ ut eight in the morniBfr , eni rode to M—' b fifteen miles Service at half past ten o ' clock , M—— ho « two lurches , end it is two miles to the second , but I managed to take that at me o ' clock . C 'a parish was not far off . That duty I got over by ha'f . p « st three o ' clock , Thm to Lincoln as hard 031 could gallop Fnund a splendid ciaro waiting mc . Put my own pony into tho stable , end galloped ti-n miles to John K— 'a chuich , which I reached by six o ' clock . This I continued to do for three Sundaj sin the month of Aunmt , nnd , to mako matters worse , on ono of those days I was overtaken and drenched by on autumnal thunder-storm . "
He hrmly behoved tbat throughout the ecus try not one r . dieting clergyman failed to deplore this at . ' tte of things . The cbarches in Lincoln , lor instrnce , were poor del cayej , dilapidated edifices , oslll served as at Canterbury " The highest income of any of tbe clergy was £ 180 a yeor and the eggrsgato ef the incomes of tha
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 20, 1848, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_20051848/page/3/
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