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ef the Amt 29 3 ,i848 , . -^ •• ¦ JM^i r...
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THE FRENCH REPUBLIC. IHE LAIS ALAXU3. It...
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(From tbe Gazette of Tuesday, April 25.)...
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Tom Steele,—At the Bow street Polica Cou...
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GREAT CHARTIST DEMONSTRATION ON SKlftCOA...
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* This calculation forms part ef the ori...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Ef The Amt 29 3 ,I848 , . -^ •• ¦ Jm^I R...
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The French Republic. Ihe Lais Alaxu3. It...
THE FRENCH REPUBLIC . IHE LAIS ALAXU 3 . It is now evident tbat the late alarms were got up for tbo itcrpose of exciting popular prejudice and edinm against the extreme Republicans and Communists- No attempt was made on the Hotel . de Villa—no attack upon gaard-honses—no attack upon the Treasury or banks . Cabet was not at the head of his Icarians , menacing the provisional government , nor was Blanoni at the head of an armed body of eenspiratora . The whole affair was a' dodge , ' got hp by the intriguers at the head of the reactionary bourgeoisie .
ihs EEicnojrrsfs and . M . Sobrier ( ex-delegate of the Police ) has published in tbe Coiorees ns Pasis , a sort of proclamation to ^ rhat he calls 'la Reaction . ' Ia it he declares that he does not fear the Communists , but the Reactionists , and he warns the latter , that' to destroy their insolent aggression ; if erer it should dare to display ftselfjn open day , 'there are * threehundred thousand men ready to fight to the last gasp . ' He says that ihe Reactionists who cried' Down with the Communists , ' are ready te cry , 'Down with theRepublicans 1 ' He then proceeds" to address himself as follows to the ComaunistE : —
Society , EEch ss it at present eristt , contains immense vices—we hava said that , we repeat it , and we shall repeat it uatil we shall be listened to ! Aa much as any one we are socialists , butwo do not desire rioient shocks , becanse they have never produces' anything . We will combat the attempts which , Hnder the pretext of giving ns welfare , would drag society into a frightful straggle , into a Eeries of awful calamities , of nnheard-ef disaster * , of misery , of gea & ril famine . To proceed with -order , by reccesiiva smelisrations , to place every one in a position to enjoy his rights , to gire every one his portion of welfare , ana" hii place in the sun—sueh is the object of the repablic . To organisa labour by association ii the means—it is the desire of the one hundred
ihoasand workmen who went to the Hotel de Tilie on Suafiay . Association well understood , would increase tenfold the richej of France . Do notlisten to those who tell yoa , * Oar doctrine ii in the Gospel . ' Yes ; the first Christians were Communists , bnt why f Because they ¦ derired no possesiios here below , because they considered tbe earth as a place of exile , which they were . anxious to leave , and on which they could only build a test for b . day . Are these the sentiments which animate xaen at present ? If you persist in your ideas , why do job not go where job can easily put them in practice ? What success do yan hope for * Hew many are you ! Scarcely some thousands , end yet you pretend to subject S 4 , 000 , OEO of men to the yoke of your doctrines ? But there is sot a proprietor of ft little field / however small it
may be , who wonld not rush-to arms on tbe first signal , -sren if you offered him tbe mines of Peru in compensation . Ton wonld be attacking a wall of bayonets . If jou were threatened we should be tiie first to rush toyesr assistance , although we do not share yonr opinions , but ire have friends among yon . Leave France , and fotmd -towns and colonies where yon can lire freely under the system yon have dreamed . Yon will increase the glory -of the mother country , which you will have deprived of jour hearts end your arms . Algeria it there , immense , nncsltivatea , uninhabited , awaiting the hand of man . But in the name of God , do not call terrible extremities on yourselves ! Especially distrust mischief-makers , reactionists , and iBtrignen , who turn to account every idea , and profit by every movement
THE CLWS . The MoKHECB of Thursday contained a proclamation by the provisional government , of which we subjoin tke substance . The republic lives by liberty and discussion . The dubs are for the republic a necessity—for the citizens a right . The government is pleated to see citizens assemble to discuss the highest questions of politics . The governcaent protects the clubs . But that liberty may hare its fruits , beware of giving cause ef alarm , remember that alarm gives rise to contra revolutionary reactioa . If free discussion he a right , discussion with arms in our bands is a danger , it may become an oppression . If the Iibsriy of the clubs is one of the most inviolable conquests of the revolution , armed clubs may compromise tbat liberty , excite the worst passions , and bring about civil war .
It then interdicts the clubs from being armed during their delieeratiens . KA 5 IFE 5 I 0 OP THE SECRET SOCIETIES OP PABI 3 . The following manifesto was stuck over the whole of Paris on Wednesday : — Republicans—The organisation of our secret societies dates from ISIS . Our object then was to overthrow an odious power ; we were untirisg i & the pursuit of that end . Persecutions , exile , imprisonment , the scaffold , instead of discouraging ns , only increased our energy . Bertcp , Bories , Valee , Cxron , those glorious martyrs , sealed their devotion te the holy cause of Liberty with
their bloo 3 . Onr indefatigable perseverance effected the triumph of 1839 . Bnt the people did not know bow to turn the victory to account . The bourgeoisie re-established the throne . We were therefore compelled to resume our labours . This time we had a twofold mission to fulfil—the establishment of a republican form ef government and the foundation ef a new social order . On the 24 th February we gained the repebb ' c ; the political question is solved . What we now seek is the solution of the social question—ii is a speedy relief for the sufferings of the labdaring classes—it is , in short , the application of tbe principles contained in oar declaration of ihe rights of man .
DECLARATION OT EIGHTS . The abject of oar society is the maintenance of the natural unlimited rights of men ; in other words , tbe realisation of the republican formula . —* Liberty , Equality , Fraternity . ' The first right of man is the right of existence . This right implies another , namely , the perfect developement and unshackled exercise of the physical , moral , and intellectual faculties of man : it is this right which constitutes liberty . Liberty is equal to all men . The natural consequence of this liberty is the right of association ; of manifesting our philosophical , political , and religions opinions . Labour is one of the conditions of the life of man . Society is bound to provide workfor each of its members , and the means of existence to those who are incapable of workfag ; 2 Jo poor under the republic .
Agriculture and lacustry , those two great sources of the welfare of nations , are deserving ef all the solicitude of the state . Under property we understand the individnal er collective right of making use of what we possess . This right is subordinate to the interests of society , and must be regulated bylaw . The revenue arising from property , as well as the produce of labour , are subject to taxation . Taxation should ba gradual ; that is to say , in proportion to the excess of competency , and should never touch the indispensable . Physical , moral , and intellectual education £ b due by sociality to ail its members . No man may be deprived of the blessings of public education .
Instructien should be open gratuitously to all . Law is the expression of social relationship . The will of tha people can alone establish and maintain it . Justice is the guardian of the laws , rights , and duties . Jastice should bs open to all , and rendered by the elect of the people . The only sovereign is the people . Sovereignty is indivisible ani unalienable . The government can only exist and exercise its power in viriue of the delegatiea of the people . Every citizen is elector—every citizen eligible . Every citizen is admittible to public offices . The army is the people organised for the defence of their rights and their territory . It consists of all citizens capable of bearing arms . All men are brothers .
Fraternity is the moral link between nations ; it establishes common interests between them . Every government that violates the eternal principles of Equality , Liberty , and fraternity , is the enemy of the people . To put it down is the most holy of duties . To the work , then , brethren ! The world beholds us . Oars be the task to assure the present , and lay a foundation for the future . Let us unite . Let ns close our ranks for the electoral straggle whieh is preparing . Let ns not forget that those who are not for ns are against us ; no transactions are possible between the supporters of privileges , disguised today as Republicans , and the fervent apostles of democracy . Oar task is immense . It is not Prance alone that locks to ns for salvation ! Let our aspirations spread beyond the limits of our country . All nations are brothers , and let each of tbem share our ideas of regeneration .
In the name of cur brothers , we , members of the late Secret Societies . Koussel ( Prosper ) , Marchand , Dorgal , Sob-in , Arago ( Etienne ) , Ledoux ( Joseph ) , Lsroux , Juin , Desmoulin , Albert , Hoatmahon , Casssidiere , Baland , Plocon ( Ferdinand ) , Grandmenil , L'Heritier ( de 1 'Ain ) , Foix , Dogresprez , Lechallier , Yoirnier ( Victor ) , GaUand , Pernio , Tilin , Teinante , Cafcaigne , Jourian , Bechet , Dleumegard , Bernard , Palanque , Gallois , Boeher , Cosnier , Dacoudray , Pilhes , Fayolle , Somerat , Dessaigne , Desmaisons , Barbier , Betb , Bulot , Boileau , Zammaretli , Laugelot , Lsmotte . Handriere , & c .
The Rsvus Retrospective contains in its third number a letter from Lady Fanny Russell , dated "Wimbledon , September 1 , 1816 , addressed to ex-Minister Guizot , asking for a ] place for the husband of a woman , who had been 'her ladyship ' s' femme de eJiomlre . It appears that the application was responded to by finding or making the place solicited .
THE FETE OF FRATERNITY . Thursday , April 20 th being the day appointed for fche grand national festival of fraternity , towards eight o'clock the line of the Beulevards presented a spectacle ef great animation . The legions of the infantry of the nationil guard were seen marching to take up the positions respectively assigned to them between the Bastille and the Madeleine . The cavalry of the same civic troops also moved insouadross in different directions . From time to time a regbsent of the line marched along tbe centre of the Boulevards beaded by its band playing the national
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airs . This was invariably the signal , for enthnsiastirj cheering from the national guards on . either side , which was duly responded to and acknowledged by the regular troops . The guard mobile , not yet provided with uniform , and therefore presenting a singular appearance of a body of armed operatives , appeared from time to time . Cheers were likewise interchanged between these and the national guards and regular troops respectively . . ' . . Towards ten o ' clock the entire line of the Boulevards , the Place de la Concorde , and the Champs Elysees presented such a spectacle as has been the lot of few ever to have witnessed . The vast area
just mentioned , in its centre roadway , was literally filled with armed men . The national guard exhibited the strangest motley appearance ; not above half their number in uniform—some wore blouses , others coats , cloaks , and vestments-of . every- variety of fashion and colour , Tbe strangest confusion of classes was also observable . Individuals , who from their bearing and costume belonged evidently to tbe more affluent classes were seen bearing muskets beside men in blouses , porters , messengers , and guards in uniform . In some cases the more provident of tho guards had a loaf stack upon their bayonets . In addition to the immense mass of armed men
thus occupying the Bouleyards ,. there were two other elements in this ] fete which must not be omittedone , the immense crowd of persons t bat thronged tbe foot pavement , more than one-half of whom were women , and the other the vast number who filled the windows , looking on what passed below , The weather was very unfavourable . The rain commenced pouring down early in the night , and continued almost without interruption till a late hour in the morning . In the afternoon , however , it cleared up , with occasional glimpses of sunshine , too late , however , to remedy the dirty state of the streets , which in some quarters were actually covered with liquid mud . But what can damp the passion of the French people for military spectacles , or their ardour for pleasure ?
At the Barrisre de 1 'EtoiIe great preparations bad been made ; in front of the arch a spacious platform had been erected , sp to which ran a broad Sight of steps , and en either band it was flanked by lvge tribunes . On this platform it was tbat the members of the government received the various commanding officers , and presented to each his respective colours . The tribunes wero filled by officers and gentlemen , and in ene of them a military band was placed which enlivened the hearers by occasionally discoursing sweet ransic . Behind , and tottering high , above tbis platform , was another tribune covered over , and placed immediately underneath the Arch of Triumph ; this was specially reserved for ladies , who were thus fortunately sheltered frem the rain .
Shortly after nine o ' clock the members of the Provisional Government arrived in ' private carriages , and escorted by cavalry . A salute of twenty-one guns announced their arrival and the commencement of the fete . Tho whole of the members of the government were present . Dnpont ( de l'Eure ) their venerable president ; Lamartine , with his noble countenance and gallant bearing ; Ledru-Rollin , a man of determined aspect and energy ; Louis Blanc , with his brilliant eye ' . ' ahd the other notabilities . Shouts of Vive la Republique , " Vive le Gouvernement Provisoire , ' welcomed their coming , and the waving of handkerchiefs and raising ef-hats added spirit to the scene . In front of-the platform a crowd of staff officers and the different colonels and chefs debatail-Ion had assembled . . Each of those destined to receive
a banner meuhied the steps of the platform , and was presented by some members . of . the government with the colours of hia regiment , —colours that he was to defend with his life , and guard as his honour . ' After receiving these , each in turn retired and proceeded , attended by his orderlies and escort , to join his regiment wherever that mi g ht be . During the progress of this ceremony minute guns were constantly fired . As you looked down the avenue of the Champs Elysees from theBarriere de l'Etoile to the garden of the Tuileries , the whole was one mass of bayonets ; and not only there , but theBoulevards , the Quays—there were miles of bayonets that ,, day in Paris ; and ha . d the day been bnt fine , how charming a sight would it not have been ? As it'was , tbe spectacle was more grand /' more imposing , than beautiful . '
When the colours had been presented , the different columns began to move up , their . drums beating and bands playing , and notwithstanding the drizzling rain tbat fell , the men sung stoutly the various republican airs . As each came up , they saluted the government as they passed , and filing round the Arch of Triumph , returned either by the Faubourg St Honore , or along the Champs Elysees , proceeding by the Boulevards throughout the town . Artillery , cavalry , National Guards , troops of the line , Gardes Mobiles , Garde Reputlicaine , ( a body corresponding
with the late Municipal Guards , ) marched up , column after column , legion after legion , till really it became perfectly bewildering to look upon them . Having long ago forgotten the beginning of the procession , you found it impossible to conceive where it was to end ; and to an Englishman , nothing could be more utterly astonishing than to witness hundreds of thousands of armed men turn out as they did to-day , ( and that on a wet day , ) ' all for the love of the thing . I am confident I am net exaggerating when I say that there were nearly 300 , 000 present on tbis occasion .
The following is tbe speech made by M . Arago , the minister of war , to the colonels of the regiments assembled to receive the colours : — Colonels of the National Guard and the Army—The provisional government is about to confide these colours to your honour , and to the honour ' of the citizens and soldiers whom you command . Let these Republican colours , of which history consecrates the glorious remembrance , recall at all times to your eyes the living image of free and regenerated France , Let onr hearts be penetrated with the holy device of the Republic , henceforth become the immertal faith of the country . If that country have need of your arms , let tbis flag
serve as a guide to yonr courage . Let it be , in the midst of peace , a symbol of discipline and order , a eignal of ralljingfor tbe defence of those great principles , which the Revolution has proclaimed , and which the Republic will revive . Cit zen soldiers , all children of the people , equally dear to the people , carry with pride that emblem of the strength and of the grandeur ef the armed people . It is for the R ? publtc a pledge of union and of powerfor all free people a guarantee of alliance and friendship —and for the people who are yet oppressed a hope of being liberated . Colonels , in the name of the Republic , we take God and men to witness that you swear fidelity to'its flag . '
The colonels , lifting their swords , replied , ' We swear it ! Vive la Republique 1 ' The first of the colours was then distributed by M . Dupost ( de l'Eure , ) and the ethers by the other members of the provisional government , each making a short address in delivering the colours . Thefete must have been a very fatiguing ceremony to the members of the provisional government . They took their places on the platforai at the Barriere de l'Etoile at eight in the morning , and the defiling of the last of the National Guards before them was not over till a quarter past ten o ' clock at night . The Moniteur , in the official account , says : — It is calculated that at least 400 , 000 armed men defiled before tbe provisional government . Never did so powerful an army display its ranks in so narrow a space in , so short time , and with snch calm . Never did the Cabinet of a great people make a manifestation so colossal
or so reassuring . In the evening Paris was brilliantly illuminated . LOVIS PHILIPPE ' S PBOPEBTT . The Refoemz gives the following details of the ex-king , Louis Philippe : — The property at the disposal ef Lonis Philippe , in his exile , is not near so considerable as is imagined . It is quite true that in 1830 and 1831 he placed , almost dally , considerable sums in the English and American funds , but since 1831 , convinced that his dynasty was secure , he drew out a part of these to place them in France . The ex . king has left more than 30 , 000 , 000 of debt . The observation of M . Dogin , which seemed a jest , * I have no doubt the civil list is poor . it is always makingpnrchases , ' is , however , a truth . Louis Philippe was always buying ,
and always left a part of the price unpaid . Without this , it would be impossible to explain such an enormous amount of debt . His possessions are magnificent . After deducting his debts his fortune may be valued at 250 , 000 , 000 . It is well known that tbe woods of the private domain are well managed . All the other family possessions bava been considerably improved since 1830 ; nevertheless , Louis Philippe hai left his private affairs in the greatest disorder . There never was a royal household co badly managed . It wae tbe same with that as with public affairs ; he meddled with everything , and got everything into confusion . He thought by that to show bis shrewdness and ability . Ha liked to see those employed by him disagree ; he was in the habit of saying , ' when the asses fight , the flour is safe in the
mill . ' In short , o * ii : g to his low cunning it was , that tbe measures of the 2 ith of February , deprived of all unity and control , were worse than useless , Louis Philippe was in debt everywhere ; he paid no one if he eould avoid it . His tradesmen were always making applications . He owed the person who supplied him with vegetables and fruit 95 , 000 francs , and his baker at Neuilly 25 , 000 francs . No man ever had such a mania for laying up household stores , —always buying without limit and without judgment . In his cellar at Neuilly there were 75 , 000 bottles , containing 150 kinds of wine , and mere than 1 , 200 casks , all full ; and 24 , 000 wax candles , which served to set fire to and burn tbat
residence . The collection of bronzes of Villlers contained , in ' objets d'art , ' ' statuettes , ' clocks , and bronzes , enough to furnish three palaces ; they were heaped together without order , as they were bought without taste , although be pretended to bs a connoisseur . At the Tuileries , at Ba , Dreux , and Ferte-Vldame there were as many kitchen utensil * and saucepans as would have cooked a dinner for an army . We are of the same opinion with a persen who knew Loals Philippe well , and had frequent opportunities of seeing and observing him , who said , ' That man is covetous , rapacious , but he is too much a spendthrift to be called a miser , ' The Times of Tuesday says : " * Wo believe that the reports of Comte do NeuUly ' s
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investments hero ara entirely flotitloup . He lives at Olaremontln a state of altapst : penury , denying hirnwii even those small luxuries which had become all but necessaries from long use to a inan of his time of life ; even with tho most rigid economy , however , It -is said that hie income Is still Insufficient fer his maintenance and that in » year or two , if he survives ab . long , he will DO completely , destitute . It . ean , however , scarcely ba the intention of the French government to sequestrate ttie private property not only ef the ex-Kin ? , but of hie whole family . The dowers of his sons' wives ore saia tp tie almost entirely invested in French funds , or In land ID . France ; and whatever claim the nation may have upon the royal estates , It can by no process that we are aware of be ex tended to , property thne acquired .
fThis is put forth as a . 'feeler' by the ruffianly Times , preparatory to the government pensioning King Smith at the cost of the plundered people of this country . If the old blood-sucker - is as poor as stated by the Times , we rejoice at it , and should be glad to know that he was reduced to stone-breaking or oakum-picking . If the French government is not traitorous to its duties , it will confiscate every sousworth of property nominally belonging to the entire Orleans brood . In God ' s name let the relentless , bloody-minded enemies of the people , have , at least , a taste of the misery they have everywhere brought upon the people . ]
THE ELECTIONS . The election of members to serve in the National Assembly commenced on Sunday . Even the correspondents of the London papers are forced to admit the tranquillity , regularity , facility , and order with which the voles of the eleebrs were tendered and received on that and the preceding day , were the theme not only of surprise , but of universal admiration . So remarkable waa the absence of bustle on the occasion , that many persons supposed that very few comparatively had taken advantage of their qualification to vote , but this was , we are told , a mistake , for a much larger preportien of the citizens of Paris had voted than had been anticipated . : Some instances of irregularly are reported , but are evidently either untrue , or grossly magnified by the enemies of the republic . . The correspondent of tke Dailt News says : —
I have made a promenade round the mairlea of the several arrsndisemenfs , which are the polling booths for the elections . Everything ia proceeding with the greatest order , and in complete tranquillity , and presents a romarkable contrast with the scenes we havo been accus . tomed to witness on like occasions in England , Tho electors present themselves at a booth in the court of the mairie . in which are seated tbe officers appointed to examine their qualifications , which are attested upon the electoral cards which each voter presents . After this the voters are conducted to the balloting room , where tbey deposit their respective lists , and depart by another door . . All this is conducted in perfect silence .
Pabis , Tuesday , —The ballot-boxes were closed at a late hour last night , and tbe elections for the National Assembly may now be said to be at an end , The Moniteur of this morning contains an order signed by the Mayor of Paris , to the effect that 'the general examination of the votes will take place-on the 28 th of April , at the Hotel de Villa of Paris . '
PROGRESS OF THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION . GERMANY . AUSTRIA ^—The following is the programme of the new constitution : — 1 . All the provinces are constituted into one body , with the exception of Hungary , Croatia , Sclavonia , Slo benbsrgen , and , for the present , the Italian provinces . . 2 . The division of the empire shall remain as it exists , at present , 3 . The person of the Emporor is sacred and inviolable . 4 . The Emperor has full power over the land and bob . forces , and the right of making war or ' peace . 5 . Treaties cf every description with foreign Powers can only . be made with the sanction of the Two Honses efParliament .
6 . The attribute of mercy and the right ef bestowing rewards belong to tbe Emperor ; but mercy cannot bo extended to tho Ministers without the sanction of the Parliament . 7 . The laws are to be administered publicly ia open courts by verbal pleadings , end trial to be by jury . The judges will be appointed for life . 8 . All projects of laws are to be proposed , as well as sanctioned by the Emperor . 9 . The Emperor will assemble the'Parliament annually , and be must call them together at stated iatervals . Ho has the right to prorogue and dissolve them , 10 . Freedom of religion , speech , the press , petition , and public meeting is granted to every citizen , subject to future laws . 11 . Entire liberty of conscience and religion . 12 . Tbe free exercise of religious won hip is accorded to all Christians and Jews .
13 . All citizens are equal in tho eye of the ^ law , and every citizen shall be tried by his peers . 14 The responsibility of , the Ministers will be regulated by the Diet . 15 . The legislative power is in the hands of the Em . peror and the Dist . 16 . Twa Houses ef Parliament are to be constituted . The qualifications for members of the Upper Honse are birth and large landed property ; and they are to be nominated by the Emperor . Members of the Lower House are to be chosen from all classes , in order that every interest may be represented . 17 . The two Houses have the power to project laws and receive petitions . 18 . All laws require the sanction of both Houses , particularly those relating to tke expenditure , taxation , S . nance , and tbe sales of public property .
19 . A law will be framed for tbe organisation of the National Guard . The law of election is only provisional , and will be settled by the first parliament . Amendments of the constitution can only bo proposed by the Diet . . PRUSSIA .-Trade in Berlin is in a deplorable state . The King is more than ever distrusted by the people . They feel no gratitude for concessions , for they know , or pretend , that they were torn from him at the eleventh hr-ur . THE REPUBLICANS OF BADEN .-TheGerman republicans , under the command of Hecker and Stouve have suffered a defeat . Lieut-General Gagern undertook the command of the troops of Baden , and went to Schliengen , on the 19 th , when intelligence arrived that the insurgents had occupied Gandgrn . He personally reconnoitred it during tbe night , and on the 20 th , at four o ' clock in the morning , the reveil was beat . The troops were all
en routs for Gandern , which at five o clock was evacuated by the insurgents , who had taken up their position near the city . As soon as the general ' s troops entered the city intel'igence was brought that tbe insurgents desired to capitulate . The grand duchy commissary was about to repair to them , when they asserted that they would negotiate with none but the general in command . General Gagern accordingly rode to the outposts , accompanied by only a few horsemen ; he exhorted the republicans . to obey the voice of the law , and to renounce the civil war . They refused to listen to his terms . An altercation ensued , in which the General was shot ; the troops then furiouslj engaged in combat with the insurgents , who were forced to take flight , leaving a great number of dead upon the field . The troops pursued and encountered a second band of insurgents , commanded by Struve ; these they also attacked and completely routed .
Hecker has made his escape to Bab , but Struve was taken on the 21 st , at the village of Sackingen , as he was about to pass the Rhine into Switzerland , The republican bands continue to overran the frontier portions of the grand duchy . A letter from Schaffbausen states that the republicans are stationed all along the road between Engen , Blomberg , and Stuhlingen . HANOVER . —An insurrection burst out at Hildesheim . 'in this kingdom , bnt has been quelled . HUNGARY . —Theexcitement against theeraployment of the Hungarian military in Italy has reached a great height at Pesth . At a large popular assembly at Pesth , deputies from Poland and Italy were received with enthusiasm , and torch-light processions were afterwards given in honour of them . About 400 Poles living in Pesth have returned home with considerable succours , for the purpose of taking part in the re-conquest of Poland .
THE WAR IN ITALY . All the small forts which crown Peschiera h ave fallen into the power of the division of General Bes . Peschiera is not impregnable , but the width of tbe Mincio , which keeps the besiegers at a distance , and the easy communications with the Austrian Tyro ) , augment the difficulties and length of the siege For this reason Charles Albert , not to lose his time at this place while the Austrian reinforcements are in march forlsonza , has resslved to turn the Beige into a blockade , and to march to meet their reinforcements , so as to prevent a junction . Villafranca , which is situated beyond the Mincio , between Mantua , Peschiera , and Verona , as the centre of the triangle , has bsen evacuated by the Austrians , who are encamped at some distance from the town .
Charles Albert , by an ordonnanco , has ordered his navy to adopt the Italian tri-colour flag , viz ., green , white , and red , with the shield of Savoy upon it . m . en - ^ S "' " EUROPE , ihe following is the conclusion of the manifesto of the government of Milan to the nations of Europe . We should think ourselves unworthy the miracles that God has worked in our favour—unworthy of thejde votion that onr brethsrs of all Italy afford us , if we did not declare in the face of the world that we will never bend tbe neck to the yoke of the Austrian gevernment , and that wa will never enter into any compromise with it .
Even if we would , we could not . The Aastrlan government itself has , by its former conduct , rendered it Impossible . The massacres , the depredations , that its hordes have committed in , heir retreat tow country
The French Republic. Ihe Lais Alaxu3. It...
desolated by pillage and fire , our churches profaned , our women outraged , our children murdered or burned alive , all those horrors have opened a gulf of blood " be ^ tf ? een us and that government . We fight in our own defence . It is a war of civilisation against barbarism , We will prosecute fearlessly this holy war , determined to maintain it to the last extremity , as men resolved on a great enterprise that thoy will not and cannot abandon . We call on Europe—sve demand its moral support for a-work of justice and humanity . The Austrian government redoubles its efforts ; it excites against us the hate of its subjects to lead them te an impieus and cruel Struggle . We will fight , if it bo necessary ; we do not faat ; we rely on victory , because the right is on our side . ; -But , for the honour of our time , for the honour of civilisation ; and in the name of Christianity , is it not fearful that the ambition of a government arms thus tho nations who have no cause of hatred one against
another 3 It Is tor Europe to enlighten thle government , and to divert it from an ssdortaking in which it can but reap desolation fer its people and opprobium for itself . Nations ' of Europe ! we adjure you to receive us lato the European union , with the fraternal sentiment , that now animates you . By tbe unheard ef ills that wo have suffered , by tho terrible fights that we have sustained , by tho victory which God has vouchsafed hs , we adjure you to condemn tho cruel obstinacy of our only enemy , and to recognise ns as worifey to address yeu in the name of Italy . The ladies of Venice hive addressed a demand to the Republic that a female battalion may be formed , who would either tend the sick , make cartridges , or , in case of necessity , share the dangers of the fight . Their demand has been granted .
The Piedmontese troops bave out tbo communications between Mantua and Verona . The porernor of Mantua has made a regular razzia on the surrounding country , and has captured 2 , 000 bead of cattle , and seized upon everything eatable he eould lay his hands on . He has notified his intention of holding out to the last , and having opened the sluices is in the midst of a lake . Tbe Italian journals contain accounts of the most atrocious and wanton acts ef cruelty committed by the Austrian troops , some too horrible to relate . Carlo-Alberfo is reported to bave notified to tho Marshal that if such scenes re-occurred , ho should retaliate , and put to death every Austrian that fell into his hands .
CHANGE OF DYNASTY IN SICILY . The following official document has been published at Palermo : — The Parliament declares—1 . Ferdinand Bourbon and his dynasty are for ever fallen from the throne of Sicily , 8 . Sicily shall govern herself constitutionally , and call to the throne an Italian Prince , ao soon as she shall have reformed her statulo . Done , and resolved at Palermo , on the 13 : h of April . The ^ townwas to be illuminated the three nights following ; on the IStb all the bronze statues of the house of Bourbon were thrown down , and they will be cast into cannon .
POLAND . Cbacow , April 16 . —This morning the deputation returned from Vienna . Our National Guard is already completely organised . We number about 6 , 000 armed burghers , among whom are 1 , 600 Jews . The accounts from Prussian Poland continue to be most melancholy . According to the Deutsche All . gemeihe Zkiioho , the Polish insurgents are committing the grossest excesses . They have broken up , it appears , into small bands , and they are now wandering about the country levying black mail on the inhabitants . The leader-of the Poles , Mieroslawski , has forwarded his ultimatum to the Prussian government ; in the name of his countrymen he refuses to lay down bis arms till the government has given guarantees for the full performance of its promise of a national re organisation of the Polish provinces .
A letter from our correspondent at Breslau , dated 21 st inst , states that the Central Committee of the Polish insurrection was in process of organisation in that oily , under the direction of one of the most distinguished of the Polish generals , and that all the accounts received from Rassian Poland announced that the peasants were animated with the very best and most patriotic feelings . From the fact that telegraphic communication between St Petersburg and Cracow had been interrupted , it was surmised that insurrectionary movements had already occurred in the interior .
DENMARK AND SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN . ANOTHEK BATTLE . Hamburg , Saturday . —Late on Friday evening the last train from Rendsburg brought the information to Hamburg of another engagement having taken place between a portion of the allied army and the avant guard ef the Danish army . The Germans engaged were principally volunteers , and their opponents were two regiments of Danish cuirassiers , one of dragoons , and a small battery . The result of the battle was said to be favourable to the Germans ; but they experienced a very severe loss , for ten or twelve waggon loads of wounded were brought into Rendsburg in the ceurse of the afternoon . The scene of the engagement was a large wood in the neighbourhood of the village of Altenhof , which lies only a few miles from Rendsburg .
SPAIN . The Siglo announces tbat the Centralist Chief , Bellera , who lately entered Catalonia from France , had proclaimed the Republic in several districts of the province of Gerona . TURKEY . Constantinople , April 5 . —Matters here are in a very unsatisfactory state , and the spirit of revolution which prevails in Europe is teo plainly manifest hero .
£Aitimipt&
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(From Tbe Gazette Of Tuesday, April 25.)...
( From tbe Gazette of Tuesday , April 25 . ) BANKRUPTCY ANNULLED . April 24 , G . Hargreaves and J . Hargreaves , Manches fcer , merchants .
BANKRUPTS . ' William Berridge , Cheltenham , grocer—John Edmund Boyd , Grosvenor-street West , Pimlico—Whitfield Burnett , Robert Moon Watson , Luke Wanless , Thomas Harrison , and Daniel Stofcoe , Chartersdaugh , Durham , coal owners—William Davis , Abercarne , Monmouthshire , iron-plate manufacturer — James Brodie Gordon , Church-row , Limehouse , cooper—James Gray , jun . j Liverpool , metal broker—Robert Harding , Bridg . water , Somersetshire , draper—Henry Alonzo Hart , Devonshire-street , Queen-square , linen draper—John Hamlyn Hill , Plymouth , veterinary surgeon — Alexander M'Donald , Nencastle-upoa-Tyne , confectioner—Charles Rowcroft , Paulton-sqnare , Chelsea , bookseller—Joseph Sargent , Beaufort , Breconshire , innkeeper—Thomas Studdard , Blackpool , Lancashire , innkeeper—Thomas Swift , Monmouth , timber merchant—Robert Taylor , Liverpool , merchant .
INSOLVENT PETITIONERS . J . Adkins , Stock , Essex , baker—W . Anderton , Hulrae , Lancashire , licensed victualler—E . Aylward , Lamber . hurst , Kent , tailor—R . Barrett , Dengie , Essex , blacksmith—G . Blake , Great Yarmouth , Norfolk , basket maker—G . Cannon , Horton Kirby , Kent , common brewer—R . Cocker , jun ., Stoney Middleton , Derbyshire , publican—W . Douglas , Manchester , provision dealer—J . Elphick , Horsmonden , Kent , butcher—W . Fane , Bedford , occasional clerk to an auctioneer—R , Gardiner , Great Yarmouth , Norfolk , journeyman cooper—J . Kirkman , Pimhole , Lancashire , provision dealer—J . Law , Man-Chester , cotton waste dealer—W . Ling , Lakenham , Norwich , journeyman brush maker— W . Morgan , Manchester , dairyman—T . Nichols , Brondon Parva , Norfolk , higgler—T . Radford , Chard , Somersetshire , blacksmith —D . C . Saddler , Great Yarmouth , Norfolk , journeyman bricklayer—W . Slader , Appledore , Devonshire , shoemaker—W . Sugden , Rochdale , Lancashire , blacksmith—P . Walker , Higham , Norwich , clerk in the Norwich Union Life-office—W . Wims , Manchester , dealer in fruit and vegetables .
SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS . Isador Calmann , Glasgow , merchant — Alexander Dixon , Greenock , spirit merchant-Archibald M'Martin , Alva , Stirlingshire , innkeeper—Andrew Ross , Edinburgh , and Robert Ross , Dunfermline , boot and shoemakers-Charles Graham Sidey , Perth , merchant .
Tom Steele,—At The Bow Street Polica Cou...
Tom Steele , —At the Bow street Polica Court on Tuesday , Tom Steele , O'Connell ' s' Head Pacificator , ' was brought up fer re-examination , on the charge of having attempted to commit suicide by throwing himself over Waterloo Bridge . He expressed deep contrition , and premised the offence should not be repeated . Mr Jardine held him to bail for twelve months , himself in £ 100 , and two sureties of £ 50 each , which being given , poor Tom was released . State op Trade in Manchester Everything commercial and manufacturing is literally at a standstill here . Nothing is doing on 'Change , and great numbers of the mills and workshops are either wholly closed or working only short time . About 10 , 000 operatives are at present working short time , and nearly the same number are wholly out of employment . The operative population are not tho principal sufferers : the shopkeepers and tradesman generally are deeply distressed , and hundreds know not how to turn for relief .
Resignation of Mr Milkbr Gjbson . —The connexion of Mr Gibson with Manchester and the government seemed longer to be impossible , for the unpopular acts of tho ministry necessarily rendered the right honourable gentleman unpopular with his constituents . The only objectors to Mr Gibson ' s retirement are a few of the seasative Whigs , whose influence is very slight in Manchester . The Chinese junk has obtained a berth in tbe East India Dock , and is undergoing repairs fer exhibition to the public . Tbe Medical Times says , tbat the Sultan has ordered a quarter-cask of chloroform for the use of the ladies of his harem . It appears , by experiments made at Bicetre , Paris , the inhalations of ehloraform induce fits of epilepey in those persons liable to such visitations .
• There is a baronet of ancient descent , ' says the Ballahaslob Stab , « now working as a common labourer , at one shilling a-day , in the county of Meath . We are indebted to Lord ; Cowley for obtaining a farther concession from the Ottoman Sultan ; the recognition of the Protestants of Turkoj a * a Bepa / rate and legally-constituted community . *
Great Chartist Demonstration On Sklftcoa...
GREAT CHARTIST DEMONSTRATION ON SKlftCOAT-MOOR . In the early part of the week placards were pested throughout the West-Riding , announcing that there would be a ' great West-Riding meeting' on Skircoat moor , on Good Friday . Placards issued in the previous week , warning all well-disposed persons of the illegality of such meetings , were renewed intheearlj part of the week . Early on Friday rooming the Halitax special constables who had then bcenaworn-in » nd organised , were noticed to bold themselves in readi .
neas , About twenty companies of tbe ' specials' were assembled m the Piece-Hall at ten o ' clock . At a still-earlier ; heur fee Halifax troops of the 2 nd West York Yeomanry Cavalry , ( who had been some time under orders from head quarters to bold themselves in readiness ) , were called out and assembled in the Riding School . The troop of the 5 th Dragoon Guards also held themselves ia readiness during the day at their barracks , as did the Infantry at the barracks . A . part only of the old pensioners were called out , the rest being warned to be in readiness . And the magistrates sat at their office all day in preparation for any emergency .
THE PROCESSION . At about nine o ' clock , a procession started from the bottom of Horton-street to meet the Bradford Chartists . The Ovenden and Northowara Chartists also went on the Bradford Road with the same object . And at a subsequent hour a procession ofsome thousands from Hudderefield , also crossed the town in the same direction . . At about eleven o ' clock , the united procession entered the town , and defiled through tho streets . It contained twelve bands of music , and a multitude of flags and banners . The tricolour ( substituting green for the blue of tho French flag ) was abundant ; and many men in the procession also woro tricolour rosettes . The inscriptions included the following : —
' The Charter , and down with the aristocracy , ' a black banner . — ' Freedom we want , and freedom wo will have . '—Another black flag , with a pike at the end of the staff , ' We conquer or die . '—Two large full-length portraits of Feargos O'Connor . — ¦ Wads worth Row National Charter Association ; the" Charter and No Surrender . ' — * Liberty , Equality , Fraternity . ' — ' Ovenden National Charter Association ; England Free or a Deeert . '— ' Jones and Mini ! , ' a green flag . — ' Forward and we Conquer , Backward and we Fall . ' — ' He that hath no sword , let him sell his garment and buy one . ' —* Red flag , ' England Free or a Desert . '—Green flag , ' Liberty or Death . ' —Banner , ' Woe to the Tyrants that dare obstruct tbe way to
Freedom . ' —Green banner , ' New Leeds ; VThafc is Life without Liberty . '— Goodman ' s-end section , ' God ' s WilUbe People ' s Claim . ' -Green flag , 'God helps tbem that help themselves . '—Two tricolour flags with cap of liberty on the staff . —Banner containing a portrait with the words , 'Arthur O'Connor , the Exile , of Erin ; The Female National Charter Association , Bradford . ' —* Little Horton Char lists ; May the people of England never forget Frost , Williams , and Jones . '— ' It is better to Die by the Sword than Perish by Hunger , — ' Tyrants prepare to meet your God . '—' Mothers , Claim tbe Rights of your children . '— ' Woe to the man that oppresseth the poor . '— 'The People ' s Charter in defiance of
Dungeons . The procession was marshalled by men who carried small tricoloured flags . The different processions of which it was composed did not , however , walk with a similar number a-breaat . The Chartists from Ovenden and other parts of this neighbourhood walked four or five abreast ; those which followed the Bradford Ancient Foresters' band , seven and eight a-breast ; and towards the close of the procession there were rows of ten and some twelve a-breast . The entire procession would therefore probably average seven a-breast ; under rather than over that average . It occupied twenty-one minutes in turning the corner of Union-street into Horton-street ; at a rate of thirty-seven rows in half a minute . This , at the average of seven to the row , would give bOO a minute , or 10 , 500 for the entire procession , supposing the entire line to be without a break . We must add that neither calculation includes tbe large number ef those who chase a less public and more direct method of reaching the place of meeting . *
THE MEETING . As we have already stated the site upon which the monster meeting was held was Skircoat Moor , where spacious hustings had been erected on the east side , and near to the plantation ; the front of the hustings facing westward ; To these hustings admission was had by ticket . The hour advertised for commencing the proceedings was eleven o ' clock , and at that hour a procession from Ripponden took up its station in front of the hustings . The procession was accompanied by a band of music , and a few banners . In half an hour afterwards , an immense
procession denied from the road to the left of the hustings . The procession it was understood came from Huddersfield , and the neighbourhood ; and was followed ( but whether included in it or not , our reporter on the moor could not learn ) by the procession which had been wending its way through the streets of Halifax , when the immense throng had stationed themselves in front of the hustings , the scene was certainly most imposing . The who ' e of the processions having taken up their positions , the bands -ceased playing , the flags and banners were furled , and the more important ' proceedings commenced .
The business commenced by a person of the name of Rilbt , proposing that Mr B . Rushton take the chair . This was seconded by a person in the crowd , and carried by a forest of hands being held up in its favour . The Chairman said—that , having been elected to preside over tbat meeting , it would be his business to submit a string of resolutions for their approval or disapproval . It , unfortunately , happened that some of the individuals invited were not present ; however , they must make up their lack as well as they could ; their object was not men , but principle , that they were contending for . ( Cheers . )
Mr James Harris , of Leeds , was then called upon . He said , it perhaps would be a matter of regret that many of tbe gentlemen invited to attend the meeting were , from necessity , compelled to stay away . This might be a matter of regret to many , but to his mind it was no very great discouragement . He perfectly agreed with the chairman that it was principle and not men they were contending for , but , at the same time , he would award the same meed of praise to the persons who had been invited there as though they were present . Great credit was due to thoso men who bad got up and sustained an agitation which had taught the working classes not to depend upon others , but themselves . ( Cheers . ) He was glad
that the ' Gagging Bill' had had no influence over the working classes . ( A Voice : 'We'll gag ' em , ' and laughter . ) He would not ask them if they were prepared to go on peaceably until the Six Points of the Charter became the law of the land . ( Shouts of 'We are . ' ) Then , if they were thus determined to aot , they must not be afraid of this bill , although it sought to entrap some , if not most , of their leaders . But should that be done—could he , for one moment , suppose that they should succeed in gagging their present leaders , be believed the effect would be that if they imprisoned one leader , a hundred would rise up to take his place . ( Cheers . ) He had a resolution in his band which he would read : —
That this meeting ; feelisg , from practical reality , that the present Eeuse of Commons docs not represent tbo interests of the people of this country , hail with satis . faction the suggestion of tbe Convention tbat a memorial be presented to her Majesty , requesting her to dis . miss her ministry and dissolve parliament , and call to her council men who will make the People ' s Charter a cabinet measure . With that resolution he most cordially agreed ; for if there was no other act than tbe one which last night passed its third reading in the House of Lords , and commonly called' the Gagging Bill , ' he thought it amply sufficient to memorialise the Queen to dismiss her ministers , dissolve parliament , and call those men to power who would make the Charter a
cabinet measure . ( Cheers . ) What were thev to conceive wonld be the results of such a bill ? They were told that large meetings were being held in the country , such as the one he then witnessed—they were told that the authorities were alarmed , and the peaceably disposed inhabitants were afraid . But where did they get their alarm frem ? Had there been any outbreak—any disturbance by the Char tists ? ( Cries of' no . ' ) Had any one been advised to break the peace ? ( 'No . ' ) Destroy property ? (' Ne . ' ) Or life ? ( 'No . ' ) If they invariably protected the peace while seeking for their liberties , he would ask them where was the danger to the Crown or government ? It was said , that' a guilty conscience was its own accuser . ' ( Loud cheers . ) In the
House of Commons on Tuesday last Lord John Russell , in debating the question of the Crown and Government Security Bill , told the people through the house , that as civilisation progressed , so new modes would be invented to overturn ^ the country . What were they to understand frsm that assertion , but that Lord John Russell was endeavouring to stop the rising influence of mind , but which never would and never should be stopped . There was another inference which he drew from that assertion ; they were perhaps to understand that Lord John Russell meant that aa civilisation progressQd , so new modes would be invented for overturning the
governmentor that while civilisation progressed that the leeislatum was to stand still . If he intended that , ho was apt to think Lord John Russell would bs greatly mistaken . The people were now determined that government itself should move with the onward march of civilization . If Lord John Russell intended that government should aland still , or be a do-nothing-government , he believed that such meetings as the present would convince him that important concessions must be made to the just' demands of the people , ( Cheers . ) At other nunieaous meetings they had openly asserted that they would never rest satisfied till the six points of the Charter were the
Great Chartist Demonstration On Sklftcoa...
law of the land . Were they ef the same determfr nation ? ( Cries of ' We are , ' and cheers . ) What was it that tbe people of this country were , now asking for ? He believed that there was very great misapprehension amongst a vast portion of the' influential and the middle classes of society , thattbey were reckless of life , destroyers of property , wishing te take from others what they possessed , and appropriate such property to their own use . He believed that no such feelings as these existed in the breast of any honest-hearted Chartist . They wished to have a voice in the legislature ; they wished to have a voice in the spending of that money to which they were such large contributors . U should be the duty and business of every Cbarbst to show to the
middle classes that such was their object , and their only object . But at the same time he would have it to be understood that they would never rest satisfied until that object was accomplished . ( Lheera . ) The question might yet arise—which-wm the best form of government to live under , and if that inquiry should be set on foot , and condneted m tha same spirit as that which animated the movement fer the Charter , it might end in p the ; people uoS being satisfied even with the six points pf the Uiar ter . ( Cheers . ) The working classes of this country were now very nearly unanimous for the Pe a Charter . And let it be borne in mind , that , witftout unanimity , that object never would , and never eould , be obtained ; and therefore he conceived it to the
be the duty of every working man not to throw least obstacle in the way of bringing the middle classes to them , in order that they might have tne # assistancp . The middle classes were fast comjBg over to them ; and if they referred to a meeting lately held at Manchester , tbey would find thousands of the middle claaaes who had been sworn in as special constables had openly declared that they would not use their staves against the people , and that they would assist them in agitating for the Charter . The same feeling was agitating the middle classes as that which made tbe working classes Chartists . He hoped that thai the present meeting would bo one great means of esmenting the middle and working classes of this community in agitating until the Charter became the law of the land .
( Cheers . ) The speaker then proposed the resolution . Charles Wobsmip seconded the resolution . Afterafluding to ' a bill issued by Edward Baines , ofLeeds / and which allosien called forth loud sboutsof ' he ' fl a liar , * hes aid , they ivould recollect that previbna te tbe meeting in London the Queen was recommended to remove from her house te Osborne House ; bat if she did not want removing from all the honses ehe possessed , he would advise her to remove from power thoso who were doing the utmost they c uld to prevent the onward movement of the people . ( Load shouting , and cries of' na , pnt that da ' an , ' to the short-hand writers . )
Mr D . Lightowleb , of Bradford , was eallednpon to support the resolution . He was inclined to think that those who at present counselled tbe Queen , and who sat at the helm of affairs , were not prepared to make the Charter the law of the land . It appeared that thoy had no idea of the degraded condition of the working classes of this country ; otherwise they would adopt some means for raising the working classes from the degradation and suffering in which they were involved . Instead of doing thatthey were giving them something entirely in opposition to thai which would tend to remove the burdens under which they groaned , ( Disapprobation . ) Her Majesty ' s ministers had given evidence of their unfitness to govern this nation , by passing that Whig Treason
Aot called the Gagging Bill . Instead of assisting them to rear the tree of liberty , they had given them a Gagging Bill . But thoy would meet ( ' We will , ' ) There was a people groaning for liberty , and determined to have liberty , and yet the government gave them a Gagging Bill , ( A voice we will gag them , ' cheers . ) It had been observed by a previous speaker that while the people were progressing , government waa retrograding or going back ; they had carried a measure which would have disgraced this country a thousand years ago . ( Cheers . ) . Tbe government had given evidence of their unfitness to manage the affairs of this country by the weakness they manifesto day by day . Let it be understood that the strength of a government existed in the affections of the
people , and not in muskets and bayonets , and swords . The strength of the government grew weaker every day , and if the Queen did not soon dismiss her ministers they would be dismised by some other power . ( Cheers . ) The ministry also manifested their unfitness for office by tbe introduction of another bill , called the Alien ' s Bill . Some of these jealous follows thought they had seen , as he bad also seen himself , a few bearded men walking about the streets of Leadon , and who they thought were wanted to have something to do with the Chartists . Now , he would not raise any objection to that bill provided they applied it properly . ( Cheers and laughter . ) Prince Albert should go first . ( Loud cheers ) The ex-King of France next . ( Cheers . ) Guizotnext . ( Cheers . )
The Queen Dowager the fourth— ( cheers)—and all the aliens who had been burdens and paupers upon this country : ( Loud shouting ) Let the government apply this bill impartially , aud then they would receive ft . The Whigs always told them when they were out of office what they would do , but when they get into office they ' : did nothing bnt mischief . ( Cheers . ) If they had been out of office while the tree of liberty was now being raised in Europe , they would bave been the first to help the working classes to raise it in England . But the Whigs were in office , and the Tories out , and so they brought in tbe Gagging Bill and their Aliens Bill . He concluded by exhorting the meeting to proceed peaceably but most determindly to show government that they would have the Charter and no Surrender . ( Loud cheers . )
Mr J . Shackmetoh , of Halifax , moved the next resolution . He said that he had been just looking at this very large assembly , and wondering whether the lying and vilifying press would go away with the tale to parliament that there wonld be only about five or six thousand of them . He thought there were two acres of them closely paoked ( hear ) , and they might , therefore , be able to make their own calculation . So long as the people of this country were divided , so long would they be weak . But the moment the people were united in one bond , not all the powers on earth could resist them . Why did they then continually meet together , to be taunted of by the government , as evil disposed and discontented persons . Now , they were discontented , he
readily admitted ; but that they were evil disposed persons , he utterly denied . Their only object in coming forward in such numbers was to endeavour to obtain the means ef living in the land of their birth ; but that right bad been taken away by those parties who claimed to be the government of this country . The object of a legislative assembly , was to do all in its power to promote happiness , morality , and good order in society ; but , in this , our government had utterly failed ; so that it was high time that other parties should take possession of the helm of affairs . ( Dear . ) What had they done for the working classes ? There was one third of the entire population in the manufacturing districts out of employment , and the other two-thirds
were living upon such scanty subsistence , that they could scarcely keep body and soul together . What was the reason of this ? Was it because the people of this country were not strong enough , able enough , to produce food , and build houses , and make furniture for themselves ? ( No . ) Why this should be in a country possessing all the scientific knowledge and intelligence which it was said to possess , and that hundreds of thousands should be starving for wantof food , and there should be hundreds and . millions of seres of land out of cultivation , he could not imagine . Why was it , that such a bsdy of men had so managed that , the working classes having toiled for food , they must go and starve till the aristocracy and the moneymongers thought fit to ' give them the means ? Was
society ever intended for such an end ? Was it ever ordained by nature and by God that the great bulk of the labouring population should labour incessantly , with scarcely the means of existence , in order to keep in idleness and prifligacy a small section of the community . It never was so intended ; and with the determination and aid of working men , such a state of things should not be much longer . ( Cheers . ) They bad all the elements of wealth and prosperity within their reach , but they were locked up in various ways by individuals who claimed to be possessed of all the knowledge in the world . But this state of things must no longer exist , Look at the state of the people of Ireland . There was net another nation on the face of the earth that had
submitted to such degradation , poverty , and misery ; tho people of England were in such a condition that they were fast sinking to the condition of Ireland . ( Hear . ) Suppose the aristocracy were for a short time to change places with them ; and , instead of living in splendid palaces , they wore to occupy the hovels of the working men of this country , becoming the servile dependents upon those whom they had so long oppressed—weuld they not feel that they were indebted for all their grandeur and their wealth , to the hard-toiling citizens ? Their rulers talked to tbem about property , andjthe rights of property . He would tell them there was no property except through labour . Evcrvthing we saw and possessed of any value had come from the labour of working men ; and , therefore , the working man , who produced a 1 , ought to occupy a place worthy of his usefulness m society . ( Cheers . ) Tbey had been toldI by one oartv that if they would oaly go with then
to obtain free-trade , all would be well ; but they had got free-trade and were still going down the hill . Now , some parties were anxioua that thoy should emigrate t » Neir Yealand or _ New South Wales , or anywhere else , so that they did not trouble " hem . He was not one of tbe party who would favour that cry . He was for staying in his native land in the hope that it would still be a happy , prosperous , and glorious country . It w . as unnecessary they should go abroad , so long as they had so many elements of wealth and prosperity at home . And while there were such signs of progress before themwhile mankind were steadily advancing in intelligence the government was travelling back to the dark ages of feudalism . They had Been an animal in ita death throes , strike nervously hard . These were the very symptoms which preceded the destruction of the French government , and we found our own governs
* This Calculation Forms Part Ef The Ori...
* This calculation forms part ef the original report which we have . takea from the Hawias Qvarvuv , a Tory paper ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 29, 1848, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_29041848/page/7/
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