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it ] Withtne exceptionof the new Solicit...
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^ND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL. ——— — ————...
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VOL. XV. P. 749. ~ LflioiTSATIIBDAY, MAR...
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——_—_——_—» jfo* Corwsjiotttiewe.
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[As the columns under this head are open...
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ENGLISH COMMUNISM. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ...
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eo*Q$mtibt Birtelligcnce
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_ CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE AGENCY, 70, Charl...
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" THE O'CONNOR FUND. The numerous commun...
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Received at the ' Star' Office.—G. J., I...
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MEETING OF LIBERAL MEMBERS AT LORD J. RU...
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Fire-damp ExPLosio-v. —The Belgian journ...
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CAPTURE OF THE SEA SERPENT . The "New Yo...
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RonniNG a Bishop.—Ono night last week a ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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it ] _Withtne exceptionof the new _Solicitor- _^ _iiefax for i _ witttt » eexw 3 P - _ . _rtg DERBr Administration _talked _ZTXloZ Mr . _Whttkstde had _^ e walKea ovct _w _g _y _^ j and the me-5 _^ _TtSl-rnal headed it' Triumphant _SdSft ihe same organ gravely records the fact of _^ opposition being offered to N _^ Ministo as a KVthat the feeling of the country is with them
_-bwdelightedthey _wottldbeitmatweretraei cu _ZAmount of _self-decepti-MJC _** a enable tivem to shut _Xireves totbefacttha _t % re _ renocontestsjastnow , _ise their political _SPPrMienta _arereserving their fctH _tf _. rth for the Genera * Election , _w _ ich must , under _^ v circumstances , be _c-oseat hand . The speeches _bAtthe nu-tings maintain _& Q character _vtn gave them last week , with the exception of that of Mr . Chiusto . . HEI _ They say nothing . Innendoes are _notwantya < r bnt itis doribtfal if the agricultural mind is quick ( _at _wimprehending ministerial and diplomatic hints . : They would prefer something moreplara-spoken , and it mast be rather a trying task to keep them in due
order to suit the convenience of the men m office . Their greatest danger-will arise from their own supporters . The farmers are not transcendental enough to be content with a Protectionist Ministry in power , merely for the show of the thing . It trill have to redeem , or attempt to redeem , its former pledges . Then will come the tug of war . Meanwhile the Free Traders are mustering their forces for the _roming contest . Mr . Cobden has had a m onster meeting at Leeds , and announced his intention of standing for the West Biding , as a test of the West county constituency in the kingdom . On
Thursday the Ex Premier collected a large number 0 f Whigs , Whig Radicals , and Free Traders at Chesham-place , and organised an opposition to his successors . What the terms of the compact between leader and followers were , does not appear in theretiortofthe prooceedidgs . If it is merely to restore _fard Jobs aud the Family Party to the Treasury Beoches , the nieefing was thrown a _* ay . ' If a libera and really progressive party isto _ e organised , ifc awt he upon a broader and a firmer
_ . ° 5 = _?! , _» _- —ora - _Whi-o-firv . The tune has come . alls than mere Whiggery . Tne « _me _™ a come when Ministers must he more than the representatives of cliques and coteries . Political power must no longer he bandid from one set cf aristocratic families to another . Lord _Dehb _. may become King Stork , but that is no reason why we should return to Bcssell King Log . The country desiderates . _somethiug better than either , and will have it £ 00 , despite the intrigueB of hereditary or adventurous « _statemen , ' -who want to keep * Cabinet making ** a close ,
_mono-Tbe first Council of the new Cabinet was held on Saturday last , and since then others have heen held . The sittings have heen somewhat protracted in each ease . Itnow appears that the Ministerial programme -s deferred to Monday , when the Premier in the Upper , and the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Lower , House , will develope , as far as they think prudent , the results of these _deliberation-s . ___ Fending this official anunciation of their plans , it is not a little amusing to see the desperate and _imtsorupulons methods employed hy the Tree Trade journalists , to damage the new Ministers .. with the commercial classes . The 'Daily _Ivews' tells its
readers that ' we are now under the rale 0 / men who arc Anarchists in Social science . ' The same journal continues : — - ' We have read as thorough Socialism in the amusing works of the Chancellor of the Exchequer , as in those of Owen or Louis Blasc ;—not that he was aware of it , any more than the " BourgeoisGentilhomme" was aware that he had aU bis days been talking prose . But it is Socialism , nevertheless , in as far as that term embraces a hostility to _c-tpitil and competition , and the principle that the working classes ought to he under general organisation , and remunerated , not according to their productiveness and value in -the labour market , but on some more equitable Social system . *
If the writer understood the words he uses , we might pause to ask what he means by remunerating the working classes according to their productiveness and value ? But tbis is not the place for such questions ; and we shall , therefore , merely pass on , giving the following glimpse of Socialism in high places , from the same authority : — ' The general tendency of the novel of ' Sybil , ' for instance , which might he supposed to have been written from a celebrated aphorism of Proudhou about robbery and property , is in tho duration we have indicated . The workhouse
system is there spoken of only to be supported by the hateful man of the book who finds in it features congenial to ; his selfish and cruel nature . The author ' s tendencies and sympathies are seen in the eloquent denunciations of the philosophical workmen , who assail capital , machinery , and competition . Thus an aged man , who had seen better days , announces iu tliis manner the causes of the fate of the Land-loom weavers : — -
' * ' It is that toe capitalist has found 3 slave thai has supplanted the labour and ingenuity of man . Once he was an artisan—at the best he now only watches machines— -ahd even that occupation slips from his grasp , to the woman and the child . The capitalist flourishes—he amasses immense wealth ; we sink lower and lower—lower tban the beasts of burthen—for they are fed better than -we are , and cared for more . And it is just , for according to the present system , tbey arc wore precious . And yet they tell us that the interests of Cipital and Labour are identical . *"
This is certainl y a shocking sentence to he penned by a Chancellor of the Exchequer . It is still more _shocking to seethe paper which is understood to be tlie _recoguhed organ of the New Ministry , writing in the following style of Messrs . Cobden and his fr iends : — Tbey have pursued exclusively their own aggrandisement ; and with vast and loud professions of their care for the working classes , they have utterly neglected all means of improving or
ameliorating the condition of the workmen—of removing the dilficulties uuder which they were labouring , of adjusting tbeir disputes with their masters . Nay , more , tiny have turned a cold and contemptuous look upon a l attempts made by others . _AVe tell Mr . Cobden that his conduct on Mr . Slaxey _' s motion will not soaii be forgotten ; aud that when he and others of his party return to their constituents they will find a very different welcome from what they once received , and from what they expect ...
* How many questions are there affecting the social condition of the people at lavge , and still more of the mmufacturing alasses , for whom these men have loudl y professed tbeir sympathy , which they have utterl y neglected ; tbe more shamelessly as they were raised into power by the very men for whom they dire not a jot , except to secure their own political importance ? How many questions are there even at this present moment imperiously demanding the attention of the legislature , and all its study and _foresi ght , which these men would throw overboard nierelv for the sake of factious agitation ?'
Of course our readers will take tor what they are forth the warm protestations of interest in tlieir wclfire , made by both parties . We merely note them J 3 passiug , because it is something to know that the un wholesome stagnation which pervaded the political world , has been at length stirred , and politicians of all parties begin to court the * support' of tbe' working classes . ' With tho exception of the speculations as to the probable course of affairs on the re-assembling of _parliament , there is scarcely anything to note in the " ¦¦ me news of the- week . It has heen one of comparativel y suspended animation .
A pproaches have been made towards a settlement ° _» the dispute between tbe Operative Engineers and J . r Employers . A temperate , and , at the same * - " _¦**» a courageous explanation , on the part of the ¦ _? e * _* i has been made , which must materially smooth _^ _jr _aih to a reconciliation . They do not want & 'CtOrv iu mere words . Euough if the thing asked J * co ,, ee d-d . There are symptoms of yielding on 1 I _j ll , Cr si < - * ' lt - s _said tuat the Masters bave at . _^ disco vered the foll y of being led by a person who _•] ,. _* _were doctrinaire , and much more anxious to ¦ _* ' . _ i _ty s ma sa V " ority aQ d opinions , than * . ra - _^ i-tere 6 ts ° f either Masters or Men in a • _oTa _' -f _*** ay . They have , it is stated , thrown overtvjiich Secretarv J and t , ! e ' Weekly Dispatch , ' , » Sin ce the _cnmmpncpinpnt . nf flip , Ktril-p has . ui —
. - 'J _^ j . , - . „ > ts _, u -aspiration , been a strenuous advocate of its j , _* stcrs - i- £ t week turned round , and spoke in _th 0 D 5 ural V 0 « e . It is alleged that a loss of ten its jI _*?** * its weekly circulation has brought it to ' ¦ i - _'dtf » : Seases * and _excmded nom its columns the I * , tut 1 * of * _- " ? _dever litterateur , who was much £ Q t upon victory to car *; for anything else . As
It ] Withtne Exceptionof The New Solicit...
we have a very cordial dislike to all hired agitators and professional Dugaid Daigetty ' s , either with sword or pen , we shall rejoice to find these statements confirmed , as being the preliminary to a restoration of amity between Masters and Men . The Society of the Friends of Italy had a meeting in Lambeth , to draw attention to the march of military despotism on the Continent , and its threatening aspect towards England , at which Mr . _Masson and Mr . Stausheld told some home truths , that ought
to he kept in remembrance hy all classes . It would seem , however , that Kossuth had exhausted that view . Public attention is languid , and if the statement of the ' Times' correspondent be true , it is the same in the United States , where the immense excitement and enthusiasm rapidly kindles before him , and dies out as quickly behind him . There seems , besides , to be two Richmonds in the field . Professor _Kiskel was on the ground first , soliciting help for Germany ; and it may be that the two causes have jostled each other .
Prom the Cape tbe news is somewhat more reassuring , though no material change had taken place in the relative position of the belligerent parties , with the exception of the ' rumour' that Sandilli was about to abandon his hostile position , and the statement that the _Fingoes had rallied , round the British troops . There will be a nice little bill brought in for that job , hy and hye .
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^Nd National Trades' Journal. ——— — ————...
_^ ND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL . ——— — —————————— —————————— _—> . — - ———— ——_ . _ ---- _^ _---.-.-------- _^ _-----M------- - _* - _ _W _ i _ _B _ _M __ _B _ _B __«_ _M _ _M _***_ _B _ _M _ _B _ - __ - _ _M _
Vol. Xv. P. 749. ~ Lflioitsatiibday, Mar...
VOL . XV . P . 749 . ~ _LflioiTSATIIBDAY , MARCH IU 8 o 27 _T ~ _1 Z 2 _^ J ? _EX _* --
——_—_——_—» Jfo* Corwsjiotttiewe.
_——_—_——_—» _jfo _* _Corwsjiotttiewe .
[As The Columns Under This Head Are Open...
[ As the columns under this head are open for the free expression of all opinions , the Editor is not responsible for , or committed to , any . ]
A MINIMUM RATE OP "WAGES FOR UNSKILLED LABOUR . TO IHE EDITOR OV THE KORTHBRN STAR . _Dsau Sir , —As I am desirous of seeing the working elasses acting upon the true principles of political economy , as laid down by the best and most approved writers on that science , I showed your readers , by copious extracts from the writings of the great Dr . Adam Smith , " That labour , alone , as it never varies in its value , ia alone the real standard of value , by which the value of all commodities can , at all times , and in all places , be estimated and compared . " And for the purpose of reducing this principle to practice , recommended tbat working men of all trades should unite and organise themselves , for the purpose of obtaining from Parliament "The labourer ' s real and best charter , " an act to fix , by law , the minimum rate of wages for unskilled labour .
But let me not be misunderstood . I do not propose that a law should be passed to compel a master to give to every unskilled labourer be employs 20 s . per week , on the one hand , Eor every unskilled man to accept of 20 s . per week on tbe other . Nor do I propose that tbe price of any bind of piecework , or the price of any kind of produce , material , or manufactured article , should be fixed by law . Such a statute could not work—the variety of ingenuity , talent , and character , among workmen , and the law of supply and demand , would at once defeat it . But I propose that an act of parliament should be passed , abolishing the law that makes gold aud silver the _stMwlMd of _salue , awd the only legal tenders , and to make them simply commodities , to be sold by weight , at market prices , like as iron , lead , copper ,
• fee ., are at present . The government still continuing to coin gold , silver , and copper money , or tokens ( or small change as usual . Gold and silver coins , sold by weight , at market prices , as advertised from time to time by the national bank , to continue to be legal tenders , as well as the national iiank notes . The denominations of our money might also remain as they _are—viis ., pounds , shillings , and pence . But the only standard of value { which these names might express , as well as any other ) in future to be ( what Dr . Adam Smith says , always was , and always must be ) labour . One pound being , by law , the wages for six days labour often hours per day , for a working man , at any kind of unskilled labour , payable in tbe legal tender paper money of the national bank .
The way I would propose for the law to operate would be this : —Every master , who set a man to work , at any kind of unskilled labour , without first making a bargain with him , about his wages , should be compelled , by Ian , to pay him at the rate of 20 s . per week ; and no unskilled labourer should be allowed to charge more than 20 s ., unless he bargained for it before he began his work—thus enabling the clever and industrious mau to make the best use of his talents , without compelling the master to overpay the idler or bungler . The wages of unskilled labour being fixed , tbe wages of skilled labour would naturally fix itself , no portion of it , of course , would be less ; but , owing to there being too
many hands in many skilled trades , arising from improvements in machine :- } -, or falling off in the demand for the article , and other causes , their wages might possibl y be no higher than the unskilled labourers ; probably the building and iron trades would retain much the same rate of wages that they obtain at present ; but one great advantage from it , to both masters and workmen , in all trades , would be tbat it would equalise the rate of wages all over the kingdom , and thus cause an emulation to make the best article , and prevent , in a great measure , that foolish and ruinous competition , in making and selling cheap and nasty work , so injurious to both men and masters , and the public everywhere .
No article can be sold below its prime cost , for a long time , without bringing ruin upon the employer , or compelling him so to reduce their wages as to bring poverty and distress upon his workmen ; and there is at present no law of the state , aHd neither conscience , Christian princi ple , nor the common feelings of humanity , have hitherto been found powerful enough , under the present system of unlimited competition , and what is falsely called freedom for employers and the employed , in settling tbe rates of wages , to prevent the employers of tbe weavers , agricultural labourers , nail makers , sweated tailors , and distressed needlewomen—besides many others in England—from reducing their earnings from time to time , till their food and raiment is so coarse and scanty , and their habitations so miserable , that every people in tho world cry , "Shame on our _inhumanitv . " But their condition , bad as it is , i 3 far
preferable to that of tho large ma * irity of the labouring population of Ireland . By a return p laced in the hands of members of the House of Commons , at the commencement ol this Session , it appears that 1 , 225 persons died of bun * per , in the Kilrush Union alone , in the year ending March , 1 S 51 . That there have , on the average , been about 750 , 000 paupers in the workhouses in Ireland each year , for the last four year . ' , and ont of these about one in fourteen have died in each year ; thus , four out of every fourteen paupers in Ireland have died within the last four years—many from starvation in the workhouse , and many from starvation they endured before tbey would resign their liberty , and go to the union . If such be the mortality in the workhouse , what must it be out of it , in tbe West of Ireland particularly , where thousands of families arc living upon little miserable patches of laud , or working for sixpence , and even _lourpence per day .
Is it not _bigh time , then , that - "Quietutfig was done to | _iut a stop to this fri ghtful state of things ? We are told , also , that there is a great increase in crime , and more especially in juvenile crime ; aud can we wonder at this amidst all this misery ?—and why „ nd how has tbis state of things Arisen ? It is because there has heen no Organisation of Labour , no Trades' Unions , no Amalgamated Societies , to protect the wages of these poor people ; but more especially it is because there is no minimum rate of wages , paid in a National Paper Currency , and because labour is not practical ! y made the standard of value .
The above dreadful state of the labouring poor has been time after time made known , in all its horrors , to government , to parliament , and to all the wealthy and influential classes , clerical and secular , by incontrovertible evidence and testimony ; but , hitherto , either a deaf ear has been turned to their complaints , or they bave heen put oS with —¦ We are sorry to hear it ; but it cannot be helped ; it is 3 necessary consequence of a high state of civilisation ; a great denl of it arises from indolence , imprudent and early marriages , vice , aud intemperance . Government and legislation can do nothing more for tbem ; there is a parish for their relief , and charitable institutions iniiumcr ; . ble ; what
more can l _« e done for them ? There are rich and poor now , aud there always have been rich and poor in all countries ;" _stnd the professedly religious add , * Does not Scripture say « The poor ye have always with you , ' and that ' The poor shall never cease in the land ; ' itis the dispensation of 1 Vovidcnce , to whicli we must all patientlv and piously submit , as it is the _natunl and inevitable state and conditi n of the larger portion of society . " But this twaddle will no longer satisfy the starving poor . Tbey have inquired , and they will inquire 5 tiJJ more , whether their horrible condition be the uatuial state of s « cietv . On tbis subject we will again consult Dr . Adam Smith . See •* "Wealth of Nations , " book I ., chap . 0 and 8 .
"In the early and rude state of society which precedesboth the accumulation of stock , and the appropriation of land , the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer ; and the quantity of labour commonly applied in acquiring or producing any commodity , is tbe only circumstance which c an regulate the quantity of labour which it ought commonly to purch ase , command , or exchange for . If among a nation of hunters , for example , it usually costs twice the h-ibour to hill a heaver which it does to kill a deer , one beaver should naturally exchange for , c * he worth two deer . It is natural that the produce of two days' or two
[As The Columns Under This Head Are Open...
hours' labour , should be worth ( usually ) double of what is the produce of one day ' s or one hour ' s labour . But if the one species of labour bo more severe than the other , some allowance will naturally be made for this superior hardship ; or if the one species of labour requires an uncommon degree of dexterity and ingenuity , acquired in consequence of long application , the esteem which men bave for such talents will naturally give to their produce a value superior to what would be due to the timeemployed about it . The whole produce of labour , therefore , constitutes the natural recompense or wages ofthe labourer . He has neither landlord nor master to share with him . "
Sow , my working brethren , this is the natural state Of the labourer , when justice is done to him ; and tbis is exactly tbe state of the emigrant labourers who settle on the ild lands in Canada , and the Western States of America ; they have neither landlords nor masters ; and thus they enjoy the whole fruits of their labour ; and hence there are neither beggars , nor paupers , nor children orying for bread , among them . But let us see how it is with them naturally as they progress onwards . Chap . VIII . — " Had this state continued , the wages of labour would have augmented , with all those improvements in its productive powers to which the division of labour ( employments ) gives occasion . AU things would have hecome ( in nominal price ) gradually cheaper . They would have been produced by a smaller quantity of labour ; and
as the commodities produced by equal quantities of labour would naturally in this state of things , bo exchanged for one another , they would have been purchased likewise with the produce of a smaller quantity oWabour . " " But though all things would have beoome cheaper in reality , in appearance , many things might have become dearer than before , or have heen exchanged for a greater quantity of other goods . Let us suppose , for example , that in the greater part of employments the productive powers of labour had been improved to tenfold , or that a day ' s labour could produce ten times the quantity of goods which it had done originally ; bnt that in some other em * ploymentthey had been increased by improvements only to
double , or that a day ' s labour could produce only twice the quantity of work ( goods ) which it had done before . In exchanging the produce of a day ' s labour in the greater part of employments , for thafc of a day ' s labour in this particular one , ten times the original quantity of work ( goods ) in them would purchase only twice the original quantity in it . Any particular quantity in it , therefore , a pound weight , for example , would appear to be five times dearer than before . In reality , however , it would be twice as cheap . Though it required five times the quantity of other goods to purchase it , it would require only half tho quantity of labour either to purchase , or to produce it . The acquisition , therefore , would be twice as easy as before . "
Haying thus so beautifully stated the Natural State of Society , and the natural condition of the labourer , he leaves the subject altogether , although it is the most important in the whole work , aad comes abruptly to the following lame and impotent conclusion : —• " But this original state of things , in which the labourer enjoyed the whole produce of his own labour , could not last beyond tho first introduction of the appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock . It was at au end therefore , long before the most considerable improvements were made in the productive powers of labour , and it would be to no purpose to trace further what might have been its effects upon the recompense or wages of labour . "
But I maintain that it would have been to great purpose to do so , and that I shall attempt it in my next letter . I am , die ., Jon ** PxKctr . Liverpool , March 6 th .
English Communism. To The Editor Of The ...
ENGLISH COMMUNISM . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . . Sir , * -Will you permit me through your valuable space to offer my view of Communism , and as I believe it is generally . understood by the members of the Redemption Society , in opposition to the strictures of N . T . E ., in the * ' Journal of As-ociation" of February 2 Gth , 1852 , whicb , as I conceive , though very logical in form , are built upon error throughout . He says , " the whole of the selfishness and consequent injustice of ( a certain Phalantterie , which be sets up for Communism ) lio in its being enforced as a law , " His italics—not mine . Now , then , if mi opponent proves that his premise , thus emphatically given , is incorrect , on his own admission , his card house tumbles about his ears . I meet , then , his position by affirming it simply untrue , and invite him to show that Communists in Britain , openly
or covertly seek for law ; enforcement for their dogmas are law-enforced opinions , so popular that we need them to shield us from the scornful arrows of prejudice or ignorance . We believe , as well as N . Y . E „ that to enforce tbe abandonment of individual property while the desire for it remains , would be tyrannical selfishness . But if N . V . E . desires metaphysical discussion , 1 beg to decline it in journals devoted to Economics , aud though N . V . E . may demur to Communistic views , proved any Vay till Robert Owen ' s theory of character is proved . Also I hold that they are independent , unconnected fields of human inquiry , and that this , insisting on tlieir connexion , is not only unfavourable to tlie elimination of truth , but also indicates a carelessness or wrongbeadness about distinctions , real and tangible , that in such a writer as N _, T . E . 18 utterly unaceountable . _' Onco more , then , let it be plainly stated , that the only Communistic experiment in Britain that the deluge of hopelessness bas not submerged , is not based oi " dependant , on any view of human _character , no farther , at
least , than is every movement that pretends to bo concerned about our social condition—sanitary , educational , or theological—no more than does a recent able pamphlet about the Operative Engineers and their Employers . I appeal to N . V . E . 's memory on this head . Communism , as we here in England understand , means simply , "tho most economical way of living happily ; " and I challenge N . V . E . in your broader columns to disprove this , and I will undertake to show that , if the Stores are based on sound economics , they conduct this word either this way , or to fiercer competition . I decline to discuss Oweo ' s , or any ones , view of human character , simply because it is irrelevant . I decline two inquiries at once , because ifc prevents the settlement of either ; but though I hold Communism on economic grounds , as opposed to sentimental ones , I cannot see how the founders of Stores , ' more than I , can ignore , or consistently oppose , Owen's view of character . Yours , R . Jones , Secretary of Redemjiion Society . Leeds , March 9 th-
Eo*Q$Mtibt Birtelligcnce
eo _* Q _$ _mtibt _Birtelligcnce
_ Central Co-Operative Agency, 70, Charl...
_ CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE AGENCY , 70 , Charlotte-street , Fitzroy Square . "Weekly Report , March 2 nd to March 9 th . The Agency transacted business with the following stores _i —Galashiels , Leeds . Hawick , Barrhead , Banbury , Braintred Brighton , Rochdale , _Ullesthorj :, Birmingham , Woolwich Halifax , Swindon , Middlesboro ' , Burnley , Bradford , _BacujJi & c . We hear from Cardiff that the Co-operative Store in _caurse ol formation there is in an advanced state of organisation . An application was received from the Co-operative Store at Norwich , to have tbeir rules cenifisd . We taVe this opportunity of stating lhat nil customers not sending in their purchase books for the last quarter by the 20 th of Marab . will forfeit their bonus .
The partners of the Central Co-operative Agency have re-Eolvfd to send a copy of their Weekly Report to the editors of the principal London papers , and to a certain number of persons likely to take interest in its proceedings , with the following circular : — " The Partners of the Central Co-operative Agency present their compliments to Mr . , and beg to enclose a Weekly Report of the business of the establishment , either for his own perusal , or for the information of the public , if he thfcks it proper , " Such Reports have been published for s ' . me lime , and they are to be continued regularly .
" The claims of the Co-operative Agency to be conaidered as a public institution , are as follows : —Although a commercial firm , the Agency is conducted under the supervision of Trustees ; a Public Report is to be made halt yearly ; the books are to be audited by a public accountant , and half the profits ate carried to a common fund devoted to purposes of public benefit . " The objects of the _Ascncy are : —1 st . To remedy one of the greatest evils of the present mode 01 _trading by counteracting the system of adulteration now prevailing in trade , and which includes nearly every article of consumption , in food or raiment . 2 nd . To promote the principle of COOPERATIVE Association as a method of business , the word CO-OPERATIVE expressing that Association , as it . is understood hy the Partners of the Agency , implies au equitable arbitration between Labour aud Capital , _andaa complete a conciliation _a-s possible of the conflicting interests of the present competitive system . "
LEEDS REDEMPTION SOCIETY . Mr . Henderson lectured on Sunday last on the duly and necessity of the total destruction of adtilteretion , and exhorted his hearers to assist in the good work . We urged upon our branches the desirability of their having shares in connexion with them , and are giad to announce that several approve , and they will be begun in the Potteries shortly . _* - _" - _Monies received this week . —* Leeds subscriptions , £ 1 9 s _.-5 d . i Candidates and Members , Is . 61 ; Huddersfiold _, _Fraiicei 10 s . ; Hyde , Brsdly _, £ \ Is . 6 d . ; Manchester . Blooroer _^ 4 s .-i : 5 . 5 Haniey , Wiibraharxudi . i . Buildiii _. Fund , 2 s . _Sjdi _* Propagandist Fund , 4 s . 8 R—R . Jones , Sec . _*—March _$ _tby :
" The O'Connor Fund. The Numerous Commun...
" THE O'CONNOR FUND . The numerous communications _~ b have received this week from various parts of the country , showthat a general and an earnest desire exists to promote the objects in view , if the matter is set about in a right spirit , and under such guarantees as will give proper security for a judicious and effective application of the subscription for the immediate and permanent benefit of Mr . O'Connor . "We cannot find room for all the communications in extenso , and therefore condense their substance . W . Booth , writing for the Chartists of Pudsey , states that they concur in the views expressed in the Star , ' by Mr . Brown , of Preston , aud hope that an efficient
committee will be formed in London , including if possible Messrs . Duncombe , Wakley , and S . Crawford . They regret , that in common with many Chartists of other places , they are not in an organised state ; a fact which they attribute to the discussions among the leaders of the party , and they believe that if Mr . O'Connor had retained his health and energies , the disruption and disorganisation would not have existed , at all events to the same extent . They have a sum of money ready to send as soon as responsible parties are appointed to receive subscriptions , hut decline to answer appeals of private individuals , of whom they have never heard before . They believe that the Land Plan would have been successful if the -members themselves had done
their duty ; and they now suggest that the directors of the Land Company should give all the assistance they can to an efficient and responsible committee , by collecting all books and papers belonging to the Company , and otherwise assisting , by their personal knowledge , a speedy and satisfactory settlement of the accounts , so far as Mr . O'Connor is concerned . They are farther of opinion that all the members of the Company are bound to come forward with money , and give every facility in tlieir power for bringing these aiFairs to an honourable close , and that the general subscriptions for Mr . O'Connor ought not to be applied to prolonging proceedings in the Court of
Chaucery , if there is no probability of the result being satisfactory . The Chartists ofthe Manchester Locality have formed a committee . At a meeting held on the 4 th instant an address was agreed upon to the inhabitants , and on Saturday last it was placarded , and read with avidity . The subject was discussed at the usual meeting in the People ' s Institute , on Sunday night , and a resolution was passed , expressive of sympathy for Mr . O'Connor , and a determination to assist him in a pecuuiary way or otherwise , as circumstances may require . A
liberal collection was made at the meeting , and the committee have resolved to meet every night , at the Northern Star , Heyrod -street , to receive subscriptions . Mr . "W . Grocott , secretary to the committee . Mr . C . Willis informs us that the allottees of Charterviile are nobly responding to the appeal on behalf of Mr . O'Connor , and that Mr . J . Hayes , has collected about 15 s ., which will be sent next week . Theallottees hope that the great exertions of Mr . O'Connor in the cause of the people will not be forgotten .
Mr . A , Loudon of Auchtermuchty , Scotland , states that a few friends are getting up a subscription for the above purpose-Mr . James Brown , of Preston , suggests that two funds should bs raised ; one for the purpose of appointing a counsel and accountant to look after Mr . O'Connor ' s affairs in the Land Company , and the other for the purpose of _purchasing him an aniiuit */ , or any other permanent plan of assistance whichtbe committee may decide upon . He also thinks that the land members should subscribe from their own body the necessary funds for bringing the affairs of the Company and Mr . O'Connor ' s accounts to a satisfactory settlement . To command success , Mr . Brown _suggests the names of Mr . Duncombe , Mr .
Oastler , and Mr . Samuel Fielden , of Todmorden ; and for Ireland , Mr . Patrick O'Hi ggins and Mr . Sharman Crawford , to take part ° in the movement ; and concludes by saying that •* if the subscriptions intended for the personal use of Mr . O'Connor be not separate and distinct from that intended to apply to his affairs with the Land Conpany , the assistance > V _ . l be circumscribed and inefficient for the purpose intended ; but if the affair can be inaugurated with the proper influences , and be rightly directed , it will be everything that U needful . " At a public meeting held in the Working Man ' s Hall , Heckmondwicke , on Sunday last ., a Committee was formed to receive subscriptions , and £ 1 2 s . collected . A resolution was also passed , appointing Mr . Duncombeand Mr . Wakley as trustees .
Received At The ' Star' Office.—G. J., I...
Received at the ' Star' Office . —G . J ., Is . ; 6 . W ., 03 . ; A Few Friends , Nottingham , per J . Sweet , 9 s . ; From the Seven . Stars , per ditto , 10 s . Received mr Mr . It . O'Connor . —Mr . Fcltham , 6 d ; Mr . Reynard , Hackney , ( Id . ; Mi * . Paton , Is . ; Mr . Logan , Ban-head , Is . ; Mr . Moans , Bristol , _os . ; Pocklington , 2 s . ; J . Lewis , L-inturt Varden , 2 s ; Gd . ; A Jones , Cardiff , Is .
Meeting Of Liberal Members At Lord J. Ru...
MEETING OF LIBERAL MEMBERS AT LORD J . RUSSELL'S On Thursday a meeting of Liberal Members of Parliament was held at Lord John Russell ' s residence in Cheshamplace . Although tbe meeting was called for twelve , the _ptocf-ednigs - 'id not commence until one o ' clock . A great number of persons assembled in front of the noble Lord ' s residence , to see the members arrive . One hundred nnd sixty-seven members were present , including , of course , the leaders ofthe Liberal uarty . Sir Alexander Cockhtirn was prevented from attending the meeting by severe indisposition ; Lord John Russell urged upon the meeting the expediency of bringing tbe government lo an immediate issue on the question of Free Trade . It is understood that Lord John Russell ' s course was not _adopted without previous consultation with the most eminent members ofthe present Opposition .
The noble Lord was throughout received most warmly , and the only discussion arose on the expediency of simultaneously pressing the Cabinet to declare its views on Parliamentary Reform . ' We believe lhat the prevailing feeling of the meeting was in favour of in the firB ' . _ins _' ance concentrating the efforts of the Liberal party on the preservation of FrecTrade . We hear tbat Mr . _Villiers will invite the government to explain their intentions on this momentous subject on Monday evening . —Evening Paper .
Fire-Damp Explosio-V. —The Belgian Journ...
Fire-damp _ExPLosio-v . —The Belgian journals contain an account of a deplorable accident near Mods . On Saturday , about ten o ' clock in the mornin < - , whilst tho miners , seventy-seven in number , were at work in the coal-pit called-Longterne Ferrand _, at Elou _--e s , an explosion of _tire-damp took place , and it was followed by an extensive-falling in of coal and earth . Two miners were kiiledittstliritaheously ';' fifteen , more or less injured , succeeded , iri- ' reaching '' 't _* fe mouth of the pit , but one of them died shortly after fit is ' not known what became of the others ., A , ll . day on Saturday _, and Sunday excavations were made . to . reach the unfortunate men , but without success . > The explosion was caused by one of the miners having imprudently , opened his'lamp . It had been intended to _Busperid ' - . _tiperr'ti _*^ the very dayon which . tho . ac _# l _^ ''* ' ¦¦
Athbnjbom Institute for .-A pt-hobs . ! and ' Artists —A new society under tlijsunme ! is _projectediH-THe _obiectaKi stated to bo , to afford tO L _-iuthor _sjandartists- _'tbeadvaiitages arising from extensive _co-openition ; . To . effect ' this'objeot "' it is proposed that the institute- _sballi i cows ? st !; 6 f ' fp ' ur ' _branches-nameljv » 'protective' ¦; s _' cietvV ' a _^ _hfiir-ihthrOpi-i " and provident fond _'' 8 _ri" ' ddn _^ tip _^ a _| ass _^ ' a . 'lifo ' . i assurance' departmeht ;"' The Right . ''' _'ijfoh . " B _)' israeii- js- president of the society * .,.: .. ••;¦ _: ! , ; ..,:,. h Tiie _AlVti-Cobn Law League . — The-subscription-list _includes _tbe-jiames / ol ' _- tbo Bight ; Hbntfurab'fo the ' _'Eavl of Radnor , £ 100 ; ¦ Thomas Thornely , Esa ; . M P £ 100 •"'
m _-t . James riiKington ,. pM . r ., Blackburn , _ ives £ l ' O 00 _- ; _Vjp ' - 'B- , Olive * . ; _Limdoni £ 1 , 000 ; Ml , _^^ _Z _£ wZdl Sons , ' _. fcoOO ; and Messirsi Dixon and . Si > ii .,: _' _£ oOO —Total up ' . 'to-IvIonday , ab . out £ 40 . 000 . _.-.: > , ;\ _- „ . ! . 1 , 7 *' " £ •; . ..:. ' -aiE _Piccolomisj . ' - _^ A descendant * bf 6 n _4 ofthe creat ' ¦ * _^ ue , _* > hic - * _^ _^ i ' _^ _^ i _' _-y- the Piecbtomlni of Sienii v Madamoisellc , C _^ m . c » tini- I » iocolomu _ ,.. _** q 6 e- * iUy made her-\ dcbut _tis a . _cant'itrice at La Pergola , _iiuFiorence , and ex-ited _* ' g _i-Qjvt : mt- _ 8 m « p << . , » . er success is _said-to _^ _ncreasa at each "; 'T ? S _*^^^ _"S _^ i V si > _rw _* f only _speared jn _; _# _!* . _*» i _» is _# e » . | k-. .. _' ;; f . _i _.-, ; , vx _"; ji _^^ n _¦* 1 .- 'Aid ; : ' ' ;< 'l ' : > . I . - ; . ... ; _.- ;; ; . ; ,,. V ; :. ; si- ' . . _••«' i " i _' : _Jl .-. i K . " / _'>'• _' _<
Capture Of The Sea Serpent . The "New Yo...
CAPTURE OF THE SEA SERPENT . The "New York Tribune" contains a lengthy and somewhat graphic account of the capture , after a terrific _struggle of this sea monster . The account ia written by Oarle Seabury , the master of the whale ship Mouongahela , and dated at sea , February Oth . It says : — "A vessel ha 9 been reported from my mast-head , and as she is apparently bound into some of the northern ports , I intend to speak her , purposely to acquaint , through your widely diffused journal , the people of the United States , of the ( act of the existence and capture of the Sea Serpent—a oionster deemed fabulous by many—but the truth 0 / whose exis ence is for ever settled , and I trust I shall be excused in saying by Yankee intre pidity . " it then proceeds to state that on the morning of January 13 th . when in latitude 3 deg-10 south
mm . , and lon gitude 131 ( _w 50 min ., the serpent was discovered hy a _Marqossan Islander , who was much alarmed at its appearance . It was afterwards seen by the crew Volunteers were called for , and the master adds-Let me say to their credit , every American in the ship stepped out at once , followed by all but one native and two Englishmen . . After a considerable chase , the serpent _aometimes disappearing for a few minutes , and the ., rising a mile _a-head of the sh _. p , the crew got _alongside of his snakeship . The fight ts tuns described :- " lcame to with the head yards a-back to have a better control of all the ship and told the sbip-keeper to keep close to us , and by no means to loose sight of us for an instant . We lowered myself taking the lead , and in a few strokes—the wind and _ses carrying us to leeward—1 told tbe boalsteerer , James Whit- " tenmore , of Vermont , to ' stand up . ' With cool and calm intrepidity he laid hold of his iron ( harpoon ) , and . when I
beckoned with a movement of my hand , quick as thought both of his weapons were buried to the socket in the repulsive bod y before us . I sbeuted ' stern , ' but there was no visible motion of his _snakeshS p . I shifted ends with the boatsteerer , aud cleared away a lance as quickly as possible , beckoning them to pull up , tiiat I might get a lance , when a movement of the body was visible , and the head and tail of the monster rushed as it were to touch the wound . ' The frightfulness of the head , as it approached the boat , filed the crew with terror , and three of ihem jumped overboard . I instinctively held out my lance , and its sharp point entered the eye . I was knocked over and fctt' a deep churning of the water around me . I rose to the _gurfaoe and caught a
glimpse of the writhing body , and was again struck and carried down . I partly lost my consciousness under _water , but recovered it ; when I rose again in the bloody foam _, the snake had disappeared , and I shouted , ' Pick up the line . ' The third mate , Mr . Benson , caught a bile at my line near the end , and bent on his , which in an instant began to be taken out rapidly . The mate picked me up as soon as I rose to tbe surface , and in a few minutes all were picked up—one was severely bruised and another insensible , but he recovered and both are now well . The snake had taken my line , the third male ' s , and was taking the second mate ' s , when I ordered the mate to bend on and give his line to the ship . The snake wa 3 sounding , and I cautioned ihe officers not to hold on too
hard for fear of drawing the irons . At first the line went out rapidly , bat decreased gradually , nevertheless I was obliged to get up a spare line out of tlie fore-hold and bend on . _Uor fear that the ship would by its weight on the line draw the irons , I put on several drags and gave the line to the mate , when it became stationary . There were now but four boats'lines , 225 fathoms in a boat , and twothirds of another line , 100 fathoms more—in all , 1 , 000 fathoms , six feet in a fathom—G _. 000 feet—better than one mile and an eight , an enormous depth , and the pressure at that distance is inconceivable .
" AUa . m , ottheMth , sixteen hours after he went down , the line _boj-jan to slack . I had it taken to the -vindlass , when we got nearly two lines _« hand over hand , ' then there came a strain again . This strain continuing , I told everybody to bear a band and get breakfast , and just before we wero through , the cook cried out , ' Here he is . ' In no time all ware on deck , and sure enough he had risen ; but all that was visible was a bunch , apparently the bite of the snake , where he had been fastened to . I lowered three boats , aud wo lanced the body repeatedly without eliciting any sign of life . While we were at work he gradually rose to the surface , and around him floated what I took to be pieces of his lungs , wbich we had cut with our lances . To make our work sure wo continued to lance ,
eagerly seeking for his life , when he drew himself up and we pulled away , and then witnessed tho terrific dying struggles of the monster . None of the crew who witnessed thafc terrible scene will ever forget it ; the evolutions of the body were rapid as lightning , sefiming like the revolving of a thousand enormous black wheels . The tail and head would occasionally appear in tho surging bloody foam , and a sound was heard , so dead , unearthly , and expressive of acute agony , that a thrill of horror ran through our veins . " Tho convulsive efforts lasted ten or fifteen minutes , when they suddenly stopped , the head was partly raised—ifc fell—the body partly turned , and lay still . I took off my hat , and nine terrific cheers broke simultaneously from our throats . Our prey was dead .
We now held a consultation as to what we should do , and I had requested all hands to offer their opinions . After a short talk , all of us felt convinced that it would be impossible to get him into port , and then we ooncludcd to try and save his skin , head , and bones , if possible . Inthefirst place 1 requested a Scotchman , who could . 'draw tolerably , to taken sketch of him as he lay , and the mate to measure him . As I am preparing a minute description of the serpent , I will merely eivo you a few general points . It was a male ; the length 103 feet 7 tnches ; 19 feet 1 inch around the neck ; 24 feet C inches around the shoulders ; and the largest part ; of the body , which appeared somewhat distended ,
49 teet 4 inches . 1 he head was long and flat , with ndges —the bones of the lower jaw separate ; the tongue had its end like the head of a heart , The tail ran nearly to a point , on the end of which was a _fl'ifc firm cartilage . The back was black , turning brown on the sides ; then yellow " and on the centre of tho belly a narrow white streak twothirds of its length ; thero wero also scattered over tho body dark spots . On examining the skin we found to our surprise that the body was covered with blubber like that of tho whale , but it waa only four inches thick . The oil was clear as water , and burnt nearly as fast as spirits of turpentine .
"We cut tho snake up , but found great difficulty , and had to ' flense ' bim , tho body would not roll , aud the blubber was so very elastic that when stretched twenty feet by the blocks lfc ' would , when cut off , shrink to five or six feet . We took in the head , a frightful object , and aro endeavouring to preserve ifc with salt . ' Wo havo saved all the bones , which tbo men are nofc done cleaning yet . One of the serpent ' s lungs was three feet longer than tho other . I should have observed that thero wore _ninety-fou r tooth in the jaws , very sharp , all pointing backward and as large as one ' s thumb at tho gum ,
but deeply and firmly set . We found it had two spouthelca ov _spwacles _, so it must breathe like a whale ; it also had four swimming paws , or imitations of paws , for they were like , hard , loose flesh , Tbo joints of the back wore loose , and it seemed as if , when it was swimming , that itmoved two ribs aud a joint at a time , almost like feot . The muscular movement of the serpent after it was dead made the body look as if it were encircled by longitudinal ridges . Wo were nearly three days in getting the bones in , hut they are now very clean , and are very porous and dark coloured .
" The heart I waa enabled to preserve in liquor and one of the eyes , but the head , notwithstanding it is cool , begins to omit an offensive odour ; but I am so near the coast now that I shall hold on to it as it is , unless it i 3 likely to breed a distemper . Every roan in the ship participates in my anxiety . " 2 p . m . —I have juat spoken the vessel ; Bhe proves to bo tho brig Gt ' py , Captain Sturges , eight days from Ponce , P . 11 ., with oranges and merchandise , bound to Bridsport . He has kindly offered to put these sheets in the Post-office whon he _ayi-ivcs . As soon as I get in I shall ho enabled to furnish you a more detailed account . "
Ronning A Bishop.—Ono Night Last Week A ...
RonniNG a Bishop . —Ono night last week a couple of expert but profane thieves dffec ' ed an entrance into Auckland _palatie _, whilst its inmates iwere all in ' Med , _r , '" ;; _,, After scouring the culinary and reception . apartments _^'' , lS : a T ' T '' without profit to themselves or loss to episcopnejf " , ' they ' ' ' ¦ : " _'' " _•;«"'' I _- ;|; ascended to the next story . -There 11 the _^•^ _'irreye ' _rerl't 'V _** ' ** ' ' scamps found their way into the room' where'tho _'Bfsiibp ' . '* _df ' _, ' - ' ' . * _l ' . " 1 Durham and Mrs . _Maltby slept ; and thence , 'ho ' fcwi ' _t-s'iah'd ' r _: ' " " "• . _! " "• . ! ing the _very-, natural . inq ' uiryfront Mrs . Ivlaltby , " _Who wah " "' _-tlt _^ slt : there , " _-theyimnnapd to ¦ -retire '}* e " ar'i _* . vih" _^" _off-with therji _tKia' _' ' * ' _**' , ' _*^ bi _9 hop ' s . p _' rso . vi i -Tho _^ contents , ' 'however ; ¦ _pro'Tbabl y- 'di _& a ' p- ' * v " _% " i ' _, pointed ; the _roguesjia &' _-thefy dre ' _- 'r _(^ ' ortetI 'ri ! Bt '" to ' havd' ex * ' - ' _ceeileil £ 3 . ii _Jfext ' _diij- _' _-tlio _liislibp " ehter'taiheU ' tlie ' j ' udgc 3 da' *' - *'"' - '' circuit .- _—AforMOH / _oni )' _* ' . ' '; - •' " •' - ' - ¦• _= _-i-- »—S w _-, : •> .: _v- ' r 5 ? . ' i 1 a ; ' ! _. . _i' _- _' _-. i- ' _- _- ' ¦
• • _KuMBraioKiDitPOsii-ons , m SavingsRanks . —AphrlTan '' fen- _* _: '''' . "''' . "" _triry -iaper _hasten-p rimo _-d which shows that _-bntHe'JOtb ; ' ' ' ' ' ' " ¦ _$$ yember , _riSo 0 j'thor 4 _Mre i l ; _tMl 581 _iniJividualdepositor - '•* _' _« ' _*• in : ; pavings _banUsi' \ vhose deposits ' , with" int ' erost _}' ambunt ' ed ' _"'" ' _*' _"'" ' t-v _£ 27 , _198 , 503 : ¦ There were 12 , 013 _charitable-tis ' _fttiiioiu ' ' ' ¦ , u ' ' ¦ ' ¦ ' _"" ' which had deposits : with ¦ saving . ''• ban _. _s snioMing' to . _"*' ' ,: ' * 655 , ; 093 , . and 7 , 500 friendly societies' to £ 1 , 077 , 320 . The' . _'• . ' . total ( depositors numbered l i _U 2 , 099 , and _the-amjpu ' iit With' '" * " * _jijt _§ rr > 8 b-i £ 28 ; i ) 30 . 982 . > ¦; _- _TJiei-c * 'J wem besides _m'triMiy _^ ' _* . ' V " societ _' . es ' _. m . > _direot- ! aeoouhf ! with _thctconiniissibnei-s' of the ' , '' .- *' ; ' .- _'" , ; ffatio } ii _ _t _)<& t , & a- _^ _-4 ta _^^^ ' - I Joi ' p Stock CoMe . _isi _--4 ' _* - _' < k' _' _We _' _. _riesaay _•¦ _a _' _- _pa _^^' _••^ _9 _, _¦ _, _1 _, _' _¦¦ i , u "' printed , by order ofthe Ilousandf'I _& rds , _sho-ving the -, .,. r riumbpr ! , otViic . e * ises _-n-a iited by- tho _Boiird'Of _-tradaf _^ ftofltb : - '" it . '" irt . ' .
_jhMnthtff _. Fehvui > _jggiy to the Mhult . - , tojt fiirt stock- _^ - . _^ - ; , _' co , _uipanies 'to _e hold ; Iand 3 , ; 5 tcn 8 _meiits , ' _- & c . * ' The ' ve are- ' : - . » : _V . tffehty-eight . ; cpmpupies :. nieiitioned in tbe- 'doetimen'tvVt . o ' _' . _- "' - "' ' - ' "" i each of _which'atgNiiH _forthirty-one years lias ¦ _bedinhBda'to ' _-Mf _^ _'f' _''' .. WW & andi ., i : , . ' ¦ ,. _"• „ . .-. > hMv » . _' _-.: _-i--- > :: ;"[ : v / ; ' _t _yy " ' - A yjou , ngtfqmalfi ,.. _wlioiihas the - monomama' _of- _'hqWitcW _' e' ' _^' - ; _, _" - _' . ¦ _;¦'" ' has jiist ; be , on ; . arx _ostwlsai ) _d-iscn t ( to" the / . Prefe-Jthl _^ . _' _^ 'Sfie ' _''" _"' ¦ ' _* '' ' "' _»» . had _altc ' _ctipted _^ _bul _tVirtUnatef _^ withoufc effect ; _mWufdui _? _te »••¦'•» " « fl _jjier fittber , hmi _^ _nt-t-iitit ter , ? aister , _? and _soVorhl'foih _' _iffes ftp" " ¦ _" )• '' ? -mi > har scqna ! nta ' _* _WMi * ma » n _ 't _^ -W _bodi-fofc- OTinirto _-d " ic ¦' i - _'* _- " . ' . ' •¦ ' ••' ' ¦ ' »¦ ¦¦« co _awfo * _¦•?&¦•? • •;• , "'•" fin ! _im-r « f _* . o * A . \ ' , Ei ! cr' . _- _^ Vj _: l ccent ) y . _-ppbhshed > Y'drd 6 _h' ! et _'' _^ t : t ) 3 ; iiyes _iistpun-liflftdi-H-ioi-urfs _oi-tbe'degropito _-whibUVbymw \? _W ' , _\ bratttibes ' obtiiiii-. in _; . Viis 8 i _^! _oii . s _sisterhood ' - _' _^ _fl- _^! UV _' Sh ' o _'„ _'i * d v : * sl ' . _'
_i-ofi Exeter . lias _. d . _ii-e . i -ted , _thafckdy _.-tOrrpplytff of 'MpMiP Aw * _W * v ; - ¦ a _lk'giitioTip , - ! is . « s _* , m " ' - |> _- ! i C ; : S ' ""<* ? _""' _OWOtt * V . _''Jjl ! t _' _''JJl ! lit ' « _- . _' _i _3 An _^ 4 rajiMJ' ' ' « *> _- ! l _* ' , ' _*'*' . ' _* v _*' * *« n . reco ' ' * - 'd'd ffoni'' \'; _'U r ? ' < l _* > /¦ _DW _" n : _f _,-J _^ i ' _'k . ' J _t ''' _^ ' _-de ' iJ . _th-n'Jl ' as _ni . I _ _djf _t _\ MkV m _^ il ! i _^ il ! if > >' ; s , _ui-os _I-W . j _^" t * i « f- _*«''«»„ 6 hi _S' _^ ' _- _vhCTstB _fa' _-bre-tftth-il _ftid-Jft' 5 ' * ' " - 'A ' _. _jiiicjies _tiwc-fei _ wii » ou & _iy-uot'io be ' sceB ' _--UB ' . -th 8 . u ' _rtilre' * - _* ¦*' ?* ' _-i ° ' _jfa ' ee' , _! ,. •!¦• , _! _, ' . . _-. •'* .. j « w ii .. ' _!' _- . ' _*• ¦ . _!•• - ¦ . ' ., - . _-: _v- - .= _aiiq cd * fcn _; _-- , _** } , _** }\ .. 'Oil i _h / _natca *> . _-IJ * ¦ _¦ <; . * :-si _ - _,:,-iK _V . ' " . "! _H-ti-i _.- !! Ki . _- _-i ' _ae ! _-. T" : ll . - _' - - ¦'' , _' i - . ' 1 ' :- .. . . ¦ f ¦¦ , . ¦ ¦• ¦ _- _.-..- .. ¦ _'¦ . ..-IU ., Il _|« . I
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 13, 1852, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_13031852/page/1/
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