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SEPgEgSBR IS,. 1846. THE KOfiTBEcB-V. -r...
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.foreign d-Hobements
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" Aad I will war, at leastlnSwords, (And...
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POLAND'S REGENERATION. The usual monthly...
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MONTITLT REPORT OF OCCURRENCES IN POLAND...
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Puisce Czitt-roiiYSKi. —Lord Dudley Cout...
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;¦ ~ \t;, ^f ™^H 'lFALl^Rlir^—'? r. A " ...
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TIIE CAFFRE WAR . The South African Comm...
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RELIGIOUS DISTURBANCES AT MADEIRA. Madei...
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ROSPECT OF AN EUROPEAN FAMINECRITICAL ST...
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. DEGENERATE STATE OF PERSIA. Tabbis,' J...
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f uie t Great Drought in Italy.—-Letters from 'Naples announce that the extreme heat had entirely dried
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« anning pans, me peasants could nnd no ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Sepgegsbr Is,. 1846. The Kofitbecb-V. -R...
_SEPgEgSBR IS ,. 1846 . THE _KOfiTBEcB-V . -rgTAR . * . _-- .. ¦ _^^^ == _^^^ _T _^ _T _^^^^ _ _"" . * r _ . . „ _.. „ _, _„ . _ _, _^ Zr _^^^ ' _^^ " _^*™''^"" _"" * ' _""'" _^^^^^^^^ _" _^ _"" _- ' _''^^ _''M'W _' _piHa-lMUiMI _^ MM— *
.Foreign D-Hobements
. foreign _d-Hobements
" Aad I Will War, At Leastlnswords, (And...
" Aad I will war , at _leastlnSwords , ( And—should my _whaiieese happen—deefc , ) With all who war-with Thought !" " I Slink I hear a little _hirf , who sing * "She people by and by will be ihe stronger . "—BlBOS . _BEVELATIONS OF RUSSIA . so . rx . _Psrss of matter compels us this weeli to confine ourselves to the following extract . Our readers will find compensation for this brevity in the "Report , " given below , of "The Democratic Committee for Peland ' 6 Regeneration" : —
_HrjSSlAS SOXDUBS . Tn general the whole arm ; of the line presents a very -wretched appearance ; the dirty brownish grey great-C 0 » ts , the-usual natn & neuts of the soldiers , their sallow complexions , their half-starved meagre frames , and the mean appearance of their officers , are far from offering en imposing spectacle . With the imperial guards the case is different : it is seen far the first time at a review , they _gtrike the beholder almost with awe ; for though he may lave seen many finer regiments than any which pass
before him , nowhere in the world ean he have seen so large a body of _fine-looking troops together . The imperial guard , -which h * s always "been the hobby of the Russian _soTeireigns , and is so peculiarly of the present Emperor Nicholas and his brother "Michael , consists of 41 , 000 infantry and a ' tillery _. and ef 15 , 000 cavalry , and , -with the ad ition of the regiments of the young guard , or grenadier corps , does not fall far short of 120 . 000 men . The force is stationed in the government of St . Petars-¦ burgh , principally in and about the capital , and is nnder the command ofthe Grand Drike Michael .
"The guards , the picked men from the whole army , are aH either five feet eleven inches in height , or exceeding that stature . On the first view an observer is struck to find them all dark , and bearing to each other as remarkaUe a _simflitndeasthe sheep ofa flock . -When his eye wanders over thousands of faces , he cannot _readilypoint Out one man who might not pass for brother of the one most dissimilar to him ; they getm as if nature had mcnldedthem all by ukase , according to a given pattern ; asd tbe precision and uniformity -of their attitude and equipment , mate ont man look tbe reflection of the one _befid ? him . This similitude of personal appearance he afterwards finds to be much owtngto their general dusky
and sallow complexions ( probably produced by the _exeescxve _*^ arn £ tlx of tlie artificial : atmosphere in wh ich they live , and the abuse of _thesteam-iStb ) , as well as to tbe black mcastache , of _exactly the -same cut and trim , and which , whatever its original colour , receives the game dark gloss by being anointed and plastered with an _tmctoous -compound , something-similar to onr English _eart-greaee . XBi * ' 3 s applied "by order . An _'' _-nhnse " also firesfhe _lemrth ofa soldier ' s or-an officer's hah- at a anger ' s width , and determines on which side it mmt be _DTnshpdVaud how low the whiskers may he allowed to ' invade the cheek . These orders -are the same for the ; general as for the drummer .
As 7 _o £ g- as ire see _tfesse _soldieis of the guards embodied , ihey are wry "imposing . High of statm * e- * 0 f martial , though rigidly-stiff carriage—they are _cladla tasteful uniforms , of Which the materials , though coarse , _naveTieea fashioned-with all the-skill of art , and fitted -to-each man individually ; ~ they are worthy of having ceme from the battels of ihe late King of PrussiE . of whom _thBEmperiT "Alexander _faid tbat _Fortnne'had -spoiled an admirable master-tailor in giving him his crown . There is one effect , however , strikingly'ludicrous , in the attempt * t < i improve the figures of beta soldiers and officers «—their _troupers are tightened so much by a band at the waist , that the stomach
protrades most udjrracefbljy , particularly in the soldier , who eats enormous quantities of his black bread . When -we cf m _? tn examine the soldier after the review , _without "his " making np 7 " we are surprised to find how _miser--able S _creatnre'heis—how meagre , ¦ _narrow . _chested , and -ill-shaped—wliat a want of muscle , sinew , and elasticity * to animate that great body , which reminds o _^ e of an overgrown schoolboy—now different from fhe healthy cheek , the athletic form , and the symmetrical ¦ fi gure of onr own life-guardsman . There is carcely in "these regiments , which are considered as the pride ox "the imperial army , one man in ten whose shape is not glaringly defective .
Poland's Regeneration. The Usual Monthly...
_POLAND'S _REGENERATION . The usual monthly meeting of the " BemocraiJc Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration , " was held on "Wednesday _evenins , September 2 nd , at theBrill's Head , New Oxford-street . In the absence of the President , _1 Mf' "Ernest Jones , occasioned . "by . illness , "Mr . Thomas Clark was called to the ci ' _-iir . Two additions were made to the Committee , Dr . "M'Douall , _fho * an inHc-trtial Polish patriot . The brinsiing np of the " Monthly Report" was postponed for one week . The Secretary read a communication from the continent , which excited an _interestinj * conversation , in the course of whicb nuie ' _- valuable information on tie state of Poland and prospects ofthe cause , was imparted to the Committee by the Polish members . The meeting then _adjonrned .
On Wednesday evening . September 9 th , the committee re-assembled . Mueh regret was expressed at the cause ofthe President ' s absence—severe illness . Mr . Christopher Doyle was called to the chair . The Secretary brought np and read the "Monthly Report . " which - will be fonnd below . On the motion of Mr . Kean , seconded by _Mf . _'Moy , tbe report was unanimously adopted . Ir was then resolved tbat the report should be sent to the _Norfhtm Star for publication , and tbat a pamphlet edition trith the } addition of other interesting matter , should he printed . On tbe motion of the secretary , seconded by a _Polish member of the committee it was onanimously resolved : —
Thatair . _Christopher _Dnrle . member of this committee , "being about to -visit Scotland : and Messrs . T . Clark and T . M'Grath . also members of this committee , being abont _totisit different parts of England , the said members-are - "hereby authorised to represent this _' _committee , and are _-instri-e-ed to employ their efforts in making knom its _organisation and objects , obtaining the adhesion of _** honorary rnemoers / _7 aa _3 otherwise _aiding tbe _PoU * 2 i -cause for the advancement of which this committee is -established . . Mr . _Doyix promised for himself and Messrs , dark and M'Grath ( unavoidably absent ) that to the best ef their power tbe resolution should be acted np to . It was then resolved that a copy of the " Monthly Report—No IT * ( when printed ) be sent to each member of the _late- _'Charrist Convention . The committee then adjourned till Wednesday evening , October 7 th .
Montitlt Report Of Occurrences In Poland...
_MONTITLT REPORT OF OCCURRENCES IN POLAND , AND FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE _CACSE OF POLAND'S REGENERATION . Ko . If . _Aijgcst , —September , ISO } . Since _fhenubHeation of the _Ce-mmiitoa ' s Report for Julv , farther . revelations ofthe
MASSACRES IN GALICIA , excited by the Austrian government , have been made "known to Western Europe , Letters from the survivors _, and personal statements from the lipssf some who have escaped frem the scene of carnage , prove beyond dispute the guilty participation ofthe Austrian despotism in those organized murders . Thc subject bas attracted the attention of the British _psrliament , a :: d she atrocious acts oi the Austrian government have been unanimously condemned by both houses . In the course of the debate in the House of Peers , oa Tuesday , August 11 th , Lord "Beaumont , speaking of the proclamations _issued by the authorities of the circle ot Tarnow , offering-re--waras ibr the nobles dead or alive , said :-
—The result of the proclamations he had alluded to was , that the peasants rose , not immediately against their own masters , but peasants not in _imiuadiate connexion with theproprietorsn . se against them , and people from a distance marched to attack distant castles , merely for reward . _Xumbers of peasants traversed the country , attacking castle after castle , massaereing men , women , and children . He had seen letters from _EOini ' of the survivors , describing these horrid scenes "; one Scorn the only surviving member ofa family ( the daughter ) who had seen htr father and mother murdered , . _Another was from an individual whose wife and all his childri n had been _murdered . lie had a Hstof names of families wha had thus suffered : in one no less than 50 or € 0 _individuals , including etrvauts _. had beta put to death , one alone surviving . Lord Kinnaird in the course of _ac able and patriotic denunciation of the oppressors of Poland , said : —
When in . Apr" ! last this snVjecl had been brought _before the house , confidence in the character of Prince JIttternich was pleaded as a reason for disbelieving such atrocities . Yet _siow Ihey were admitted to have taken -place ; and it was established tliat horrors had occurred worse than _anyshinp which had happened in the French _Revolution , The government of Vienna had conferred _Teirards upon those -who had _ksued the orders which authorised thc _atroi-ities , and by so doini _; they had rendered themselves _responsible for the atrocities themselves . It appeared tbat the prisons were . ' _opentd , and the peasantry were encouraged bv the local authorities to
massacre the nobles , lie would mention one of these atrocities , to show tliat the perpetrators were instigated by the authorities to commit those acts , snd that they had since baen rewarded . A gentleman of large property in the neighbourhood of Tarnow observed a multitude approaching his place of residence . He at first thought this was som _? _icurrecUonary movement , lie was soon _nn'recfired . The firs t attack was made upon his steward , who wss mur ' er _=- _> l . They then attackrfl I is house . His wife rush- d do wn to appease diem . They knocked her down . He , rushing to her assistance , was struck down .
Montitlt Report Of Occurrences In Poland...
A child , too , was _ilain , and the assailants were on " the point of slaying a lady who was with the famil y , when , takingher fortheladv ' s maid , they suffered her to escape and desired her to lead them through the house that they might search—for what ! - ' For knives which the prefect of Tarnewhad told them this and other nobles had to cut Vit throats of fhe peasants , ' - Such horrors as those were fear ful to describe or contemplate : One of those unfortunate victims , the wife ofthe owner , had to drag herself a short distance from the home . The multitude afterwards
returned with carte for the bodies . Why ? That they might obtain the price offered for evtry head . They were accompanied with gendarmes , and the living having been thrown into the same cart with the dead , and removed from the scene of slaughter , the perpetrators of this outrage dug a largo grave , and were on the point of casting the owner ' s'bod y into the grave when symptoms of life were discovered ; his wife implored them to save him . All this took plaee in the presence of gendarmes . Bid ihey east him aline into the grave : they burifdMnv olitf . Had not the _Government at Vienna rendered themselves
parties to snch deeds , by rewarding those who first stimulated the outrages ? Tbis subject also occupied the attention ofthe House of Commons , on Monday , August 17 th , when the Austrian atrocities were denounced by several members of that house . Mr . Monckton - Milnes quoted the proclamation issued by the authorities of Tarnow : — "Would the house believe , that an order to such an effect as the following had been promulgated on this ec _casion t " I call upon the inhabitants of this district that th _^ y take possession of all the turbulent spirits , therein
—that , armed with their scythes and their hatchets , thej shall deliver up such parties to the government ; ana I am authorised for this service immediately to ghe to those who so deliver these parties up a sufficient recompense . " Could they wonder , therefore , that such an order as that would he followed by the most disastrous and injurious consequences f But that was not all . The peasantry were told to bring these people to the government , if they could , by fair means , hut to bring them at all events ; and the local authority who gave this order , declared thai he had been fully authorised to do so . How had that order been followed ? No less than 1 , 478
proprietors and individuals had been brutally murdered and brought to the government . Of these there were between seventy and eighty priests , the teachers and religions instructors of the people of the district . A large portion ef them also were ladies . These were historical facts , and they were uncontradicted . Lord Palmerston admitted the truth of these atro-1 cities , and added , that " they were without example ' in the modern history of Europe . " In proof of what ' was asserted in these debate ** respecting the rewards * _conferred by the Austrian Government on the directing -assassins , we refer to an order of the Emperor of Ansiria , dated the ISth of July , ' conferring on the- prefects ofthe districts of Tarnow and Praemysl , in Galicia , MM . Breine Von WaHerstern , and Cseteh " "Von Lindenwckl , the cross of the Leopold order , frei -of the usual * sx . The _sameforder elevates the
prefects of _Wadowitze , Bdchnia , Sandetcb , and Iaslo , MM . Von Lcserth _, Bernd , Bochinski , - and Przybyl-* ski ( without paying the tax ) , to the rank _= of "Noblemen . " "Well may the 'Reforme add to this * ' order " : — " Tarnow , Bochnia , Iaslo ! what frightful recollections they evoke " ! These deas of assassins wanted for their hellish renown nothing but this official consecration by Government . The civilised world racy now know that tbe Austrian _^ Government has officially honoured and ennobled the prefects of Galicia who ordered _and-fiirected the slaughter , received the corpses of murdered Poles , find paid the assassins . " Tbe latest accounts from _Galicia assert the discovery of anew conspiracy , and'the arrest of ; three "French emissaries , " who are iccarcerated ini she prisons at Lemberg . The
MILITARY COMMISSION AT CRACOW , headed by _the . _Austiiui general , -Castagliohe , appointed to investigate into the events at Cracow iti February last , has given notice ofthe termination of its inquisitorial proceedings . 1350 prisoners were examined . Of these 830 were set at liberty ; 200 have been delivcredmp to Austria and Russia ; -end 22 € * remain in prison in Cracow , to undergo a trial before a Civil Commission . This commission vnU'be composed of two Prussian , two Austrian , and two Russian members , with an Austrian _functionaryacting a ? Chairman . Each member will have thus to inTt 5 _tigatethe « assof thirty-Mxaccused . It is
supposed that a whole year will elapse before the ter mination of the 'trial . This would be very serious , if the judges were impartial ; bat , when the trial is to be conducted by enemies , the length of " preven"t ve imprisonment" may prove a benefit in comparison with thc dreadful captivity by which it wiil . prob'lbly be succeeded . It is stated in some of the German papers that a _correspondence has been discovered at Cracow between the prisoners _andrtiie emigrants . " A spirit of discontent" is said to ** reign" in that city , and the Austrians , who still occupy tbe city ., are con-itantly on the alert to prevent an outbreak .
From Posen we hare but very meagre intelligence -V . Jarkowski , the Director of the Establishment of General Credit of the province of Posen , * was arrested on the 1 st of July , and taken to Soimebiirg . M . Ivouraatofiski . who was arrested and put in prison at Sonnenburg _, just after tbe last insurrection o ! Posen , for publishing a revolutionary _lithographic print , attempted to commit suicide by stabbing himj * elf in four place * , but was expected to recover . The Prussian Minister of the Interior has refused his sanction io the publication of five monthly _jonrnals in the Polish language .
From Dresden { Saxony ) we learn that _Tyf-sowski , ( member of-the provisional-. government inthe late outbreak , ) is-still in prison , -and still the object of an interchange of notes between tbe Saxon , Austrian , . ind Russian cabinets . Russia demands his extradition and banishment to Siberia , or at least his detention In a Russian fortress nntil the entire _paciiieation of Poland , which means imprisonment and torture during his life . We have now to notice the
DESIGNS AND CRUELTIES OF THE RUSSIAN TYRANT . It has long been the established policy of the Tsar * to represent themselves to Europe as the friends ol the peasantry ., whom in their own dominions they were anxious . to emancipate , but were prevented doing this by the opposition ofthe Russian nobility . It is notorious , however , that the Russian nobility were Ions since coerced by the Tsars , and that since the failure cf their " _^ insurrection in 1 S _25-26 , they hare been reduced to utter impotency by tbe present Emperor . If , therefore , Nicholas desired the destruction of Russian serfdom , he has but to will it , and the work will be forthwith . accomplished . But instead of this we _fiud him _tkelorgest slave-holder in the world . The whole millibar nf serfs in the
Russian empire amounts to forty-five millions , of these [ -twenty-one millions arc " owned" by the _Eniperor | . as his " private property , " the remainder being the I _^' property " of the Russian landlords . The Ru _> sian _SSrf 13 as milch a Slay ? as the negro worker in Cuba . The Russian Emperor has shown no inclination to liberate his own serfs ; on the contrary , he has watched every opportunity to add to their number , by confiscating the estates of the disaffected and suspected amongst the proprietors , _andsdding tbe serfs of those estates to liis own iiamcnse stock of miserable slaves . _Renifeiaberiiig these simple facts , the European public will be better able to comprehend the motives ofthe _Aatocrat in putting himself forth as the liberator of the peasants ' of the "" kingdom of Poland . "
For some time past ike German papers have contained rumours respecting tne intended liberation , by Nicholas , of the Polish peasants throughout the _"kingdom of Poland . " This _*« Report" was already prepared when we became informed of the following facts ;—The Warsaw Gazette , of the 28 th of August , publishes an ukase _. _sigueil by Nicholas , abolishing certain feudal services to whieh the Polish peasants have been hitherto subjected , and setting forth other provisions relating to them . The following are the principal clauses i—
Peasants in towns or villages , who cultivate to the ettent of at least three acres of land , shall henceforth , as long as thsy fulfil their obligations , enjoy a life interest in those lands , and the proprietor stall not take the land from them , or increase thc charges thereon . The _peasnnts shall be free to more from one estate to another . provided they fulfill the police regulation *! , and _yive three months notice of their intentions . The proprietor of the estate shall , within two years at the farthest , place other peasants on the lands thus abandoned , and shall
notineorporate the said lands with those whicli constitute his siguorial estate . The Council of Administration shrill suppress in private domains all feudal services which are not established by law . The Council shall recommend to the authorities to watch that the obligations enforced towards the lords do not exceed _thosLwliich , after the suppression of the feudal services , Hot established bv tlie law , are founded on vahM titleF , and which , existed previous to Jan . 1 , 184 C . TLey are also to see that in tri : iis between the lords and thu peasants just ' eeis equitably administered *
This pretended " liberation" is a fraud , not intended to benefit the peasants , but to deceive Western Europe . Wcmust defer until our next " Report an exposure of this imperial juggle . We arc confident that from the best sources , and by the rcvealment of "facts , " wo shall be able to prove tliat this _Uka'C Confers but little good upon the peasants _, while in some some things it adds to the restrictions previously imposed upon them ; that it adds to the power of tbe police , who will use that power to oppress still more both nobles and peasants ; and
lastly , that tiie great object of the ukase is to impose up <» n Europe the faLc idea that Nicholas de _« _i-igns the elevation ofthe Polish people . If anything moro is required to exhibit the profound hypocrisy ef the tvrant "Nicholas , sufficient proof will be found in the _following facts . The _Rugsiantsed Polish provinces of Volhynia , Podolia , and Lithuania are , at this very timo , under manial law . What _alrocities are going on in those unhappy _provinces we know not , but there can be no doubt that the usual barbarities attending Russian martial law
Montitlt Report Of Occurrences In Poland...
are not _wantingT _^ n ihe "Kingdom of Poland " from tlir e tofour hundred prisoners arrested atthe _'i'ue of : ln late < T nts at Craoow are suffering nndi t the infernal tortures to which the patriots are in . _vi riably subjected . Seme idea ofthe fate of thea ? , < Ur unfortunate brothers , may be gather , d from the following extract frem a letter from Wars . w , of the 27 th of Augus : — Yesterday the Warsaw Courier published a new ukase from the Emperor , which states that all persons , con . demned to hard labour for life in the Kingdom of Poland , and even all those condemned to hard labour and to imprisonmentfor stated periods , if tlieir imprisonment has yet five years to run , shall be sent to Siberia . The first-name * shall be employed for 20 years in the mines , and shall he colonists for the rest of their days . The others shall be employed in mines or at fortifications for the half of their time which their punishment would havo lasted in Poland , but they are also to remain for the rest Of their lives in Siberia . _--- _.-.
We must here warn the friends of Poland against the plottibgs of certain emissaries of the tyrant Nicholas who are prowling over Europe preaching up what they call Pantlavisnm , that is the unity of the whole ofthe Slavonic nations under the _gceptro of the Tsar . We understand that this idea is also propagated by a few miserable Polish aristocrats who have the astounding effrontery to recommend a voluntary union of Poland with Russia ! Some of these are rather to bo pitied than condemned , being frightened out of their wits by the lamentable excesses ia Galicia , and therefore ready to throw themselves into the arms of any power capable of affording them protection . Some , however , have a worse motive for their practical treason to Poland ; they know that the restoration of Polish nationality must he _accoimwinied by tiie a _" 5 cend _* ancu of democracy and the destruction of " caste "; and , rather than see this , some of the Polish aristocracy would for ever
renounce their nationality ,, and own . themselves slaves to tho Tsar . In justice to the Polish noble *! , we must add our conviction that the above sections of Philo-Russian Poles , both combined , number but a miserable minority of their class . We do not think it necessary to do more , than allude to this subject , and that chiefly with the view of directing tlie attention of the Polish democrats to the ma . chiBations of these emissaries and traitors , so that their abominable conspiracy may be nipped inthe bud . \ Further comment from us cannot be needed . The idea of an union of Poland with . "Russia is too preposterous to be _curiously entertained ; we might as rationally suppose the union ofthe lamb with the wolf , or the dove "With the vulture , as suppose the possibility of Poland voluntarily urtiting with her relentless and merciless enemy and oppressor . We mtttt now briefly glance at the recent occurrences in other ceuntries _connected with the cause oi Poland . The recent tour of the SuUan of
TURKEY through his Danubian provinces , * was followed by -a letter from "Nicholas to the Sultan , in which thc Tsar Inveighs against the Poles located in the European provinces of'the Turkish empire , asserting that they are _esgaged-in a conspiracy for"" the destruction of alllanv and erder . " __ Tfcis attempt to enlist the Sultan "in a line hf policy eminently Russian , for the pretcnded : maintenance of his own authority , had been preceded by ah _impert-il protest against the hospitality which'distressed Poles received inServrVa . The "P orte its well aware that it is not Polish , but'Russian intrigue that it has to dread . It affords us sincere gratification to record more Tcverses of the Muscovite arms in the Caucasus , and renewed _ _
-VICTORIES-OP THE CIRCASSIANS . The late splendid enterprise of the renowned Schamyl has been ( as is 'the invariable -rale ) represented by the Russian gazettes as a " defeat . " Letters ' From Constantinople show the'falsehood of this _statement of the Russian papers . _Sehamyl descended from the mountains of Daghestan , with _30 , 000 _raen » He has entirely swept _^ way all the _^ Russian colonies along ; the river Terek , which have been established for forty years . He 'has crossed the Terek , and opened a free-communication with'the chieftains of Great and Little " Cabardah . _wbich'fcas ended io . a
complete fraternization , and an extensive insurrection against "Russia , of provinces _that-have been long under her quiet dominion . The apathy of the British government as regards this war of Russia against Circassia , is as-criminal and suicidal , as'it is dishonour * able . Should the independence of Circassia be ultimately overthrown / there will be no obstacle to the march of Russian-supremacy in the East . As that supremacy could only be based upon the ruin ofvprostrated nations , we hail with joy every success achieved by the gallant Circassians over their _ruthles s in » vaders .
We should here state a fact not noticed by any of the English journals . _Scbamyl -recently published two proclamations , the one was on the occasion of his learning of the recent Polish outbreak ; when addressing the Poles in the most fraternal spirit , he urged them to maintain the struggle against tlieir common enemy ; the other proclamation was addressed to his own people , decreeing the suppression of all hereditary _inequalities . These two prociama-. tions prove Schamyl to ba no mere barbarous warrior , but on the contrary the worthy leader of a noble : lace lighting for independence , freedom , and _progress . Address to the Electors of
FRANCE , which , beside ? appearing in theiVbrt / _imi Star , was also : published i » the Mforme , National , and several other ; French journals . The 200 , 000 electors of France have elected such a body of representatives as for corruption and political _profliEcacy , never before _ass-mbled In the _Chamber of Deputies . From these _, deputies Poland may , therefore , expect nothing but lip sympathy and practical enmity . Nevertheless , this -Committee regard their '' Address" as having been not issued in -vain , if it effected nothing more than the informing ouv French and Polish brethren , that the Democracy of England do heartily sympathise with Poland . Tliatthis sympathy is appreciated by our Polish brethren , is proved by the address of
"The Central Committee of the Polish Democratic Society" established in France , t _; i this committee , which was published nn the . _iVorrt _«*» Star of August loth . To the * 'Democratic Society" we return our acknowledgments , and pledge ourselves to unceasing exertions -to aid their holy cause . We must also notice the generous sentiments of the Reforme and Xatio _. ial , -which journals hailed the address of this committee as unfolding _^ 'tke basis of those democratic ideas on whicb the future _mueh-to-be'desired union of'the people of both countries ( France and England ) is to be founded'" May such a union be speedily effectel ; one of its great objects _musi / be thc restoration and freedom of Poland . As regards the
DEBATES -IN TUE BRITISH PARLIAa _* SENT on the occupation of Cracow ( from which we have above quoted ) , we have te complain that nearly all the speakers expressed _^ views of tho Polish question far too limited to be either just . or generous . 'Mr . Hume insisted fihat England for < iier own honour ought to insist-on the maintenance of the treaty of Vienna to which she was a party . "Now we recognise the treaty of Vienna as only another " act of partition , " to which -England to her own dishonour war , a party , although -3 ke reaped uo share of the spoil . We repudiate thetreaty of Vienna , and further , we assert that the British _Government is longer bound by it . Lord Palmerston said , "It was impossible to deny that the treaty of Vienna had been violated in the late transactions at Cracow , and he hoped that the Governments of Austria , Russia , and
Prussia would _recolleet tbat if the trcaiy of "Vienna was not goad on the Vistula , it might be equally invalid on the Rhine and on tbe Po . " Now , if two parties cuter into a mutual contract , and the iirst partj wilfully violates the _engi-gements of that contract , it is _ele-ir that there is an end to the contract , and that the second party is no longer bound by it . This is exactly . the position in which England stands towards the "three powers" in relation to the treaty of Vienna ; and we trust tliat the Parliamentary frieuds *> f Poland will insist upon thi < incontrovertible fact . The British Government being re-Irascd from all further recognition of the treaty of Vienna , the Government is certainly at liberty to question the original acts of spoliation under which Poland was dismembered , to which the British government was not a party , and which the British people have never / ailed to protest against .
Unlike some of the Parliamentary advocates of tlie Polish cause we cannot express our satisfaction at the speech of Lord Palmerston , we are , therefore , glad to learn that it is the intention of Dr . Bowring to bring the question of Poland ' s full and entire national restoration ' before the next session of Parliament . Before Dr . Bowring introduces his intended motion , this committee purpose to take measures to obtain an expression of public opinion ofthe British people on tbis question , through the medium of petitions . We trust that our friends throughout the country will bear this in mind , and that when Parliament again assembles they will be prepared to aid in procuring such a manifestation of the public sympathy , as shall convince the government ofthe propriety of obeying the national voice , in demanding TIIE RESTORATION OF POLAND , AND
ENFORCING TUE RIGHTS OF THE ENTIRE POLISH PEOPLE . Ernest Josks , President . G . Julian _Habnei _* , Hon . Sec . Loudon , September Oth , 1846 .
Puisce Czitt-Roiiyski. —Lord Dudley Cout...
_Puisce _Czitt-roiiYSKi . —Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart has contrauitted the statement published in the _J'Vaiiit-/ ortJbi _' riial , to the effect that the _seimestration which hnd been laid on the property of the Princess Ciartoryski , in Gallicia , had , in eonscquenee of an august mediation , been withdrawn , but that the Prince , her husband , was to sign an engagement not to interfere henceforth in rollsh -iffairs . His Lordshi p $ ajs _, " Those , indeed , can know but little of him ( the Prince ) who can suppose for a moment that he would close , by the barter of his conscience for estates spiall ia comparison to those he ha ? already surrendered at the call of duty , a life spent in the service of his country , and made up of sacrifices in her cause ;
;¦ ~ \T;, ^F ™^H 'Lfall^Rlir^—'? R. A " ...
;¦ ~ \ t ; , _^ f _™^ _H ' lFALl _^ Rlir _^—'? r . " i _^ r _^ ° si _determined enemies ' W the French m Atrica . are to be enumerated the Kabyles , tribes dwelling _, „ ranges of thg Lesser At _, ' _-T 1 _^ _T 8 tp _M ° roc «> . Of different , race from the Arabs , they are believed to be the aboriginal inhabitBnta ,. _oTN qrthera Africa ., Secure in their wild valleys , they have ever preserved their independence . Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Arabs , all failed to subdue them ; and although some of the tribes , whose-territory is the least inaccessible , are now partially under the rule of the French , the maritime range , from the east ofthe Metidjah to Philippeville , remains unconquered . Their numbers arc inconsiderable , roughly estimated at eighty thousand .
This would give a fighting population of at most from sixteen to twenty thousand men ; but that small force has been found efficient ' . to preserve from foreign domination the almost impregnable fastenesses in which theydwell . Although the tribes wage frequent war amongst themselves , a common enemy unites them all . The attachment of the Kabyles to their country and tribe is remarkable . Like the Swis 3 . or the Spanish _Galicians , they arc-accustomed to wander forth when young , and seek their fortunes in other lands . Kabyle servants and labourers are found in all the towns and villages of Northern Africa . But if they lsarn that their tribe is threatened pr at war , they abandon their situations , however advantageous and hasten home , and to arms . They are very brave , but barbarously cruel , giving no _ quarter , and torturing their prisoners before cutting off their heads
, Their weapons are guns six or seven feet long , pistols , and yataghans , chiefly of their own manufacture , and the materials for * which are found in their mountains , where they work mines of copper , lead , and iron . In their rude way , and considering the badness of their tools , they are tolerably ingenious . Amongst other things , tbey make counterfeit five « franc pieces , sufficiently well executed to take in . the less knowing amongst th © Arabs . Their ih « _dustry is great , and , besides the valleys , they cultivate the steep mountain sides , forming terraces by means of _wallsi such as are seen in the vineyards on the Rhine and in Switierland . Possessing few horses they usually fight on foot ; and in the plain , their Untutored courage is unable to withstand the discipline of the French troops . Their charges are
furious but disorderly ; and when beaten back , they disperse to rally again at a distance . In the mountains , where the advantages of military organisation have less weight , they are sturdy and dangerous foes , _fis-hting on the guerilla plan , disputing each _fech of ground , and 'disappearing from before their _v . Tiemy only to fall with redoubled . fierceness upon hisflank or rear .,. No _foreigner can penetrate into their country , and even Arabs run _jgreat risk amongst theni . Not long ago Captain Kennedy informs us , a party , of Arab traders suspected by the Kabyles , of being in the French interest , were murdered to ~ a man . Most of them understand and
speak the Arabic , but they have also a language of tbeir own , called tbe Shilla or Sherwia , whose derivation it has hitherto been impossible to discover . They profess _islamism ' but mix up with it many superstitions of their ancestors , and ascribe certain Tirtnes to the symbol of the " cross , which they use as a talisman and tattoo upon "their persons . "It would-seem from this , " observes Captain Kennedy , " that at least the outward forms of the early Christians had at one period penetrated into the heart of their mountains . " That , however , like , all that relate "to'the parly history of the Kabyles ; is enveloped in doubt and obgcurity .
_A'barbarous practice , prevalent in Algeria , before the French invasion , is still , Count St . Marie tells as , adhered to by the Kabyles . Tlie amputation of a limb , instead of heing _surgically performed , is effected by a blow ofa yataghan , The sttrmp is then dippedlnto melted pitchtostop the bleeding . The barber is the usual operator . Until the French came , regular physicians and surgeons were unknown in'Algeria . Besides the Zouaves , the French , have raised various other corps expressly for- African service . Conspicuous amongst these are two regiments of light cavalry , composed of picked men , and known as the " 'Chasseurs d' & _lrique _* , " They are mounted on-Arab horses ; and in order-to obtain a sufficient-supply , each tribe has to furnish a horse as : ; part of its-yearly
triiiute . Tke _arma of the Chasseurs-are-carbine , sabre , and pistol ; their equipment is light ., * their uniform plain , and well suited to the nature 'of the -service . Wherever engaged they have greatly _distinguished themselves , and are proportionately esteemed in thearmy of-Africa . The reputation ofthe "Spahis . stands less hig _^ i . These'consist of ' four regi--ments of native cavalry , under the command of the Arab general'Yussiif , whose history as related by M . "St . Mjarie , is-Teplete _** _rvithromantic incident . It _hos bepn said that he is-a native Of the island of Elba , and M _* as _captured when yet a ehild by a ? _Tunisian -com ir . Sold to ' the Bey , he was placed _* 3 a slave in th e seraglio , and * ihere remained until an iatrigue with his master ' s dau » hler compelled him to seek safe ! * y on board a French brig , 1 then about to join the fleet destined to attack Algiers . He made the first cam paign * as interpreter to the General-in-Chief . His tale _nts and heroic courage rapidly advanoe ' e him , and wbe n tbefirst regiment of _Spahis was raised , he wa *
_appi tinted its colonel . Previously to that he had _ren--dered great _servioes to the French , especially at Bon a . when that" town was attacked l > y Ben Ai ' _ssa . Lan ding from a brig of war with Captaind'Armandy and thirty sailors , & threw himself into the citadel , then garrisoned by ** tbe Turkish troops > of Ibrahim , the f _ormer'Bey of Censtantina _^ _-who profeesed to hold the town for the French _Government , but had left his p OSL _Tfhe Turk , " - rose against their-new leaders , _andtvouid have murdered them , but forjthe energy of Yi lssuf , * who killed two ringleaders -with his own hand ,, and * then , ' heading the astounded'mutineers , led tl lem against thei besiegers , who werelotally defeate- i The exterior of this dashinpchief is exceedingly elegant and prepossessing . When at Paris he was i sailed _"Icbean Yussuf , " < and caused quite a furor , especially amsng the fair sex . His portrait may still be seen in the various print _sbope , side by side v Vith * _tamariciere , _Bugeaud , and the other 41 great j ; uns" of the _•* . _ii'incfl d '/ Afrlquc . "
The iirsffbreign legion employed by the .-French in . Africa-was transferred to Spain-. In : 1835 , . and there rosed np , almost toa man . Another has since been raised , composed of men of all countries—Poles , . ¦ Belgians , Germans of every denomination . , a few Spanish _CarlistS , and e _? en two or three Englishmen ; the legion , like most corps of _the-eame kind , is remarkable forthe reckless valour ami bad moral character of its members , ffhe Polish battalion is the best and most distinguished . The ethers are-not to be trusted ; and only a very severe system of punishments preserves something like discipline in their ranks , where adventurerg , _< ieseiters , and escaped criminals are the staple commodity . BRd . as they are , they are eclipsed by the condemned regiments , known bv the slang name of '' Les Zephyrs . " These are punished men , considered ineligible to serve again in their former regiments , and who are put together on the principle of ' _-fcaei-o being mo danger Of contagion where all are infected . A taught hand is
kept over them ; they arc insubordinate ia quarters , but dare-devils in the field . It will easily be _imagined that the duties assigned . to these convict battalions are neither tbe most agreeable nor the least perilous . At present , 'howe . ver ) _. _« detachment is employed on no unpleasant service , the care of an experimental military farm near the camp of El . Arrouch _. in the district of Constautina . Here they caltivate a considerable tract of _jland , both farm and garden , breed cattle , and supply the colonists with seeds , fruit trees , and so forth . Workshops are attached to the farm , for the manufacture of _agricultural implements . The men who work as artisans receive threepence , and tbe field labourers three halfpence , in _^ _cldk _ion to their daily pay . " Sinco the commencement of the experiment , " says Captain Kennedy , " thc offences that have been committed bear but a small proportion to those that formerly occurred during a similar period in garrison . " In these days of reform in our military system , might not some hints he taken from such innovations as
these ? II employment is found to diminish crime amongst a troop of convicts , ifc might surely be expected to do as much in regiments to wliich no stigma is attached , and the vices of whose members are often solely to be attributed to idleness and its concomitant temptations . —Blackwood ' s Magazine for September .
Tiie Caffre War . The South African Comm...
TIIE CAFFRE WAR . The South African Commercial Advertiser of the 20 fch of June , received by the Guard , Captain Paine , arrmd at Liverpool , wbich on her voyage from Zanzibar called at the Cape , contains the following official dispatches relative to the engagements with the _Caff-os on the frontier .
OFFICIAL DISPATCHES . Port Peddle , June 8 , _1 S 1 C , _Sif , —I have the honour to acquaint you , for thc information of his Excellency the Commander-iu-Chief , that having directed sixty waggons to proceed this morning to Trompetter ' s Post uuder an escort of 250 men , I felt k necessary to make a diversion with tho troops in the direction of the kraals of tlie chief Stock . I accordingly detached a force of 300 native infantry , under Captain Size , 100 _PinijoDS under Field Captain Symons , accompanied by a body of thc Fort _Peddic Fingoes under the chief Ta , nbu , into tho Blue River last night , with orders to move at daylight up the valleys of Tocka and
Mancnziina streams , between Tronipotter ' _s and Committus . I moved with two guu 6 under Captain _Uroiru _, Koyal Artil ' _evy , one troop 7 th Dragoon Guards , under Capt . Sir II . Dirndl , 100 Cauo Mounted Rifles under Cuptain Napier , Field Captain Lucus , Free Troop , and 100 of Commandant Miller ' s Burghers , to the head of the Tocka stream , in the direction of Stock ' s kraal , at six a . m . This morning , and at half-past Beven o ' clock I ohserved a largo body of the enemy at a short distance below us , h _ar * n ; horses and cattle with them . I immediately advanced the guns and Cape Mcuuted Jtilles to the attack , supported by the troop of 7 th Dragoon Guards , detaching the Burghers to my left flank , and
Tiie Caffre War . The South African Comm...
having "• thr' &' w ' _-f ' ou t- _^ Cape Mounted Rifles , Captain Brown opened his guns on the enemy -with «» Tect . The enemy commenced a sharp _fircanainst the advance , which was returned by the Cape Mounted Klfles , and the attack was continued for some time , rObserving the enemy endeavouring to escape to our right I moved with one gun of the 50 th Cape Mounted Rifles , and one division ofthe 7 th Dragoon Guards , " towards the kraal of the chief Stock , to intercept them , and about one hundred and fifty of the enemy , who were posted there ,-retired into the bushy kloofs in
the rear . I destroyed the chiefs kraal , leaving the burial hut of thelate chief Eno untouched . At half-past seven o ' clock the infantry I had detached to the Mancazana kloofs made their appearance on thc heights and passed over into the Tocka valley . Whilst tlie movement was going on , Captain Donovan headed a gallant attack on the enemy with a small body of the Cape Mounted Rifles and some of the Free Troop , rushing on the enemy , he was immediately surrounded , but heing well sup . ported , he cut his way out , killing five of the enemy and taking all their guns .
The Native Infantry and Fingoes , having got into the valley , attacked the enemy in the most spirited manner , killing several and capturing twelve horses . The enemy made several attempts to escape to the right , hut were immediately driven back by the George Burghers , who behaved with great spirit , taking four horses and two guns from them . At half . past 12 o ' clock , finding the fire slackening , aud the enemy beaten and retiring , I assembled the force , and proceeded up the Tocka , crossing the small neck of land which separates the Tocka from the Gwanga stream , in order to off saddle and refresh the horses ; Immediately on rising the ridge , the flankers observed some of the enemy running across the flat - , and on moving rapidly ' with the troops I came suddenly on a large body of Caffres , at least 500 strong , who were evidently
proceeding to join the others in the Tocka valley . I immediately advanced with the whole of the troops . Major Gih 6 on , 7 th Dragoon Guards , who commanded the cavalry force , with Sir H , _Parrell ' _s troop , made a brilliant charge upon the enemy's column , tho Cape Mounted Rifles , under Captain Napier , flunking them , and riding in amongst the enemy . The troop were so mixed with the enemy thnt the gun could only open once upon them effectually . The enemy retired across the flat as fast as they could , endeavouring to seek shelter among the thick thorns ofthe Gwanga , at Buck-kraal , but the attacks of the troops was so vigorous and well-directed tbat it was _impossible they could escape , and the enemy was defeated with great loss , leaving upwards of 200 dead on the field . About 100 stand of arras , 20 horses , and a very large number of bundles of assagais were captured .
The troop of the 7 th Dragoon Guards , under Captain Hogg ,-and a party of the Cape Mounted Rifles , under Ensign PhilpottB , who were sent , out from the Fort hy _Lieutunant-Colonel Lindsay , made a diversion on our flank , and turned those of the enemy , ' who were endeavouring to escape by the Kieskamma , killing six stragglers and taking four horses . _< .. The loss on our side has been . 3 officers wounded , 7 privates ofthe 7 tb Dragoon Guards wounded , 1 corporal of the Oape Mounted Rifles killud , 1 Free Troop wounded , 1 Fingo killed and 3 _wttunded . : Total—1 G wounded and 2 killed . I have tl . e honour to be , Sir , Tour most obedient servant , H . SOMIRSET _, , Colonel , Commanding the Second Di . vision of Field Force Lieut .-Colonel Cloete , K . II . Dcputy-Qoartermastcr General , Graham ' s Town . '
Since the receipt of the above dispatch , Colonel So . merset bas reported that the enemy attacked by him on the 8 th inst ., in the Fish River Bush , has evacuated it , and retired across _Ibe ' _Kieskammn , Our patrols had captured a few head of cattle and two horses .
Religious Disturbances At Madeira. Madei...
RELIGIOUS DISTURBANCES AT MADEIRA . Madeira , Alio . 17 . —The religious agitation which has been carried on in this island for some years , has at length-led to the committal of some serious outrages against Dr . Kalley , and other Protestant British and Portuguese . On the afternoon of the 2 nd of August , the Canon Carlos Telles , acconipanied by a mob ofthe lowest rabble in the town , assaulted several individuals , men and women , who were said to have been ia the house of the Misses Rutherford ( two English ladies _Tesiding here for their health ) , for the purpose of reading the Bible and praying . The priest , with a crucifix in his hand ,
-commenced the affray by beating one of those persons who was quietly walking home . At night the same mob broke into'the house of the Misses _Ttutherford _, and under the pretence of searching for heretics , rummaged all Ihe premises , ¦ even to the'chamber where one of the ladies ' -was lying dangerously ill . The palice _, oh being called to interfere , entered the house and pretended to endeavour to restore order , hut itwas evidont that it was their intention'Tather _t" eneournge than-quell the riot ; three -men only cut of _ahiramense crowd who filled the house , 'were taken up , and-even these were allowed to escape -under the plea that they were quietly passing by atthe -moment ; and were only accidental spectators .
On the Monday and subsequent days it was publicly talked of in town that a large mob intended , on the Sunday _following , to attack the house of Dr . Kalley , destroy and burn -his propertjy and put the Doctor forcibly on board the ' -English steamer , . which was expected to arrive oa that day , and thus expel him from the island ; the signal for the ( fathering of the-mob to be a rocket fired from a certain house in the town . Sunday noon the expected rocket was fired , and an immense mob , armed with clubs , began to _gath . _ir on the Praca _Constitucionaly-and very soon afterwards commenced their march to'Dr . Kalley ' s house . It is "hardly credible , but not the less a fact , that tliey were accompanied in tlieir march by the civil governor and police-master , the brother of the latter being one of the principal rioters . Arrived iat Dr . Kalley ' s house theyforeed open his doors , broke into the house , destroyed his furniture , opened every chest , drawer , and closet in the house , threw all his ' Ii . brary and . papers into the street , and set fire to them . The soldier * offered noresistance—the mob had everthine
their own way ( the civil governor -and policemaster being present , and in the house all the time ); and such a ¦ scene Of _ontrajre ensued ns would 'disgrace tbe dnrke ? t _i £ ge of monkish persecution . ' Fortunately tbe doctor had left the _prenises sometime before , nnd hnd while they ¦ were engaged in the destruction ofhis house , effected his escnpe on board the English packeteteamer . "When the mob were informed that he was already safe on board , tliey _compelled the English Consul - _£ »> proceed on board and produce the doctor , that theymight be convincod of the fact , threatening violeace to his ( tbe Consul's ) person and property if he refused ; the consul , thus compelled , accordingly did go on board , and induced Doctor _Galley to appear to those who bad gone off in boats . Since thecao inquiry-has been made , no proceedings have taken place a _uainst the authors and perpetrators of this most infamous act ; ar . d such is the pMiie , in . oonsequen ' _ee of the shameful apathy and connivance of the authorities , tliat several English families have already gone on board the _vesesls in _the-roBdstead , in order to be secure from insult . —Chronicle .
Rospect Of An European Faminecritical St...
ROSPECT OF AN EUROPEAN FAMINECRITICAL STATE OF FRANCE-SCAR CITY kND INCENDIARISM .
The _Pressc states , -on the authority of a private correspondent , that—We are about to enter on one of those calamitous years in whieh the ordinary resources are not sufficient for the food of the people . The crop of ISIS ( adds the PriSSe ) IS entirely exhausted , and that of 1840 1 ms produced less than a fair average . The rye harvest has so completely failed throughout France , that it will scarcely produce sufficient for the ensuing year . Some farmers have not thrashed their crop , as they found it would not pay tlie expense . Wheat is , in general , of good quality , but , contrary , to the expectation of the farmers , the produce is less than that of the year 1815 . The oats have been scorched by the sun in several
departments _. They are inferior in quantity ar . d quality everywhere , hut particularly in the departments where they servo for the food of the inhabitants . Dry _vege . tables , such as peas , beaii 5 , and lentils , will not produce a sufficient supply for the ensuing winter . Cabbages and carrots are exceedingly scarce . Potatoes have been attacked with tho prevailing disease in twelve departments , and cause serious apprehensions for the future . So much for France . Let us now examine the prospect ill foreign countries . In Delgjum there are no complaints of the harvest , but it will not produce any overplus for exportation . In Holland uo decline in the price of provisions is expected . It is further said , that at the opening of the States General , the Government will demand an extension of tho bill passed hist year to
encourage the importation Of foreign grain , Portugal is menaced with an approaching famine , and Spain is too poor to assist her neighbours . Switzerland will be compelled to seek provisions from abroad . Amongst the countries which commonly export com , Foinerania has no wheat to spare . Mayence cannot suffice for the demands of Switzerland and of Alsace . Alexandria and Odesga have no wheat in their stores , and the prices were gene _, rally rising even before the failure of the potatoe crop in Ireland was known . It may , therefore , be asserted as a general proposition , that Europe is placed in a difficult position with respect to the supply of her population . France , particularly , has reason to be seriously uneasy . Let us suppose , in fact , that the present harvest is merely bad , and that even if wo do not take into
account the loss of potatoes and other _vcget ? bles , we should require , according to thc calculations of M , de Montveran _, a supply of corn for fifteen days . But to this deficiency of fifteen days , we must add at least fifteen days more taken by anticipation from the erop oi 1815 . France must , therefore , find a month ' s supply _fi-om abroad . We must , consequently , import during the course of the year , 6 , 000 , 000 hectolitres of grain . But all Europe has never collected in her stores more than 1-1 , 000 , 000 of hectolitres for sale—merely a trifle more than double the quantity of which France has need to ci mplete her stock of corn . But let us admit that _foreign countries can supply us with the grtiia necessary until nest harvest , and let us see whether our merchants are capable of fulfilling the . duties of a national purveyor . We can refer to one year in which the imports ap-
Rospect Of An European Faminecritical St...
proached to the- amount" required at present . In 1832 , we imported food . for _twenty-one days , amounting to 4 , 767 , 790 hectolitres of corn , _weigl ' _'ng ' ' 3 J 3 G 3 . 000 metriwi quintals . There were 3 . 575 ships , of at least 100 tons each ,-employ _^ to convey this grain . This year we muBt Import one-third more , and we may add that this immense enterprise will require a capital of 120 . 000 . 000 f ., _anotnat the consumers must support a surplus of expense to tue amomnt of 30 . 000 . 000 f . Had we wished to penetrate into the details 0 f the corn trade-had we taken into calculation the influence ot the deficient mode of communication , of the _poverty of the small _consumers , and of the . rapacity of speculators—the picture would appear overcharged , and we should defeat our object ; butitisBufficii'nt for us tohave demonstrated that the situation of the country is grave , and merits _theanrious attention of the Government . A firm and provident activity will be sufficient to overcome all difficu lties and to carry us to the next harvest .
The Mforme states that the progressive rise in the price of wlieat has caused a corresponding rise in the price of flour in the Paris market . Letters from Paris state that Irish appears not in the market . Meat is _extravagantly high . Tke finest piece _tfilet d _' _otoj / _an , the " Sun . day side" of the sirloin ) C 03 ta 36 sous [ 18 * , ) the pound ; good veal , 22 sous . Bread is rising ; vegetables beyond price—the best potatoes , for example , are three francs ( half-a-crown ) the boisseau , or stone of 14 d . ; _epgs , Ud . the dozen ; everything elae in proportion ; and bear in mind that we '' lire ' yet only at the commencement of September . The most alarming incendiary fires have latelyravaged the north and east of France , and the evil seems to be on the , increase . The Constitutionnel savs— .
Incendiarism continues to scatter desolation through a very extensive portion of France . After having been for a long time concentrated in the basins of the Saonae and Yonne , it is penetrating gradually into the surrounding provinces , Catastrophes multiply , and sometimes under very singular _circumstauces ; now an isolated dwelling becomes a prey-to the flames , and now half a . village is consumed—again a fire breaks out unaccountably in a wood . Districts which , after having suffered frightful ravages , seemed tohave been relieved from the scourge and restored to peace and security , suddenly becomes the theatre of renewed visitations . At times the progress of the fire is stopped by prompt r . nd judicious measures , but too often the disaster is complete . The Quotidienne
says—The scourge of fire is gradually gaining ground , and , like the marcii ofthe cholera , seems to spare nothing in its way . From the Yonne , where it caused such : great ravages , it has passed on to the _Cote-d'Or _, and has now reached the , Cher . .: It invaded the seat of the Couiitess de Montalivet , and we now learn that it ' has devastated a forest belonging to the Count" de Chambord , in the Haute Marne . At the preRent day , as in the first months of 1830 , there iB a deep mystery in : these fires—onr of those hideous secrctB which defy all . the ! intelligence of holiest men to discover . The drought of the- _summeiy
the imprudent use of chemical matches , in fact all kinds of Secondary causes have heen suggested . _» b a reason for this state of things . This might suffice to explain fi-. es when they ar « scattered up and down , but which gives no explanation at all when the flames are seen to devour a department ,-and where this-is preceded by written threats . For a few letters sent by hoaxing _sehool-boyg , or other silly people , there are a great many others that bear a serious character , and betray a guilty origin . Op to the present day , the police have not been able to make any discoveries , nor the armed force to prevent the evil .
. Degenerate State Of Persia. Tabbis,' J...
. DEGENERATE STATE OF PERSIA . Tabbis , ' Juxb 30 th . —The Government is in a most woeful state , and it has here become almost proverbial that no Government , properly speaking , can be said to exist . The Shah is a weak , invalid prince , who ia governed by his Prime Minister , Hadgi-Mim-Agnassi , infvhOBe hands the power of the State has fallen , and who plays the part of a regent . He has also a number of favourites , chiefly Makulis , i . ie . natives of Malm , a fortified place on the Turkish frontier , whence the Hadgi himself comes . The most important offices are given to theBe Malkulis , who often , under , his influence , are appointed to high places , even in their childhood . Thc Court of Teheran is at present divided into three parties , who are each at enmity . with one another . These are—the party of the Waliat , or heir to the throne ; that ofthe mother to the Shah , which is believed to be the most influential in the
country ; andfanally the Hadgi s party . It may thus be believed that the power of the latter is not quite so unlimited , and that he cannot effect everything . However , this division of parties explains th _' e _^ state of anarchy , of disorder , and internal dissolution in . which the country is plunged . Moreover , the governments _, ofthe provinces are in tbe handsof the King's brothers and other princes of the blood , who rule and dispose of everything according to their own will and pleasure , and _without the . least _coat-ot * l . One of these , _Behram Mirza , the successor of Karnrnaa Mirza in the important post of Governor-Genera' of _Aierbijan , has lately given a proof of this , he having cut down the magnificent trees at Kel & _t-Puscbiin , a pleasure castle belonging ! . to the Crown , a farsang and a half from here , and publicly sold tne timber for ; 800 tomans , and pocketed tlie proceeds .
The military administration is in as miserable a state . While 800 pieces of cannon arc heaped up at Teheran for the pleasures ofthe Hadsi , there are only three pieces here at Tabris , the most populous and most important town in the kingdom , and the nearest point to the frontier ; and these guris even are kept in the old fortress , the _AcJr _, where they are not the least earthly use . The garrison here numbers about 200 Serbasses { there are no other troops , ) who usually do duty in the _Shnbzsde-Meiofih , the court yard before the palace ofthe Prince Governor , In , bearing-, clothes , equipment , and even arms—for the arms are of native manufacture , and a bad imitation of European arms—notliinc can be imagined niore lamentable and unsoldicrlike than them , and I
have not the slightest doubt that the regular troops of the Khan of Bockara would make a far- more imposing figure . There is not a proper number of soldiery here for the defence ofthe town , and vet the state pays about 160 , 000 Servasso ' s' at the ra _' teof a _tomS . n ( 14 s . ) a month to the _pvWates , or Tather the state grants the money therefore . As , however , scarcely 20 , 000 of these so-called regular troops are in active service in the whole kingdom , the rest being allowed to stay at home , and ribminallv _ca'Jed out once a week to exercise , a great part of " the pay remains in the hands ofthe Sirdars , Mimbashis , and other Makulis , or favourites of the Hadgi , or probably even comes to the Hadgi , under the rubrics oi * uniform , equipment , _dsc .
F Uie T Great Drought In Italy.—-Letters From 'Naples Announce That The Extreme Heat Had Entirely Dried
_f uie t Great Drought in Italy . — -Letters from 'Naples announce that the extreme heat had entirely dried
« Anning Pans, Me Peasants Could Nnd No ...
« _anning pans , me peasants could nnd no water for their cattle , which were nenshing of t ' n ' _rst and making the air resound with their cries . The shepherds saw their sheep _dj-ing daily before their eyes for want of pasturage . The government was occupied in dispatching water to . the districts which suffered most from the droueht , at a certain rate of quantity per family . In some parts cf the country water was sold at the price of wire . The capital alone was exempt from the Fiift ' _erirKs of ibis extraordinary drought , which had already led to tumultuous movements anions the people . A vulgar opinion had spread that Alotint Vesuvius had dried up all the water in the country surrounding it . The volcano was emitting neither fire nor fine-he , and thia gave rise to the fear of a sudden and horrible erup . tion . It was statod that the volcano was throwing up from time to time quantities of boiling water .
A _Phincb Killed in a Duel .- Gratz ( Stvrla * , Aua . 21 . —Owing to an altercation which took place at a ball between the Prince of Tom- and Taxis , _Lieutcnant-Col . of Hussars , and Captain Schnedt ! ot the Infantry , a meeting with pistols took place , and the former was killed on the spot , having re » _ceived the bullet of . hisadversarv in the breast . The event caused a painful sensation at Grntz . Dreadful Accident at Hamburgh . — Cn the morning of the 31 st ult ., while thc workmen at tho Hamburgh Theatre were _hoisting to its place a splendid bronze chandelier for gaslights , just brought to London , and weighing above lO _. SOOlbs ., the rope broke , aud the enormous mass , falling to thi . round _, was broken to pieces , _crushing two Englishmen who had come over to superintend its being suspended .
Patsidknt of tub Ukifkd _Staths _.- —The following description ofthe ofiice and qualifications required for thc Presidentship ofthe United States , bay be found of interest , as it describes the powers ) _brivileges , and profits attached to that position . Itis quoted from Knight ' s Political Dictionary —Thfl executive power is vested in a President , who ii commander-in-chief of the army and naVv . collects and disburses the revenue according to law , and makes treaties with foreign nations , but in the exercise of the treaty-making power , the concurrence of twothirds of the senators present is required . He nominates and , with the advice and consent ofthe senate , appoints ambassadors , other public ministers , and consuls , and jud » es of the Supreme t / ourt , and other inferior officers . He has alse a quahhed negative on the laws enacted bv the two
Houses whicli becomes absolute _unless it is subsequently countervailed by two-thirds of each Ilouse . lie is provided with a _readt -furnished house , and his salary is 25 , 000 dollars . He is chosen by a determinate number of electors . * the voters in each State _olocfc as m . _* iny electors as are equal to Uie members whicli such State sends to both Houses of Congress . Every State has its own electoral college , and all the colleges cive their votes on the same day , and by ballot . Thc votes are sent sealed to thc President of the Senate . If no person has a majority of the electoral votes , tho election devolves upon the House of Representatives , when all the representatives ofa State give but one vote . The President must ba thirty-fivo years of age , and ho is re-eligible for life , but the usage has been never to elect the same person for more than two terms of lour years each .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 12, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_12091846/page/7/
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