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4 . ' ¦ * THR wnPTWMN STAR. Septembers, ...
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THE POmAIT OF KOSSUTH
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Is sent to Mr. Robinson, 11, Grecnside-s...
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Co (sromayDttSenw.
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The Mathox Estate.—In reply to T.S., of ...
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THE NORTHERN STAR.SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, IS49.
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DEATH OF A CHARTIST PRISONER AND MARTYR....
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THE COST OF A STATE CHURCH. Unity 6 f re...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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4 . ' ¦ * Thr Wnptwmn Star. Septembers, ...
4 . ' ¦ * _THR _wnPTWMN STAR . _Septembers , 1849 .
Ad00407
• DHITISH EMPIRE _FREEHOLD LAND AND BUILDING SOCIETY . ¦ _^ uaaa Advance your Heat is Sared ,-vou become your oini Land and Householder . _Pah-OM . -T . S . DD . _VTOKBijJEs _^ _. M . p . T . _WiBXEr , _Ew ., 3 f . P . B . B . Cabbeix . Esq ., M . P . L . J . _Uassasd , Eft * ,, M .. P rw , _~ _* * « rs _* _—^ Coiniaercial Bank of London ( Branch ) , 6 , Henrietta Street , Covent Garden . _xondon q _^ ce . _-ho . 13 , T ot te n am Court , New Road , St Pancras , Lonaon .-DANi _* - _** , _WuiAUt Rum , Secretary . _AEKiXGED is Thbee Secikw : _* . Value of Shares and Payments for Investors . Full Share .. .. £ 1 * 20—payment of 2 s . Sd . * 3 Week , or 10 s . 6 d . per Month . HalfShare .. .. CO — 1 23 — 5 3 — Quarter Share .. .. SO — 0 7 f — 2 S — Applicants are reouested to state in their form tlie Section they desire to he a Member of . So & mv 2 T . _o- _** _* s \ _SoHcrroEi or nEDEarnos Fee *** . — The present Entrance Fee , including Certificate , Rules , tic is 4 s _?* K _* _rsh-tfe , _* _-rad 2 s . Gt " . _foranypartofaSliare , Price of Utiles , including Postage , lg . ' ' OBJECTS _, li ! . —To enable members to bnild Dwelling Houses . ( 5 th . —To give to Depositing Members a higher rate of In-2 al _ To afford the means of purchasins both Freehold j te _£ _{* _™™ ffi " _^ _ded h J ordinary modes of investment ana _Leasehold Properties or Land . m n „ " _^ _n \ Pa n to Endowments for their _SrA-To ad _** anca Mortgages on Property held by j _gg _&[ Hu ! baads for the * _^ «¦ ** M _^ imc ber 3 ' _t . - , _„ , j _^ _' _- -To purchase a piece of Freehold land of sufficient 4 iu—To enable Mortgagors teas _m-aaber-, to redeem value to give a legal title to a County Yote for Members of tea * _JSfo-figases . ' Parliament _* _S- _** n « 51—By joining _^ secfion _^^ Jf _^ j 31 _*??» " ¦ c _° u , ltl 5 ' «« become the proprietor ofa House and Land in aU own neighbourhood , without being removed fromlus friends , conn e x i ons , or the present means himself and _fomiiy mav hare of saining a livelihood . ' _SE-moxlL-To raise a capital by shares to purchase Estates , erect Dwellings thereon , and divide the Land into _aJlutinents -from half-an-acre upwards , in or near the towns of tue various branches of the society . The oronertv to be the _ixmufde freehold of the member after a term p f years , irom the date of location , according -o his subscriptions , _SE-moxjn . —Saving or Doposu section , in ivhidi members not wishingto purchase arc enabled to invest small sums , recdring interest at the rate ef five per cent , per anaum , on every sum of 10 s . and upwards so deposited . "S . B . — £ S 0 !) will be advanced to the members of the first Section in November nest , when all persons who have and may become members for Shares , or parts of Shares , on or before the 1 th of November next , aad who pay six montbB ' saba _*** iptiQns ia advance , or _otht-rvrise , will bc eligible for an advance . ALSO , rr _* HE _UNITED PATRIOTS' AND PATEIAECHS- BENEFIT SOCIETIES . X Enrolled pursuant to Act of Parliament Thus seeming to its members tiie protection of the Jaw for their ¦ funds and _propertv . Legalised to extend over the United Kingdom , witli the privilege of appointing Medical Attendants , _Agwits , _& c An opj » rtj _* - * my is now ofi ' ereito healthy persons , up to Forty Years of Age , of joining tliese _floiirishing Ihsiitutions in town or count ***}' * _Zios-w-v _Oihcs . —13 , Tottenham _Court _J ' ew Road , St . Pancras ( thirteenth house eastward from Tottenham _Court-road _** . Dasiel _VfiuuM ltcfrr , Secretary . Patrons . —T . S . Dcxcombe , Es _« ., M . P . T . _AVak _** , _**** _-, E s * , M . P . B . B . Cabbei _* _* -, , Ese ., M . P . F . O'Coskoe , Esq ., 31 . 1 ' . L . J . _IUssiBii , Esc >
Ad00408
EMIGRATION . THE BRITISH EMPIRE _PERMANENT _EMIGRATION AND COLONISATION SOCIETY , To secure to each Member a FARM of not less than Twenty-Five Acres of Land in AMERICA , By Small _Weeldy or Monthly Contributions . Lp 5 _* D 0 S Office : —1-3 , Tottenham-Court , _Xetv-road , St . _Panci'as . —D . W . Rtoft , Secretary . OBJECTS . To purchase a lai * ge tract of Land , in thc Western States { To purchase in large quantities , for the common benefit of _Aiuerica , upon wliich to locate Members , giving twenty- ' _allneecssai-y live and dead stock , and other requisites ' , five acres to each Share subscribed for . sup-dying each member ou location with the quantity re-! * . ere et dwellings , and clear a certain portion ofthe Laud quired at cost price _, on _imcU allotment , previous tothe arrival of the allottees . lo provide for the location of groups , holdini ? thc Land To establish a depot , from which to provide each family iace- _*** 2 * un , _asTrell as for individuals , securing t _* i each with tlie required _^ uawSty of wholesome food , -until their their collective and separate rights and immunities . own land produced sufficient for their support . _VAirs OF SHAKES . Each Share to be of the ultimate Value of Tsrctity-Five Pounds . To be raised by Monthly or V / cikly Subscriptions , as follows : — A Payment of Sinepence per "Week for Tea Tears will amount to 191 . 10 s . Bonus 51 . Us . Ditto Sixpence per Week for Fifteen Ye-U's will amount to 101 . 10 s . Bonus SI . IDs . llepayments mar bc made to the Society in Money , Produce , or Labour . Prospectuses , _Knles , Forms of Application for Shares , and every other information , may be had at tlie Office as above . All applications by Letter , addressed to tlie Secretavy . must be pre-paid , and enclose a postage stamp for reply . By enclosing twelve postage stamps a Copy of the Bules will be forwarded , post free . Fonns of Entrance hy enclosiug thr e postage 5 tam !> 3 . Agents required in all parts of Great Britain . A WEEKLY PERIODICAL , entitled " THE UIGRTS OF MAN , " will shortly ho published , price One Penny . It will be devoted io the interests of the Wbrfcing Classes , whose contributions to its pages "will filn ' _avs Snd a place , consistent _with its size , and it will contain _iuporiaiit advice to intending Emigrants
Ad00409
I ) UPTUBES EFFECTUALLY CURED 5 * . wmiOCT A TRUSS HI DR . GCTHREY having betn eminently successful in the cure of . Ruptures , now _oS _' ers his remedy to the public la every case of Rupture , lov . i--.-c-r desperate or long standing , a cuke is _gvarasteed witooat fee use of any truss _-whate-rer ; is easy iu applica _tio : * .. perfectly painless , and applicable to both sexes of all _aaes . Sent free , oa receipt of Cs . by post-office order , or j * _Jsrage-stamps , by Dr . _IISXRrGCTIUtEr , C , Ampton-Et ! ' _-.-tt . Gray ' s-Jnn-road _. London . At borne daily from Ten till © neo ' clock . Hundr _* _- _* _dsoftrassfcshavDbeenMthehind by persons cured , as trophies of this ihe only remedy for R-tr . -U-. re , _wWchwillMaUybe given away to persons reau " _-- * _-i- ; them after a trial cf it ' _CWLSllAt CHOLERA 1 —Dr . GCTIIREr will be ha _* _-iy to forward post-free , on receipt of sis stamps , his _cek-to-ited treatment for tie cure of Cholera ,
Ad00410
e _& OTECTED BY ROYAL LETTERS PATEST . DR . LOCOCK'S FEMALE WAFERS , Have uo Taste of Me 3 i <* ine , Ain _" : . ire the only remedy recommended to be taken by _Ls ; : . cs . They foi * tiiy the Constitution at all periods cf life , anc in all _JVervoas * Aflectious act like a charm . They r « ::.: ve Heaviness , _Fatigue on _Sli-jlitExertion , Palpitation of I ' _iiileart , _Lo-rnt-ss of Spirits , _"VVeaSness , and allay pain . 'i'j _. ey create Appetite , and remove Indigestion , iieart-* bur = _* u " _Wind , Head Aches , Giddiness , < fcc _I-: Hysterical Diseases , a proper perseverance in the use of - _' -i / Medicine will be found to effect a cure after all Cth * r means had failed . ¦ £ -- _* - ? Full Directions are given with eve ry "box . "S _irEU—These Wafers do not contata any Miueral , and ¦ mav be taken cither dissolved in water or whole .
Ad00411
SOW READY with the MAGAZESES _roaSEPEEMBER No , IV . of THE _DEMOCRATIC REVIEW Of BRITISH and _FOREIGN POLITICS , HISTORY and _LTTERAT'OllE . Edited by G-. " _JULIAN HARNEY . COXTESTS _* . 1 . The Editor ' s Letter to the "Working Classes on thc Sen- Reform Movement . 2 . Letter from Paris . 3 . Oar Inheritance : The Land common Protierty . Letter IV .
Ad00412
BEAUTIFUL HAIR , SKIN , AND TEETH . TWENTY RECIPES indispensable to all . —For the best Liquid Hair Dye extant ; Remedies for Freckles , Sun-burn , Pock-marks , Ringworm , and all other Disfigurements ; Superfluous , Weak , or Grey Hair , Baldness , & c . ; Pomade and Bandoline , fov beautifying and cm ling the Hair ; Amandine , for beautifying the Hands , Lips , and _Comi-le-don ; Tooth Powder " for purifjing thc Teeth and Breath ; White Enamel , for filling Decayed Teeth ; _-CiquidGlue * Cement , for Broken China , G lass , Ac . ; a certain and safe Cure for Corns , Bunions , & c . ; and a choice selection of French Perfumery , will bc sent on receipt of 25 postage-stamps , by Miss COUPELLE , Ely-place , Holborn , London . Beware of dishonest Imitations .
Ad00413
CAUTION . HUPTUItES EFFECTUALLY CURED WrrU 0 _UT * ATR-0 SSl—DR . WALTER BE ROOS , 1 , Ely-place , nolborn-WU , London , still continues to supply the afflicted with his celebrated CURE for SLVGLE or DOUBLE RUPTURES , the efficacy of which is now too well established to need comment It is easy in application , causes no inconvenience , and as tlie merit of' this discovci * y , has never been disclosed , all others , are spurious imitations only . Will be sent free , on receipt of Cs . 6 'd . by post-oftice order , or stamps . Dr . de R . has a great number of old trusses left behind by persons cured , as trophies of his immense success , wliich he wiU almost give away to those who like to wear them . N . E . —Inquiry will prove the fact , that tliis is the only remedy known , all others being _ spurious , useless , and dangerous imitations , against which sufferers are especially cautioned . Hours—10 till 1 , and from 4 . tiU 8 . Kev . ILWalcott , Higham Ferrers , writes : — " The person for whom you sent your remedy is quite cured , awl you "" rill be good enough to send me two more for others . "
Ad00414
O'CONNORVILLE . THE LEASE OF FOUR ACRES OF L A ND FOR SALE . TO BE DISPOSED OF , the Lease ofa Four-Acre- Allotment , House , & c . The Land has been well manured , and is of good quality , in the centre ofthe Estate . The term of Lease is ninetynine years , and a life in reversion . Immediate possession may be had . For further information inquire for A . Z ., at Mr . _Watts's , No . 8 , Old Paradise-row , _Isliugton-green , London . All letters Post-paid . N . B . —Every security can be had from the Company .
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TO BE DISPOSED OP , WITH IMMEDIATE POSSESSION , A THREE ACRE ALLOTMENT AT XI- CHARTERVILLE , with or without thc crops ; consisting of an acre" of good potatoes , swedes , carrots , parsnips , mangel wurzel , ic , with thrao store sows , and working implements -, the whole for £ Jift . For particular * apply with a post-office stamp , to A _. B _. C _., Charterville , _l-o 5 tOSice , near Witney , _Oxfordshire .
Ad00416
lot _CUEAPI 8 T -XSITIOM ETE * rUBLUHKD . _Prlcels , 6 i , A netr and elegant edition , witli Steel Plate of tU _* s Autlior , of _PAIHE'S POLITICAL WORKS . Now Ready , a Nenr Edition of Mr . O'CONNOR'S WORK ON SMALL FARMS . Sold by J . Watson , Queen ' s Head Passage , _Faternoster row , London ; A . Heywood , _Oldham-street _, _Munc he sterr and Love and Co ., 5 , Nelson-street , Glasgow . And by all Booksellers in Town and Country .
Ad00417
DR , FLEISCHMAN'S CHOLERA DROPS , which have been used with great success on the Continent , check this disease on the onset . Sold m bottles at Is . 9 d „ 3 s . ( Jd ., 5 s ., and fa . 0 d . _, by Sutton and Co . Bow Churchyard ; _Edward-street , St . Paul ' s Cliurcliyard ; Barclay and Co ., Farringdon-street , London , an _^ by all Chemists and Patent Medicine Yendors in town and country .
The Pomait Of Kossuth
THE _POmAIT OF KOSSUTH
Is Sent To Mr. Robinson, 11, Grecnside-S...
Is sent to Mr . Robinson , 11 , Grecnside-sfcreefc , Edinburgh , for our agents in Edinburgh , Alloa , Alva , Porta , Hawick , Tillicoultry , and Leith . To Mr . Love , o , Nelson-street , Glasgow , for that city , Hamilton , Falkirk , Paisley , _Greenock , Kilmarnock , Aberdeen , and Dumbarton . To Mr . Simpson , Wellgate , for Dundee , and Arbroath . To Mr . Lowry , 9 , Bryon-strcet , Caldewgatc , for Carlisle , _Wighton , and Dalston .
To Mr . Turabull , Side , for _Newcastle , Chesterle-street , Seaham Harbour , Durham , Shofclcy Bridge , Jarrow , Hartlepool , and "Wingate Grange . To Mr . "Wilson , Bishop-street , for Stockton , Darlington , and South Shields . To Mr . Roberts , Peter-gate , for York , and Scarborough . To Mr . M'Brook , for LOTehuify , Batley , Batloy Carr , and _Mii-field . To Mr . Cook , G 7 , Meadow-lane , for Leeds , Bramliope , Woodehouse , Burstal , Millbvidge , Hcckmondwik e , Cleckheaton , Barnsley , Wakefield , and Churwell .
To Mr . Cooke , Yicar-lano for Bradford , Binglcy , Keighley , and Thornton . To Mr . Lord , North-gate , for Halifax , Ripponden , Elland , and Hehden bridge . To Mr . Clayton , 10 , Kirkgate , for Huddersfield , Bradley , _Dalton , Almondbury , Clayton West , Honley , and Holmfirth . To Mr . _Barraelough , 40 , Far-gate , for Sheffield , and Rotherham . To Mr . Bailey , Newcasble-under-Iiyne , tor Shelton , and Walsall . To Mr . < _T . Sweet , _Goose-gato , for Nottingham , Carrington , New Radford , Newark , and Retford . To Mr . G . Guest . Bull-street , for Birmingham .
To Mv . Plumb , for _Sntton-in-Asbfielfl , and Ironville . To Mr . Busby , for Grantham , Horncastle , and Lincoln . To Mr . Harvey , 6 , Richmond-street , for Brighton . To Mr . Fish , Witham , for Essex . To Mr . Hornsey , Broad-green , for Wellingbro ' . Those agents in Northamptonshire , Herefords h ire , Gloucestershire , Sussex , Devonshire , Dorsetshire , and otber southern counties , who have not received the portrait , must say how their parcels are to be forwarded . Agents in towns not named above , having -weekly book parcels , and who have written to us , will find their instructions have been attended to .
Co (Sromaydttsenw.
Co _( _sromayDttSenw .
The Mathox Estate.—In Reply To T.S., Of ...
The _Mathox Estate . —In reply to T . S ., of Ecclcshall , I beg to state that the Mathon Estate is within , eight miles of Worcester , three of Great Malvern , and within less than five of Ledbury . That the money must bc paid at once at the rate of 37 ? . per acre , of which ft . per acre wi \ Vbo returned when the growing timber is disposed of , and when thc materials are sold ; aud that thepuvehasers will be located as soon as the timber is felled , the old outbuildings taken down , the fences levelled , and tlie allotments surveyed -andlalsobegtostato _. _thatthose anxious to purchase must pay their monies within thc PWjjpnt month . F . O'C . Mr . J . Sweet begs to acknowledges the receipt of the following sums , sent herewith : —Debt dde to the Fd
_Pai-vTHi . —Mr . W . Lees , Od . Victim . n _** . —Mr . W . Lees , Cd . , * Victoria Tavern , New Leiiton , 2 s . Cd . _CuAn-Tisr Executive . —Mr . W . Lees , ls . _CosraaENCEEsrENsia . —Sutton-in-AsIifield , 2 s . For tbe nusGAiuASs .- G . Julian Harney has received from a " Chartist Prisoner , " Is . W . Ghuubd , Ipswich . —Tliere are not content bills , lour other question is forwarded to the proper quarter . Mr . W . _M'Kmseit , Dumfries . —At id . each . How could they be sent ? Mr , A . JonxsmvE _, GalashicMs . — We could send what you require either to Mr . Robinson , Edinburgh , or to Mr . Love , Glasgow . ' Mr . 3 . "Horn , Crook . —Your remittance pays to the end of this month . To vou * . * second question—Tidd Pratt , Esq .,
National Debt Office , Old _Jeitry , London . Mr . P . S . _VAira , Darlington . —They are sent through Mr . Wilson , Stockton . The Kim-dale Prisoners . — Thomas _Oraieshcr has received from Robert Howarth , _Highes-lane , _Pilldngton , 10 s . , „ n . Foster , Corbridge , had better apply to the Secretary , Mr . Stauwoop _, 2 , Little Vale-place , Hammersmith Road . J . _Lesison , J . Dun c an , W . Wahha-h , and 3 . Culpax . Received . ,. , , „ Reviews . — We are in receipt of several works which shall receive our earliest attention . . , Mb . Thomas _Ciaiik will deliver thc Funeral Oration over the grave of Joseph Williams .
The Northern Star.Saturday, September 15, Is49.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 15 , IS 49 .
Death Of A Chartist Prisoner And Martyr....
DEATH OF A CHARTIST _PRISONER AND MARTYR . Silvio Peliico ' s affecting narrative of his sufferings iu the dungeons of Austria , has made tens of thousands acquainted with the punishments which despotism awards to aspirations after political freedom in that country . Few have uot shuddered at tho recital of tha fiend-like atrocities perpetrated by the " familiars" of the Holy Inquisition upon thc unhappy "victims of its crusade against free thought and speech . It is hut the other day that daylight -was let in at Rome upon its duugeons , its chains , and instruments of torture , and men rejoiced in the belief that all chance of the restoration of
such an infamous and horrible tribunal was destroyed for ever . It was reserved for thc arms of Republican France to destroy tho illusion , aud to restore Rome to the priestly domination under which , it had so long groaned , and from which it had so nobly emancipated itself . It is not unusual for the Pharisees at home to congratulate themselves , that , in this respect ,
at least , we are superior to other nations . They " thank ( Sod that wc arc not as other men , " or even as these Austrians . In the heat of their imagination they draw glowing pictures of the freedom of writing , speech , and action which exists in this happy land , and look down with au air of lofty superiority , from their assumed elevation , on all the rest of tho world . -
What will such eulogists of our *•• glorious institutions'' say to the legal murder which occurred last week in the Tothill Fields Prison ? The crime for which the victim was condemned to imprisonment , prison diet , regulations , and discipline , was simply his discontent with these institutions , aud his advocacy of others which he thought better fitted to promote the general well-being . However much thc Crown lawyers might , bythe aid of legal phraseology , monster indictments for sedition , " & c , arid factitious exaggeration of all kinds , magnify the assumed offence of Joseph Williams , that was in reality " The head and front of bis offending—No more . "
For this oence the whole machinery of a State prosecution was set in motion against him and _others , at a timo when the mere accusation of being a Chartist was sufficient to ensure a verdict of - 'Guilty" from miildlo-class jurors , too panic-stricken and terrified to he able oithcr to analyse evidence , or coolly examine its veracity and value . As might bo expected , verdicts were in every caso given for the Crown ; aud our honest opinion iu , that if Sir John Jeryis had chosen to try tlio subserviency of juries so far as to indict a Chartist for sedition against Pkhstuh John or the Great Mogul , thoy would havo convicted him ofthe offence .
Thc Judges were nothing loth to sccoud tho efforts of jurors , frightened out of tlieir wits by tho " raw head and blood y hones" stories oftho alarmist Press . Thoy liad thoir cue , and in every iustaticc awarded _sontoneos preposterously severe , compared with tho alleged ofl ' _encos . But then they wero justified in doing so , it was said—by thc _ncccusity for putting
Death Of A Chartist Prisoner And Martyr....
down the discontented and revolutionary spirit which existed in the country , and protecting our " g lorious institutions" from any violent and uncalled-for innovations . Let us trace the story of ono of thoBO vici ' mm of judicial attachment to our cauatiluthm , m recorded ia the revort of the _JnquoBt given in anothei' column . Joseph Williams was a poor * man , hmaum ho was a journeyman l ) iik _«»'» o » fl of the _hsu'dest-worked , _warnt-mud _, nnd _li'idly-paid trades iu London . _Coml'Mined lo _pawelals aud ill-remunerated labour , nl the same Unut that lie was _exclude ! from tin * _possession ofall _political rkflito . ho naturally became
dissatisfied with institution ! -, _wliiuli nramd so _iiimvlly upon him and his class . Ho _baliovoA that there was , or that thoro might easily ho cmated , enough of wealth tot al ) , by _moum ol more just and equitable political and social institutions , The iron of slavery had entered his soul , and he gave utterance to his agony . He demanded liberation for himself and his fellow-toilers—that the British Constitution should become in practice what it was in theory , and that taxation and representation should be co-equal . For this he was—after a trial which admitted of no doubt as to its tot * niiuation--sen tenced to imprisonment as a first class prisoner—that is , without specially being condemned to hard labour . Confinement was therefore all that was strictly and legally _includfid in the sentence of the Judge . But
there is an _tmjierwro in wipe-no in these matters . The county magistrates can overrule the superior courts . They make all the regulations , for thc internal management of the prison ; and once under their rule , the prisoners pass from the jurisdiction of English Law into that of Justices of tho Peace , who are , within the gaol , supremo lords . Thus , in tbe case of Williams and his fellow martyrs for political liberty , who were consiguedtoTothill-ficWs : their sentence did
not include labour , but the prison rules offered them tho option either o f performing the same degrading species of labour as the criminal occupants of the gaol—namely , picking oakum or the payment of five shillings weekly to purchase exemption from the loathsome task . How was a poor mau—whose weekly wages when in work were little more than five shillings—to find the means for buying this exemption ? Clearly , only by the kindness of his friends ; and thus the supporters of tho Constitution had tho double satisfaction of
imprisoning Chartists , and taxing others at the rate of , £ 13 per annum , per head , for each prisoner who thus escaped oakum picking . For some time this tax was paid . At length the money was not forthcoming , and then commenced a series of cold-blooded acts of legalised cruelty , to which we only refrain from attaching their proper designation , because our readers will do so f or themselves , aud moro forcibly than any words of ours .
For his contumacy in refusing to pick oakum , he was sentenced to six days' solitary confinement , audoreaiZ and water diet . The solitary confinement , and its accompanying diet , commenced on the 26 th of August . On tho 28 th—under its influence—he was seized with bowel complaint ; and this , be it remembered , in the very height of tin alarming and terrible pestilence , of which the premonitory symptom and f atal consummation is disease in the bowels . The day after tho complaint was made , the doctor ordered some gruel and medicine , aud being " a healthy
and robust man , the complaint immediately yielded to these simple remedies . But so far from taking warning by the attack , and releasing the victim fromthe iufiuonces that induced it , tho moment it was over he was again placed in solitary confinement , ' and upon the same diet , until the six days had expired . On the third day after his release from " three meals of six _ouuec-s of bread daily , aud as much water as he could drink , " he was again attacked by bowel complaint , placed inthe Infirmary , aud died the next day . Mr . Lavies , the prison surgeon , says " Asiatic cholera "
was the causo of death , Mr . Williams himself said to his father , who visited him before liis death ' That it was no such thing . Ix was STARVATION AND COLD , and NOT CHOLERA . " Who is to be believed—thc medical man , whose obvious interest it is to whitewash the establishment under his care , or a man of sound intellect and healthy mind , who on his death-bed deliberately points out the means by which he has been "done to death ? " We have no hesitation in saying that we believe the murdered man . When " starvation and
cold" produced the _*•* - Tooting pestilence , " it was attempted to show that the wholesale slaughter was owing to Asiatic cholera ; but the decree failed , and the Coroner ' s Juiy branded the contractor with Manslaughter . Even in the case o f poor Williams—Chartist as ho was—tho Jury—while they introduce ' Asiatic cholera" into tlieir verdict on the assurance of the surgeon—put in their own convictions as to the causo of death in the second clause—" and the Jury recommend that the change of diet to bread and water FOR so LONG A PERIOD thould be discontinued . "
On thc strength of this verdict we say Joseph Williams was clearly brought to an untimely end by tho prison discipline and diet of Tothill Fields House of Correction . He was sentenced to imprisonment , and because he would not work at a degrading and disagreeable occupation hc was placed iu such circumstances that his life was sacrificed . He has fallen , in tho prime of life , one more martyr in the cause of Freedom—one ¦ more * witness against . the iniquities and anomalies of our present system . "How long , OLord !"
One question to tho Chartists oftho Empire . The cessation of the five shillings weekly which procured thoir departed brother exemption from oakum picking , was the proximate cause of the solitary confinement , and bread and water diet , which led to his death . There arc other noble martyrs in that and other prisons , who are now giving testimony of tlieir pure and noble devotion to the cause of Chartism ; are any of them to die , because their uuimpvisoned brethren will not supply the means to prevent degradation and bodily suffering from being added to thc privation of liberty , homo , and friends 1
While in the act of closing tho preceding observations , a communication has been put into our hands , from which wo learn that it is intended to give this Chartist Martyr a Public Funeral on Sunday next , ( to-morrow ) . Tho procession will start at two o ' clock in the afternoon , from 28 , Golden Lane , Barbican , aud will proceed through _ChiswcU-sh-eet , Sunstrcot , Bishopsgate-strcet , Church-street aud Bethnal Green , to thc place of interment . Au address will be delivered at thc grave by a sterling domocrat ; and wo cannot doubt but
that due honour will be done by tho Chartists oftho metropolis , to ono , who whilo living fearlessly advocated thoir principles , . and who sealed his faith in them with his life . Iu the nolo accompanying the intimation of the intention to honour the deceased by a public funeral , itis stated "The Corpso is as fresh as thc day ho died , and not in any degree discoloured , so that ho could not havo died o f Cholera . " This is corroborative of tho facts which tho evidence given at tho _lu' _* w > sUh _**» _vW
established iu our own minds , and which evidently induced tho Jury to appond tho qualifying sentence to thoir verdict which we havo quoted . "Whatever may bo tho legal difficulty of substantiating such a position , thoro can bo no doubt hi tho mind of any impartial and reusonablo man , that tho death of _Joseph "William * was caused by his tvoatmont m Tothill Fields Prison , and not by _Af-kvtie Cholera , " 1 ' oaco to his _Mttucs . " " Lot tho peoplo show by the
Death Of A Chartist Prisoner And Martyr....
honour they pay to his remains how they appreciate the Martyra who fall in tho cause of Liberty .
The Cost Of A State Church. Unity 6 F Re...
THE COST OF A STATE CHURCH . Unity 6 f religious belief—conformity to a ¦ ' oil / tin profession of faith—and obediences to _MduHiivfttical discipline , aro the ostensible _objuutH of a Stato Church . In early times when the laws which regulate the formation of opinion wore altogether unknown—or , if _^ partially known , entirely unrecognised , it is not
to bo wondered at that our ancestors _^ should hare attempted to realise an idea in itself essentially impracticable . That nations should havo persisted iu the attempt , through so many ago 8 of downright and utter failure , and in despite of the accumulated evidence which proved its folly , can only be accounted for by tho font , that tho majority of men do not think for themselves , but , like sheep , blindly follow the bell-wethers ofthe flock .
Even under the purely theocratical government of the Jews , tho nation was divided into two great sects . The history of the Church of Rome is one long narrative of struggles against " heresy ; " and its offshoot , the Church of England , has long since abandoned even the semblance of supremo authority over religious opinion . It is content to share a divided rule with organised bodies of Dissenters , whoso existence and religious privileges , as religious corporations , are as fully recognised by the State as its own . The State Church has , therefore , failed to secure the essential object for which it was instituted . It never has succeeded in producing that unity of faith and discipline which
it was intended to establish ; and looking at the numerous agencies now at work for the expansion of the human intellect , we may safely predict that it never will . Further , we may add , that it is not necessary or desirable that it ever should . Individually , every man is called upon to examine all things , and hold fast by that which appears good to him after such examination . Collectivel y thore can be no doubt , that the nations which have been unburdened by Church Establishments have progressed most rapidly in civilisation . Thought and action have , in their case , been unfettered ; and , in the instance of the North American States , less than a _ceutury has produced a nation and empire , which a thousand years of old despotism could not equal .
For tho officers and employes of such an establishment to continue in the receipt o f public money , under such circumstances , is a public fraud , They arc not National , but Sectarian teachers , and ought to be paid by thoso who desire and enjoy the benefit of tlieir services . My neighbour who goes to church whilo I go to chapel—or nowhere as the case may be—has no more right to call upon me to assist in defraying his parsons' bill than his grocer ' s or his butcher ' s . All that any man can be justly asked to do is to pay his own score , either for sermons or sugar , vituals or
rump-steaks . In these days of Malthusian philosophy and Political Economy , the preachers and professors of every modification of doctrine should be taught to " rely upon their own resources as well as the " independent labourers' '—to whom that cardinal principle has beon so long and zealously propounded . The revenues now annually misappropriated by the Bishops aud Clergy of an Ecclesiastical Corporation—which has no claim to them , either on abstract orpractical groundsought to revert to the nation , and be applied to national purposes—that is , to purposes in
the benefits of which all sects and parties could participate . That these revenues are public property , of which the state—in other words the nation—is the real proprietor , is a proposition , in support of which high parliamentary authority might be adduced , apart from thc practical admission of tho fact by tho heads of the Church themselves , - whenever they have occasion to -apply to the Legislature for authority to make any new appropriation of the property they are entrusted with . The union of Church and Stato is purely a financial one . The former pays money on condition that the latter will submit to its control .
Tho State exacts submission on account of its bestowal of public funds ; and the Church in return becomes a political machine instead of a purely religious organization . Financial aid therefore constitutes the real bond of Union between them . A separation of Church and Stato implies that the application of public funds to ecclesiastical purposes should be discontinued , and that these funds should no longer be alienated from the objects to whicli they ought to liave been restricted .
It is a matter of great importance to ascertain the extent to which these national resources have been thus alienated , and by the aid of some recent publications on the subject , wc propose to throw some light on the question ; believing that the popular demand for the restoration of Church revenues to secular uses , will be strengthened hy the disclosure o f the enormous amount of those revenues . The national advantages which would result from
their judicious management and equitable distribution , aro almost incalculable . Though Mr . O'Coxxon has on several occasions given glimpses of their nature aud extent—and wo believe that if tho people at large were awakened to a perception ofthe vast and immediate benefits that would ensue—statesmen and priests would speedily bc compelled to desist from making religion a stalking-horse for their selfish purposes .
Itis , however , difficult to ascertain with exactness , what the actual annual amount of these revenues is . One cause of this difficulty is tho variety of tho sources from whence they tiro derived ; another from thc exemption of church property from any effective public supervision , and tho faulty , if not false and f raudulent , returns , which have beon made to the icgisUvtttvo when such returns were supposed to imply any retrenchment or
interference . The details aro thus shrouded in darkness and complexity , whicli appear to justify tho widely differing estimates of the total amount—varying from the throe or f our millions of Churchmen themselves , to the twolvo or thirteen millions of other parties . Through theso difficulties wc must grope our way , and at tho end of tho investigation if we do not arrive at thc precise amount , a tolerable distinctness of outline may bo attained .
Tho sources of the income of tho State Church may bo thus enumerated : Tithesepiscopal and capitular estates , —fees and offerings—parsonages aud glebe lands—grants for chapels of case—chaplaincies to public and private bodies—besides tho revenues derived from tho exclusive control ' of the universities , and __ from educational and other public charities . Tithes constitute thc largest proportion of
Church revenue ; they are tho tenth part of Uvo annual produce of land , o f tho yearly incroaso arising from stock upon land , and from tho personal industry of tho inhabitants . They wero formerly payable in kind , and consequently varied with tho fluctuations of agriculture and industrial prices and profits . This clement of uncertainty no longer exists to the samo extent , in consequence of thoir commutation into money , by an act passed in 183 $ .
Previous to tho passing of that act , various _computations of the amount yielded by Tithes lnul boon made hy staticiaus . Wliero tho total produce of tho land can bo ascertained the Titho , which bears a fixed proportion to it , cau readily be determined . This proportion is botwoen _onc-filtconth aud ono-twentieth of tho whole ; for two-thirds ofthe produce onl y being tithcablo , one-fifteenth is tho utmost the Clergy can claim ; and as thoy are uot famous for taking less than thoy can demand , _onehvontiothistholowostatwhieh their receipts t , \ v > M bo rated . . Mr , _M-Culmch aud Mr .
The Cost Of A State Church. Unity 6 F Re...
Porter , our two standard authorities on thesa subjects , estimate tho total annual value of agricultural produce at 132 , 500 , 000 / ., of which the Clergy must receive , according to this cal _« culation , from 6 , 000 , 000 / . to 8 , 000 , 000 ? . This estimate is home out in another ' way ! There are upwards of 30 , 000 , 000 of acres under cultivation , of which 20 , 000 , 000 ara subject to clerical tithe . From answers to enquiries instituted hy tho Agricultural Board it appears that the average Tithe per acre was * in 1790 , 4 J ; in 1803 , 5- % ; and in lBig [ 7-94 . Agriculture has very considerably
improved since then , as is demonstrated by tho increase of rents , and the increased produco sent to market , to supply the wants of a _considorably-augmeuted manufacturing and commercial population . There can , therefore , be no injustice in taking the rate of Tithe at least as low as it was in . 1813 , viz . 7-9 _^ , ' which , calculated upon a basis of 20 , 000 , 000 acres , would give a total of 7 , 037 , 500 / . Both theso methods , therefore , give au approximation to the cost the country pays from this source fop tho services of the Parochial Clergy , which fully justify us in setting it down at upwards of six millions sterling .
Theso computations were , however , always decried by the clergy and theiv friends as much too high , and in ordor to ascertain what the amount really was , as well as to furnish the data for some proposed internal improvements , the clergy were required in 1834-5 to make returns of tlieir incomes and of other matters connected with their parishes . Theso returns were made accordingly , and f rom them ifc appeared that the total gross incomes of benefices in England aud Wales amounted only to 3 , 251 , 159 ? ., and the net incomes to 3 , 055 , 451 / . On the faith of those returns , the Church party and its organs lustily abused
the opponents of a State Church , for being guilty ofthe most shameful exaggerations and falsehoods , as to the weight of the burden it imposed on the country . And , even now , these returns are by the same party generally made the basis of any financial calculations , as far as they are not glaringly contradicted by facts which have subsequently transpired . Thc public , at large , were very much surprised at finding the Church they had considered so extremely rich had such a moderate income , and some even went thc length o f suggesting that , as itwas in such impoverished condition , tho legislature should give it liberal aid .
It is well , however , to look at the motives under which these returns were made . It was supposed that the intention of the Government in asking f or them , was to found a measure on the data thereby afforded , which , in some way or other , would trench upon the exclusive clerical possession of Church property . It was , therefore , f elt , the sooner they got rid ofthe popolar impression , that the Church was very wealthy , the better for the present holders , Even conscientious men were impressed with tho opinion , that the dishonesty of false returns was a trivial error , compared with the preservation of the property of the Church . Besides this , the Commission to
which these inquiries was intrusted , did not procure a very searching investigation . It included the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , and tho Bishops of _Loxdox , Lincoln , and Gloucester . The Lord Chancellor , SirR . Reel , as First Lord ofthe Treasury , aud several other laymen , were included , but they were all required to sign a declaration that they were members of the Established Church , and that their duty was to " consider the state of the several dioceses in England and "Wales , with reference to the amount of their revenues , and the more equal distribution of Episcopal duties ; " not the more equal distribution of income for tlie duties performed .
From a Commission so constituted minute and searching inquiries could not be expected . It may be judicious to " sot a thie f to catch a thio ' f , " when their interests are opposed , or where the thief-catcber can gain by serving the law ; but in this instance the interests of the questioners aud thc respondents ran on all fours , and it was , of course , well understood by them that over-minuteness in such delicate matters would not be required in the returns . Tho consequence was , that although verified by a body of men who ought to he patterns of veracity , they were very generally disbelieved . It was not long before their falsehood was demonstrated . The Tithe Commutation Bill
passed mto law 111 1838 . The frequent squabbles between thc clergy and then * parishioners as to the amount of tithe really payable , compelled thc legislature to interfere for the purpose of preventing the parsons from appearing in the character of " shearers , " not '' shepherds '' of their flocks . Not that it was intended to reduce the amount of wool actually taken off the hacks of the latter . By no moans : tho clergy would rather have continued their collisions with the tithe payers to the end of time . Tho object was to collect the tithe in quietness , and to do this a change
was proposed in tho nature of the property . Tithes were converted from a tax into a rent charge , and payments in kind exchanged for payments in money . This alteration compelled the parsons to reconsider their average incomes . But they did so under opposite motives to those by which they were actuated in 1834 . Then it was their interest to make them as low as possible , aud thoy did so , as we have seen . Now , however , " tho cat jumped the other way ; " and they showed themselves equally prepared to jump with it . Never in tlie history of the world was thero
an example of property so rapidly increasing in value as Church property in thoso four years ! Tho incomes of these truthful , pious men had , in fact , more than doubled in that short time I The rent-charge now amounts to nearly four millions , or nearly a million m & re than tho total income of the " Church returned iu 1834 , though little more thau onehalf of the tithe has yet been commuted 1 Every return and report , since tho propert y was placed on this secure basis by the Act of 1838 , exhibits demonstrative proof of the
falsehood and fraud practised by the clergy iu their former returns , and stamp upon them as a body a character which renders them unfit to bo thc -mora / teachers of the people , however well adapted they maybe for spiritual instruction . "W e cannot better substantiate this strong statement than by quoting the following table of specimens , selected from an inuume _* rable host of similar examples by a writer who has carefully analysed the returns of the two chilereut periods . Thoy will suffice to show how the parsons play fast and loose with hgures when it suits their interest :
Benefice . County . i _XetlncomeRc- * Present J turned m 1831 . 'Rciit-chge Sto \ v-cum .. 0 . uy Cambridge ... £ 52 £ 53 _^ Cam Gloucester .... 05 s _^ o Marston Hereford 55 _oj j GhuUk'Sdon .. Hertford , 2 i 0 75 Q Help-rave .... Leicester uo 45 _,-Northorjie .... Lincoln 43 413 K . U *!* slmvy .... Middlesex .... _-n * _cqq Tottenham .. Middlesex 300 goo Llamvnog .... Montgeiuerv . . 47 2 "U Kirkllngton .. _Xottingltani .. VJ kqq
The incumbent of Stow-cum-Quy and the other Jene / _iciam in this list , must have consciences more clastic than India rubber , and we hope thoy aro satisfied with thc bargains they have made under the new law . Certainly an increase from fifty-two to five hundred and thirty pounds a-year , is an astounding one ? But , leaving tliese individual instances of the bad faith and falsehood exhibited by the _Clergy
ami tlieir supporters on the subject of Church income , lot us sum up the result of this _hro-stigatiou into the actual annual amount of tithe After making an amplo allowance for a \ l kinds ot deductions , wc believe that it mav he fairly set down at 0 , 000 , 000 / . sterliug / This will give to each of the 10 , 710 benefices of the Established Church , an average income of oOQ ( ., and that income is of course actuall y greater to tho recipients , because , though _pluralrtics m formally mkI nominally forbidden ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 15, 1849, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_15091849/page/4/
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