On this page
- Departments (3)
- Adverts (9)
-
Text (10)
-
,4, ,-:- . TH E • " '' Ntf' S RTH J'AN S...
-
How ready, M6»jC4«'ail]i»g THB SKC»«» E»m»» *F
-
who to go to ^^—-mm m~ z. Notion fob louso Lu)iE8 in Wast of Pocket
-
MoxET^—A young lady wished ran**, advert...
-
ME NORTHERN STAK. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1846.
-
SMALL FARMS. THE PEOPLE THEIR OWN LANDLO...
-
ANOTHER "CONSPIRACY" OF THE RICH AGAINST...
-
POLAND. THE TREATY OF VIENNA.—SEIZURE OF...
-
WEEKLY REVIEW. The demonstration of " Yo...
-
ANOTHER MONSTER INDICTMENT: Henry Selsby...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
,4, ,-:- . Th E • " '' Ntf' S Rth J'An S...
, 4 , ,-:- . TH E " '' _Ntf ' S RTH J'AN ST * * R _* : _^ _--i _^ _.-.--- _'* P _*^ iBM _* TOB _.. i _^ : iAjA - ¦'' .. _'¦» ... '¦¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ _-- ¦ - __^___^____^_—_—______ _^ . _j———— _tmjmm——_—t ¦ i ¦ i _«¦ in ' ' " ' i _*'''' " ' ' - — L ' ¦ ¦ * "" _* " *¦ '" — ' _ff-lllMMMa—¦ ¦ _______^ - " _^ _-vJlll . -
How Ready, M6»Jc4«'Ail]I»G Thb Skc»«» E»M»» *F
How ready , M 6 _» jC 4 _« 'ail ] i _» g THB SKC _»«» E » m _»» * F
Ad00411
MT LIFE , OR OUR- SOCIAL STATE , P « r I . % Y 0 BM , " _bjBRNEST _JOXBS , Barrister at Law . Full of wild dreams , strange fancies and graceful images , _interspersed with many brig ht and beautiful thoughts , its chief defect is its _breritT . The author ' s in . spirations seem to gash fresh and sparkling from Hippo-Crenc He -mil want neither readers nor admirers—Mom . ing Post . Jtcontaini _roare pregnant thoughts , more bursts of lyric power , more , in fine , of the truly grand and beautiful , than anypeetical work , which has made its appearance for y _« ars . W * know of few things more dramatically intense than the scenes betweer PMlipp , Warren and Clare . —Nero Quarterly Review . ' Published by Mr . Newby , 72 , Mo * , timer-street , _Cavenuihs-square . Orders received by all booksellers . - By the same Author
Ad00412
DOMESTIC MONITOR . On Saturday , December the 12 ih , and every succeeding Saturday , will be published , price One Penny . THE DOMESTIC MONITOR , Or Literary , Scientific , Legal , and Medical Adviser . Edited by Hermes . Contents of No . I . —1 . The Past and Present . 2 . Dan Bodrigo , from tbe Italian of Mangoni—Chapter 1 . 3 . The Nosegay . Poetry , Anecdotes , Maxims , and Miscellanies . 4 . The People's _Corner—food for the many . 5 . Correspondence , Literary , Scientific , Legal , & c . 6 . Medical Advisser , Address to tbe Readers , New Practical Observations on Consumption . 7 . Letters to Jurym < n , by X . L . D . —Letter L Pica of Insanity . . 8 . Literary , Scientific , and Dramatic Reviews . 9 . Tha Liwyer—No . 1 . Address—No . 2 . A case of extreme hardship resulting from the Sew Law of Descent . Publishedby E . Mackenzie , ill , Fleet Street , and tobe bad of all Booksellers and Newsvenders . Letters to be addressed , post paid , " Hermes , 31 , Tonbridge Place , Nexr Road .
Ad00413
LONDON OPERAT 1 TE HOUSE PAINTERS ASSOCIATION . A Meeting of tbis Association will be held on Thursday , December 17 tb , at Eight o ' clock in the Evening , at the Parthenium , 92 . St . Martin's Lane . The trade gene-Tally are invited to attend , but members only can take part in the business . Bj Order of the Directors , S . _Bolland , Secretary .
Ad00414
LITHOGRAPHIC ENGRAVINGS OP TUB DUNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . MAY stUl be had at the Office of Messrs . M'Gowan * and Co ., 16 , Great Windmill Street , Haymarket , London ; through any respectable bookseller iu town or country ; or at any of the agents of the Northern Star . The ' engraving is on a large scale , is executed in the most finished style , is finely printed on tinted paper , and gives a minute description of tbe Testimonial , and bas _^( Inscription , ic , ic , engraved up . in it PRICE FOURPENCE .
Ad00415
IMPORTANT . TO PHOTOGRAPHISTS . AX application was made on the 22 nd S « pt . » mbcr , to , the Vice-Chancellor of England , br Ar . Beard ( who , acting under a mostextraordiny delusi j . i , considers himself the sole patentee of ths Photographic _prjjess _, ' _ito restrain MR . ESERTOX , of 1 , Temple-stri »* _t , and 148 , Fleet-street , rom taking Photographic Porti . i . _ts , which * he does by a process entirely different fror- and very superior to Mr . Beard's , and at one-half the cl . _'rge . His Honour _refused the application in Mo . No license required to practice tbis process , which is taught by Mr . Egerton in a _f- '* v lessons at a moderate charge . All the Apprratus , Chemicals . & c , to be bad as usual at bis Depot , ! , Temple-street , VVlutefriars .
Ad00416
A GOOD FIT WARRANTED . UBSDELL AND CO ., Tailors , are now making np a complete Suit of Superfine Black , any size , for £ 3 _s Superfine West of England Eluck , £ 3 10 s . ; and the very best Superfine Saxony , £ 5 , warrantee " not to spot or kange colour . Juvenile Superfine Cloth Suits , 24 s ., liveries equally cheap—atthe Great Western Emporium , Hos . l and 2 , Oxford-street , London _; the noted house for good black cloths , and patent made trousers . Gentlemen can _cboosa tbe colour and quality of cloth from tbe large"t stock inLonden . Tbe hi * of ertting taugbt .
Ad00417
TO TAILORS . LONDON « d PARIS FASHIONS FOR AUTUMN AND "WINTER , 1846-47 . By READ and Co ., 12 , Hart-street , _Bloomsbury square , London ; And G . _Bergt-r , Holywell-street , Strand ; May be had of all booksellers , wheresoever residing .
Who To Go To ^^—-Mm M~ Z. Notion Fob Louso Lu)Ie8 In Wast Of Pocket
who to go to _^^— _-mm m ~ _z . Notion fob louso Lu ) iE 8 in Wast of Pocket
Moxet^—A Young Lady Wished Ran**, Advert...
MoxET _^—A young lady wished ran ** , advertised a week before in one of the London papers for a husband . _Shestated that she bad come of age last month , au heiress in her own right , and was willing to share ber property with any one she thought worthy el her affections . Letters , enclosing a postage-stamp , were to be sent to a certain pastry-cook ' s in RamBgate . Such a handsome proposal naturally brought thousands of applications , and as each answer contained a Queen ' s head—that is to say , a penny the clever young lady cleared wiih her _postage-stamps not only sufficient to pay for the expensse of her trip to Paris , but to buy a handsome Pamela bonnet iato the _b-srgain . —Almanack of the Month .
Calcclatios . — There is a person at Preston who can tell , in less than one niinute of time , the day of the week on which the day ofthe month full , in each year , from the birth of Abraham to the birth of Christ , a peril d of ] , SJ 09 years , according to the old style , and _alsu froxa the beginning of the Christian era to the present date , or for any length of time to come , both according to the old and new styles . His son , only ten years of age . can a _' so do the same , withoutthe help of books or tables . The same person says tbat the 1 st , Sih , loth , 22 nd , and 29 th of January , in all centurial years , never fell on Sunday , Tuesday , or Thursday , nor ever will whilst the present ( Gregorian ) calendar remains unchanged .
Cactais Masbthot Dead . — We are requested by Captain Manby to contradict the report oi his death . _TI-p worthy veteran is in the enjoyment of as good health aa can be expected at his advanced yean .
Ad00419
' ' SEIZURE ' OF CRACOwf A PUBLIC MEHTOW ' Will be held in the National Hall , 242 , High _Holbern _, On Wednesday , December 16 th , at Eight o ' clock , Da , Bowbino _, M . P . in the Chair , Toexpren the abhorrence ofthe English public at this la » t proof of the determination of the Three Despotic Powers to exterminate the heroic Polish People .
Ad00420
On the 1 st of January will be published _. No . 1 , ( price fid . ) of THE labourer ; A Monthly _Majjazine of Politics , Literature , Poetry , uSC , Edited by Feabous O'Connor , Esq ., and _EatiEsi Jones , Esq ., ( _Barristers-at-Law . ) With contributions b y several able coadjutors .
Me Northern Stak. Saturday, December 12, 1846.
ME NORTHERN _STAK . SATURDAY , DECEMBER 12 , 1846 .
Small Farms. The People Their Own Landlo...
SMALL FARMS . THE PEOPLE THEIR OWN LANDLORDS . The old adage " when I have a p i g and a cov > everybody bids me good morrow" has been capitally illustrated this week by the respectful way in which the papers , daily and weekly , have noticed the Land movement . Two estates bought and paid for , houses and school-rooms of a tasteful , commodious and elegant description erected , and ' an Exchequer into which upwards of THIRTEEN HUNDRED POUNDS poured in one week , are facts which
have effected a marvellous change in the demeanour of our " best possible infractors" towards Chartism At once , as if by concert , the metropolitan and provincial papers have broken the silence so long resolutely maintained hy them on the subject , or , in the few exceptions , broken only for the purpose of vilification and misrepresentation , and have yelped a chorus of approval . The charm works already . Their first essay betokens still more cordiality in their future notices . Chartism has become "
respectable , " that " open sesame" has placed them already within the pale of society , if not of the constitution ; men who possess landed estates , pretty villas , and handsome school-houses , can no longer be treated as " pariahs . " The instinctive money worshipping tendencies of the press have brought it , cap in hand , to salute the new power in the state , backed by solid acres of land and thousands of pounds of real gold .
The people are on the right scent , they have discovered the way which will open tbe columns of the press to their real opinions , and the doors of St . Stephens to their real representatives . A peasant proprietary will be the foundation of a new political and social era . If the possession of property is , perse , the reason why political power is granted to one class the same reason will compel its concession to other classes . There can be no selection or choice in the matter—the principle must be rig idly and equitably applied . What will be the result ? The thin end of the wedge will find an entrance . The continually augmenting strength of the people ' s party outside , will soon drive it home .
It is with feelings of the most delightful description that we mark the rapid growth of this great and substantial movement . For years has the seed , formerly sown , been sleeping in the ground . At length the crop appears above ground , and its braird promises an abundant harvest , in due season . In the remarks entitled " A New Yeomanry for the 19 th Century , " two weeks ago , we showed , by reference to the condition of France , Jersey , and Guernsey , and the statesmen of Westmoreland and Cumberland , that a proprietary peasantry , or a division of the land of a country into such small
estates as gave a considerable majority of the population the feelings , interests , and independence inseparable from the possession of the soil , was in all cases accompanied by social benefits of the most substantial and elevated description . Abstract argument , or a course of a priori reasoning , would bring anv one who will candidly pursue it to this conclusion ; but the great majority of mankind prefer the solid pudding of positive example and proof to the investigation of theoretic speculations , as to possible contingencies from the action of given forces . Fortunately for the advocates of a peasant
proprietary , examples are neither few nor doubtful . Though many in the country , who have been either absorbed in making wealth for themselves , or making it for others , may know little of the internal polity of Continental nations , we have abundance of proof , collected by intelligent travellers , to show that the system exists in several countries , and is everywhere , without exception , productive of industry , comfort , and independence . Mr . Laing , in his thoughtful and admirably-written work on Sweden and Norway , has shown that the latter country is the classic ground of peasant proprietors , and that the district of Angermanland , in Sweden , in which the same system prevails , presents a strong contrast to the other provinces , in which the system of large
estates and aristocratic rule , produce their usual results—high taxation , low wages , and an impoverished people . Upon a future occasion we may bring forward a portion of the abundant evidence adduced by Mr . . Laing in support of this statement . Iu the meantime , by way of still more fully strengthening the convictions ofthe disciples of this system , and to enable them to give all and sundry " a reason for the faith that is in them , " we propose to give a few extracts as to tbe effect of the system in Switzerland , where , next to Norway , the system mott extensively prevails . The late Mr . Inglis , the traveller who occupies a hig h position in tbe public estimation , for the correctness of his observations , and the precision of his information , gives copious and interesting information as to the practical effects of
the system in that country . _« - _Througheut the cantons of Basle and Argevie , " says Mr . Inelis , "farming out land is unknown , with the exception of gardens near the large towns . The properties of those who are considered respectable Swiss peasants run frdm ten up to forty , or at most , fifty acres ; many of the peasants have amassed considerable fortunes ; but accession of fortune is never made apparent in their mode of living . From £ 100 to £ 300 per annum is the usual range of expenditure for persons living , as we should say , m easy circumstances ; and I learned , from authority that admits of no doubt , that not a single individual in all Switzerland spends £ 1 , 000 per annum . "
According to the predictions of the political economists who look upon a minute sub-division of landed property as a social curse , and believe that
Small Farms. The People Their Own Landlo...
its tendency is to Convert the country in which it exists into a pauper warren " Switzerland oug ht to be overrun with a swarm of idle , impoverished , and thriftless beggars . "What are the facts ? Let Mr . Inglis reply . _*** In walking anywhere in the neighbourhood of Zurich , in looking to the right or to the left , one is struck with the extraordinary industry of the inhabitants ; and if we learn that a proprietor here has a return of ten per cent ., we are inclined to say * He deserves it . ' I speak at present of country . labour , though I believe that , in every kind of trade also , the people of Zurich are remarkahle for . their assiduity ¦ but in the industry they show in the cultivation of their land 1 may safely say they are unrivalled . "
He proceeds to justify this statement by detail : —* " When I used to open my casement between four and five in the morning to lookout upon the lake and the distant Alps , I saw the labourer in the fields ; and when I returned from an evening ' s walk , long after sunset , as late , perhaps , ashalf-pasteight , there was the labourer , mowing his grass , or tying up his vines . But there are other and better evidences of the industry of the Zurichers than merely seeing them late and early at work . Itis impossible to look at a field , a garden , a hedging , scarcely even a tree , a flower , or a vegetable , without perceiving proofs of the extreme care and industry that are
bestowed upon the cultivation of the soil . If , for example , a path leads through , or by the side of , a field of grain , the corn is not , as in England , permitted to hang over the path , exposed to be pulled or trodden down by every passer by ; it is everywhere bounded by a fence , stakes are n laced at intervals of about a yard , and about two and four feet from the ground _, boughs of trees are passed longitudinally along . If you look into a field towards erening , where there are large beds of cauliflower or cabbage , you will find that every single plant has been watered . In the gardens , which around Zurich are extremely large ,
the most punctilious care is evinced in every production that grows . The vegetables are planted with seemingly mathematical accuracy ; not a single weed is to be seen , not a ; single stone . Plants are not earthed up as with us , but are planted in a small hollow , into each of which a little manure is put , ana each plant is watered daily . Where seeds are sown , the earth directly above is broken into .. the finest powder ; every shrub , every flower is tied to a stake , and where there is wall-fruit a trellice is erected ag inst the wall , to which the boughs are fastened , and there is not a single twig that has not its approoriate resting place . "
Nothing but a feeling of ownership could induce such unwearied assiduity as is here described , or create what may almost be called an affectionate interest in the land , which distinguishes the agriculture of the peasant proprietor . Still more emphatic testimony to the wonder-working powers of this principle is presented in the instance of a more remote and Alpine district . * ' In no country in Europe will be found so few poor as the Engadine . In the village of Suss , which contains about GOO inhabitants , there is not a single individual who has not wherewithal to live comfortably , not a single individual who is indebted to others
for one morsel that he eats . . . . In the whole ofthe Engadine the land belongs to the peasantry , who , like the inhabitants of every other place where this state of things exists , vary greatly in the extent of their possessions . If a _peasant owns from eight to fifteen cows , and land sufficient for their support , as well as for growing what is consumed in his own family , he is esteemed in good circumstances . . . . Generally _apeakim * , an Engadine peasant lives entirely upon the produce of his land , with the exception of a few articles of foreign growth _^ required in his family , such as coffee , sugar , and wine . . _^ . . Flax is grown , prepared , spun , and woven without ever leaving his house . He has also his own wool , which is converted into a blue coat without passing
through the hands of either the dyer or the tailor . The country is incapable of greater cultivation than it has received . All has boen done for it that industry and an extreme love of gain can devise . Wherever an ear of rye will ripen , there it is to be found . There is not a foot of waste land in the Engadine . the lowest part of which is not much lower than the top of Snowdon . Wherever grass will grow , there it is ; wherever a rock will bear a blade , verdure is seen upon it ; wherever rye will succeed , there it is cultivated . Barley and oats have also their appropriate spots ; and wherever it is possible to ripen a little patch of wheat , the cultivation of it is attempted . "
The Canton of Berne differs from the others in having a smaller number of landowners . The land does not generally belong to the peasant but to large proprietors , and is cultivated by hired labour . What is the consequence , ' Although Mr . Inglis speaks in hig h terms of the great industry of the Bernse peasantry and their comfortable living , both of which may , to some extent , be accounted for by the fact thatthe hired labourer of Berne must , in a great degree , mould his habits in a _** cordance with the standard set by the peasant proprietors in thc surrounding Cantons , yet there is this disastrous difference between it and other countries : Berne contains more paupers than are probably to be found in all the Cantons put together !
In 1828 nearly 20 . 000 persons were receiving public relief , while the population of the Canton ( exclusive of the Jura district to which the Poor Law does not extend ) amounted in 1831 to only 313 , 000 , so that more than one person in every sixteen was an actual pauper . The same Canton _tchich has the greatest number of landowners in Switzerland contains nearly all its pauperism ! Here , again , is a recurrence of the same fact alluded to in the case of the district of Angermanland as compared with the rest of Sweden . Such coincidences cannot be merely fortuitous . They evidently bear to each other the relation of cause and effect
Wherever a few by force or fraud bave established a monopoly in the soil , which was the gift of God to all , there pauperism aud a direful array of political and social miseries inevitably follows in the train of this worst and most accursed of usurpations . In advocating a return , therefore , to a more just and natural system of land tenure , we are at the same time promoting the welfare ' of every class of the community . An extension of proprietary rights is synonymous in our opinion with an extension of general well-being . We do not exclude from the proposition even the landlord class who are presumed to benefit by the monopoly . Look at the state of Ireland ! Can its landlords regard with any degree of satisfaction or ease of mind the monopoly of that soil upon which there now dwells
one of the most wretched and most discontented , rapidly becoming one of the most disaffecte d , populations under the sun ? Have the increasing number of outrages , the multiplication of violent deeds , and the growing recklessness of life in the country , no warnings for them ? Is there no inference , dark with future evils , to be drawn from the eagerness with which the starving peasantry appear to be arming themselves in almost every district ? ' es ! the Avenger has come at last . Injustice and oppression are reaping their natural returns , and the heavy calamity by which a whole nation is afflicted , a landlord class driven to distraction , and a government almost paralysed by the new and appalling difficulties around them , warn us that it is time to abandon those institutions which produce such hideous results .
Another "Conspiracy" Of The Rich Against...
ANOTHER " CONSPIRACY" OF THE RICH AGAINST THE POOR . We are not aware of any case occurring during the last ten years which has occasioned the same amount of interest as that which has lately occurred at Warrington . During that long time , indeed , there has beeu much to cause excitement and enthusiasm ; many attacks have been made ou the few privileges and usages which yet remained to the various sections of the Trades , and each has been met with a spirit of vigour and determination such as bclongsonly to Englishmen ; but on these occasions the interest has been either of a limited or temporary nature , and called for no particular anxiety beyond the knowledge that to resfct oppression was a sacred duty , anil that to neglect this duty would be speedily followed by accumulated injustice and tyranny .
The present occasion , however , extends m its importance over the whole kingdom and to every branch of labour ; it threatens the existence of every uniou in the empire—except , indeed , the unions of the master and wealthy classes ; if met with wisdom aud fought bravely , its value may be absolutely
Another "Conspiracy" Of The Rich Against...
beyond all _calculation—consolidating and giving legal sanction to those peaceful and * mora- efforts which have distinguished the present race oi working men'from their predecessors—efforts which have introduced a character of quietness , solidity , and growth , which wealth finds itself utterly unable to cope with , and is therefore determined to crush . But if the present opportunity should be lost , if the judgment of the Warrington magistrates should be suffered to pass unquestioned —then , indeed , it maybe said that a death blow has been given to all the exertions ofthe working classes for their advancement and
happiness . But it is time that we should briefly narrate the circumstances on which these remarks are founded . The grievance out of which the present case has arisen is , mainly , that , forthelastyearandmoreMessrs . Jones and Potts have been in the habit of employing at their Engineers and Iron Foundry , labourers and others who have served no previous apprenticeship ; gradually introducing them to a knowledge of the business , and then using them to supersede the labour of men who had served a regular apprenticeship- The general evils of this , and its gross injustice
to those who made the pecuniary and other sacrifices of a regular apprenticeship , are too plain to need exposure or comment ; it threatened a gradual deterioration in the character of the men employed , and a concurrent lessening of their wages ; and this , of course , as it was the principal object of the masters , so the men determined to give it tlieir most energetic opposition . The ordinary course in these cases was pursued—a " steady Picquet" was placed on the works , and gradually , as they became convinced of the evils they were bringing on themselves and their fellows , the men at work gave notice to quit , and left ; and others who had been sent for , evinced their sense of the
degradation intended for them by departing at even a speedier rate than they came . This is the foundation , and indeed the whole of the charge—that the men at work were induced to leave by the persuasions of the picquet , " the conspirators ; " and that by similar persuasion others , who would have entered on Messrs . Jones and Potts employment , were induced to alter their minds- No violence is charged —some idle expressions are sworn to have been uttered by three or four of the " conspirators , " but with regard to the larger number of them no act is sworn to , except that they " looked at the works , and walked up and down and spoke to people " and many of them , indeed , were never heard to speak at all , but then they " walked up and down . "
And this , in the year 1846 , is called _Conspiract . The worthy Magistrates admitted , that one man might persuade another to leave work , but their worships considered that if two did it the offence amounted to a Con spiracy . A cat , their worships admitted , might look at a king—but if two cats looked at a kiiig , at the same time , then were the cats aforesaid guilty of hi gh treason . But we shall have other opportunities of exposing this magisterial outrage of all the rules of law , arid common sense . For the present we refer our readers to the report of the case given in our sixth page . We must add one fact , redounding to the honour of Mr . Roberts , and also to the credit of the men . On the occasion of the first examination of the accused
men , but for Mr . Roberts becoming bound for their appearance , fifteen of them would have gone to gaol . So little did Mr . Roberts think of the risk he was running , that he never spoke to the men on the subject either before or since ; he knew they would be true to their appointment , and they were so .
Poland. The Treaty Of Vienna.—Seizure Of...
POLAND . THE TREATY OF VIENNA . —SEIZURE OF CRACOW . " I will teach , if possible , the stones To rise against earth's tyrants . " Wiieu Napoleon had over-run Germany , he punished the Austrian and Prussian monarchs bv wresting from them portions of the territory they had plundered from Poland . At the partition of 1795 , Prussia had taken possession of Warsaw and the greater part of what bas since been termed the " kingdom of Poland ; " whilst Cracow and its territory had been seized by Austria .
In 1807 Napoleon tore Warsaw and its territory from Prussia , and transferred it to the King of Saxony , upon whom , in addition to his other titles , was conferred that of" Duke of Warsaw . " In 1809 , Cracow aud its territory was added to the " Duchy of Warsaw . " Here we may , in passing , remark , that Poland owes nothing to the memory of Napoleon , but execration . He had it in his power to have reconstituted Poland and re-established her independence , but he preferred the infamous part of adding bis name to the list of her " partilioners , " A second opportunity was offered him
at the period of his invasion of Russia ; and he was earnestly invoked to secure to himself the immortal title of ' Poland ' s deliverer , " by proclaiming her independence , but he refused . The cold-hearted despot had subsequently , indeed almost immediately , good cause to repent his decision . When driven back upon Poland by the frost and the Cossacks , he found an indifferent , instead of an enthusiastic people , to receive him . When , in 1815 , the chiefs of the victorious coalition sat down to divide the spoil , the disjointed remains of Poland had to be once more appropriated . The King of Saxony having been an
ally of Napoleon's , was punished by having a portion of his kingdom transferred to Prussia , and by being deprived of the entire of his Polish possessions . The Duchy of Warsaw was made over to Russia , under the name of the " Kingdom of Poland ; " but Cracow was again detatched from it . The three robber powers , not being able to agree amongst themselves which should have Cracow , agreed that it should form an independent State . This agreement was ratified by the other powers , and Cracow was constituted a " Republic , " and placed under the protection of Russia , Austria , and Prussia .
Be it observed , in this renewed cutting up of Poland , the Polish people had no voice in the matter . They were never consulted as to whether they preferred Russian or Saxon rule , foreign protection or native independence' This treaty of Vienna the Poles have always repudiated , regarding it in the light of another " partition . '' The recent seizure of Cracow has been by some called the fourth " partition ; " but , in reality , Napoleon made the <¦ fourth partition ; " the treaty of Vienna was the " fifth , " and now we have seen the " sixth . "
On the broad principles of justice , we , too , repudiate the treaty of "Vienna ; and we should just as zealously have repudiated it if none of the " violations " complained of had taken place ; because that treaty was but a sanctioning of previous robberies . No arrangement coidd he tolerated by just men that did not restore Poland to the Poles ; and as the treaty of Vienna did the reverse of this , it ¦ was essentiall y unjust ; and , therefore , according to the rules of eternal ri ght , must , from tbe moment of its adoption , have been held by all mankind , save robbers , tyrants , and usurpers , to be null and void .
But supposing , for the sake of argument , tbat the powers of Europe were justified ( which in truth they -were not ) in agreeing to that treaty ; still no one can dispute that if any one or more of the parlies fail to fulfil the conditions oi the compact , there is an end to the agreement ; . If those for whose benefit the agreement has been entered into wiHully break the conditions on which they were permitted to appropriate the benefits guaranteed to thein , they , indisputably , are faith-breakers ; the othiv parties t « the agreement are wronged , and there in an end to the compact . Now this is exactly the case as regards the treaty of Vienna _, _i Tha seizure of Cracow is not by any means the
Poland. The Treaty Of Vienna.—Seizure Of...
first violation of the treaty of Vienna . In that treaty it was set forth , that— . The Polish subjects of Austria , Russia , and Prussia shall obtain a representation and national institutions regulated according to the mode of political existence Which each of ihe governments lo which they belong shall judge useful and fitting to grant them . Up to thiS hour the Poles have obtained neither •¦ representation ' " nor national institutions" from either of the " three powers . " Violation of the treaty No . 1 . - In transferring the Duchy of Warsaw to * Russia , the treaty set forth that
The Duchy of Warsaw , with the exception of the provinces and districts which have been otherwise disposed of in the following articles , is * re-united to the empire of Russia . It shall be irrevocably bound to it by its constitution , and bo possessed by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russia--, bis heirs and successors in perpetuity . His Imperial Majesty reserves to himself to give ihis stale , enjoying a distinct administration , the territorial extension which he shall deem fit ; he will take with his other titles that of Czar , King of Poland , according to the customary formula used for his other possessions _.
Alexander gave the kingdom of Poland a " constitution , " which constitution , he declared to the Polish Diet in 1818 , was defended by "solemn treaties ;" yet in a few years afterwards he abrogated one afier another of the provisions of that _constitution _. until he had reduced it to a mere shadow . Still there was enough to swear by , and Nicholas when he ascended the throne did swear to observe it . His words were "Ipromise and swear before God , that
I will observe the constitution , and that I will use all my efforts ti > maintain the due observance of it . " This miscreant very soon , however , set what remained of the constitution at defiance , and committed the unhappy Poles to the ferocious government of his brutal , butcher brother , Constantine ; finally , in 1831 , he by ukase formally abolished the constitution . Here was violation of tbe treaty of Vienna , No . 2 .
We come now to the case of Cracow . We extract the following articles from the Treaty of Vienna : — Article 6 . —The city of Cracow , with its territory , is declared in perpetuity a free , independent , and strictly neutral city , under tho protection of Russia , Prussia , and Austria . Article 9 . —The Courts of Russia , Austria , and Prussia engage to respect , and cause to be respected for ever , the neutrality of the free city of Cracow and of its entire territory . No armed force can ever be introduced into it , under any pretence
whatsoever . No words can be plainer than the above , yet , from the first day of its institution as a "free state , " Cracow has been terrorised over by the " three powers . " The treaty declares that " no armed force shall be introduced into Craeow under any pretence whatsoever ; " yet , in deiance of this express declaration , a body of Russian troops , in 1831 , invaded the city for the purpose of disarming and destroying the wreck of the Polish army which had taken refuge there . In 1830 , Russian , Austrian
and Prussian troops took military possession of the city . This was done for the purpose of hunting out refugees , and from two to three hundred refugees and citizens were seized , and dungeoned or banished . In 1838 the Austrian troops were reinforced ; and they abandoned the city only in 1841 . At the period of the late insurrection , the Austrians were in possession of the city , from which they were driven by the inhabitants . Subsequently the Austrians regained possession , assisted by the troops of Rus * ia and Prussia . Here we have shown a whole scries of violations ofthe treaty of Vienna .
But this is nor all . According to the treaty , Cracow was to remain / or ever a " free and independent State . " Of course a free and independent state has the power to make its own laws , to frame its own constitution , and to will its own institutions without let or hinderance on the part of any other state—but behold the facts as regards Cracow . In the first place the Cracovian constitution , framed as it was under the auspices of the " Holy Alliance , " was , at the outset , sufficiently aristocratic to ensure the non-representation , and consequent political slavery , of the mass of the community . But
this was not sufficient to satisfy the " protectors ;" accordingly , in 1833 , they forcibly abrogated the constitution which they had incorporated in the treaty of Vienna , and _substituted a new " constitution , " which really placed all the power of the state in the hands of the resident representatives of the three powers . After the military occupation in 1836 , a further " revision " of the pertal and police codes was enforced by the ''three powers . " The state to whieh the " free and independent" city of Cracow was reduced by its three protectors , is forcibly described by our French contemporary , the National . —•
There was a Senate , and not one senator who was not dependent on one of the three Powers , There was a president of the Senate , a creature chosen by their express command . There was a municipal organization , but any citizen elected could not take his place in the municipal council without the unanimous consent of theprotecting Powers . Cracow was free to produce and to export , but , enclosed within three prohibitive Custom-houses , her exports were reduced to nothing . Cracow possessed an university , but it was expressly forbidden to any stranger to the territory to take lessons there or to receive degrees , and those degrees , far from being recognised by the neighbouring states , sufficed , on theeontrary , to exclude any person possessing them from pursuing
his profession out of Cracow . The faculty of medicine , for example , was confined to eight pupils . Cracow still possessed the privilege of coining money , but its coin was not current outside the territory of the republic , whilst it was compelled to receive the coin ofthe three Powers . Government , commerce , municipality , education , were all in their hands . Add to that , a gloomy , uneasy , and tormenting police , ' _, watching every citizen , arresting every suspected person , a police formed of spies by the three Powers , who made domiciliary visits interpreted the most innocent interchange of friendly or family affection into a crime , broke the seals of letters , and caused to be incarcerated in the dungeons of Spielberg every Pole who might have the misfortune to compromise himself by an indiscreet word .
Can there be any question that this state of things was a _thorough violation and gross outrage on the 6 th article of the treaty of Vienna , which constituted Cracow a " free and independent" state ? Lastly comes the recent crowning atrocity . Unmasked and shameless , the robbers repudiate the solemn engagement they had entered into with the other European powers ; seize upon Cracow , which was to be free " fob ever , " and by a bargain amongst themselves , the one most recently dyed skindeep in bloody infamy takes the spoil . _Austria , the ingrate , fresh from the butcheries in Gallicia , seizes upon the palace of the Jagellons to convert into a barracks for her murderous mercenaries , aud sanguinary slaves .
And these crimes against humanity , the series of atrocities we have enumerated , have been committed not only in defiance of every principle of natural justice , but also in eon tempt of treaties— " solemn treaties , " to which nearly all the powers of Europe were parties , including Great Britain and Prance . The treachery and rascality of the governments of these countries we will unveil , but not now . People of England and France , why will yon allow these miserable governments to act in your name , wronging both yourselves and your brethren of other nation *? When , oh ! when , will you "take your affairs into your own hands ?"
Weekly Review. The Demonstration Of " Yo...
WEEKLY REVIEW . The demonstration of " Young Ireland , " in the Rotunda , last week , has fairly cowed and conquered the old bully O'Connell . He ; has been accustomed so long to ruin or silence any man who was inoonvenient to bim , or who stood in bis way , that he thought he could in this case play the sitae game with the _ns-aal impunity and success . But the pitcher that goes often to tbe well gets broken at last , and so it has fared with Dan . After all his repeated declarations that the Young Ireland party eould never again be re-admitted into the Repeal
Weekly Review. The Demonstration Of " Yo...
_Association ; after his abuse of the " _»„„„ _^ men " of the _Phalanz " his d „ _tardly in fn £ _' about their infidelity , and his rascally " _> about the bugaboo " physical force , " and 1 ° imaginary « _«« , *¦ which he conjured np to tt mens souls , withal- . after recanting hi , fo mer !? o Smith O'Brien , and confession of havi 2 _^ hna _; after having declared he '' did _^* _? peuce '' -not even "three half pence , " for _Yout _reland : he finds , that so completely has he caIcu ated his _forces-so thoroughly is his powZ delusion destroyed , that he must patch _up _' _arelof I fr r _, i he very parlies he used s ° ° - _* -- _*» e : ou ly by first thrusting them out of the _Associate ¦ ¦¦
und thon nnn _>; n .. _„ ll _ -i _ . . "" UU , ¦ " , and then continuall y abusing , calumniating , and misrepresenting . ' This is a great triumph . It will break the chain of invincibility and of uninterrupted victory , which he has had the craft to instil into the mind of the Irish people . It will weaken their faith in him ; and , therefore , SO far prevent him , in _fuifire , from misleading them . It has also taken away from the Whi gs the one prop on which they relied for governing Ireland . The shameless alii _, ance between O'Connell a « d the party will result in nothing but mutual infamy and conjoint failure .
V » hat coarse the Young Ireland party will pUme with reference to the proffered olmr branch , we are not informed at the time of writing these remarks But whether they receive it in a friendly spirit ' or the reverse , the result is certain to be the same . ' Any truce that may be agreed upon between the two belligerent partiej must be a temporary one . The peace ' _> ill be hollow ; the friendshi p—a name ; the co-operation—a mockery . They have done and
said too much to create mutual exasperation , ever to be cordially reconciled again '; and , above all , Young Ireland has stripped off the tinsel from too many professing patriots , exposed the dark deformity of many a fair show , and rudely disclosed too many secrets of the prison-house ever to be forgiven , or the facts to be forgotten . Besides this , they are pledged to a straightforward and uncompr omising course . They dar e not desert it , and O'Connell dare not follow them .
There is one peculiarity attending this projected reconciliation wbich deserves a . ' passing remark , it is , according to O'Connell , the ' only preliminary required in order to procure a sura o f £ 30 , 000 , 000 of money from England to provide for the distress of the country , and provide for the future crop This bagatelle of THIRTY MILLIONS is , it apl pears , only to be a payment of 10 s . in the pound on a debt of SIXTY MILLIONS which England owes to Ireland , and as soon as D , O'Connell , W S . _OvBrien and J . G . Duffy have shaken hands ' and
made up their quarrel , John Bull is forthwith to pay on demand . In short , the cool , glib and offhand way in which the plan was propounded , the certainty with which it was assumed that it would be carried out , when the weighty difficulty of a reconciliation between Old and Young Ireland was effected , strikes us as being altogether one of O'Connell ' s richest displays in this particular line , It is needless to observe that after his late financial displays with reference to the Repeal Funds , we have no great faith in him as an accountant , and regard the debt of SIXTY MILLIONS as
somewhat apocryphal , still more doubtful are we of the THIRTY MILLIONS instalment . That appears to us a greater way off than a real reconciliation between the two sections of repealers . Turning , h owever , from the squabbles and tbe projects of these parties to the state of Ireland itself , it is with unfeigned and deep pain we have to record that it becomes most alarming . Our predictions as to the utter inutility of tbe Government measures have been too fully and fatally realized Distress and destitution of the most intense and harrowing description pervades the country ; three hundred thousand MEN , heads of families and
representing ONE MILLION OP MOUTHS , are employed on the public works , and yet this is but as a drop in the sea of Irish misery . A more alarming feature is the fact that the peasantry are everywhere purchasing fire-arms — the trade of gunmaker is in the midst of a scarcity a more profitable and busy -one than that of the corn merchant or baker . What all this portends we do not pretend to say . One thing is certain , that it is a state oi things fraught with the gravest consequences ,
Now is the time for a strong and a bold government . Mediocrity may do for ordinary times ; but extraordinary emergencies demand extraordinary abilities and resources . In the latter , Great Britain and Ireland are rich . All that is needed is , that the first should be called to the helm of affairs , and entrusted with the power of steering ns safely out of the fearful dilemma in which we now find ourselves .
The task would have been an easier and a cheaper method had it been commenced four months ago But " better late than never . " There is yet time to arrest the incipient symptoms of open insurrection and general anarchy , which are generally too observable . But , if done at all , it must be done promptly , earnestly , openly , and the measures must be commensurate with the evils intended to be remedied , _Engla-no . * wi \\ not grudge miWions , but they must be so applied as to return themselves in the com fort , prosperity , and permanent improvement of the people of Ireland .
There is a positive dearth of home news this week , the only noticeable events of the week are those disgusting exhibitions of obese and unwield y oxen and pigs , in which John Bull delights just before Christmas . The monstrosities which are shown at the Christmas Cattle Shows are abominable in every point of view . In the first place , nobody who has any regard for his health or his bowels , will purchase such meat for the eating of either himself or his family . It is onl y fit for the tallow-chandler , not the cook the melting vat , not
the kitchen fire , is its proper destination . In the next place , this over-feeding of brutes by wealthy farmers and politico-economical lords , contrasts but curiously with the treatment of the agricultural labourers by these same parties . Lord Radnor , who does not see why he should give his labourers ' enough to eat" if supply and demand does not make his wages naturally sufficient for that purpose , does not feel himself precluded by the doctrines of
political economy from being generous to his pigs . For them there is an abundance of barley-meal , milk , potatoes and whey provided The pig Hve 3 on the fat of the land , the peasant is starved by the very man who pets and overfeeds the brute , and then boasts of the prizes awarded to him tor having reared a useless monster . Surely we shall , by and bye , get a better reading of " encouragement to agricultural improvement" than this ?
There is a rumour that Parliament , which it was said would meet about the 19 th of January , will not assemble until the first week of February . These Whigs justify our predictions , they will protract to the last moment the inevitable doom which awaits them , of a speedy expulsion from place and pav .
Another Monster Indictment: Henry Selsby...
ANOTHER MONSTER INDICTMENT : Henry Selsby and 16 others , on the prosecution of . Messrs . Jones and Potts . ' THE INDICTMENT against the Mechanics of Great Britain has been returned a True Bill , by the Grand Jury , at Liverpool . THB BILL IS A MONSTER ; it measures , we believe , upwards of 40 yards in length , occupying more than 50 skins of parchment ; it is nineteen times longer than the "Lancaster Monster against Mr . F . O'Connor and 59 other defendants , and is nearly twice the length of the Indictment against Daniel O'Connell and _others . The lawyers
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 12, 1846, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_12121846/page/4/
-