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OcToBfc* ^ 1845. THE NORTHERN STAR. 7 __...
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^om gn JHofcemeuts
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" And 1 Trill war, at least in words, (A...
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SPANISH REVOLUTION. [From the Tyne Mercu...
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The Gaxb Laws.—Abomi.V_.BI_E CONVICTION....
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8jp'!rultui* anisf femttculture
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. For the Week co...
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drawing up from the sodden bed of the to...
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Sanlmiptfl-, $u.
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BANKRUPTS. ("From Tuesday's Gazette, Oct...
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Pnoi.iric Ixcubase.—At the usual season,...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Octobfc* ^ 1845. The Northern Star. 7 __...
_OcToBfc * _^ 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 ______¦____________________¦___¦ i i mi i _____ _a !¦ riinn— __ _M _______ _i _ _r _ _MwiT __ _rTtBr a ___ n _ _iTirtfn ____ ni _»¦ , . . ___ . *________ : ¦¦ _______»^ _i ____^__»______—
^Om Gn Jhofcemeuts
_^ om gn _JHofcemeuts
" And 1 Trill War, At Least In Words, (A...
" And 1 Trill war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , "With aU -who -war with ThoughtV " I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and by will be the stronger . '—Br 80 S
STATISTICS OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS . [ From thc Constitutionnel , ) A very interesting book has just appeared at Leipsic upon tbe present organisation ofthe " Society ef Jesus . " The author , who has deemed it prudent to conceal his _n ? , me , announces , in the introduction to his work , that he has only obtained the majority of the documents of which he has made use at considerable sacrifices , which he thought it his duty to make in order to be certain of their authenticity . Ilie first part of the book contains an expose of the roles relative to the noviciate , the system of instruction , and the mechanism of the religious observances prescribed by _tkestatntes . The second part relates to tbe internal organisation of the society , and publishes the hierarchy , of -which body all the members are classlGed , from the - General , who holds absolute power , to the lowest _lirother , charged with the most menial domestic duties .
The details furnished fey these two parts of the * _work consist of the republication , or the publication , of the " constitutions" of Ignatius Loyola , whicli a recent edition , published in 1843 , has submitted to the notice of France . Thc third part is especially interesting at the present period , and the information which it divulges relative to the ' condition of the Society of Jesus , in thc various countries of the world , has never yet been published in so complete a form . It contains facts and figures , ef which the following is an abstract : — The various establishments ofthe Society of Jesus are comprised under the following rubrics : — 1 . The " professed houses , " which possess neither estates nor fortune , and in which live in common the Father Jesuits the professed members of the order .
2 . The " residences , " which are establishments of less importance , and which have a right to possess property . 3 . Tlie " houses , " properly so called , which are experimental establishments in countries into whicli the society lias tried to penetrate . 4 . The " missions , " which are onlv formed by isolated Jesuits , employed to sound tbe soil , and to keep the General constantly acquainted with any favourable circumstances that may present themselves . A mission , hy the adjunction of new members , gradually merges into a " college , " or a seminary of the society , a noviciate establishment , or a residence . The " seminaries" are special establishments , in whieh the _society gives theological instruction .
As to the members of the society themselves , they may be divided into three great classes , —! , thc priests , amongst whom are included all the professed members ; 2 , tbe scholars and noviees _; 3 , the brothers employed In domestic services and thc worldly business of the establishment . J Jin 1626 , 86 years after its foundation , under its sixth General , Mutius Vitclleschi , the society numbered in Europe 29 provinces , viz ., —i in Italy , 2 in Sicily , I In Sardinia , 5 in Spain , 3 in France , 3 in Belgium , 1 Jn Scotland , 1 in Ireland , 5 in Germany , and 2 in Poland . Out of Europe it had founded 5 residences in Turkey , 2 provinces in the East Indies , 1 in the Philippine Islands , 1 iu China , 1 in Japan , and iris America .
Tli « _sc provinces _included SQS establishments in the year 1626 , and 960 in 1610 , thus classified : —2 G professed houses ; 222 residences ; 51 noviciates ; -IS seminaries : 542 colleges ; and 71 missions . Thc instruction of youth was then almost everywhere in their hands , by means ofthe _colleffes . They had 108 of them in Spain , 19 in Prance , 91 in Germany , 36 in Belgium , and 20 in Poland . The number of tha members of the society amounted in 1826 to 45 , 493 ; of whom 13 . 369 were -stationed in the provinces of Europe . Spain included m ber territory 2 , 902 ; Germany , 2 . 2 S 3 ; Italy , 2 , 250 ; France , 2 . 156 ; Belgium , 1 . 841 , « tc . Those who resided out of Europe were thus distributed : —510 in the East Indies , _12 S in the Philippine Islands , 30 in China , 140 in Japan , and 1 , 316 in America , Mexico , New Granada , Peru , Paraguay , Brazil , and Chili .
In 1710 tha Jesuits possessed 612 colleges , 157 _pensiomiats , 59 noviciates , 340 residences , 200 missions , SO professed Louses , and they ruled in SO Universities . In 1749 they had S 9 professed houses , 669 colleges , 61 noviciates , 176 seminaries , -335 residences , and 273 missions . The personnel of the society amounted to 22 , 589 members , including 11 , 239 priests . The documents relating to latter years are not so complete . On the suppression of the order by Pope Clement XIV ., in 1773 , the greater portions of these fragments was destroyed , and those that may be still extant are kept with great care in the archives ofthe Court of Rome .
It is known , that in spite of the Papal bull , the society of" Jesus continued publicly to exist in Russia . Between the lSth General , L . _fticci , who died on the 23 rd of . November , 1775 , two years after the suppression of thc society , and the I 9 th General , Thaddeus Brzozowski , elected on tbe 2 nd of September , 1305 , in consequence of the bull of Pope PlUS VIL , re-establishing the society , the records of the order register four other chiefs , who succeeded each other daring that interval , with the title of " _Viears-Generalin White "Russia . " It . is now forty years since the eociety was officially re-ornanised . Its progress was at first slow and stealthy ; it silently insinuated itself into the various states of Europe ; ano endeavoured to take root there under a different name from that of the " Society of
Jesas . " Towards the close of the Restoration it began to raise its head , and to adopt bolder methods of allurement , when the revolution of 1 S 30 came , and ruined its schemes . It then extinguished itself once more , in order to allow the storm which then growled to pass ever ; but it soon regained its courage , and it now openly proclaims its original intention to reconquer all tbe territory that it possessed in the days of its splendour . The check tbat bas just been administered to _iis ambition in France by the firmly expressed wiil of the country could neither discourage it , nor cause it to renounce its plans . It is a struggle which will be prolonged under a different form . It is , therefore , interesting to know , with exactness , tbe numerical strength which thc Jesuits are employing at the present moment in France and other countries , and to ascertain , by authentic statistics , their most
recent progress , * The society has now no longer thc forty-four provinces , 960 establishments , and the . 22 . 000 members that it could proudly enumerate in the 17 th and 18 th centuries . Eut its power is increasing every year ; it is scattering its seeds in all directions , and it Indulges in sanguine hopes that time will fructify them . " In and out of Europe the Society cf Jesus at present possesses fourteen provinces—those of Rome , Sicily , . Naples , Turin , Spain , Paris , Lyons , Belgium , England , Austria , Germany , Ireland / Maryland , and -Missouri _
- On the 1 st of . January , 1838 , it bad in those provinces ! 53 establishments and 3 , 067 members ; on the 1 st of January , 1841 , " 211 establishments . nnd 3 , 565 raembet _* a ; -and on the 1 st of : Jauuary , 1814 ; 253 establishments and 4 , 133 members . Thus , in the space _of half-a-dozen years , there has been an increase _of-60 establishments and 1 , 0 ( 36 memb .-rs ! In 1 S 44 "this increase was still more rapid . In the seven provinces of Rome , Sicily , Turin , Spain , Paris , Lyons , and -Belgium , the only ones whose advices have already . arrived in Rome , the order has received , between tbe 1 st of . _January , 1344 , and Jst of January , 1845 , 391 new members . The receptions had , moreover , lately become so numerous , that Father Rothaan . General of the order , thought it necessary fo allay this fever o f increase , and pointed , out its _dangers to all the provineials in a cireulav dated March 1845 .
. The province of Rome numbered in January , . 1641 , 601 Jesuits , and _^ 02 in January , 1 S 45 , of whom . 269 were priests , 201 novices , and . 232 brothers . It is in Rome that the General of the order resides , and there , also , are concentrated the principal establishments . The society has there its most important professed bouse , as well as a college for the special purpose of training priests for the necessities ot Germany . It has also there a college and a residence composed of 49 priests , 69 novices , and 42 brother * - * , _anovieiste , properly so called , composed ofS priests , 5 S novices , and 30 brothers ; a novidate of thc third degree " , s . noble pensionnat , and a seminary in which missionaries are trained for lie society , for the
_propagation of die faith . The other establishments of the province of Rome _chiefly consist of colleges , through the medium of _Tvhichthe Jesuits are masters ofthe _infraction of . youth . Such jure the colleges of Camermo , Fano , _"Ffcenza , Ferrentino , Ferrara , Ferrao , Forli , Modena , _-Spoleta , Tivoii , _Orvieto , Loretto _, and Verona . Since the commencement of the current ye ?* ( 1 S 45 ) they have opened a college at Venice , another at Parma and are on the point of transforming into a college ' the mission of Malta . They have , besides , a grand noviciate a £ Verona , and residences at Galloro , Brescia , and some other cities o f the Roman _StlllCS * .. «• « « 1 _ - _»_ . « T * j 251 Jesuits
The produce of . Sicily , which included in 1 S 41 ; now possesses 212 . The principal-establishments of tbe society in this province are the _profess-Sg-honse , the noviciate , and the great colege of Pafermo . In these three establishments reside 169 jS ° of Am _fifty-threeare priestsj . _«^«« J and fifty-six brothers . Tbey have , _^»* Jj Wb < a _ _flege at Palermo , the colleges of _^ Alcamo , _Calta-S _, ilarsala , Modica , Noto . and Salerai . towns ffiinS containing 15 , 000 or 2 KQOO inhabitants . They bate residences at Ternini , Trapani _. ano Jfaari , ahonseupon Konte _Albauo , and mission * in Albania ana the Isle of Syra . . The province of Naples numbered 258 Jesuits in 1841 , and 279 in 1844 . Their principal _establisnmeate are tbe grand college of _# apfc » , watch includes
" And 1 Trill War, At Least In Words, (A...
nr aety _^ ight Jesuits ( thirty . !** 1 © _^ ieste , thirty-six novices , and thirty brothers ); the JMviciate of Sorrento , the noble college of Naples , the college of Salerno , that of Benevente , and that of Lecce . In the province of _Turia tbe number of the Jesuits increased between the 1 st of January , 1841 , and the 1 st of January , 1845 , from 379 to 428 . They , have in Turin a " noble" college , another college , and ap _* _nsionnat , _including 81 Jesuits , of whom 31 are priests , 31 noviees , and " 19 brothers -, a professed house at Genoa ; noviciates at Chiari and at Cagliari ; colleges and pensionnats at Aosta , Chambery , Genoa , Cagliari , _Sice , jSovara , Sassari , San Remo , and at Voghera . Since tbe commencement of the year 1845 a new college has been opened at Massa .
The establishments of the province of Spain have been disorganised by the political events of which that country has been of late years the theatre . On the 1 st of January , 1845 , there were 113 Jesuits disseminated in Spain , more particularly iu the dioceses of Toledo , Seville , Pampeluna , and Valencia , of whom 30 were priests , 6 only novices , and 57 brothers ; 96 Jesuits , belonging to the same province , of whom 45 were priests , 32 novices , and 19 brothers , had retired into otlier countries . The province of Spain possesses a residence and a college at Niville , in Belgium , and a residence at Aire , in France . It had , in 1841 , at Buenos Ayres , a mission , a residence , and two colleges , including 24 priests , 12 novices , and 14 brothers . These establishments have Since been dispersed . It has also residences in South America , Paraguay , Uruguay , La Plata , Brazil , Jsew Granada , and Chili . The most important ones arc the __ residence of Cordova , and the college and the noviciate of Bogota , which , contain 11 priests , 5 novices , and 6 brothers .
The province of Paris is composed , with Paris , of thc northern part of France . On the 1 st of January , 1841 , it included 291 Jesuits , and as many as 420 on thc 1 st of January , 1 S 45 . In Paris itself they had a residence and a seminary , containing 23 priests and 10 brothers ; at St . Acheul , a noviciate and a residence , in wliich there were 15 priests , 20 novices , and 14 brothers ; residences at Strasburg . 6 priests and 2 brothers : at Angers , 10 priests and 3 brothers * , at Bourges , G priests and 3 brothers ; at _Quimper , 6 priests and 4 brothers ; at Metz , 10 priests and 3 brothers ; atNantes . 8 priests and 4 brothers ; at Vannes , 7 priests and 3 brothers ; at Lille , 5 priests and 2 brothers ; at Liesse , near Laon , G priests and 3 brothers ; at Poitiers , 6 priests and 2 brothers ; and at Rouen , 6 priests and 2 brothers . They had , at Laval ,
a roviciate and a seminary , containing 77 Jesuits , of whom 28 were priests , 35 novices , and 14 brothers . At Issenheim , in the department of the ; Upper Rhine , they possessed a residence and a noviciate , created a short time since , and which contained , on the 1 st of January , 1845 , 7 priests , 9 novices , and 12 brothers . As the colleges are not open to them in France , they have founded one on tbe frontiers of tbe kingdom , namely , at Brugelette , in Belgium . This college is dependent on the province of France , and contains 10 priests , 35 novices , and 11 brothers . The province of France has still 19 Jesuits , employed on a mission in Granada , and 8 in China ; and it possesses , in North America , two establishments , in whicli are collected 19 priests , 35 novices , and 11 brothers . These are the noviciate of St . Mary and the college of Louisville _, in the state of Kentucky .
The province of Lyons includes the southern part of France . It contained 290 Jesuits in the year 1841 , and 446 on the 1 st of January . 1345 . There were at that period the following residences—namely , at Lyons , " IS priests and 10 brothers ; at Aix , 6 priests and 4 brothers ; at Bordeaux , S priests and 5 _brothers : at Dole , 13 priests , 13 novices , and 9 brothers _; at Grenoble , 6 priests and 3 brothers ; at Marseilles , 8 priests and 5 brothers . There were at Toulouse a residence and a noviciate , 16 priests , 27 novices , and 16 brothers : a residence , and a house of
the third degree , at Lalouvese , 7 priests and 4 brothers ; a noviciate at Avignon , 13 priests , 1 novice , and 4 brothers ; a residence an I a seminary at Vals , 25 priests , 58 novices , and 13 brothers . The province ol Lyons had also 39 Jesuits in Africa , of whom 17 were priests , 4 novices , and 18 brothers , distributed amongst the residences at Algiers , Oram and Constantine ; 22 missionaries in the East Indies , at Trichinopoly , in the presidency of Madras , and in the island of Madura , on the North-east of Java ; 10 in Syria , and 6 in Madagascar .
The province of Belgium is one of thc most flourishing at the present time . There were 319 Jesuits in 1 S 41 ; there are 472 in 1 S 15 . Tlic noviciate of Tronchiennes contains 129 , of whom IS are priests , SO novices , and 31 brothers . They have colleges at Alost , Antwerp , Brussels , Ghent , Louvain , Namur , Liege , Tournay , and lvattwyk ; residences at Bruges , Courtray , and Mons ; missions at Amsterdam , the Hague , _Jftmegucn , Dusscldorf , and in the state of Guatemala in America . The college of Brugelette belongs , as we have already informed our readers , to the province of France ; and the college of Nivclle to the province of Spain . The province of England numbered 140 Jesuits in 1 S 41 , and 104 in 1 S 44 . They have in that country 33 establishments—houses , colleges , residences , or sinule missions . They show themselves less openly in
England than in other countries ; the colleges and the re ? idences do not bear , generally speaking , the names ofthe towns in wliich they are situate , but the names of saints only . Thus , there are thc colleges of St . Ignatius , St . Aloise , the Holy Apostles , St . Mary , St . Michael , St . Stanislaus , St . Hugo , St . George , St . John tbe Evangelist , St . Thomas of Canterbury , the Immaculate Conception , < fcc . Their principal establishment is the college and seminary of _Stonyhurst , in the county of York , which contains 20 priests , 20 novices , and 14 brothers . The " province of England has 20 missionaries at Calcutta . The English Government extends its protection as well to them as to the Protestant missionaries , when tbey are capable of furthering abroad its commercial views ; and it is even assisting them ( the Jesuits ) at the present moment to found a new college especially destined for China .
The province of Austria and Gallicia contained 2 GS Jesuits in the year 1841 , against 310 in the year 1 S 44 . Their principal establishments consist of the college and the noviciate of Gratz _, the college and the noviciate of Starawies , the colleges of Linz , Inspruck , Tarnopol , Neusandeck , and tho " noble " college of Lemberg , The province of Germany includes Switzerland as well as the hopes and the exertions ofthe society in the German states , exclusive of Austria . There were in this province 245 Jesuits in tbe year 1 S 41 , against 273 in the year 1844 . The college , noviciate , and pensionnat of Friburgin Switzerland , contain 134 Jesuits , of whom 44 ave priests , 60 novices , and 30 brothers . They have at Bricg _, in the canton of the Valais , a college , a noviciate , and _npensionnat , which contain 11 priests , 32 novices , and 17 brothers , besides _colleges at Siom , Esiavayer , and Schweits .
The civil war has thrown open to them the gates of Lucerne . There were several Jesuits in the kingdom of Bavaria , in the year 1841 , but the accounts more recently rendered appear to be incomplete . In Dresden , the confessor of the last King of Saxony was a Jesuit , who died at tbe commencement of June , 1 S 45 . But whilst awaiting the period at which it may be able to undertake anew , the conquest of Germany , the influence of the Society , of Jesus is exercised upon tbat country through thc _instrument tality cf the German college which it bas established at Rome , for the purpose of there forming secular priests ; destined to' be disseminated in Germany , in Hungary , and in Switzerland . Between the years 1822 and . 1812 , 125 priests educated . at this college were stationed in the various countries of Germany , and 64 in-Switzerland . They are there as devoted instruments or advanced guards of the society .
The vice-province of Ireland numbered 63 Jesuits in thc _yeardSll , against 73 in the year 1844 . They possess in Ireland the colleges of Clongowes _, Tollabey , and Dublin . They have recently established a second "house" intbelast-mentioned city . The province of Maryland includes the establishments of the society in Columbia , Maryland , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania . The most important consist ; of the ; college and the pensionnat of Georgetown , imColiinibia ( 15 priests , 13 novices , and 26 brothers ) , and the noviciate of Frederiekton , in the state Vf Maryland . Since the year -1840 they bave f urtber founded at Frederiekton a college and a mission . The other establishments are rather points of observation and foundations for thefuture . Thus , in Columbia , there are the house and the mission of Alexandria ; . in Maryland , the houses and the missions of St . Thomas , " Newtown , St . Inigoes , Bohemia , St . Joseph , . and Whitemarsh ; in Massachusetts , the college and the pensionnat of Vigorno ;
in Pennsylvania , the liouse and the mission of Philadelphia , Goschenhoppen , and Gonewago . The province of Maryland contained -109 Jesuits in 1841 , ggainst 121 in the year 1844 . The vice-province of Missouri includes the establishments of Louisiana , Missouri , Ohio , the Rocky Mountains , and adjoining countries . It possesses the college and the pensionnat-of St . Louis , and tbe college of St . Charles , in Louisiana , the noviciate of St . Stanislaus , in Missouri , and the college and the pensionnat of Cincinnati , in Ohio . There are , in these four establishments , 107 Jesuits , of whom 29 are priests , 37 novices , and 41 brothers . The _remaining-estaWishments consist , for tlie most part , of missions , composed of one or two fathers ; the most considerable is the mission of the _Rocfey Mountains , which is composed of five priests and six brothers . The number of Jesuits , which'amounted , in 1841 , to 94 , had increased , in 1844 , to 139 , in the province of Missouri .
On examining the above statistics , which are detailed at much greater length in the tables Irom which we have compiled this summary , it will be seen that the success ofthe Society of Jesus has been constant of late years in all its provinces- ; everywhere has it conquered fresh territory—everywhere has it either extended or consolidated its power ; but the most marked progress is that which the society ha « made in the provinces of Paris and Lyons , and those above given wh ch precede them far exceed certain confessions that the Rev . Father _Rarignan condescended to make in his book on the Jesuits .
The principal _abject of the . efforts of the Society of Jems is not , in these modern times , the conversion of pagans _, and infidels ; it has not nsw , . as it had two
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centuries ago , more than 2 , 000 missionaries in the Indies , in Japan , and in America ; proselytism in distant countries is no w little more than a commercial speculation—an affair of pounds , shillings , and pence . The "Association for the Propagation ofthe Faith " paid , in the year 1844 , the sum of 330 , 092 f . 32 c . to the Society of Jesus for the services of the 134 priests . 30 novices , and 61 brothers that the latter consented to devote to the service ofthe missions amongst the mlidels . Thc field of battle wliich the Jesuits have chosen in the 19 th centurv is EuroDe- —Europe ,
which has shaken off the yoke of papal domination , but which the Army of the Pope , as the Society ol JCSUS proudly entitles itself , would rivet by newly forged chains to the feet of the Pontifical throne ! Such ( errors excepted ) is the position of the Society of Jesus in the world . Wc believe that there is hardly anything changed in the provinces of Prance . The fathers are there divided into small groups ; they are neither less numerous , less active , nor less wealthy ; and their apparent dispersion has become , with the Government , a pretext for inclining still more towards the clergy .
Spanish Revolution. [From The Tyne Mercu...
SPANISH REVOLUTION . [ From the Tyne Mercury . ] It is now becoming tolerably clear that the present state of affairs in Spain cannot long continue . Narvaez is following in the wake of Espartero ! Thc causes which at last wrought the sudden downfall of the last , are at work to produce the same catastrophe for his rival and successor . The people of Spain are now beginning to be move disgusted with the present dictator than with his predecessor . The army alone retains its allegiance ; but it is believed that allegiance is in many regiments beginning to waver . If it once gives way—which itis likely soon to dothe audacious General , who rose with all thc sudden brilliancy ofa rocket , will ** fall like the stick , " and " good night" to Narvaez !
What ( the rcaderwill here exclaim ) is the meaning of these strange and anomalous scenes ? We seen country , split into sections of parties bearing strange names . We see "Progresistas , Moderados , _Cliristinos _, Carlists , and Esaltados . " We see the / om and name of the Government changed year after year , and yet we see no one party in power which seems to be efficient , in the least , to heal the divisions and dissensions by which this once happy realm is torn to pieces . This is the grand enigma ; this is the marvel ; this is the mystery ; and unless some explanation can bc given of this , it is useless to talk about Spain at all .
Of this sort of remonstrance , if made , we _fullv admit the justice . Wc admit that without such explanation , the affairs of Spain are a disagreeable and disgusting puzzle , where much that is revolting is mixed up with all that is bewildering ; and where the ups and downs of the actors remind one more of a grotesque puppet-show than a scene of actual life . The explanation required , however , wc shall attempt to give , and thus it is : — Spain has , from the time even ofthe Romans , been inliabited by a peculiar race , whose origin is involved in mystery . They were probably of that tribe called "Celts , " by which France , Germany , Great Britain , and Ireland were at some remote period _peopled , and which still exist in Ireland , in the Highlands of
Scotland , and in Spain , without much admixture of other races . They all have the same national features of distinction . They are an excitable , fierce , and warlike race ; dividing themselves into clans or small divisions ; cruel in their wrath , and chivalrous by nature ; leading the pastoral life , fond of poetry and national ballad and song ; but destitute ot the commercial and acquisitive spirit , and all agreed in one thing , viz ., always to keep arms in their hands , and never to suffer their rulers to oppress them with fiscal regulations at variance with their inclinations and habits ; nor with ta . xes , which they will not toil to pay on any persuasion . This was in olden time the state of Scotland and Ireland ; but , in Spain , this is the position of affairs to this hour . No monarch of Spain , not even Charles V ., could ever really subdue this national trait of the Spanish people , Divided as tlicy are into various tribes , having slight differences in manners and language—in this they all agreed . Thev
adhered resolutely to their "Fucnis , " or privileges , tke chief of which was , not to pay anv taxes save a small given sum , wliich they collected themselves , and handed over to Government . A people acting this way were really always free , no matter for the form of their government . Charles the Fifth was , in name , absolute . He dispensed with " the Cortes , " or ancient Spanish parliament ; but he could raise no extra-revenue in Spain , and was really powerless . The provinces governed themselves by their ancient laws . The Church , which was _immsnscly rich in domains , took care ofthe poor , and invariably backed the people against the meditated encroachments of Charles , Philip , and their successors . Hence came the bigotted attachment of the Spaniards to their religion . It could not bc otherwise . The Church was , in fact , not only teacher of thc faith , but feeder of the poor , and an invincible ally of the people , against the designs of arbitrary monarchs , who would have Hecccd both .
Had it not been for the discovery of America , and the conquest of Peru and Mexico , the monarchs of Spain never would have been powerful in Europe . For some centuries , however , they derived immense revenues from these rich colonies , especially from Peru j and from these sources it wag that Philip the Second fitted out his " armada , " and threatened even England with subjugation . When this source dried up , the Spanish monarchs became poor again ; and when the colonies at length revolted , and Spain was at last over-run by the troops of France and England , tho Spanish treasury was empty , and the king a bankrupt .
This brought about the introduction into Spain of the "Funding System , " which then *» _vas in full flower here , and shortly after was so in France . " Loans" to an immense " extent were borrowed under English influence , and it is this DEBT , and the direful consequences of it , which have destroyed all succeeding Governments in Spain , and which will continue so to do , until it shall itself be destroyed . No matter what the FORM , or what tho name of the Government , Espartero or Narvaez , Christino or Moderado , Whig or Tory , against this rock they must all split . The brave , wise , and resolute Spanish people will neither submit to pay taxes , nor to have their Church pillaged to pay a parcel of unhanged Jews and usurers , whom they cordially detest . This is the
resolution of the people of Spain—of the men who till the land , tend the _immenfe herds of cattle and sheep , rear the beautiful vineyards , and weave those fleeces , and ferment those wines , that exceed in fineness those of all other countries . In the towns and cities there are a class , noisy and worthless , who have supported the existing governments from hope of gain , or love of undefined change ; from these men most ofthe troops are raised , and they serve as long as the pay lasts ,, but no longer . The real determination of the Spanish people is , . however , we repeat , to suffer no government long to exist that is opposed to the Fueros and the Church ; and ; this determination will shortly wreck the present wretched
Camarilla _, that rules in . Spain . Narvaez was obliged to give up tiie pillage of , the . Church in order to get power ; but he has retained the debt , and his troops must be paid , or down he goes at once . Hence the desperate efforts of Senor Mon , his Finance-minister , to collect tribute at the bayonet ' s point ; and hence that spirit of resistance which is now about to wreck this Government , and which will wreck every other that shall tread in its steps . . This is the secret of " Carlism , " whicli merely means the recognition of a . Government that will destroy the Jews , and preserve the Fueros and the Church . ; and nothing short of this will ever ( or wc are much mistaken ) produce even a twelvemonth of quiet in Spain .
" Axnexation" is India . —We have more than once warned our readers that it would be found a matter advisable and necessary to " annex" the Punjaub ; that is to say , the rich territory of the late Runjeet Suigh , to our already pretty extensive " Indian empire . " This " annexation" —which in Indiais quite , as it seems , an allowable thing—is about to commence . The last Indian news is that the young and feeble boy monarch of Lahore , Ghoolab Singh , has applied to the British f or " protection" against his unruly troops and not very orderly subjects . This " protection" is to be _. kindly granted . To a good neighbour one can refuse nothing . An army is accordingly now on the banks of thc river Sutledge ; and the next thing we shall hear will be
tnat it has entered Lahore , and taken possession ot the young king's territories by way of " protecting " bim . This is the precise way in which all our Indian "annexations" have been performed ; and when the king rebels , as at last he must do , he will be deposed , and his kingdom added to the dominions ofthe droll company in Leadenhall-street , who are sueh good hands at grasping ! The possession of Lahore will again bring ns in collision with Candahar and Afghanistan ; and the end will be a third march to Cabul , and a second towards Herat , where we shall , at last , cross bayonets with Russia , in propria persona . This is the assured ; end of these proceedings ; ana we may as well record them before happening , as after—Tyne Mercury .
The Gaxb Laws.—Abomi.V_.Bi_E Conviction....
The Gaxb Laws . —Abomi . V _ . BI _ E CONVICTION . —On Saturday week , Thomas lliggins , of Ackworth , was summoned before the Wakefield magistrates for an offence against the Game Laws . lliggins , who is a farm labourer , was proceeding to his work early in the morning and picked up a hare , which lie found dead in a wheat field ; being observed by the gamekeeper , the . poor fellow was taken into custody . The . hare _hadjbeen « aug _ it _inasnickle , but there was " no evidence , to prove that the _prisoner was in any way connected with poachers . He was proceeding to work , witli his scythe over his shoulder , to a field aojoining ; that in which the hare was found , _wlien he accidentally saw the animal , and naturally enough took possession . lliggins was fined in a Senalt v and costs amounting to £ 6 , and in default _ewasseof to the ilouse of Correction for three months .
8jp'!Rultui* Anisf Femttculture
_8 _jp' ! rultui * anisf _femttculture
Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Oct . 23 rd , 1843 . [ Extracted from a _Dunt of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on __ the estates ot the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaitc , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of harnley Tyas , near Huddersfieid , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to ho undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models arc—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean . oi
live acres each , conducted by G . Cruttcnden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the Other _liy John Humbrell—the former at Eastdean , tiic latter at Jeviugton—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model ( arms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of thc south with the north of England . The Duuv is aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which wc subjoin . " The wisest men—the greatest philosophers—after in vain seeking i ' or happiness in every variety of pursuit , have found it in tbe cultivation of the ground . "
Note . —Thc school farms are cultivated bv boys , who _tn return for three hours' teaching in th morning _, give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master s benefit , which renders the schools _selfsupporting . We believe that at Famly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of thc school farm will be assigned ta thc boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who will receive the usual _school-fees _, help the boys to _cultivitte their land . and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , ihe , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after , _jKiyiiip nnt and hvu , amongst than , in _piroportion to their services , and h made thus indirectl y to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings , ]
SUSSEX . _Moxday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat and thc master drilling . Eastdean School . Seventeen boys digging up potatoes , gathering up haulm , and stones . Piper . Sowing wheat , in drills six inches apart , and two or three deep . Pumbrell Digging up potatoes and carrying manure . _I'uesuay— Willingdon , School . Boys _carrvin <» out manure . _Eastdean School . Boys digging for wheat , and clearing oil swede turnips . Piper . Sowing wheat m drills . Dumbrcll . Digging up potatoes ; heiler drawing dung . '
_Wedsesdax — Willingdon School . Boys dig » _ing foi wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the pi ... stye tank , digging for and sowing wheat . Pipe ° r Sowing wheat . Dumbrcll . Digging , mixing dung and mould , heiler carrying dung . TnunsDAT— Willingdon School . Boys dig"in » - and drilling wheat . Eastdean School , _Boj' _-Tdnnvin . manure for wheat , cleaning pigstyes . Piper The same as yesterday . Dumbrell . Drilling _loiirtccn rods of tares , * storing in the cellar mangel wurzei roots .
1 * RiDAY— Willingdon School , Boys digging for _WllClt Eastdean School . Boys sowing tares , digging fov wheat , gathering mangel wurzei leaves and stones . Piper . As before . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots , potatoes , heifer dung carrying , Saturday— _It- _'i' _&' n _^ on School . Boys digging for and drilling wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptvin « portable pails , cleaning the school , planting cab _" bages . Piper . As before . Dumbrcll . Mixing dun » anil mould , pulling mangel wurzei roots . _°
COW-FEEDIXG . Willingdon , School . Cows feuding on white turnips , Ac , as before . Piper ' s . In addition to other food , is given two gallons of carrots per day . Dumbrell ' s . One cow staked in the rye grass , and fed in the stall morn and even , on mangel wurzei leaves for four days . Stall fed with mangel wurzei leaves , turnips , and oat chaff , for two days . One cow and heiler staked on " clover , and morn and even fed with potatoes , carrots , and oat clu . tf , for three , days , the remaining three Stflll it'll with turnips , potatoes , and oat chaff .
PIG FEEDING . In fattening pigs , I have always found a mixture of barley and pcase-mcal , moistened with milk iu sufliciont quantity to make it of a drinkable nature , to be the best , * the pigs must bc rung to make tlicm lie quiet ; the stye must be warm and airy , and the sun not suffered to scorch their backs , as thin-skinned white pigs are blistered by it , which not oniy renders theinof an unsightl y appearance , but retards tlieir thriving ; neither can tlicy bear exposure to . cold winds , or cold rain , or sleet , or snow—they , must bc kept out of all these . This is not suflicicntly attended to : on many farms you sec them lying in heaps shivering with the cold ; in such cases thriving is out of the question ; andon the other hand 1 havo seen
, , them immured to the height of four feet , with . a low ceiling above them , leaving a space of a foot and a half for a current of air ; in this case they looked very delicate and sickly , like consumptive subjects , and never arrived at any size or weight for their age ; their constitution W _. _1 S _UlldGl-niilied by being kept constantly in a pestilential atmosphere ; whereas , had thc door been an open-barred door , . a current of . rcsh air would incessantly have set in and purified the place , and given the animals a vigorous habitand a doub _y-increased size . These extremes should be carefully avoided ; and , in addition , too much cleanliness cannot he observed , for nothing tends more to their well-doing than dry feeta dry bedand sweet
, , air . Ihey wallow in mud , it is true , in thc summer , to get a coat to siiield them from the sun and flies ; but that only proves that they require protection from excessive heat and the teasing of flies ; and all who wish their pigs to thrive will provide shelter . My pigs are never allowed to run about , as no food they can get by prowling about will compensate for the Joss of flesh sustained b y tiic continual state of motion , hi a farm it may be very well to have some running about to pick up dropped offal ; but where the pigs are regularly fed with a sufficient supplv , it is a thriftless plan to waste ty exercise the flesh that by a state ot rest would make a good return for the food consumed and the expense of attendance .
In the above remarks on pig-feeding , my observations were directed chiefly to fattening hogs to a large ? size ; thc strong loud recommended does not exactly suit quarter porkers j it is too heating , and produces pimples , which give the appearance of disease ; therefore , for quarter pork , I cither use fine middling ? wjtb milk or pure water , or reduce the strength of the barley and pease-meal by adding an equal quantity of poliard _; wash or pot-liquor is unpalatable to pigs during the process of fattening on meal . __ I have tried various liquids—mutton broth , the liquor from a round of beef , and good kitchen wash—but have been obliged to take it out of their troughs , and replace it with meal and milk , or water . It will sometimes happen , from change of weather or
other causes , that the pigs get costive , and are off their food , in such a case I supply them with a little green food , according to the season of the year , —as a few cabbage leaves , lettuces , or potatoe-tops , or with potatoes , and mangel wurzei ; if , on the other hand , they are purged , I have a sod dug from the road-side and given them , or , which I sometimes think is better , I let them into a yard where there are cinders , mould , and brick , and chalk rubbish . I think very little of garden stuff as a means of keeping a pig in a good growing condition ; it is no help further than srtisiying occasionally the cravings of hunger ; sows will do on it , or on grass , if there can be added daily a feed or two from the wash-tub . As I keep SOWS . I may as well add my management of them . Durinir
the time of gestation their diet is restricted to articles tbat will not produce obesity , for sows , as well as cows , are apt to be attacked with what is called the milk-fever ; and , besides , unwieldy sows have not that command over their movements that sows with a less proportion of flesh have , and are very likely to crush many of their young ones . For the first fort _, night , the sow is fed in such a manner as to leave off with a good appetite ; and no better or more forcing food is given _tlian fine pollard or coarse middlings ; but as soon as all fever has disappeared , and the pigs can take the milk as fast as the sow can supply it , the finest middlings or oatmeal , or sometimes boiled rice , when it can be procured at about 8 s . or Ss . 6 d . per cwt ., are given three times a day . The little pigs are cut when five or six weeks old ; the sows are not spayed , it intended for ouarter nork : the
ooeration both throws them back and disfigures them . Many people recommend a spayed sow for the poor ; I always recommend a barrow pig , as growing to a ' larger size than the spayed sow pig , and in being far superior meat to an old spayed sow . These remarks , with what I forwarded to you before , are about all I can remember for a brief sketch . In choosing a pig , look out for one with a wide open chest , well filled up from the ears to thc tail , small toed , and with meat in the fore arm down to the knee , nnd in the ham down to the hock-tail fine and short , with a small spread of hairs at the end . Let the breed be more inclined to make flesh than fat , and fine in the gram . Another peculiarity should be ascertained i the . breed should be famed for broad backs and small entrails—large-belhcd pigs do not pull down the scale . It on have now such a lecture on pigs as I sometimes give to my inquiring friends .-. / . Steel , in Agricultural Gazette . > j
DEEP DRAINAGE IS BETTER THAN SHALLOW DRAINAGE . _Because capillary attraction is stronger than gravity neat-tbe surface , whilst as we go deeper into the soil , the torce of gravity increases , and the power Of capillary attraction diminishes . Capillary attraction acts powerfully and injuriously near the surface mtwo ways-first , by keeping the rain water from _qesoending to the shallow drains ; and , secondly , by * v _?? ' ? * U 13 , our swona _w « P » n . by ban _* m" » 3 . waflatho * , and « calier , _i _Jlttlejnanurein _. _eTery drill ,
Drawing Up From The Sodden Bed Of The To...
drawing up from the sodden bed of the too proximate 8 lialIow drain the free or superfluous water . Entertaining these ideas I applied to Mr . Parkes for an explanation , or rather confirmation of them , which he has most philosophically and correctly afforded in the annexed letter , which divulges the subterranean secret , __ and explains satisfactorily the hitherto mysterious action of deep draining . . __ A sponge will hold water , by capillary attraction , till its pores ave filled , and a large sponge will hold more than a small one ; consequently it is longer in getting wet and longer in getting dry , TllC earth
when drained is in fact a" sponge—the deeper thc drains the greater the body of water it will hold : and as earth , air , and water ave _tlui food of plants , the _lar-rcr the sponge the more food il contains . Now we all well know that water passes through earth and runs away out of tlic drains , but wo must never forget that it will only do so when more has fallen than the earth chooses to retain by capillary attraction . You may drop water drop by drop on a sponge or loaf sugar , and none will escape till the pores are all filled _flnit then it refuses to receive any more , and the vest is carried away . The same thiiig occurs precisely in drained land .
In deeply drained land but little rain will pass through the drains during the spring and summer . It is retained to moisten this large sponge , and rise by capillary attraction and bc carried oil' through the plants by their roots and leaves , or evaporate at the surface a- * - steam or vapour . In shallow drained land ( the small sponge ) plants are quickly dried up in a hot summer , or drenched' in a wet one ; and as roots only search amongst the porous earth for their food , of course they not only get less food , but arc subjected , by their proximity to the surface , to greater atmospheric vicissitude . It is a seeming contradiction , that deep drains should discharge more water and
more quickly than shallow _oin _* s ; such is _. howcver , the fact . Ill a very long or deep sponge , the water will drip tlu-iugh at the lowest end , the force of gravity overcoming partially that of capillary attraction ; of course , this dripping permits its absorbing more water at its surface . In a short or shallow sponge , little or no dripping takes place , because the capillary power is too strong ; consequently when filled it will absorb less at the surface , and more must run off . It is notorious , that in very porous vegetable soils , shallow drains arc of little use , for spring or bottom water passes by tlicm and vises in preference to the surface , by the force of capillary attraction , arid by the plants called bog pipes .
Old hands at spring draining known the fact , although I never heard tlic caused named , and always recommended deep dvains . I am not sufficiently acquainted with the statistics of capillary attraction to state how deeply it acts , but wc know quite well that its power varies _^ with the character ofthe soil . Farmers like chalk in heavy land , because chalk has stvoug _ftltt-ative and non-capiHavy powers . There are abundant _iiistanccsoflooscsniids , gravels , bogs , or mellow soils , always wet and cold , because resting on an impervious bed of clay , the water ascending by the power of capillary attraction , Which overcomes its gravity ; the water will in such cases rise many feet above its level , depending on the comparative capillary powers of the soil . It can only be removed in this case by cutting into the dense " or non-capillary mass . In cases of spongy soils , practice has shown that we must load tliem with heaviest earths , to squeeze out their nioi « _still'C and diminish
then- capillary power , to make the drains act . A piece of loaf sugar or a sponge readily illustrates ( he facts I have mcutioned , that water has its force o " gravity , overcome by capillary attraction , and is made to rise above its level . Trees of tbe greatest licit-lit exorcise this power , and so do nil plants in degree . The question of extreme dcptli at which drains will act in pure clays , is an important one , and seems to hinge on the depth to which cracks will extend in such soils . It is easy to try it , which I shall do ; my own opinion is , that even in very strong clays water will filtrate much below four feet ; but possibly , to enable it to do this , it would b- most secure to drain four feet lirst , and then when these drains have acted perfectly , and the soil to _ tli . it depth is intersected by roots and worm borings , increase the depth to seven * or eight feet , according to tlic fall . Mr . Parkes has clearly shown that deep drains will act more promptly on lands that have been already shallowdrained . "
The pr inciples of drainage arc affected by the laws of gravity . The drain-pipe is full of air—the earth above it is full of water ; the superfluous water , beyond what tbe earth retains by capillavy attraction _, must , ofnecssity , by its superior gravity , descend and displace the air from the pipe , and continue flowing till it finds other water to resist it . The greatest possible objection to shallow drainage is , that the falling water robs the surface soil of its heat and manure , and carries it away through the drains , or allows it to pa-s off thc surface , whilst in deeply drained land the heat carried down by thc water is taken from the water by the colder subsoil , and retained to rise again to the roots and surface by its superior lightness and by capillary attraction . Tims the depth of drainage influences vegetation , warmth being carried down from the surface is laid up in store , and re-ascends the surface with the
expanded water by capillary attraction . Deeply drained land receives and retains the soluble parts of the . manure we apply to thc surface , and sends tlicm up again for the use of plants by evaporation and capillary attraction . Water is not only a carrier of heat downwards and upwards in soils , but it also conveys down and brings again to the surface the solutions of manure that colour it . A nice warm summer shower that would only be enough to moisten comfortably five or six feet deep of parched earth , would be carried through shallow drains . Like strong tea , thc solutions from our manure contain its most valuable properties . Farmers who consider how worthless is the second mashing of their malt , or the second water from thcil ' tea , will hardly allow the essence of their manure heaps to vun away down their ditches with the water from their roofs , or down shallow drains .
We must not forget that roots will follow retreating water and depvive it of _Uiciv food ; but tbe samo voots cannot avoid or escape thc injurious effects of water ascending constantly and too abundantly by capillary attraction from the too proximate floor of a shallow drain . In a soil drained six or eight feet deep tbe saline and ammoniacal substances that are brought down with the rain , remain in thc soil , and arc brought up to the roots of plants by the water , as it rises to the surface by capillary attraction to replace that which evaporates . The manures we apply are also
laid up in store for subsequent use ; whilst in that drained only two feet , or two foot eight , it would be washed into the drains and carried away to the open ditChes . The importance is great of retaining , for the _uvc of plants , much of the water that falls in the summer months , for such water is abundantly charged with beat {< pj . electricity ?) and with various gases ihafc are of inappreciable value as food I ' or plants . Of course to bogs , sands , and gravels , the addition of heavier earths and lime is indispensable , chemically and physically giving them a greater aptitude for the retention of moisture , such soils being deficient in alkalies and alumina .
It has been objected that in certain soils the filtration of water would abstract from them their metallic properties , and encrust , or choke up these small pipes . It is possible in an occasional instance , and in course of time , this might occur , but this exception can bc no valid objection to the general rule of their success in thc majority of soils . Instances too may occur where the supply of water from springs , or from some neighbouring ground , may be more than a small pipe can carry , rendering it necessary to employ a larger pipe , or several smaller ones side by side , or on each otlier . This also can only now and then occur . Thc inch-pipes will always take all the water that docs fall as an average Irom the clouds on a given space i a given time . The whole system of deep drainage in hcavv land is dependent on its cracking by contraction . These first and
cracks , which take place , , by evaporation , then by percolation , can bc promoted in two ways—by leaving the drains open as long as possible after the pipes arc placed in them , and covered with a few crumbs , or by tbe licatot" a dry summer . _Polling heavy land solid in wet weather will cause it to crack readily in warm weather ; when once a system of cracks has commenced , they extend in every direction , each fissure draining thc soil adjoining it , until the whole mass of earth to tbe floor of the drains becomes a network of fissures . Once established , filtration , capillary attraction , and evaporation , must go on regularly—improving the soil from year to year , aided by worms and by roots . I . would strongly recommend every agricultural improver to bore or cut a four-feet trench in every acre , of soil , to tbe depth of several fGet , much in the same
way as we would ascertain the quality of a cheese . The expense is but trifling , but the saving or gain would be in many cases , enormous . A bed of _calcareousjearth , of clay , or of gravel , may be found where least expected and much required . Perpendicular strata of clays , < fcc , may be thus at once detected and cut _through , which liavc possibly for centuries _, headed back springs , or surface water , and caused a large extent of land to be always wet . Such boring may give upward vent to a spring , which being pent in has shown its evil effects in numerous other places . There are many advantages attending a knowledge of the substratum , - so various are its qualities , and so different from the surface soil . It is the opinion of
two practical drainers I am acquainted with , tnat subterranean water generally runs east and west , so that by cutting our drains north and south we arc more likely to intercept them . Probably it may not be the rule in every county , but I have noticed such to be the case on my farm in several instances . The fact is worth observing , or we may make many useless cuttings , in clay or strong soils parallel with sandy veins , and yet not succeed in removing the water from the latter . This stratification cast and west may be the result of centrifugal force , caused by the earth ' s diurnal revolution . ; There can be no doubt that the increased luxuriance of plants is dependent on the depth : of drainage as well as on the quantity and quality of their food , I am of opinion that plants breathe , masticate
Drawing Up From The Sodden Bed Of The To...
digest , and . excrete with precisely the same results as ourselves , and decay and are decomposed in the same way as we are . They also repose as we do , and during that repose digestion and consequent increase is as apparent with them as with us . Like ourselves plants will not send their roots to be drowned or to be burned ; therefore , by deep drainage , wc guard them against both , and afford them an abundant supply or fowl . No doubt , they obtain oxygen by then * roots and carbon by their leaves to form internal combustion .
Many sandy soils require draining when their owners little imagine the cause of their inferior crops , for if these sands or silts rest on an impervious basis of hard __ gravel ov solid clay , the capillary power of the surface soil draws up the water most injuriously to the roots . This was found fo be tlic wise on one field on my favm , which was considered to bc a hot dry field , but was found , on digging holes , to require draining . Sands most particularly require deep drainage , because their capillary powers will effectually counteract the operation * of shallow drains . Many farmers know practically the difficulty of getting water out of sand , although they do not know the cause .
Ihcrc arc very few lands on which the drains cannot bc placed four feet deep , where there is the desire to cut- deep drains . For instance , suppose a field is basin shaped , or higher at the sides than in the centre , the drains could bc carried with the fall to the centre of the lield , and there fall into a main drain , carried through the higher parts of the field by a deep cutting , to some distant point of fall , or to a deep well or swallow hole . In deep drains there is no danger of pipes decaying , because the temperature is nearly uniform , . seldom varying ten degrees , and of course never touching the extremes of winter frost or summer heat . I . 3 . Meciii .
Sanlmiptfl-, $U.
_Sanlmiptfl-, $ u .
Bankrupts. ("From Tuesday's Gazette, Oct...
BANKRUPTS . ( "From Tuesday's Gazette , October 11 , 1 S _15 . _J Robert i . Chapman , Cliipliiiiu , Surrey , market gardener —Janius Smith Williams , uf (>' , Clcmeut ' s-hiiic , Lombard _, _sti-out , City , master mariner—Thomas _Ashwwrth and Michael Septimus _Ki-yworth _, of Manchester , ' couuuuu brewers—Henry George Gibson , of _Newcastle-upon-Tyne , chemist—Thomas i'ielder Shillam _, of lludbriugc , Gloucestershire _, wool broker .
_PIVIDENDS DECLAKEP . John Soolt _, of _liinuiiigliain , gun maker , final dividend of _Ijfd . in the pound , payable , at 7 i ! , _Gi-orge-sticet , Man-Chester , October ' IS , aud every following Tuesday . William Jones , of Acton , Middlesex , grocer , first divi . ( lend of 7 . 1 . in the pound , payable at 13 , Old Jewry , _October IS , and two following Wednesdays James _l- ' _an-en , of Nine Kims Surves , corn dealer , second dividend of !> d , in thepuiiml , payable at lo , Old Jewry , October 10 , and two fullowiiig Wednesdays . DIVIDENDS TO tin DECLARED . At thc Court of _Jlankrvptcy , London . . Tames I ' cufold , of Goring , Sussex , farmer , November 5 , nt hall' -pan 12—James _Iniriiy _, of Old _Fislustrcut-liill , U [ . _j > ci- _'l'liaincs-streer , stationer , November 1 , nt one—Tlumiis Eastwood , of Brighton , grocer , November 6 , at eleven .
Certificates to be granted by tf : c Court of Review , unless cause b' : shown to the contrary , on ov before November 4 . John IS . _irblii-y _, of Leek . VuoUmi , Warwickshire , maltster—James Mnbbs , jun ., of Chichester , baker—Henry Deeimns Walker , of Katun Socim , Hertfordshire , innkeeper —Thomas Knstivood , of _liri-ibtoit , Siissex _. _jtruccr—Thomas _Langstoii , of _^ Manchester , share broker— John lirain _, of IC . _Winchestcr-ppicr , and late of _llolfovd-sipiare , l ' cntonvilhy copperplate dealer— John Smith , of St . Duustan ' shill _, City , ihiphrokcr . In thc Country . John Wood , of Cardiff , Gluumrgnnshiro , banker , November 5 , at eleven , at thu Court of bankruptcy , liristol—Thomas Ilolylaud , of Manchester , woollen cl _. th manufacturer , . November 0 , at twelve , at iho Court ol'iliiiiliiuptcy , Manchester—John aud Elizabeth _l- _'islicr , of _Miijjliull _, Lancashire , wine mercluini . _'* , November _•) , at twelve , at the Court of Uankruptcy , Liverpool—James Spencer , of _Denhuln . c C ' . ivr . _YoiksUiru , woisted piece . inamit _*» vturer , November 13 , at eleven , at the Court , of _liunkruptrv ,
Leeds' 1 _hi-mas lioiishcld , Ol Lllicoh _:. irnilllioiijf _. r , November 11 , nt eleven , at the Court of Uankruptcy , Leeds—Tutu Waller Green , of Leeds , bookseller , November 11 , at eleven , at the Court of bankruptcy , Leeds—Thomas Similhvui . il , of lUvminghwn , - grocer , November (! , at eleven , nt thc Court of bankruptcy , birminghani—Joseph i . ewis , of I . trimnglium , card manufacturer , November 0 , at eleven , at the Court , of bankruptcy , _IJirir . iugham—benjamin S . Jones , of " iVrockv _. ardine-wood , Shropshire , grocer , November 0 , at-half-past twelve , at the Court of bankruptcy , Itirmiughiim—William Henry Hates , of _l . iriiiiiiglium . factor , November 5 , at eleven , at the Court of bnnlcrupcy , Hirmin _^ - haiii—Thomas Hortmi , of West I ' roinwicli , Stallurdshiru , iron founder , November IS , at twelve , at the Court of bankruptcy , _birminjjliam — James iicillil-tt , of Little birch , Herefordshire , cattle dealer , November 5 , at _ludfpast eleven , at the Court of bankruptcy , llirmin _^ bam—John Hewing and William Herring , ofNewcastle-upon _. Tyne , merchants , November 5 , at eleven , at the Court ot bankruptcy , Newcastle-upon-Tyne ,
Certificates to be _granted , uulcss cause bc shown to the contrary ou the day of uieetm _;; . James Edward Smirk , of broad-court , bow-street , _Covcut-iinrden _, victualler , November 5—Charles Jones , of Adstoek , l-UcUinghainsliiro , salesman , November 1—William Vcrey , of _lligli . strcct , Kingslsmd , victualler , November 5—W illiam Parsley , of Woolwich , Kent , hat maker , November 4—William _ . Inton _, of Fore-street , City , leather seller , November 5—Thomas Clerk Smith and l . ichard Hayes , of 18 , Henrietta-street , Covent inn-den , hotel keepers , Nov -1 —Frederick West , of Southampton , bootmaker , November 5—John Redden , of Cambridge , coach _liuililer , November 6—James _CoilSCIIS _IVoltOll , _Ot'HlllstG'ld , Essex , ironmonger , November 0—John White , of Warminster , Wiltshire , currier , November 1—John botcheby , late of Darliiiirtou , Durham , coulowner _, November i—Fen wick Loruine , of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , buoksebcr , November 4—Ann Brce French , of Newcastle-u ; - . ou-Tync , hotel keeper , Nov . 4—Joseph Curtis , of Liskeiird _, Corn . Wall , _Jllieildl ' _. _ipei' , November 7—Jacob llichard Owen , of Manchester , stockbroker , November 6 " .
_PABTVERSHIPS DISSOLVED . James bizzey , Thus . Denton , and John Ilumphrys 1 _' apps , of . Stroud , linen drapers ( so far as regards John _llumplirys _PiippsJ-Ilcury lltiliis and Thomas _ll'iilford , of Liverpool , tea dealers— Wi . li . im _ltalpli Buchanan and Henry Grainger , attorneys—Abraham Bass and It . Sweeting _, of _burton-upon-Trcnt , Stall ' rrdsbirc , attorneys-Llewelyn _KvansiindEviin Williams , of Llandovery , Curmarllicnsliire , cabinet makers—Fred . Farrar and George llerbst Lake , o ' f 111 , Guillimaiwstreet , _Doctoi's' -connnoiis , attorneys—1 { . Darisltcuand Hugh Casement , o ( 05 , Upper Thames-street , City , and Essex-street , Wliitecbapel , cheesemongers—Jnini Iveeves Pountney and Tbuinas Voimtney , of birminghani , curriers—Thomas S . tnni'ord
Woodley : iud Isaac Young , of Cambridge , grocers—John Wright and John Limvooil , of l _' _ontelVaet , linen drapers—William _ih & y ' m and James Marvin , of Ililperton , Wiltshire , baiters—Samuel F . _ILbotson and William Frederick Ibbotsoii , of New York -j- Gerald Atkinson and John Found , of Liverpool— Ghiitles Herring and John broeklchlirst , of 177 , High Holboni , lamp nianu ' acturcrs—Edward Henderson and Joseph \ V „ oler , of Stockton , mercers—Daniel Nash and _Josiiill _f . _ilinbl'i't , ( if Siblo Ilcd illgliain , l--sscx , fanners—John Sharp and J . buntoft _, of boston , Lincolnshire , tanners—Kdw . Manton and John Francis Power , of Cheltenham , wine merchants—John Henry _Mnrclon and henry _Hel / ier , of Le . _'idenliali-inaiket , meat salesmen .
Pnoi.Iric Ixcubase.—At The Usual Season,...
Pnoi . iric Ixcubase . —At the usual season , a single potatoe was set , whole , in a field at llebble-bridgo , near Huddersfieid , hy John Turner , stotiu-niason ; and during last -week the produce was raised , when 22 lbs . of line largo potatoes wore veuped . The sort was what is denominated " Fanner ' s glory , " and the " set" weighed 2 lbs . when planted , liad care been taken of the plant during growth , and the layers properly covered , it is believed the increase would have been nearly twice as great . A Curiosity . —An ordinary earthenware dish , purchased ut the Cambrian pottery , in this town , about
sixteen months ago , by Williams , a tailor , residing in Gon t-street , has excited a considerable portion ot curiosity in thc minds of some of our townspeople during the past week . It appears that a short time since a great number of small crystalized substances , having the appearance ol" flowers , or miniature mushrooms , were observed to grow out ofthe dish , breaking through tlic _Iliti'd glnzed surface . One or two of these grew to the extent of an inch , but wore accidentally broken . Others are now budding forth , covering nearly the whole surface of the dish . The taste is very simitar to that of common salt . The oldest and most experienced individuals engaged in the . manufactures of earthenware in this town do not
remember witnessing such appearances on any previous occasion . A potter , who also keeps the Compass public-house in High-street , purchased the article from the original owner for £ 1 5 s ., and has issued bills announcing it for exhibition . The general impression in the upper region of our town is , that it is a " bewitched dish ; " but we opine that chemists , upon analysation , would bc able to account lor these curious appearances by the accidental presence of some chemical ingredient not usually found in the 1 materials from wliich such articles arc manufactured , — Camhrian . Eruttion of Mount Heci . a . — Tito Hamburgh . Borscnhalle of thc 7 th inst . contains the following communication from Copenhagen , under date of October 'ith : — " Tlic English journals have already stated that tlic largest of tlic Orknev isles v as , during a
violent storm from the north-west on the night o f thc 2 nd ult ., covered with lino _a-hes , resembling ground pumice-stone ; and that it was thought they had been driven by the wind from Mount Ilecla , in Iceland , as similar appearances had been observed during several years . We now learn that on thc same or the following ni » ht thc crew of a veseol , bound to this port from Rcikiavik , observed , whilst about eighteen English miles from land , Tolcanic flames on the southern coast of Iceland . On September 3 rd two vessels near the Fawe Irlcs were also covered with ashes . According to letters which have been received here an earthquake occurred on the previous
day in the west , north , " and cast _portioi s of . More recent intelligence lias arrived from the southern part , and it appears that the eruption was a more violentone than any that had taken place there during the last sixty years . The latest accounts aret * 'pf * _^ September 15 . 'Ihey confirm the intelligenceVof ::. a _i "Volcanic eruption in tiie southern _pat _^ o _' f the ' islahd ? on September 2 nd , the first since the memju _* able Aiie * which occurred nineteen years ago . "j . _heXextent 0 the fall of sand and ashes is not yet known ; _butfiCiiascertained that the populous _districts adjace'r it . td _*' the volcano have not been seriously _llljliretf , " eieegfc that the grass plots near thc mourrtaiiis _^ erfc'de * stroyed . " m s _& _imZffi - * t ( c _>^^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 18, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_18101845/page/7/
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