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rHE CHAMBERS' PHILOSOrilY REFUTED. LABOU...
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Sent For Whole Time I Took Omvthe Intest...
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Rhe Chambers' Philosorily Refuted. Labou...
rHE CHAMBERS' PHILOSOrilY REFUTED . LABOUR PLEADING ITS OWS CAUSE . THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYED . A FAMILIAR DIALOGUE . —TART V . Old Robin and Richard Jackson visit Shoddy Mil by special invitation , and are received by Mr . Smith m his study . ( Concluded from last metk _' s paper . ) Smith . —Well but now , Robin , how could all the poor people possibly make laws ? Surely they cannot understand the complexity , the intricacies , and the niceties of law-making _* Robin . —Ecod , they ' re too nice , intricate , and complicated ; but I'll tell thee what old John of Greenfield , Yorkshire prophet , said , when Milton ax * d him at nomination : "John , " said fold Lord ; " John , " says he , " what ' s thou know about making laws V "Ifowt , " said John ; " nowt about making shoes either ; but I know when a chap makes a pair that pinches my toes—and _danin'd if he shall make any more for me . " Now , _thata just the thing , maister Smith ; _Jpoor folk isn't all going up to't " hoyle , " to Lunnon , to make laws , but they want ip send chaps there that would'nt make laws to pinch their toes , as tho old prophet said . And , ecod , if they did , poor folk would tell them at the end of the year , when't account came in , to go about their business , as laws wer * nt worth poor folk's money , as pinched poor folk ' s toes . Smith . —Well but , Robin , what would you havo the representatives do ? Robin . —Why Lord Milton axed old John same qne * - iionj He said— "John , " says he , " what ' s thou know about making laws ? " " I know nowt , " says John , " about making laws ; bnt I know this—I know that all the stuff i' the world were made for all thc folk i' tho world , and I aint my share of it ; and _Iwantlawstogivememyshare . " _A ow , maister Smith , weren ' t that more sense than all Chambers ' rubbish ? And as working folk can't get their share without law , ecod , they must only combine together , and see if they can't change the law , and keep up't ¦ wa ge like , by "Trades Unions , " and " combinations , " until they get law to do it for them . Smith . —Well " but , Robin , now how could laws possibly interfere with the rate of wages ? Robin . —Aye , dearee me , what rubbish you do talk . Don't law interfere with everything ? Doesn't know that there was a time when King and Parliament combined to keep up wages and keep down price of food . See liere , see all Acts of Parliament I i have here for seven hundred years gone . See here when all Kings—Edward ' s , HarryV James ' s , Richard ' s , old Bess—ecod , all had laws to keep down prices of food and keep up price of wage . See here , maister ; Smith . ; sec old Acts , commanding justices of the peace , sherifis , and , all officers of the county to _; meet , and declare the price of food , and to punish ] all as shall refuse to sell at that rate . Ecod , but I j remember , —aye , its four score year now sin' old j Samuel Dodge was put in the pillory ; and what for think , maister Smith ? j Smith . — -Well , I really don't know , Robin , but it \ must be some dreadful crime , as the pillory was a degrading and shocking punishment . Robin . —Eh , thou'rt right , maister Smith : it were a dreadful crime ; it werc at beginning of a hard summer , and provisions were getting scarce ; and Samuel goes out and buys 'taturs , and corn , and things as was coming into market ; and when market opened there was but little choice for poor folks that wanted to buy , as they were obliged to go to Samuel , as he had bought stock up . Well , Samuel thought to rise the price a-bit ; and folk went for beadle , and beadle went tor justice , and justice com'd down , and all poor folk flocked round him ; I never seed such a sight ; and justice told beadle to bring Samuel before him , and , ecod , he was put in the pillory , and justice ordered that all the stuff should be sold at the rated price . Now , maister Smith , in them old times the law called this "forestalling , " and it had great deal about " engrossing , " "forestalling , " and " regratiiig ;" and , ecod , all them laws meant that folk should be pnnished if they speculated in prices of poor folks food ; and what do you think , maister Smith , ecod , for third offence it was death . Well now , just see here ; nowlook down at the big warehouses , full of wheat and oats , and folks starving , and owners buying and piling up , and , ecod , trying to make a scarcity togetabigpricefortheloaf ; and , ecod , they arc called - _^' anti-monopolists . " Why , good God of heaven , j if Samuel Dodge deserved pillory , eighty years ago , be- j fore our common was stolen , and when we hadn't one- \ third of our present population to feed , ecod , every one of them there rascals with big corn-stores " regrating" " engrossing , " and forestalling" poor folk's food , should be sent to work in the chain gang , instead of poor Frost , that felt for poor folk . Why , maister Smith , ain't it a common thing now to hear men , them there patriots , free traders ; them there chaps as is for cheap food—ain't it a common thing to hear them in _coltee-shop , aye , and in open street too , speak this way loike : " Well , maister Grudge , bad prospect of _liarvest this year : now ' s the time to buy wheat , it ' s sure to be dear ; " and so with 'taturs and beasts , and flour ; and , ecod , if there ' s two or three cloudy days , baker will put sixpence © r happen ten-pence a stone on to poor folk ' s j sour . Now , maister Smith , in olden times some of i them there patriots would have been putin the pillory , ! andmorc on them would be hung ; and , ecod , now them j very chaps does it in open day ; and , ecod , folk aro to j tend them into parliament , to keep down wage , and keep up price of food . Eeod , but they call themselves poor folk ' s best friends ; while they ' ve got , as old John would say , all the stuff of thc country that belongs to all the folk in the country . _Ivow , maister Smith , doesn ' t know that in reign of Henry IY ., when landlords were feeding sheep on land , because wool was very dear , and folk could not get food , ecod , Hal come down to Parliament and told Commons how folk must be fed first , and Commons made law that squires and landlords shouldn ' t feed so many Bhecp as " woran press _jiaudlt ufo . y the keaxs of bubsisiexce . " Baint that one of thc free trade gammons , maister Smith , how population presses too hardly upon thc means of subsistence ? Smith . —Yes , ltobin , certainly thatis one of their sayings ; and don't you think there is much wisdom in it ? Robin . —Wisdom , yea , great wisdom , in making philosophyfirst , and then giving it good name . But , maister Smith , was there much-wisdom in taking three thonsand acres of " ould common" from all folk i't parish and giving it all to one man ? Ecod , Maister Smith , it ' s the only big man with big throat that swallows up all , and not poor folk that presses hardly " npon the means of subsistence . " Smith . —Well but , Robin , just see what the wage of a working man was in those times , when the law protected it . We read oi tour-pence a day with food , and five-penec a day without food , and just see what a difference now-a-days . Robin . —Well now , Maister Smith , I'll tackle thee upon that . A . man would get four-pence a day , and Ins food , good food , for the odd penny . Now then , Maister Smith , that's a day ' s wage in olden time , feeding five able bodied workmen ; and , ecod , I'd like to see the men now , single men , that did live as folk \ did them times , and save four shillings out of every live of his wage . And , ecod , thc four shillings saved would do as _^ much as four pound now . Kow then , Maister Smith , there's difference of time ; and then see that was all done by combination . Look at all them there laws , and then there guilds—the Tailors ' suild , the Goldsmiths' guild , the Clotlrnrorkers ' guild , tue Saddlers' guild , and all them there guilds for regulating wages , for building ainis-houses , and supportingfoik- —wasn't that combination ? And now , ecod , folk is obliged to combine to support one another when they are siek or out of work , and to bury one another " when they are dead ; aye , ecod , they'll let poor folk " combine" fast enough when it ' s i to screw pence out of poor folk ' s selves to do what law ought to do for them . j Smith . —Well , upon my honour , Robin , there is certainly no resisting the overpowering strength of your argument ; bnt yet see how different the appearance _^ of the working classes and their mode of living now is , when compared "with their former condition and habits .
Robin . —Former condition and habits 3 why whore did ' st learn that stuff ? Smith . —Why we read daily of the vast improvement made by the working classes . I take my information from the newspaper press , and from the great improvements made in every direction—better clothing , better cottages , better furniture than they could possibly have in those barbarous times . Robin . —Barbarous yon call them . Ecod , I'd combine to-morrow to make us all such barbarians again . I thought I'd hear snmmat of that sort , and
I brought up with me what the King ' s Lord Chancellor , Sir John Fortescue , wrote to the King ' s son , in ihereign of Henry the Sixth ; and now , maister Smith , here it is . Good authority , I think , coming from the lung ' s Lord Chancellor ; better nor all that rubbish in the press of middle-folk , and Chambers ' tracts . The old English Chancellor says : — The King cannot despoil the subject , without making ample satisfaction for the same ; he cannot , by himself or his ministry , lay taxe 3 , subsidies , or any imposition whatever , upon the subject ; HE cannot _altee the iaws , oa MAKE SEW oses , WITHOUT TUB _EXTEESS CONSENT
OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED : every inhabitant is at his liberty fully to use and enjoy whatever his farm produccth , the fruits of the earth , the increase of his flock , and the like : aU the improvements he makes , whether by his own proper industry or of those he retains in his service , are his own to use and enjoy , without the lett , interruption , or denial of any . If lie be in any wise injured , he shall have his amends and satisfaction against the party offending : HENCE it is that the inhabitants of England are rich in goM , sitter , and all the necessaries _andcouvemences of life . They drink no _ioater _, unless at certain times , upon a religious score , and by way of doing penance . They are fed in great abundance with all sorts of Jlesh and fish , of which they havejptoify everywhere ; they are clothed , _throughout , in gooiwooUens ; their _lidding and other furniture in their houses are of wool , ami that in great store ; ( bey are also vx , provided with all _sovtsef _J-oiweJiold goods ,
Rhe Chambers' Philosorily Refuted. Labou...
andneeessarg implements for husbandry ; every one accord ing to his-rank _, hath oil things which induce to " make life easy ani happy . " And after this he observes , that these are ths effects of laws which are founded upon the p rinciple , that" a Icing is given for the sake of ihe kingdom , a nd not a kingdom for ihe sahs of a king . " Now , what _doest Bay to that style of barbarism , maister Smith ? Smith . —Well , upon my honour , Robin , I really don't know what to say . One hears and reads so much stuff in Chambers' Journal , and newspapers
that I declare I thought the English were barbarians , and all prowling beggars and vagabonds before the introduction of machinery . Robin . —Introduction of the devil ! Ecod , I'll tell thee , maister Smith , when I was born , —that ' s now near handninetyyears sin ' , the King of England hadn't such a carpet as that , nor King of England hadn't such cloth in his coat as thou hast now , nor such boots , nor gold chain ; nor , ecod , carriage or horses . Smith ( smiling ) . —Ah , ah , ah ! Why perhaps not , Robin ; but see what a palace the Queen haa got , and what furniture she has .
Robin—Eh , ecod , that ' s not the thing ; but feather bed and bedstead that the old folk kept , and that I were born in , is thc only bit of good furniture in my house now : and , ecod , I can't live as well as faither , nor as well as I did before machinery came up . Now , maister Smith , I'll tell thee how tilings were with Eoor folk before they were compelled to live from and to mouth , and when there wero very little money in the country : when faither d ' eed I were twenty-five _yeafc of age , and I got a cottage and acre of land for nine shilling a year . Well , I had grass for a cow , and ' appen a heifer on common , if it weren't overstocked . And when I had work at my trade , I'd work ; and when trade was slack , I go into 't field , and I'd work there : and , eh ! what a Devil ' s Dust it were then ,
compared to now ! There weren't a better labourer in the parish ; and when poor Robin grew up to bealad , and after he had done schooling , mother bought a loom for him out of milk , butter , and vegetables . Mother would say to Robin , "Now , Robin , there ' s agood lad , finish thy task early , and thou mun make hay , or weed with faither "—and eh , my God , but the shuttle would fly like lightning , and ltobin would whistle , and all young folk would set to reeling and winding to come out at same time wi' Robin . 0 , butit was a beautiful sight to see poor folk coming out of a spring morning to sec tho garden after a shower : and then to see them at three o ' clock , when the day ' s work were done inside , running like mad to the spade , and the hoe , and thc rake ; and mother , with't baby in her
arms , looking atfaithcr and children working , and the birds on the wall in cages that would siug as if they thanked God . Aye , deareo me , how the news would go thro' 't Tillage that Will this , or Ben that , or Jack so and so , had first early lettuce , or first bunch , of radishes , or first dish of 'taturs . Eh , to see them looking at first dish ! and then to see flowers growing , and sec all folk with nosegays , picking and choosing to see which old parson Flower liked best on Sundays . Eh , maister Smith , instead of lashing the flesh ' off back of poor babies of nine years of age , mother then need only say , "Now , Bess , if thou baint a good girl for the rest of the week , thou shan't have a nosegay for parson Flower on Sunday ; " the child would be good I'll warrant me . Well now , maister
Smith , what if votes got money to keep French out , took common from us , and machinery took acre of land from me . ? Smith . —Machinery take the acre of land from you —why how did machinery do that ? Robin . —How did machinery do it ? Why , God bless my life , when w » 11 after mill were built , all the land in Devil ' s Dust were wanted for banks and churches , and police barracks , and station houses , and lock-ups , and warehouses , and lawyers' offices , and shops , and cottages for poor devils to starve in ; and , ecod , down comes lawyer Grind and gives me notice to quit , and sticks up big bills all over my acre of ground that _grandfather held , and faither held , and I held under * t squire : but , ecod , Grind bought it ,
and then were all them bills with "This eligible plot of ground to be let or sold for building on ; " and , ecod , all the gardens in Devil ' s Dust were served alike ; lawyer Grind , and lawyer Squeeze , and lawyer Quill , and all the whole bunch of devils , bundled poor folk out ; and now , maiater Smith , there ' s police barrack , bank , church , lock-up , session house , bcershop , billiard table , and brothel , all standing on my acre of ground ; and , ecod , if Shoddy Hall , and them there buildings , don't press hard npon my means of subsistence , I wonder at it : and then who'll tell me that all the money that I hear of being in the country now , and that forces me to live from hand to mouth , is as good for me as " _common" and " acre of ground ? " Altho ' rich folk like it best , ' cause poor folk can never leam the Talue in their labour when machinery docs their work , and it allows rich folk to gamble in their
labour , without knowing what profit is made of it . Doesn't that press harder on poor folk ' y Devil ' s Dust than all Corn Laws ever Parliament made ? Ecod , maister Smith , but we have queer laming now-adays . Ecod , but they sell poor folk ' s land by yard to build on , and steal poor folk ' s common ; then , eeod , when they ' ve took all , they tell us that poor folks is too many for land . Ecod , it's rich folk is too many for land ; and they tell us to go all the way all over the world for produce of other folk ' s land . Now , maister Smith , the more folks comes into the world , thc more land they want ; and , ecod , thc more they wanted , the more rent they must pay for it . So , do you see , maister Smith , somehow or another , poor folk be taxed when they come into the world—they be taxed all the days that they live in the world ; and , ecod , as old Jem Tot told Parson Barebones at vestry , t ' other day , they bo taxed going out of the world too .
Smith . —How's that , Robin ? Robin . —Well , I'll tell you . Parson and Jem had some words over church-rates , and Jem says to parson , " Why , " says he , " ecod , that thou hast richest farm of ground ' y Devil ' s Dust . " " Why , " says he , " parson , " says he , "there ' s acre in church-yard , and there ' s four thousand eight hundred square yards in acre , and ecod , large and small , thou pack ' st poor folks into about square yard , and makes them pay ten shillings for 'hoyle , ' and ecod , there ' s £ 2 , 400 an acre . " " Pooh , pooh , " says the parson . " Gammon , " says Jem , " you puts ' em two deep too ; ecod , two crops like , and four if be . " Now , baint that a tax , maister Smith ?
Smith . —Yes , Robin ; bnt then the working classes have burial societies though . Robin . —Aye , aye , there it is , ecod ; the law let them do _thatj and _barristcr'ill certify that , and maisters will tell them it's all reet . Is that combination ? Smith . —Well now , Robin , you are hinting a good deal about thc land , but surely you don ' t mean to turn poor operatives from the warm atmosphere of a cotton mill to work in thc open ah * . I am sure , Robin , your heart ' s too tender tor that : and then how could you expect them , some of them stricken in years , to learn the science of agriculture ?
Robin . —Ecod , but thou _makast me laugh , maister Smith . Thou thought very little of turning poor folk from field and fresh air into hot oven , and , ecod , there was no difficulty at all in the way of eloupolGs learning new trade when maisters wanted them , but now , ecod , folks arc thought to forget all about spade and land . Now just look here , maister Smith , it farming were to turn lip bestformakingmoney , ecod , but we'd hear of nowt but the healthy labour of a farmer , the honourable ocenpation of a farmer , and all newspapers would be crammed full of that like ; but now , maister Smith , when rich folk can speculate on poor folklabour without land , and make thirty , and forty , and fifty per cent , on it , then , ecod , you'd think that a spado was a mariner ' s compass , and that hoe and rake were like freemason ' s square and compass . Why , look here , maister Smith , it took me seven
years to learn to make a pair of shoes , and I prick my finger wi' awl and hit thumb wi' hammer as often as leather , and bum my hands up when end would miss wax , and cut my hands when I'd be closing , before I knew how to work elbow , and other man should cut for me , but , ecod , maister Smith , somehow or another natur seems to have cutman out for land , for , ecod , the _v-erylnrst cabbage I ever stuck in ground , it grew just as well as ifl'dsarvcdmy apprenticeship . I'd go and see fanner Stretch a bit , and go and look at Squire ' s gardener , that used to come down ' y season and shew folk what to do , and then , in short time , when all folk ' y Devil ' s Dust do crow a bit for pot _thcniselses , ecod , hut there come six gardeners , and but they had all enough to do . I'd have one a day , and another would have one a day , and so on ; they were better combination nor lawyers , maister Smith .
Smith . —Well , upon my honour , Robin , I believe you ; and now , Robin , just a single word about early marriages , temperance , early education , a good system of emigration , better ventilation , and cheerful parks for the working class to exercise in , with mechanics ' institutes as a mental resource , and , as cleanliness is next to godliness—bathsfor the working classes , versus thc land and combination ; and , upon my honour , Robin , I'll be bound by the conscientious impression that your reasoning shall make upon my judgment ; and now , Robin , bo brief , and then we'll have a chop and glass of old English ale , and you must drink my toast , or I'll drink yours .
Robin . —Eeod , that ' s fair , and spoke-Kite a man , maister Smith , and I'll bo short . Early marriages . Now , maister Smith , when I was a young man , old folk were always trying to marry young folk before they got too set like , so that they might grow up to one another ' s ways , and would hive one another , and help one another , and that woidd keep young folk out of harm ' s way , and make lads aud lasses tasty like , and thrifty ; lass would loam housekeeping , sewing , and cook a bit , and neighbours would all know it , for mother would tell it , and lad would be neet like in
his dress , and work a bit extra to treat lass , and he'd learn to dance in evenings , and happen have watch , and bit o' trinket like ; and then , voung folk would grow np together , and _-chuuren would giow up together , and young married folk would be sound and hearty to earn for childred , not to work ' em too young ; then , maister Smith , marriage state were a happy one , and , as Chambers says , was "a sacred and proper institution , " but now , ecod , its like cattle market ; old men wheedle young lasses and marry to get their wage , and young lads many
Rhe Chambers' Philosorily Refuted. Labou...
old wives to get bit of brass , then , ecod , the old man ' s young wife , and the old wife's young husband come together , and they Bwkes what they calls a moral marriage , and see what a sacred and proper institution that is . See Queen , how folk praised her for marrying so young , and see how folk ring bells . and piay , and thank God for all her " bairns , " Maister Smith , believe me , that there ' s nowt like folk that's to live all their lives together , being welded while they ' re both hot : for , ecod , thou'll see that a red iron and a cold bar won't unite ,-maister Smith . Smith .-Well , Robin , we'll go on step by step , and
I candidly confess that you havo justified thc early marriages , and now for temperance . Robin . —Temperance . Give a man a comfortable home , maister Smith , let wifo keep key of cock , and then see how soon beer-shops aud gin palaces will close shutters , and how folk ' 11 open their eyes and stare , and point finger , when they see a fuil drank instead of working for HIMSELF , maister Smith , — mind , for HIMSELF . Smith . —Well , Robin , you have completely satisfied mo upon that subject : and now for early education .
Robin . —Well , maister Smith , let folic many when they arc young , work for themselves , or , if they work for others , let their wage be regulated by what they could earn for themselves , and then folk would educate their own children . Aye , and take a pride in it too , maister Smith . Smith . —Capital , Robin , capital , you ' re a perfect philosopher , you haven't lived for nothing , Robin ; and now for emigration , aro you friendly to that , Robin ? Robin . —Tea , maister Smith , that's the host scheme
I hear yet , but , ecod , I'd let parsons , bishops , lawyers , and all three of them idlers go over and consecrate ground first ; and then , ecod ,. when shepherds and wolves went , folk would be looking for more hands to come and till soil . Maister Smith , if I had my way , no man that could work , and was willing to work , should quit ould spot as long as there was a bit of ground to be cultivated . Smith . —Well , upon my honour , Robin , I think I ' m in favour of your cargo , but where would you send thom to ?
Robin . —Why , to hell , and give ' em Devil for pilot . Smith . —Ah ! ah ! ah ! upon my honour , Robin , it ' s only turn about , that ' s where they tell poor folk they'll go . And now , Robin , what do you say to ventilation , baths , parks , and mechanics' institutes ? Robin . —Ecod , I says gammon to all them ; never you fear when man be paid for his labour but he'll havo exercise enough , and he'll have good air too , and I'll wan-ant me he , wont want water to wash , and he can make an institute of his own house . Smith . —Very good , very good , ltobin—very good indeed ; but what do you want the land for ? I have told you over and over again that it is not the price of commodities , but the supply of hands that
regulates wage . Robin . —Well , maister Smith , now that's just coming to apoint—that ' s just whole question of combination . Trades entes into union , and pays their subscriptions into fund , to supportthe trade when on strike , or to keep the surplus hands , rather than allow them to compete , Some keep them on tramp , some give them standing wage , sonic pay them so much a mile and bed and supper money , and so much a Sundays ; now that ' s taxing poor honest folic that work , to pay honest folk that can't get work , and the fund is to support the surplus when restriction fails to give all work . Well now , thou ' st admitted that fifty hands , in a thousand being idle will reduce wage of all thousand , and the trade that they belong to must either support them in idleness out of thc " box , " and they'll drink then , maister Smith , or ,
that chaunel of industry being closed against them , they must open another , and thc only one they have capital for is the land . And now , maister Smith , I'll make a sum for thee . Suppose fifty in the thousand to be out of work , and suppose ten shillings a week each satisfies them , and keeps them off competing with them at work ; now , maister Smith , that ' s £ 25 a week , and that ' s £ 1300 a year going out of the " box , " and if trade , instead of spending money in that fashion , took land for them and paid a good man to manage it for them , he'd be worth his hire , it would pay the fifty thirty shillings a week each and put thirty shillings a week for each into "box " as well . Now , maister Smith , that would be making £ 3 , 1100 a year , and giving folk thirty shilling a week instead often , instead of losing thirteen hundred a year , and only giving folk ten shillings a week to live
upon . Smith . —What ' s that ! What's that , Robin ? Do you mean that only fifty in a thousand , or ono in twenty , is to go on the land—merely those that can't get work at their own trade without reducing the wage of others by competition ? Upon my honour , if that's what you mean , I know nothing that could be more just ; but I always thought that the cry about the land meant the destruction of maeluncry , and a wholesale return to agricultural pursuits . Robin . —Ecod , you'll always hoar stuff enough about owt that ' s just to benefit poor folk ; but that ' s just what I mean—I mean just what maisters mean . They want to open markets for their capital , aud I want to open markets for the poor folk ' s labour .
Let their markets be all over world m big ships , and let poor folks that can ' t skill all those questions , have market that'll fill belly at home , and clothe back , and lodge folk , and furnish house ; and then , maister Smith—ecod , thou'lt find , when poor folk have land , and they'll bless the man that'll invent machines for digging and raking , and sowing and reaping , and planting ; for then , maister Smith , machinery would be man ' s holiday , and he'd love it ; but now it ' s man ' s curse , and ho hates it . Why , see here , maister Smith , wherc ' s thc use in nibbling and scraping with bits of old sayings , like , '' population presses too hardly on the means of subsistence , " and " competition , " and " buying in the cheapest , and selling in the dearest market , " and the injustice of
put ! ing any restriction or interfering witli the wage of working man . All such things is all gammon : _, for , in spite of all , we sec tho _' owncrs of machinery piling up millions day after dav _, in all seasons , all harvests , all fluctuations , in good and bad trade ; while poor folk in Devil ' s Dust , and elsewhere , baint able to stand out agin a single week's idleness . I'll tell thee , maister Smith , when I soo rich folk subscribe money to try the experiment of what labour on tlio land is worth—ecod ! I'll believe they ' re the poor man ' s friend . But when I see them doleing out charity , and subscribing thousands for parks , and baths , and ventilation , and emigration , to keep idle folic quiet like , ecod ! that ' s all fear and no justice ; and when I see rich folk combining to pay seven
millions a year poor-rates to support poor folk , rather than spend a guinea in teaching them the values of their own labour , , ecod ! then , Maister Smith , I think it ' s time that poor folk should combine to defend themselves . And as thou admits the surplus of hands is the thing that regulates price of wage , then I say that every man of every trade i' England should turn his mind to provide for the surplus ; and I defy all the writers in tho world to point out any other channel tor the employment of tho surplus but the land ; and give poor folk land , maister Smith , and then thou'll have no poorrates to pay , then thou'll have no police , no parish litigation , no strikes or turn-outs , no soldiers , in a short time , and thou'll see whether Englishmen
employed at home wouldn't he better customers to manufacturers at their own door , than them there Chinese and Indians , and South Americans , and all the rest of them . Maister Smith , there's more good than bad iu every man . The present brings out the bad ; let's try our hands at bringing out good , and then , hero it is , maister Smith , you sec as long as Queen and rich folk live on dissipation , they'll never put it down : and as long as idle sons of rich folic can get job in army or navy , or police , or law courts , or church , ecod , thou'll always find ministers and their friehds telling poor folk that their own depravity and immorality make all them like necessaiy . And now , maister Smith , hast shown thee all about combination , and land , and free-trade , and what poor folk mean by protection for labour—by the law .
Smith . —Why , Rohin , not exactly the applicability of present laws to the settlement of wage ; but I quite agree with you that God , in liis wisdom , intended that there should be a sufficiency of food for all those he was pleased to bring into the world . Robin . —Wcll , maister Smith , thou don't understand thc meaning of the law , and I'll tell thco all about it in one word , but first I ' ll tell thee a story about a shoemaker that lived in Chester , and a bit of a spree he had with bishop . Daniel , for that was chap ' name , was working one day , when in comes bishop . ' Well , Daniel , " says bishop , " I hear thou bee ' s a great agitator . " " I s ' pose I be , " savs Daniel . "Well , Daniel , " says bishop , "I hear that thou puts down all want and bad things happen to bad laws and aristocracy . " " Thou he _.-u- * st reet enough , " says Daniel . " Wh y , Daniel , " savs bishon . " doesn't
know that all suffering of poor folk is curse of God for their sins and wickedness , and immorality ?" "Nowt the sort , " says Daniel , " it ' s all a damned lee . " " Why , Daniel , " says bishop , stamping , " doesn't know that God Almi ghty never sent a mouth _' into the world without sending enough to put into it . " Well , maister Smith , now mind what Daniel said . Daniel heard that bishop was queer like , when he was at college , and used to be out at neet wi , lasses and bishop had no children , and Daniel was always a regular hard-working honest man , and he has ten children , and "Yea , " says Daniel , putting down the " last , " and looking in bishop's face , " yea , " says he , " I know , that as well as thou , but I'll tell thee where all the differ is , " " Where ? " says bishop . " Here , " says Dan , " God Almighty sent all mouths to my shop , and tho Parliament all meat to thine . " Eh , bishop cut . Smith ( roariug with laughter . ) A capital answer , Robin . And now about law in ono word , Robin ?
Robin . —Vote , maister Smith . Vote—that ' s the ticket ; and land ' s the soup , maister Smith . So vote and land be ticket for soup . Smith . —Give me your hand , Robin , give me your hand . You have hit the nail upon the head—I was wondering how vou'd wind up your argument . Come now , Rohin , fill to my toast , a bumper , Rohin , a
Rhe Chambers' Philosorily Refuted. Labou...
bumper of good old English ale , that every man that wishes ought to have at home . Come , Jackson , Jackson . —Thank you , sir . I'm a tee-totaller . ;' , ' / Smith . —Come then , Robin , ' you . and'I for ' it . Here ' s that we may live to see the restoration of old English times , old English fare , old English holidays , and old English justice , and every man live by the sweat of his brow ; when the gaol was a terror to the wicked instead of a refuge for the , destitute , when her hardy honest peasantry were their country ' s nride when the weaver worked at his own loom , and
stretched his limbs in his own field , when the laws recognized the poor roan ' s right to an abundance of everything , when he was willing to work as the first " Hen" upon the Land of the country ; and as the corrupt votes of others conferred the people ' s land npon an idle aristocracy , may we soon see the day when an enfranchised community shall regain those rights and property of which they have been robbed by an idle usurping oligarchy . Come , Robin , three cheers , fill your glass and cheer . Robin . —Ecod , but I'll do that . Take off wig too . Here ' s to the aforesaid , and sooner the better .
Jackson . —Hold , hold . My word , if I never took another drop , I ' ll pledge tho Squire ' s toast . Robin . —Eh , he ' s real Squire now . Smith . —Come , hands around . Here ' s to tho aforesaid , and the vote to accomplish it . Robin . —With three times three . Smith . — -Nino times nine . Robin and Jackson . —With all my heart , with all my heart , and one cheer more . Smith . —Well now , Robin , there ' s no use In talking without acting , how much land would you say was enough to occupy a man ' s labour fully ? Robin . — 'Well , four acres is over much , but man could manage it .
Smith . —Four acres ! Well , Jackson , do yon and every man that worked for me , and can't get employment at their own job , and that wishes to go on the land , come up to-morrow , and , upon my honour , I'll divide the sheep walk into farms of four acres each , and I'll try the experiment . Jackson . —Thank you , sir , but we ' ve no money to build cottages , or to live till crops come round . Smith . —Pooh , pooh , I'll do all that , and charge you fair interest for the outlay . ; Jackson . —Only give us the cottage and land , sir , and charge what interest you please , and take my hcad off my shoulders , if ever you are disappointed when you call for the rent . Smith . —Well , couio , now we'll have a chop ; poor Robin is tired , I'll send him home in the gig , and I must go up to thc sheep walk to make my arrangements .
Robin . —Ecod , I ' m not tired now , I'll walk home , and , ecod , I wont look so blue at ould common any more , though , ecod , I can't forget cow when I had it for nowt . Smith . —Well , come , Robin , here ' s some satisfaction for you . Here goes all thc League ' s tracts , and all the rest ofthe rubbish into the fire together , Robin . —Ecod , that will do , and now thou mun do what thou like wi' common . Good bye , maister Smith . God of heaven bless thee . Come along , Jackson , strighten thy back , and hold up thy head , man , thou'll soon mate another fivo hundred now _. Smith . —Good bye , Robin ; good bye , Jackson ; Robin , I mustn't forget you . You ' ll come and bring up your traps to the porter ' s lodge , and you shall have acre for less than nine shillings , and let Jackson and his friends " COMBINE" to till it for you .
Robin . —Thank yc , maister Smith . * Thank ye . Ecod , that ' s something like "COMBINATION , " hut , thanking thee all the same , I'll live and , dee' m ould spot , where faither and _grandfather lived and dee'd before mo . Smith . —Well , Robin , if you prefer that , I shan't interfere with your choice , but I'll take care that you shan't want for anything for the remaining years of your life . Robin . —Eh , but I can say nowt . My ould heart ' s so full , God bless thee ! God bless thee ! God Almighty bless thee ! Coonie along , Jackson , or I shall make fool of old eyes , ecod .
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Horrible Case Op Fratricide, Axd Committ...
Horrible Case op Fratricide , axd Committal op tiie ; BR < mrER for Trial . —Staffordshire has become the scene of another shocking murder , and there is too much reason to fear that the diabolical crime was perpetrated by a brother . Tho murder was committed on the night of Friday week , at a place called Biddulph , in the Moorlands , about six miles from Congleton . The condition of the unfortunate parties was that of small farmers . Thomas Brough , the deceased , lived at the New Brent Farm , in the parish of Biddulph . It would appear that he was a man who , by parsimonious habit , had succeeded in accumulating some little property , and was the owner of Whitelield Farm , which is situate near his own house . Whitcfiold Farm had boon in tho occupation of his
widowed mother and his brother John Brough , for a little more than twelve months . The mother was the recognised tenant , though , it would seem that thc brother John managed the farm , and was applied to for the rent when due . On Friday afternoon last , thc 3 rd inst ., about dusk , a distress was put in by the direction of Tlios . Brough , at Whiteficld Farm , for rent due to him , amounting to £ 29 12 s . In , consequence of some conversation wliich one of the bailiffs had with the mother and John Brough , thc bailii ? sent for Thomas Brough . in order to an amicable settlement , if possible , without enforcing the distress . Thc deceased Thomas Brough shortly afterwards came , to Whiteficld , and had _someconvcrsuitinn with liis mother and brother as to thc rent
duo . There does not appear to havo been any quarrel between the two brothers in the house , but the deceased complained very much about his rent not being paid , and intimated that he must have it ; lie also refused to return two boxes , which had been removed by the bailiffs to his house , until the following morning . The two bailiffs left the house , and the brothers remained in conversation . Shortly afterwards Thomas Brough went into the fold , where sonic further conversation ensued . He was about te leave , when his brother John said " Stop a bit , I will go and" kin ( kindle ) my lanthorn _, and will go with
you as far « _ti thc barn , and sweep two ov three oats up . " According to thc evidence of his nephew , who lived at Whiteficld , John Brough then returned to thc house , lighted the candle in the lanthorn , and went towards the barn : and his brother Thomas walked down the meadow towards his own house . Thomas Brough was not afterwards seen alive . As he did not return home , his wife became alarmed , and , assisted by other persons , made various inquiries after him until a late hour that night , but nothing was heard-of him until Saturday , about noon , when his body Avas accidentall y found ' in a sand pit on Biddulph Moor . He was quite dead .
TnE Inquest . —The inquiry as to thc cause of death , which was commenced on Tuesday , terminated on Friday , at the Talbot Amis , in the parish of Biddulph , beforo Mr . C . Harding , tho coroner . Mr . John Harrison , surgeon , of Barsham , who made a post mortem examination , said he found the head on the left side was much fractured , and several pieces of bone were found driven completely in , which were sufficient to cause death . It was the result of some severe blow with a heavy instrument , such as a hammer . After the evidence of the constable and the two men who were sent by the deceased to make the distress before alluded to , the prisoner , James Brough , was brought before the coroner , by whom ho was informed that ho would be discharged from
custody , as there was no evidence adduced ' to show that he was implicated in the murder of his brother . He was then called on to give evidence . Before doin _? so , however , the coroner told him that he was not bound to say anything to criminate himself . James Brough examined : I live at Blackwood-hill farm , and am servant to Mr . Challinor , to whom the farm belongs . On Friday night , between eight and nine o ' clock , while I was 6 upping-up my horses , my brother John and Islimael Lancaster came'to me . They opened thc door and came ¦ . into tho stable . Ishmacl Lancaster then said , " I am come to kill thee . " My brother John said that Thomas had taken my box and his , and was going to sell him up , and ho wanted mc to go with him to settle it . I
said " It is so near the weekend , it ' sno use my going with thee to-night ; ho wont sell thee up this week . " He said "Bed them dowii , and come with me now . " I said "Sit you down while I clean them ; if I must , go with you I will go . " John said "Never mind cleaning them , bed them down and go with us now . " , I said , '' I'll clean this mare . I ' ve been to Leek with her ; she is all of a sweat . " As soon as I had cleaned her down I went with them out , and locked the door . After I had locked tho door I went to look after the cows , to see if they were all right . Wo all three then went into the house . John Brown , another servant , got them bread and cheese , while I got ready to go with them . I said to John Brown , "I shall not be long before I
come back again . " On my way they bothkept telling mo I must do what I coidd to settle it . We all three went on until we got to Ishmael Lancaster ' s house , where Ishmael stopped . I and my brother came on . Just before wc got to my brother Thomas ' s house , John said , "I will tell thee what thou must say when thou goes in . Thou must say , * What is my box doing here ? Where is Tom ? '" I did go into Thomas ' s , and saw the box . I saw my brother Thomas ' s wife . She said , in answer to my question , that she did not know ; _sho was at Tunstall when they were brought thero . I said to her , it was a
strange thing they could not bo quiet . I would _<* o over to my mother ' s , and would call aa I came back again . As I was going along tho lane from mv brother Thomas ' s house , I overtook my brother John He said , "Is he in ? " I said , "No , ho has never been seen since ho came from tho Whitefioki _' ' ' Thomas ' s wife had told me this , John began crvin < r and said ho did not know what he must do- audi asked him what for . He said he reckoned he should be hung I said , " What for ? " He said he had hit my brother Thomas on thc back of the head with a hammer , and he reckoned he had killed him * I said , " Oh dear , John , you should wot have done so you ' re sure to beming . " I then said , " Where is he _*'
Horrible Case Op Fratricide, Axd Committ...
[ The prisoner John Brough was here sent for , _anA on xring brought into the room , the coroner told lum that the witness who was then being _exjuwned _ was beginning to give evidence which affected him ( Jonn Brough )' as being implicated in the murder , of his brother , Thomas Brough . It was thorefore his ( the coroner ' s ) duty to have him brought into the room , in order that he might listen to what was said . Ihe Coroner then read over tothe prisoner those parte ot James Brough ' _s evidence wliich affected him . ihe examination of the witness was then resumed . J He said that he was at the bottom of the meadow , and that I must help him to do something with him . 1 said , " Oh dear , John , I cannot go near him . lie take him . " . _
kept begging of me to _holp him to somewhere . I told him it was no use asking me , I could not go near him . I went into my mother ' s house , and he kept following after me to ask me . My mother asked what she must get for our suppers ; 1 said " Nothing , I had had mine . " She then warmed some milk , and whilst she was doing so John went out milking . When the milk was warmed she gave me mine , and I drank a few spoonfuls , the remainder I set down for the dog . She asked me if I was going to stop all night ; I said "No , I was going back again . " She begged of me to stop all night . When John came in , I told him I was going ; he said "Don't go to-night , start early in the morning . " I said "I am _obliired to eo to-night . If anything
happens at Blackwood-hill , and me here , Mr . James will lay it all on me . " I set off to Blackwood-hill . John came out with me and followed mc to Thomas ' s house . I did not go in ; there was a lock on the outside ofthe door . I came out of the yard , and John begged of me to help him to do something with my brother Thomas . I said , " Ah , John , it ' s no use asking mo ; I can't go near him . " He then began crying , and I said " Goodnight , " and I started . Up the lane I met Ishmacl Lancaster and Thomas s wife . She asked me whether I had , seen my brother Thomas ? I said " No . " She said she doubted but that he was made away , as he had never been home I said if he was he would be found . I said if I could have seen him I could have settled the matter . She
went down towards home , and I went to Blackuoodhill . When I got there John Brown was gone to bed , but he got up to let me in . It was then a littlo more than half-past eleven o ' clock . We then went to bed . After tho Coroner had recapitulated the evidence , he addressed the prisoner , asking him if he had anything to say with respect to tho charge contained in the depositions ? The prisoner burst into tears , and uttered some expressions which wero not distinctly audible ; but he was understood to say thathe " must suffer for other folks . " He also said something in reference to transportation , or being sent out of the country . Tho j ury then returned a verdict of Wil ful Murder against John Brough , for the murder of his brother , Thomas Brough . Brough was committed for trial at the next assizes .
Executiox op Mary SnEMixG for the Murder of her Grandchild . —Ipswich , Saturday Evening , — This wretched woman , condemned to death at the late assizes , by Mr . Justice Williams , at Bury St . Edmund ' s , underwent the extreme sentence of thc law on a new drop erected in front of the comity gaol in this town , at noon , in the presence of a vast concourse of people . Thc crime for wliich she suffered was the murder of John Sheming , the illegitimate child of Caroline , her daughter , by administering to it a quantity of arsenic in its " pap , " at a small village called Martlesham , on thc Woodbridge-road , on the 30 th of July , and the manner in which the shocking act was brought to light is somewhat remarkable . The unhappy woman , it seems , in consequence of the
father of the * child not allowing its mother any , money for its support , and this being the , second illegitimate _cliild of her daughter , for some tune previous to its death meditated its destruction , A few days prior to thc 30 th of July , she waited upon the village undertaker , and stated " that he would soon have to make a job for her grandchild . " She also said , " That if its father did not allow it anything , they would have to go into the union workhouse , " a proceeding which she utterly abhorred . It should be mentioned that at the time she gave vent to these expressions , which evidently showed her intentions , the child was in perfect health . Things went on till the 30 th , and during the daughter ' s absence she went into a neighbour ' s cottage with her grandchild in her lap , aud
expressed her fears that the cliild was dying , but no medical man was callcdin , although the neighbour strongly recommended it . " Fatal results happened , and , ill a short space of time , three or four days , the unfortunate little victim was interred in a burying-ground attached to a neighbouring dissenting chapel , the registrar ' s certificate being gained on being assured that the deceased had died naturally whilst in convulsions . After its interment , however , suspicious rumours got afloat , and after the lapse of two months the " body was disinterred , and on the contents of the stomach being carefully analysed , thc pvesenco of sufficient arsenic was discovered as to cause death , and which induced the coroner ' s jury to return a verdict of wilful murder
against her , on which charge she was found guilty , on her trial , and wliich ended in her condemnation . Since that period her conduct has been resigned . She has made several admissions—first , that the arsenic was in a cup which she kept for the purpose of poisoning tho rats , and which she accidentally made the pap in . Then she has given a story respecting it quite of a different description . It is , however , possible that she has made a full confession . During the last few days of her existence she seemed contrite , and shov . _'cdnot the least ill-feeling against her daughter , tho principal witness against her on her trial . On Friday she had a last farewell with her husband , a poor hard-working labourer , and some of her children , the scene being , as may be imagined , deeply affecting . She underwent a restless night on Friday , and rose at an early hour on Saturday morning , and partook of a slight breakfast . The chaplain of the gaol was early in attendance upon her , and about eleven
o ' clock administered the sacrament . Shortly before noon the ceremony of handing her over to tho sheriffs of the county for execution took place , and on a procession being formed to the pinioning room , Calcraffc , the Old Bailey hangman , who was specially _retained , secured her hands . At twelve o ' clock the wretched culprit was led to the drop , the prison bell tolling and the rev . pastor of the prison reading the burial service . On gaining thc platform , there was a slight disapprobation amongst the multitude below , but it was not general . The executioner performed his task with much dexterity , and the miserable creature could not have been said to have been on the drop scarcely a minute before the bolt was drawn , and she was launched into eternity . Her death was , however , a severe one , , her struggles wero long , and she gave some convulsive heaves two or three minutes afterwards . The body , after hanging the usual time , was cut down , and interred in the prison . She was in her fifty-fourth year , and has left six children ,
The Somersetshire Murders , —Shapwick , Saturday Evening . —In consequence of information received by " the magistrates , the coroner issued his warrant for the disinterment of thc body of James Strong , the illegitimate child ofthe accused , Sarah Freeman , aged 7 , and interred on the 19 th of November , 1813 , and that of Hemy Freeman , her husband , aged 2-1 , and interred on the 2 nd of January , 1 SH . The disinterments having been effected , the coffins , which were' quite perfect , were conveyed into the churchporch , and there opened in the presence of the coroner and thc jury sworn to investigate the cause of their deaths . Upon thc coffins being opened , thc intestinal canal and the liver and spleen of each of the bodies were taken out , placed in stone iars . and bavins
been tied over with bladder , and properly labelled , they were delivered to Mr . Herapath , in order that ho might make a chemical analysis of their contents . The coroner and jury having returned to thc village school-room , at once proceeded to hold the inquest on the body f of Mary Dimond ( mother of the accused , Sarah Freeman ) , aged 71 , who died on the 15 th of December , ISM , and whose body had been exhumed , and the contents of her stomach and intestines submitted to chemical analysis . The following evidence Avas given : —Mr . Edward England Phillips sworn : I am a surgeon , and reside at Chilton-supcr-Polden On Thursday , the 12 th of December last , I was in thc parish of Shapwick , and as I passed the door of Charles Dimond I was called into to see Mary
Dimond , the deceased ; it was after dinner ; I went m , and found her sitting by thc fireside . I asked her what was the matter , and she l _^ _lied that she had been taken casting ( vomiting ) , and that she had a pain all round her , and that she thought that sho had the bile on her stomach . Her tongue was very foul , and thc taste in her mouth , she said , was very disagreeable . She said that her bowels had been opened during the day ; her pulse was natural . Sarah Freeman , her daughter , stood beside me while I asked questions . I told her to give her mother some gruel frequently , to apply warmth to thc region of the stomach , and to send to my house as soon as she could that evening for medicine . Sho did not , however , send either that evening or the following day
for any medicine . On thc Saturday afternoon , about four o ' clock , I was again driving through . Shapwick , and was again called m to sec deceased ; she was then upstairs in bed ; Sarah Freeman , her daughter , wont upstairs with me . 1 found Mary Dimond , the deceased , complaining of tho same symptoms a 3 on Thursday , but that they were more severe . I felt her pulse , and found it small and frequent . I then told her that she could not expect to get better , unless she used thc necessaiy means ; and left her with that ' observation . Sarah Freeman came down stairs with mc , and said , '' What do you think of mother ?" I replied that she was in a very _dangerous' _sfntf nn _. _l
told her that I would proceed to Ashcottas quicldv as 1 could , in order that sho might have her medicines _trom my house speedily . Thc medicines werc subsequently fetched by one of the sons , and when I gave lum the medicines , I said , if she became worse iu the ? _tu _i they would let me know , I would conic ; Wit that at all events I would come and see her in the morning-. In the morning I accidentally heard that wr i ' was d _» an < _l consequently did not go . On n ednesday last I was present in Shapwick churchyard , and saw the exhumation of a bodv , and the coffin opened ; it was identified before the jury iu my presence as the body of the deceased , Mary Dimond . I then proceeded to make a post mortem examination ofthe body . Mr . Herapath was present during the
Horrible Case Op Fratricide, Axd Committ...
whole time . I took omVthe intestinal cin _,, _^ ' with the liver and the spleen , and deliveral li _"* - ' Mr . Herapath . Tho deceased was seventy ! N of age . - The heart was healthy ; there * _£ » _Vold adhesions of the lungs , but not such as * S'i my opinion occasion death . I saw notbir %$ struck me as the immediate cause of _& " _$ % _'V symptoms which I observed on visiting the l _* l were those which might or would result IVoiim _^ 'l ministration of arsenic , but they did not at « _^ attract my particular notice , nor had I any i , i > % _^ she was labouring under the effects of poison a A _?§ being asked hy the registrar to assign a ' % J death , I told him that I really could not tC ? $ very mysterious , for they had been verv ' _in-n J _^ M _^^ , „ _-t 7 a _+ ;„ , „_ T took out the intest . _ln _. _I . _^ _^^^ .
but that from her age , and knowing her to _haf Y _^ _-ffM weakly , I supposed it might be called decay of n _NS Mr . W . Herapath sworn : I am an analytical _c ! _^ li On the 9 th ot January inst . I attended at _tite _^ fl church of Shapwick , and witnessed tho exhw _^' - 'HI of a body . I found the coffin perfect , tiie el _^ 'M perfect , and the body also perfect . Mr _l'hni- _^ Jl surgeon , of _Chilton-super-Polden _, opened _tlieT' _-il in my presence ; he applied ligatures round th _!^ Hl tremities ofthe oesophagus and rectum , and ref _^ fl the entire alimentary canal , together with tlic _?^ l § and the spleen ; it was immediately placed i » , W & sel , and covered down in my presence . J _tcJ _* m away with me , and without losing sight of it _cony . _^! it to my residence at Bristol , Upon cxaminj _J _^ _fi tUUllltlUli _iuuilll 1
X <* " _UVUWU _. V _IjUllULllj UI _OOllffi - _**» pea-soup , containing two whole yellow pcas t ; _sg a few fibres of undigested meat . There \ v ' rc ' _fx upon tho inner surface , of the stomach a i \ . „ - _^! M detached white particles . The surface _ofttHI stomach had a pale blush of inflammation _covering 111 and in two portions that inflammation was \ f _* M strongly marked . , "U pon detaching those _whiten _^ f tides , and collecting those which had subsided tr il ff & bottom of the vessel into which I had poured t ) ie J f il tents of the stomach , I subjected them totlicuM examination , and found them to be wiiite arsH , ; , M acid ( common white arsenic of the shops ) . 1 ] pror _ffi a specimen of metallic arsenic prod uced l \ om & M by sublimation with charcoal and carbonate of « _, i vl I produce another specimen sublimed from the > _iuf-l cyanide of potassium . Another specimen from tie ! as precipitated upon metallic copper , bv _Riemrw
method . I also produce a specimen of _Sclwslj i green , made from it with the ammoniacal _sulpha- 'I of copper , and a specimen of arsenite of silver , _i _^ if from it with thc ammmoniacal nitrate of silver * % a specimen of sulphuret of arsenic made from it _' iii 1 hydro-sulphuric acid . These experiments leave * doubt on my mind that arsenious acid was present ' " ' thc stomach ofthe dead body , and although _ffic V AS flamed surfaco was not so strongly marked " _es I ) if sometimes seen it , I believe it to have been the can , I of death . The fluid in the intestines had the app _^ ; ance of pea-soup . Other witnesses were examia ,. - s and the jury , after half-an-hour ' s deliberation , _iKl turned a verdict—That the deceased , Mary ]) _juj ., ' 44 died of poison , by arsenic administered to _)»•;• ' C m
by whom administered was to thc jurors _unknot Tl Thc inquests on the other bodies were then adjourn .-. ' J Extensive _Fihe at Newcastle . —A fire broke * . *' ' , i on Saturday morning last , shortly after one o ' _c-loi _' - in an extensive steam flour-mill , situate in _Galfev" *| gate , near thc _baiTaclra , atNcwcastle-upon-TyiiD ) t iV , i property of Mr . Laws , and in tho occupation of _\ l ! ' < -If Anderson . The premises are nearly new ; and _U - ' M been fitted up at great expense with all thc _mc- ' _M improvements , the model , being supplied by one ' . " j _$ cently erected in the United States . _Tiicnicoi i * Il nated in tlio upper part ofthe building , it is a \ i _\\[ C , # from the heating of thc flues , whence it had come 'il nicated with some of thc beams in the vicinity . ; §| was fortunately confined to the upper stories of fj M building , but much damage was done to the _iionr _; M the lower departments by the immense quantity y *| water thrown in , as well as from the hasty maiie !' M in which the sacks of flom- were removed . ' Tile . ; M mage done . is estimated at £ 2 , 000 . _»
Murder axd Higiiwav Robbery near Liverpool . - ; On Monday information was received at _Uon-siiy" - and thence circulated throughout the _nietroj-iolii- police force , that on New _Year ' s-cvc Mr . Thou- ' ] Peacop , a corn and flour dealer , was , whilst on a -i return from his shop , in _RockfciTy-luue , to his in j dence , near the New Ferry-turnpike , in the Io . wk : of Higher Bebington , in the county of Chester , ; "* tacked by three men and robbed . The villains k ' ] Mr . Peacop to such an extent about the head , _t . other parts of the body , that he died on t !; u _It'i h ¦ I None of the offenders are known , but a rewani ! " . & £ 200 has been offered ( £ 100 by the _Govermi'ratiY' thc apprehension and conviction of tho _olYeniis-J Her Majesty ' s gracious pardon will bo e . vtcndfti r _;^ any accomplice ( not being thc person who gave s _^ l mortal blow ) vrho will give evidence that will _IcaiBi thc same result . m
Fire ix tue Citt-iioad . —On Tuesday night , , _te half-past ten o ' clock , a lire broke oat on the _premsa of Mr . Gorton , patent fire-wood _luauuf-K-tura-, ( M Canal Basin , City-ro ' ad , which for aUnio _tkiyitapg disastrous consequences . It was discovered l _.- y )! Gorton , who was accidentally near the _spntatE- j | time , who observed , a body " of flame in tin- . stcct _? engine room , and which adjoins thc room _whii-ii c > - taiucd tho composition of liquid resin in whVA ; J lire-wood is dipped . Adjoining tho _rcsin-ranu i : || warehouse , in which were above forty loads of i || wood , wiiich soon ignited . The engine ; lt _^ promptly at work , an immense volume of wa : er-. 1 poured on thc devouring clement , which very sta _*; . 3 overpowered its progress and prevented a _vasi : > struction of property . Thc workshops , which » i -I lighted with gas , were destroyed with the _mac-hia-jHj
Treatment op Italian Bots ix E . _vclan-i _.--. : Monday forenoon , at ten o ' clock , an inquiry , _^ _joiu-ned from Friday last , was resumed and eoncto , . i before Mr . Wakley , M . P ., atthe Horse and Gh _^ King-street , Seven Dials , on the body of _Ifili Leonavdi , an Italian boy , aged 15 , who vasfe-gj dying in the streets in n , state of destitution , t ; expired on Wednesday last in St . Giles ' s worWii _?^ to which place he was removed . The deceased * - one of those unfortunate creatures who are _ki-o : r" over in shoals to this country from their native i- 3 to preambulato the streets with hand organs , at- . J sol icit charity from the inhabitants of those nei # - 1 hoods they infest . The object of the inquiry _w * | the employ of an Italian named Rabbiaoiti . _ai'd -M l
several other boys of tho same class resided i " _---4 serable hovel , pregnant with filth and diseaa . ; Short ' s-gardcns , Drury-lane . T « 'o Italians , ir . | employ of _R-ibbiaotti , were first called , and con- _* J in stating that he was a kind and considerate nias-J _tliat they wore comfortably lodged , well siipph _wig food , and by no means hard worked . A Jail r _^ - Fortunate was next examined at considerable te v | He said he had formerly been in thc service ot * ij biaotti and knew the deceased . He had liyo ;«'?] deceased ' s master for some time , but was ol'li ?; _- _- ' emit his service on account of the atrocious tr & _% practised upon him . Their time for paiwnn _^ streets was from nine in the morning till eiov- 5 niht . They then returned home and went
_w-v-g three of them sleeping together . From _« 'l _^ knew of deceased he considered his death _«'' i _*!» js attributable to the cruelties he _systeniiiticsp pcricnccd , and to a violent beating given hna _^ _- _- master . This beating the witness described a * _-fcs —One evening the deceased came home , -wl li _^ turn was represented to his master . " Is he » _y . _^ exclaimed liabbiaotti , and forthwith went t _>;; boy , who had by that time got into bed . _RaW'jji took the lad by one arm and one leg , aud < lr . tj | him from his bed , struck him violently 'Mr ' - - ; ? - * wall , and beat his head against thc table _mii- ' j a standing in the middle of the room . _^) ec , _*|* claimed at the time , " 0 , lam done for / "p the master continued beating him . _Rerwsw _^
. labouring under severe disease of the _chest- . ' _^ M time , and constantly complained . _Notwilli- _^^ S this he was _^ compelled to go for the usual _tiiP | H the streets every day with his organ . —Bya . \ . m There was no written agreement between _R-v _vJS and those he employed , but the term for _vIm'SH were engaged on be ' ing . brought from Italy _**| | | years- and a half . Whatever money a boy t'Nfl homo at night he had to divide with the 1 _"' _' | l the use of the organ . A gentleman who was _f-tM said that the amount of cruelty practised _I'l' 0 _^ 1 _^ poor defenceless boys by their rapacious mast ''' ' - _? M inconceivable . A number of Italian _gentlemc ' _^ become alive to thc subject , and a-society ha' _S
formed with a determination of protecting th _^' _w of procuring convictions against harsh cmFJg —Mr . Bennett , surgeon , deposed to having « - _» post mortem examination of the body , Thc _lua ? s one mass of disease , and exposure to _colil . tf greatly accelerate it . There were no marks of _& 4 on the external . surface of thc body , and \ _$% opinion that a natural cause produced _fot _$ The Coroner summed up the evidence , ¦ i : _-, jury returned a verdict of Natural Death , but *; panied it with a severe censure on the coii _^;|| Rabbiaotti for allowing the deceased to be _c-sf _^ the inclemency ofthe weather whilst labourfe" J such a dreadful illness . J
Love _asd _Sracros . —The festival of Chvu _» _^ Glogan has been marked by a tragic event . _S ; : M man named Pflieger , clerk in the oiliee Km Wachseler , had fallen in love with In * - _? _jM daughter , and hisafiection being returned , tlii . . || secretly affianced . Pflieger had a passion \ _-JM bling , and being unable to satisfy it , had _> _f _tfll master of 6 , 000 dialers ( £ 1 , 000 ) and fled . _Onj _^ l mas Eve he returned , and had an _intc-i " _- " _- . y ' _$ s Mademoiselle Wachseler , and both seeing V _^ _l-ii impossible , resolved to commit suicide nt _* _s- _^| j | Accordingly they met in a neighbouring _^ " _' _j _^ _S' having a brace of double-barrelled pistols , _' _*'; 3
barrel " with a double charge and two _haH- _' _-: _^ - | were to discharge both barrels into thc nv > v _} ' ; , _;^ young girl fired , and cxpived vmincdi # _-, : _^ j Pflieger , atthe moment of pulling the _W- _^/ _iig seized with a trembling , and tainted . _'I' _- _p-V-l the girl ' s pistol attracted a crowd , and ' _•" _jf , _;; arrested , and conducted to prison . The IlC . _'; _t- ; 'g | ing , when the gaoler entered his cell with « ; _^ gi last , he found lii » a corpse , fV , during " _;^ Pflieger had hung hiinselt to thc bars of m \ ' &¦ , his silk lumdkcrehicf . _—ffwcttt- des _Tribune- - _^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 18, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_18011845/page/6/
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