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Mat 30, 1848. fHE NORTHERN STAR. 3
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poetry
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TH E BROTHERHOOD OF NATIONS . AS AKTtCIF...
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HCSSAH—HURRAH— WE MOVE
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GEBilAS STUDENT'S BONG. WO KCTB CSD CB.A...
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KING RIGUAROLE ALIVE AGATX! ??7i:h t>e s...
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TIIE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR. The Committ...
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• This Committee * aas now ceased to esi...
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THE MIDDLE CLASS MOVEMENT. The Rulbs and...
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BESIDBNT 6CFFBAOE. 1.—To convene public ...
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The Prussian Reformers intend to revert ...
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fmymrn pruaimM
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MONDAY, Mav 15, H&USE OP LORDS.—The only...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Mat 30, 1848. Fhe Northern Star. 3
Mat 30 , 1848 . _fHE _NORTHERN STAR . 3
Poetry
_poetry
Th E Brotherhood Of Nations . As Akttcif...
TH E BROTHERHOOD OF NATIONS . AS AKTtCIFiTlOH , _s—nested by Beranger ' s * _SoinK cllxzme des ptvp . es . ' -hs wars hsd ceased : the weary nations furled _r _- lt _tst ' . _ered fla ; s , and sheathed thei » - Wanted _sjroris ; , _> S iCk nf blood , thc decimated world Cj 33 te 3 its scars , its glories , and rewards . \ fi . -: l _: whisper , ralsel in doubt End fear , _jriaa sa appeal to all the _suffering lands—Form an s"lisnee haly and sincere , And join , j oin hands _..
01-5 _fflfn left childless aad _disconsolate ; _Wijatrs forlorn , and maidens _sorrow-croweed ; Tbe _children loitering at the cottage gate ; The voune . mm mournful , _gsziog on thc ground , Joined in _thscry . lamEnting , yet of cheerp . .-pasting ever , Oh , ye ru ined lands , Form an alliance holy and sincere , An 5 join , join hands . The _plouihmaa singing at the early morn , _Stored , ln his task , and shuddered to behold , rfcr . ' _- ' _gn the long furrows for thc future corn , _Hsh ' _-harii- _'J skulls _projecticg from the mouldjj ,,-e _: of bis brethren _scattered far and near ; " _isi _sa _^ _T S 9 a '* I ! 5 _sigsoa , Unhappy lands , F _* rtn an allianoa holy aad sincere , _As'i join , join _hsntJs . _jts _= b . _* F- spread—it gathered as it went ; t _> ro " . i crow ' to crowd tbe aspiration fl w ; V -: _rcc ~ < _- d _Eare > _ps staunched ths wounds that rent
v .- - itel E _^ bosom , pierced at Waterloo ; _D-4 _wi'S'St sons _^ h voices lead and clear _T-o _' " _sP _!* - " _^ _o _^ anl _* _^ tneIB ° ' er tne _landsj-orra sn alliance holy and sinctre , Asd join , join hands . vr-v = houid ve drag , ' _ea-a tbey , « tie furious car 0 . biina - _srahftioa ? Why vvith sweat snd moU _-v-oa- _'ie _p-mting demi-Rods of war , A-i wish yonr blood cuke tunnels through the soil i ¦' in mad
- X ' - _¦¦«*¦ ve _ssSj-ed—long career _^ , £ -e _wd sword _andeorrow t _hrough the lands *~ Yc _rzi sn alliance holy and _sisccre , And join , join _hands . ' _? _-nr ;>! ed bs the sword for ever—let the dram B _^ ctooibay ' s pastime—let your battles _ctase , Ani be ths cannon ' s voice for evtr dumb _Tiic-TJ * to c-1- orate thc joys of peace . Ar ,- ve not brothers ? God , whom ye revere , _] * hi no : Father of all climes asd lands , _Fora aa _sii ' _snee holy and sincere , And join , j in bauds .
Th ? words grew oracles ; frera mouth _, to month K 3 _? ii 5 as _-ig ht the uuthial accents ran , y .-om 'he coll _Borland to tss snany South—Won El-it to West ; they wurmed she heart of raan ; Th- - _j-rosperous _people with a sound of _chees Tj } _.- -sihi glad _watchword through the smiling lands Form an alliance holy and sinctre , _Ancjo'n , j > in hands . Xcey _sp _.-jsa . _thty _flevi , _ttitj ( _xnctifi-. d _apaos ; The spear and sword hung rusting on the wall ? , J ? r ~ s ; rvfd as r : lics of a _bygona race " tYhen mea west mad , and gloried in their crawls , p < . a : e , the fair mother of esch bounteous year , _propped coin 3 n = wine on tbe prolific lends . Form an _allisace holy and sincere _. And join , jain hands .
E-i _^ _I ssd forgot Iter deeds _battl e done , Tr « . nce b ! afb-d st ' glory ' gained ia fields of gore , G _. rmsn , _It-ilian , Spaniard , Pole , end Hun _Taught _kinrs a _les = on and were foes no _more—E-ot * _iiO _;; e arh ' eved the circuit of oar sphere , Ani L -ve _became the gospel of the lands—V * :, £ n that al _isxee . holy and sincere , Ead joined all hands . Puppet Shots
Hcssah—Hurrah— We Move
HCSSAH—HURRAH— WE MOVE
A TE 1 _UHPH . It moves—it moves—Earth hfttli _noi _altpt—It croncbed bnt far its Spring ; 0 ; _silenee is the thunder born , And _wiaters harvests bring ; It iid but palsied weakness feign , The more its strength to prove ; 'lis bounding for the goal again ; Hurrah—Hurrah—we sieve , Sion ;—shout—tbe fettered migat of France _Acain hath rent fcer _chifs ; E ;> , tyrants , crouch , —St Aato ' _tne treads Tha Tuilleries _agsin ; In _ni'jesty and _mijat she rose , Again to Earth to prove , A _cstioa ' s will can laa ; h at swords ; _Karrah—ilnrrib . —wa move . _Eoae—Roa . e—ones mon a trumpet blast
Pi _nrs in the chainless sound ; Great _thnuihts airainharh G _^ _noa spoke—F / ee _wsrJs hath Florence found ; _Patera i all hit rjnut ' 8 wrata H *' . h dared in arms to prove ; Free , _Ssples shonteth by the sea ; 3 urrah—Hurrah—we move . Ths sions is forth—the rushing blast ; Lo , in its mt ; hty roar Tie _thron _« 3 and _ancient _p-nwers sf wronr * Usurp the Earth no more ; Eo , _Prassia , _whera _' s thine iron rule _? H .- > , _Amtris , _dott thou prove The byword of _eittlti _^ _j man I Hnrrah—Hurrah—we more . Aa 2 Poland , giant sin of time , For thee is promise dumb * Shouts not triumphant hope tby name ?
Is not taina hour too come T It sweeps—tfee rending storm sweeps-on ; Lo , the free Earth shall prove lis no * 3 '< = r life—its _ehsinless years ; Hurrah—Hnvrab—we _msve . A _23 _Eairland sleeps;—B _^ _l emia _stirs _^ Stirs too the fiery Haa ; The Lombard rends the _Austrian ' s keel , — Milan hath freedom won ; _Awake—iwakii—press thon too ob , First-bora of _Freedom , prove Thy right to lead the march of mm , And teach the world to move .
Gebilas Student's Bong. Wo Kctb Csd Cb.A...
GEBilAS _STUDENT'S BONG . WO KCTB CSD CB . A . _TT . ¦ i Grman hearu with , strength , and courage _beatin ? J ? _Tisre to the clang of _beakers gleams the sword , : 3 true -ani st _' . i _^ fa . ' _-t in oar place of meeting , " 5 Ve p ? al cloud in sens tbe fi'r . _» -word ! _Ihoujh rock * and _oak-tsees shiver , We y ; . _R-iU trer . b ' . e never 1
_Srritij nUe the tempest , see tbe _jouths go by Fer f _atbtriand to combat acd to die ! _Sii . _rsdas truslovebe tbe brothfr-trken _, A-d pure like gold the soul _within imprest , Ar i : _Mt in death onr spirits be not broken , _Elic ' _s be tke ribbon bound " . bout the breast . # # # Though rocks etc . Aii cow , _sitiDg fate may tsar ns from each other , L-t each man grasp tf each the _brotherhand , A _; i _i ~ i £ . r one . more , —0 , _tvtry _Ssrmfn brother , Tr ~ t ' r , to the _bon-3 , truth to tbe Fatherland ! _Though rocks _and oak-trees sbirer , We w ? will _tret-. blenever ! _Srrcr . g like the tempest , see the youths go by ? * r _Fitheriand to combat and to die ! _Eotritt ' t Journal
King Riguarole Alive Agatx! ??7i:H T>E S...
KING _RIGUAROLE ALIVE _AGATX ! ?? 7 i : h t > e s ? n 5 > _bltf remarks of P trick Blake , E ? q ., of tie Echo , _Kilkrnpy , thereupon . _Suggested by _arigawrnis _spseeh lately snouted in tke Confederation H £ l 2-
F _.-ienos , there are 5 fry thousand men _Citsing t _« help u *—Ur Blaze : Arrah f _TTfiea t F- ' ends , tbey are coming here , I tow , To do onr business-Mr B .: ifusha . ' Sins ? Frienas , they are coming , bnt not eoae ; I _oaly say they ' re—MrB .: _Coming to come ! " _vTiiie tbey fi £ _ttfor ns , _Fritnds , gsy _Wiat _Siall we do for thf m—Mr B .: Ho _' . d iheir hat !
Hy Friends , I _= sy , _R peal is won'Tis won , I tell yoa , Friends—HrB .: H 7 . af / un . ' _Friends , I aai for th _^ ' 82 'C _.-ittan , and
_jlorions—MrB .: Didderum . Doo ! Tha Lords _- _> . Jl raak- a splendid show , Like _K-n _? Colt ' s _filditrsilr B .: _J-V . of a roa J The _B-shops » U upon a eaelf Sit b . v _Ihstriselves—Mr B .: Oh ! povers of Delph \ Th _« Lord _L-sutensDt , wiih his hat Upoa his head H .-B ;
Just f , ir , k of that ! The Lords End Corsmoners do bold Th _: ir _hata in hand—JfrB . : _% *» ¦ . _% « tft *« W I
King Riguarole Alive Agatx! ??7i:H T>E S...
The common people * all run out , And throw iheir hats up , dance , and iboat—Mr B . : Kot if they know whit _thiy ' re about Friends , I myself wiil tit as oae M . P , for HrB .: The old Blarney Stone ! Friinds , we will _wew onr gold-laced coats—HrB . : But what about the people ' s notes ? Friend ? , we will all be mightj grant * — ilr B : Eut hiw about the poor man ' s land ? Friend * , there are other ' gents' to spout When 1 havo dose—MrB . ; Ah I the * , gel out ! United Irishman . 3 , F . 41 .
Tiie Organisation Of Labour. The Committ...
TIIE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR . The Committee of Operative sitting at the _Luxembo-.: _rz , under M . _L- - > uis _Blam-, thus continue their report , the first portion of which appeared in the Northern Star , of Satnrday , May 6 th . _- —* We had _net only to provide for tbe n _.-cessities ofthe present , but tocollict materials for the fu ' . ure . Thus we have seriously pondered » nd c . _refully discussed down to the roost minute _dettils _ihtmajorily ol tho questions _affecting the safety of the peopie , by which we mean the 6 afety of society atlaree _. for we cannot loo ffc * n repeat _thstinterts _' . B ara _dependent on each other , _andiftht-y have come to cossider each other as _enemies , it is soUly owin _^ to a wan t of btuay and a defective state of soeiety . _Tboie who now oppose U 3 with sueh inconsiderate impetuosity tre not aware bow far onr ideas _arscaleulated to re-assure ana protect tbem . So matter ; the day will come when tl ? . e blindest of onr _adversaries will do us justice . Our _conscienscs justify us , an * that is enough .
The _Secntiries-General of the _Min-. _sUral Commission for Workmen , M _Frargois Tidal , ant * Jf . C . Secqaeur , have b » cn instructed to _prrpare _.-. resume of the principal results of our int rnsl _dfeliberations . The foil _-tving is the ensemble of tbe ideas which wc have thought it onr duty to lay before you : — To the old _territorial and _military _fuuilality has latterly _succeeded a financial , comn > ercial , ami industrial feudality , which it is now our business to destroy , in the name of tbe mutual _depsndeEce cf humanity—i . e ., fer the benifit of ail—of all without 'xciption . By tbe _ivill of God , a Dew snd mors lofty conception of right has _srist-n frem the _concealed movementof ages . _Scnnmeot * and ideas have _changed ; customs and institutions necessarily _tsnd to _chingd ia _modern societies . The monstrous r _.-sults of the system of _laissezfaire have compelled ths _stif _ofhopeU-ss _discredit to whieh itis
reduced . The _economical edifice <> f the past ia _cracking aod cvnmbiing on all sides 5 Its _fonnd-v . Uma _uve imd . rmiBtd , eBd society , as it bas been constituted by competition and isolation , has almost becomsan impossibility . Trade , commerce , national labour , tbe whole activity of theEurflpeau world , find themselves _abandoned to a radical nnd _permtintnt s'ate of _confm- ' on _, to periodical crises , to absolute blindness as regards tbe future . Want and _disorder are universally prevalent ; the arena of the mercantile world is strewed wi n wounded and dead . Tha lot of a large portion ol the people is lamentable ; they are _attenuated , depressed , atropuised _, und decimated by incessant toil , thanlss to the system ot" political economy naw _goloudly vaunted . For want of work thtra are soma who live plaaged in hereditary _reisery ; there are others who are driven by prisf and privations to succumb to b 11 the _sugrestions of despair .
Bat _heboid the arrival of tbe hour for coming io a _settle-oetitwith di _? tre = _a , aad _considering measures ofa remedial aad restorative tendency . The _saer _^ d standard around which thepeoplo rally Is _tn't-ribed with tbree WOTds which no hand will henceforth < fi" ce , for therealts _^ itioa of this motto is brought abont by the rcsUtUss _Course of _iveots—these words are , ' Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity . ' Now , two great forms or combinations seemed des tined to _envelope , ia a way , the _neir civil and so ial relations of mankind ; two great _L _* eas , _nsc-Bsary corollaries of the _seanments of equality and fraternity , alone possess the power in the presen-di > y of _reconstructing and enrichice — oa the one _siie association , the principle _fcf sll strenrtb and all economy ; on the other , the disinterested _!» terrention of the State — the principle of all order , all distributive iasticp , and all unify .
Ws have sufficiently detailed the benefits cocfrrred by tbe _priocipls of _assocktien ; those _benefits _lt-galise its secession , which we _acHOnnce to yon . As ts tha State , it is clear that ii U has any social duty , is is to interfere is a _peaceful proteetor wher ver there ard rights to ndjust end interests to guarantee ; itis iu _tqasl conditions _t-f _m- "> ral , intellectual , and physical c ' ev . lopment . This is its law ; snd it can only accomplish this law by reserving to itself the right of distributing credit , of furnishing implements of labour to those who want tbem , in such a manner as to render the living sources of wealth accessible to all . Taka away this economics 1 attribute—take away all foresight from the Stite—we aean tbe State as _demscr _- _iticaliv coastitatcd—ani the organisation of labour _biCome _? & He , find ItlO _iIU ") _lfl _* rable miseries of the people must rtmain for ever with _, out a remedy .
These principles will have no efficacy unless applied to every sphere of soci 3 l activity , to every orfler of labour and interests . If a vast ensemble of measures and _combinations , _conceived in this spirit of unity , do not simultaneously and progressively transform airicnlture , trade , andcommerci—if the legislator and tbe political e-cono . mist , in tbeir views of the future , do not _Itnd £ _qail attention to t _* se production , the _distribu'io ? ., and the completion of wealth—if they do not atoace harmonise the mode and the laws—if tbey neglect to introduce mutual dependence asd reciprocity between occupations , between persons—all is compromised and perilled , _beiau-e all is 80 * 1 ) ected anew to contradiction , to ttvofold _emp'oyment to antipathy , and te war .
We have already , alter having shown you what motive ? induced ns to pronounce tbe downfall of the _systtm of a liberticide laissez faire . to substitute for antagonism ani isolation the principle of union aad mutual dependence , _l-Ad before you s sketch of tbe plan for tke organisation ot labour in the workshops of mp . _nufacturing iadnstry , _atid we have even pointed out how , by the construction of a few vast edifices—i . _« ., by a _single intelligent an-1 architectural arrangement—it would be possible to r . _aliso a large saving in the consumption of the wotkingcla = ses without _distarbing any interest . But we _mu-itgo farther : we never dreamt of confining within such narrow limits tb _« complex problem ofthe organisation of labour .
In fact , are not competition , confusion , and disorder everywhere prevalent in town and country—ia tbe farm and the shop as w . llas in the factory ? Do they not weich dow _' n evtry age and sex—do they not oppress women an _3 children quite as much as men and adults f Then tbe agricultural social _workshop , and -he _workshop of _eichsnge , sale , or purchase , ought to be organised _simnltHnrously _wi-h the industrial social _workshop . The _commencement of this great work is pointed out to us by tbe very eitcumstaace 6 in which we ar ..- at _pres = ntplaced . Everybedy must be struck hy two great facts , which Ers aggravated in proportion to our ad-Vance—by a twofold tendency , which at or . ee menaces us with the regleti' _-u and the _piuper ' _um-the loo much acd the too little—of the state of society in EcgUnd . Disaster devastates tbe racks of the masters , and idleness saps the energies of _thejieople ; in many workshop !" labour is wholly suspended , and a large number of _operatives , unclassified and floating , remain excluded irom the labours of the nation .
Every day we are visited by tbe heads of all sorts of establishments , wbo eome to abandon toustbeir ' _tcp _' _smtntB of 1-bour . requesting us to _substitute _theaguncy of the State for their own , in order to save the wanes of tbeir _nnmerous employes . As to the unemployed operative' , they rush to ns in crowds . A merciless _necessity , therefore , Is about to bind the will of the legislature ; wants so imperious _toust bs _satisfk-d . 1 . The State ought to stop , or at least diminish the disasters cf _private trade , to save the masters by purchasing their implements whenever it may be convenient so to do , and _whsn they themselves tr . _tika the offer . Tbe State ought also to save the operatires by husbanding tbe means of continuim * their labours . This i \ tbe twofold object which we prope _?» to attain ia elaDoretii . g the plan of social workshops for _tradt _, to which we _hs-re already drawn jour attention .
2 . The State ought to create new centres of labour and production , to which all the _unclasscd , unoccupied , and necessitous portion of the _^ _optilation may be admitted _iuiraedUiely , and find prosperity , security , dig . mty , and liberty . In order to meet this pressing _necessity , we pr-. pose , as a measure already in principle adopted , the redemption of the _railroads , canals , and mines , ia order that they msj be immediately _transformed into social _workshops , into dockyards of the Se . public . With the same _obj- _'Ct in . vlew , we propose the creation of Bgricul-ural workshops in _different parts of the French territories , where the surplus _popclatius of the to » ns may Sudan oat _' et . We prepose entrepots and bazaars , with the _object of regulating _eichaEges _, of introducing truth and sincerity into business transactions , of simplifying the circulation , and reducing the espenses of trade , of establishing industrial credit on new bases , _aod ef _rendering the use of paper monry general .
3 Ths State cngbt to insure the financial resources of all these establishments , to found a system cf t ° _rritorial and commercial endit , and for _tltjis purpose to _deer : e an entemb ' e of institutions or economical cotabi . nations corresponding with the exigencies cf an unprecedented state of things . We consequently propose to _transform the system of banks and assurances into national institutions ; to appropriate to the special budget of the organisation of labour all tbe profits accruing from tke creation ofthe bazaars and entrepots , with the economy of _waiQ * l you will _eoon fee mads _acquainted . Wa also propose a project fer the _otganlsat-ca of territorial credit , according to which _hypothecary debts
Tiie Organisation Of Labour. The Committ...
» ay b _« * ed _« me 4 and oapltftl plae * d at the disposal of tie agriculturists on reasonable term * , Other practical conceptions which _vsa are elaborating , especially that of an uniquo tax , will complete this en . semi ' . e of measures destined to serve as a means ei transition from the old to the new order of things ; fO it is not our _eusiaesS to make a _tahdaxasa ofthe _vostiges of a long psst in one moment , but in a manner to engraft the future ou the present . To sura up , we submit to discussion two very distinct ord _^ r * oi measures—on the one hand , social workshops of agriculture and trade , to bo _orgnni _^ ed on the new _basDB of association arid mutual dependence ; and , on the other , institutiins to be founded , modified , or transformed . And , first , wa will developo our ideas respecting the agricultural workshops , the commercial bazaars and _entrtpots , the unitarian organisation of assurances , * nd the national or State banks to be established through-« ut the Republic .
1 . AGRICULTURE . Agriculture _offers to labour a vast and fruitful fielda fiild _nlmost unlimited . Agrirulturo permits th con . _stant apportionment of production to tho w « nts aud the resources of consumption—it _offers to labourers a permanent occupation and certain remuneration . A lull developement may be given to _agriculture without any fear of adding to the accumulation of markets or depreciating produce—without any fear of ruining neighbour ing _workshops and _displacirg , instead of _succouring distress—without fear of _throwing upon the streets poor labourers employed elsewhere , or lowering the rato of wages . The _cultitater l _^ _ves oh the soil , on tho produce of the soil , and has no need of purchasers , Hi ? existence does uot depend , like th jtof tbe operative , on the vicissitudes of commerce , chance , political crises , the _closmg up of a dismt outlet , or an unforeseen catastrophe .
Tbe operative employed in trade can only live on condition of finding nn outlet for his produce ; whereas agricultural produce , strictly speaking , may be con . _sutned by the producers _themselvts . _Ajriculture is favourable to the hoalth and the mo _raJify of tbe labourers ; it enables tneai to vary their toils—to develop their activity and intelligence in the open air , _aurroun-Ud by the splendour of nature . Manufacturing industry , on the contrary , accumulates humaa beings in towns by thousands , in filthj nnd un . healthy houses . In which _m-m , woman , and children pine away and perish for want of light and air ; it exhausts the operatives by tha exc < ss of a _monotonous labour ; it devotes them to misery , immorality , and too often , to _prematura death .
France Is _cartaln _' y not over-populated , but the pipa . lution U very badly distributed . A better distribution must be eff . _'Cted ; the _desert traots of land in the coun . try must fee peopled with th * surplus population of the towns ; tbe majority of labourers must mako an itiflax into the fields , and be employed in the work of hus . bandry ; the 9 upsrabuodant _population of the mnnufactariag towns must ba allnr _^ d to these agricultural co lonie » . The inevitable result of the voluntary emigration of 8 certain number of labourers would bo the _anieli-TaiioD of the condition of tke urban operatives , the diminution of tbo _numbtr of tha unemployed , the absorption of a part of the labour _offored , tho _consequ : nt abolition of the system of underselling between starving competitors , and the raising of the prices of the manufacture or tho rate of wages . Agricultural working depots or colonies must be created _.
We propose tbe foundation io each department of social agricultural ateliers , plaoed under the direction of the State . Thc se establishments would be theoretical sod prac _tical schools of agriculture ; tbey would guarantee to evtry _labourer not only the _rijjbt to work , bat also the right to the implements of _labour and tho traits of toil , tho right to education , tho free development of the _facultiep , andthe sweets of existence . A sum of 10 l ) , 000 , 000 f . would he appropriated to this special purpose . This sum would not be raised by loan or takn from the normal budget or the ordinary receipts ; they would not be levied opon the taxpayers by means of increased imposts . They would b- furbished by _njw _sources of public revesue—fruitful sources which only n quire to ba drawn upon . We will inform yeu preceHtly how , without adding to the charges whioh now but den the citizens , bat rendering ; real services to society at the « _ams timo , the Stata might increase th ? annual receipts of ths national treasury by several bun dreds 0 " millions .
These colonies ' , in cur opinion , ought to be organised in tbo _following manner : — A credit of 160 . 000 . 000 f ., destined for the establish ment of agricultural colonies , would be plnced at the disposal of the State . These colonies would be tho property of the nation . Ia tho 5 rst instance , one colony would be created in each department , ' with power to increase tbe number , ]! necessary . Each colony ought to be composed of about 100 families . Each colony would be directed by an agronomist , who would represent the _Stato , and command and superintend the labourers . Tbis director would choose bis principal assistants , and form liij _squatiron of contre _mtitres . When the colony was in full activity , and the inhabitants hadbal time to form an acquaintance with each other , the centre maitres would be chosen by the director from the eamliuate » _ut-MgaaWd bj tnv _soiomsva themselves .
One-third , at least , of the personnel of the colony wonld be composed of cultivators , another third of mechanics , whose labours are necessary to _agricult urefuch os smiths , wheelwrights , masons , joiners , _enrpr liters locksmiths , tailors , shoemakers , wooden shoeuinkers , _harnets-makerB , end farrierB- ; finally , tho last third would consist of manufacturing operatives taken from tbe _towos . The qualification for _admission _wo-ald be the knowledge ofa trade and indisputable probity and morality . Tbe preference wonlj be given to the largest and poorest families . The _director wonld decide npon admissions in the first instance , but as soon as tbe personnel of the colony w _* s partially formed , none would be admitted with ' out the concurrence of the committee of tannagement .
This committee of management , composed of fifteen members elected by the colonists at large , would _dollberate on all the interests of the association , and superintend the carrying on of its affairs under the presidency of _thedirictor . Tbe committee wonld also decree exclusions , bnt only _afttr formal Inquiry and judicial sentence , signed by two-thirds cf tbe members . The colonies would be subject te the unitarian system , and the principle of culture by associated families . Tha colonists would be lodged in one vast edifice , divided into as maDy separate apartments as tbere might be families . Each family would have a spacious and commodious lodging , clean , salubrious , well warmed and lighted , the whole for a very _moderate rent ; for everybody knows that the construction ofa vast edifice calculated to ledge 100 families , costs leBS tban 100 isolated houses .
Tbere will also ba common halls , rooms for meeting and reading , a library , books , j'urnals , all the conveniences met with in towns , all that facilitates intercourse and _randerB life attractive . There would bean economical kitchen , where alimentary substances would be prepared and sold at cost price ; there would even bo lavatories and common _washbomes . In this manner the colonists would enjoy all the advantages of _aggregate and social life , and ail the savings of which consumption on a Urge _ecale permits the r _« _-a . lisation , and , _nevertheless , _evry one would bave his corns , his _dornestio _fireside _j his interior , where be might isolate himself And cut himself off Irom all com . munication , aa if in an inviolable sanctuary . Speculation amongst _associates is _prohibited . There would be neither shops nor merchants in tho colony , All the provisions would be purchased wholesale by the _managing committee , and sold at cost price . For the establishment of these colonies waste lands belonging to tbe _communis may b < - purchased .
_Lsn-in may be _tilled , ponds drained , marshes rendered salubrious , and new territories conquered fer cultivation . Private property may be bought , and , if necessary , tbe law of expropriation appealed to . for tha colonies are In _tbs highest degree , establishments of public utility . A large domain m » y be taken , already furnished with a suitable habitation and agricultural implements , ( tc . There are still chateaux In France which tho owners would Willingly jive np to the State , and old feudal lands which mig bt become _msgn'ficent colonies . By cultivating waste lands susceptible of fertilitylands , the saleable value of _whish is now insignificanttbe colonists would be placed in the most favourable conditions , and the surface of the cultivated sell would be inereaced .
The _celonists would combine agricultural with industrial labours , but agriculture would le _tha / _nndamental basis . Evtn now this oombiuation bas become a necessity both to _agriculture asd to trade , a Question of prosperity or decay , of llfo or _tJenth , Thanks to this combinktloD , every one _might _ohanso hi » occupation , and find rest from 'he toil of the worVabop in the recreation of field labours , and _atcs versa , _Besidis , in order to realise the abundance of all things , wa must be able to turn to account all _avallxble forces of the timo sod of the physical power which sometimes agriculture and sometimes tn » de orBse to require .
Whsn there is no work g 9 » g on in tho fields— -when the _scuson Is unfavourable , during frost , r * _in , sad snow , during the intense heats of summer and the long nights of _wintt-r—great activity m » y be applied to _mrchanics _. When , on the contrary , saed time or harvest requires , at a given moment , the simultaneous _eo-optratlon of 8 large number of labourers , tbe works of the factory Would be suspended , and thecultivailoB of the fields exclusively attended to . _Tjbie would be a fruitful marriage tf agriculture and trade _. The colonists are te be mutually _dependent . Thoy are-to be associated for agricultural and industrial labours , and the profile to be divided ore to consist of the produce of ths two occupations combinid . In the first instance , the nages of labour will be levied OB the gro ? s produce of the eolony . These wages will bo uniform for labourers of the same class , but thWC may be several _different categories .
The Council of Administration appointed by tho colonists , and presided over by th « director , wil determine the various categories , anil Ss the rate ot _nsges for each ,
Tiie Organisation Of Labour. The Committ...
The wages will be paid weekl y ; but , _exclusiveof theso _fkei wages , all the _asBocuteB will have a right to a _aha-f > of the profitB . In fix ng the rato of _^ _ages tho average actual rato of every profession and _tvt-ry district wiil be assumed as the basis of the minimum . _ThisaTerageratetaksaastbo minimum on ono side , the _satiugs realised in the _expmdlturo by consumption on a largo scale , on tha other , and finally , the right to a division or a traction of tho profits , will immediately better the condition of the labourers in a very remarkab ' o manner . The minimum of wages will be _guaranteed , in every ease , by the reserve _fuod , to which we aro about to allude .
After the deduction ofthe amount of the wages , tbe _expsnst-8 ( whatever they may bi _)> of the operations , aud the charges of keeping materials in repair , & c ., will bo levied on tho gross produce , nnd , lastly , interest at 3 per cent , on all the capital invested _foi the profit of the Stats . These expenses and interest will form part of the annual expenses , and be placed to 'ho dibit ofthe _association . The colonists will thus pay an annual interest of 3 per cent , to the State ou all tbo capital cost oftho colony . Tho surplus of gross produca will form the net produce or profit . This profit will be thus divided : — 1 . Ono fourth will b 5 levied S > r the profit of the State , to serve to found new colonics ( special appropriation . ) 2 Another portion will be devoted to the formation of a fund for tho maintenance of the aged and the sick ol the colony . Out of thia fund the physicians will be pai '* , and thu _cxpemes of pharmacy and inarmsriea , & c _., defrayed . All these _expanses will bo supported by tho association :
3 . Another fourth part will serve to form a reserve fund , appropriated to the realisation of a mutnal dependence amongst tho different _colonUta aud all the social ateliers of the republic . In thia manner tbe workshops or colonies , rofuced one year ton stato of distress , may be succoured by the mote prosperous . Tbis reserve fund , formed by a _rete-. tion of one-fourth of tho profits of all the colonies and atelier * , will soon form a considerable capital , which will belong to nobody in _particular , but to all collectively _. The reserve fund ef nil the ateliers of France will be oonfi _ieii under tho surveillance of the state , to a superior council of administration , whioh , in contingent oases , will ba » e to distribute relief , and moreover , to employ tho aggregate capital , 4 . Finally , tha la _« t fourth of the profits will be ap . propriated to the colonists , and divided amongst them in proportion to the number of days' _liibouraanually performed by each associate ; all working days being _considered cq _livalent .
Womun and children of both sexes who msy have _norked in tbe colon ; will have a right to participato in the profits . Now , as in tho industrial agricultural ateliers , advan ta ? e may be taken of the weakest pswers and the most limited understandings , tbe father of a numerous family will not have , as now , to support alone the expenses of housekeeping . On the other bond , the asylur _.- , the creche , and tho gratuitous school , will take charge of infantine education , and the colony will provide for tbe _oxpenBes entafied by _sicknoss , and tbe maintenance of invalids and aged persons from the relitf fund . To these colonies may be annexed establishments whieh will become ctrtain causes of proiptrity and fruitful sources of income . —
1 _. An agricultural school , to which will be admitted pupils payin- annual stipends , and bursars maintained at the _expense of the state , the departments , and tho _commune ; the profeBBors will naturally ba paid itt of the _badget of Public _Insiruction ¦ tho children of the colony will bo admitted to tho coursts gratis . 2 . Asylums to be founded for tho incapacitated la . bourer ; houses of retreat f _» r aged persons of both sexes . 3 . The charitable _estsblishmonis now situate in the centre of towns , and which would bo for better placed in tbo country , where thoy would entail less expense , and where thc _ji- 'tiswmiaires would lead a happier life , at the same time tbat tbey might make themBelvea useful la _gorden _' ng _opcra'iins _, 4 Orpi an and foundling asylums . The children will be brought up as cultivators of the soil .
Ab living is ch _aperin the country , it will be tbe _interest of tho state , the departments , and the communes , which support the expenses of theBe charitable _instituti to come to sn understanding with the manage . rnent of the colony , and tbey may thus reduce tfee civil list cf distress , or _extend their relief to a larger number of _unfiTtunatea . If the invalids , thc infirm , the aged , tbe _indigent , and the fatherless , maintained at great expense in the towns , were transferred to the colonies , the latter would be fur . nished with consumers for their _comm- _'dities and their manufactured produce , and the soil would be enriched with the manure which n numerous population would supply . According to our Idea , relations of the _closost mutual dependence ought to be _enturtained betwe- n the diff jrtnt colonies , as well as . between all the workshops placed under stato _eupetvialon . These workshops would naturally become _customstB of each other , and regulate the exchanges of commodities _amongst-themseives .
Each wou'd produce , in preference , the article in the production of which it moBt _excelled , cither by reason of the _i-. aitire of the soil , or its geographical cite , or the superior qualifications of the people . Tbe State , as Supreme dir- etor , will combine snd distribute tho labour , distribute the orders , end maintain tho tquilibrium of production and consumption , Such is a summary of our plan . Wo shall have to develop to you its minuteBt details . _Itnownmainsfor _ustoixplalu by the aid of what resources tbe State may be enabled to found colonies . These resources will be furnished to us by tbe produce of the magazines and the commercial bazaars , tho ccntrallBod assurances , and tbe annual profits of the national banks . f To be « o » l » _nu « d . )
• This Committee * Aas Now Ceased To Esi...
• This Committee * aas now ceased to esist , aad Its grfSKkat is _groscribeS by tie _bcttrgtftA
The Middle Class Movement. The Rulbs And...
THE MIDDLE CLASS MOVEMENT . The _Rulbs and Objects p f the Metropolitan Political Club . —At a _meeting of fhe _trierds ol Liberty , Order , and Peace , held at 94 , Word ur-Htreet , ' _' 6 n Thurso * *? , April 20 tb , 1 _S-18 , Mr Charles J . Smith in tho chair . An address , matkod No . 2 , was adopted , and ordered to be printed for general distribution . 'The following rules and regulations were then read and adopted : — 1 —Tbat this association be denominated the Metro * politan Political Club , ' and consist of all perrons fa . vourable to the advancement of useful and practical reform ? , 2 . —That the association be governed by a president , vice-presidents , an executive committee , and n general council , secretory , or secretaries , elected annually by the members convened for tbat especial purpose _.
Besidbnt 6cffbaoe. 1.—To Convene Public ...
BESIDBNT 6 _CFFBAOE . 1 . —To convene public meetings in London cr in tbe country—to disseminate tracts , nnd _institute lectures for the purpose of impressing on tbo Criwn , the Government and the Legislature , the imperative necessity for an immediate extension of tho elective franchise to all male resi . lt nts who have attained tbe ago of _twmty-one years , who stall bave been resident forthe period of six months in the tenements for which they claim to vote . Provided that such persons are not in receipt of parochial relief , and are unconvicted of crime . _QOAUFlCATIOrt FOB BBPBE 0 ENTAT _1 VE _8 , 2 —That all born subjects of these realms shall be eligible to _represent tbe peopio in parliament , provided their incomOB are rated in such manner as tbe law direet 9 and at not lees than tbo annual value of £ 200 . ind _apwards , derived from trade , real estate , commercial er _professional pursuits , and who shall obtain the majority of votes in the manner hereinafter indicated .
MODE _< V VOTING—TUE BALLOT . 3 . —That iu order to protect the industrious and other classes from intimidation and loss , and to enable them to execute the elective franchise for tho _btne-fit of tbe community , tbeir votes shall bo taken by ballot . _ElECToBAi _DIHTSICT 8 . { _. _—Peiceivisg thn gross _inequalities in numbers in tho various _conatitutneitsof Great Britain and Ireland , this club deem it just that the country shall be divided Into _districts , and that population should bo the basis on whieh the people ought to elect their representatives to parliament , therefore the club domand Equal Electoral Districts .
_DOaATIOM OF PABLUMENTB , 5 , —Great injustice is perpetrated against the nation , in consequence of tho law which empowers representatives to bold their scats , for seven years . Tho average duration of septennial parliaments is scarcely three years , _consrqoently , therefore , wo consider that it would reconcile the working masses with the middle elasses , by _inslstim- on the abolition of tho Boptonnlol not , and the enactment of a law , making tho duration of parliament Triennial . The _Matropolitan Political Clab earnestly rr quest tbe co _operation of tbe middle classes with the working-men _. In order to ifftct _t
1 st . _—R-sident Suffrage . 2 nd . —Income _QunliBcatien for Members , 5 rd . —Vote bj Ballot . 4 th , _—Equol Electoral Districts . 5 tb . —Triennial Parliaments . In order to defray the incidental expenses of tbis as . sociation , the executive committee appeal to oil reformers for subscriptions and donations . One shilling and _up-Wnrds will entitle the Kub _3 etiber to his receipt of membership . Signtd , by 01 der of tho Meeting , Charles Jons _Smitii , Chairman . Edwa & d Posiiwinb , Secretary , Committee Rooms , 04 , Waidour-atreet .
The Prussian Reformers Intend To Revert ...
The Prussian _Reformers intend to revert fo the ancient costume of Germany , and to do away with the ' awkward and unmeaning _frick coat and _trowsera-A brilliant comet , known aa Ilalley ' s , whioh only _introduces itself to the notice of the world every hundred years , wiU , it is understood , make its appearan _*** nn the present _yeir . . . It appears , from the report of the _ComiUISSlOPeifB of Charities , that landed and funded profjerty to the amount of £ 4 , 488 M , yielding au aanual _inooaie ol _£ 781 , 171 , _iaJwid in twist .
Fmymrn Pruaimm
_fmymrn _pruaimM
Monday, Mav 15, H&Use Op Lords.—The Only...
MONDAY , Mav 15 , H & USE OP LORDS . —The only business of' import _, anoe in this house was the b _icoud reading of Lord Stan . ley ' s Bill for tho batter arrangement of Parliamentary business , ond by which hia Lordshi p p _roposes to amend the present system , which keeps their Lordships idle et tbe commencement of tho Session , and overwhelms them with work at its close . Lord Campbell , Lord Itrdcolole , Lord Brougham , and others made _objections to-the Bill , but it was ultimately read a second time without a division , HOUSE OP COMMONS . — Navigation Lawb >—Afttr some opposition to the proposal to go into Committee on those Laws-, the ministers carried their point , and Mr Lab > 0 cui' _3 E rose to redeem the pledge given in her Ma . jesty _' _n _spetcli at the commencement of the session , and
to recommend to the consideration of _P-trliamnit tbe laws which _rngulated the navigation of the United _Kingdom , If tbe changes which he was about _tonjeommrmj were of a more vital and ox tensive character tban any previously accomplished , ha must remind the com mitteo , that of late years everything the had been . _akwu . ing around us Thi emancipation of the South American colonies , the Invontioa of steam _navigation , the rivalry created by tha long continuaace of p ? acein com . _merclat matters , tho great _changes which we had made in the _syBtem of _protoction , were all _circumstancas which rendered it necessary to _coniidtr what _iffcot had been produced upon them by tbe Navigation Laws . He adverted 10 tha _chaages mado in those laws from tho _titao of Richard il . down to tho time oftho _Commonwealth , when our present colonial ByBtem Brat enme into fovea ,
and traced them subsequently te the _celebrated statute of the 12 th of Cbarles II ., and the Statute of Frauds , which bad left tlieir Impress very strongly on tbe _Uwb still in _fovce . He then described the Navigation Laws as t _'; ey now existed . They _restod on threo statutes— 'be 8 th and 9 th of Victoria , c . 88 , which was- now the statute navigation law of the kingdom ; the 3 th and Sth of Victorls , c . 19 , which was an act for tbo registering of British voss . ls ; nnd the 7 th and 8-th of Victoria , 0 . 112 , which consolidated the laws relating to merchant-seamen . Having briefly stated the provisions of theso acts , bo next proofed to state the reasons why , in bis opinion , they ought to be altered _. The first object of thorn was to aeeure to ourselves thc colonial tradi- ; the second , to secure to ourselves the profit of long voyages ; and the third , to _s _> _e-ure to our .
selves tho _tO'iirect trade of every country in the world . Ni > w , he thought that we could not leave tbe principles by _iwhich we strove to carry out those objectB without applying to _tht-m large and fundamental changes . Ho traced what he called the mischievous results of those provisions of ihe law wbich prevented the subjects or this realm from importing into thia country from any port In Europe goods tho produce of any eountry in _Avia _, Africa , or America , except in British bottoms . Commerce bad _outurown those _rtgulotionft J _thty might ho all vfcry well formerly , but _noiv , wbm the facilities of commerce were so mush Increased , tbe _rcsolts 01 thtm could not be otherwise tban _disastrous to _ourstlVea . But WS OUffht Dot only to consider ihe mischief _irhich these regulations _caussd to ourselves ; we ought _aUo to consider the trade with other countries which they
absolutely prevented . He then adverted to the effect of onr provisions to secure to ourselves the indirect or carrying trade to this country , Tbo committee , _horvtvtr , wonld widely mistake tho _questiou which it was then cail _. d upon _todecid * , if it _suppoiod that it would be able to retain this carrying trade to the _oxeluslon of other coun . tries . The time wss fast oppro 9 cliipg _nlion We could not ba noli- to trade with ai > y foreign nation on equal terms . Having thus _ofati'd to tho house what the _laiv was , and baving explained his reasons for believing tbat wo could not maintain it in its present state _conducively with our own interests , be then _prososud to explain the alteration !) which ho proposed to maka in it . _Beginning with those parts of tbe system whioh bo did not propose to alter , ho _observed , that it was not his _in-. i avion to recommend any material alteration in tbo law affoctinj the
coasting trade of tbe country , although be was _convinced that if tfcut trade wero thrown open to _foreigners it would _proSllCD no evil , bo sufficiently was that trade protected by its o » n nature . Niitber did ho intend to propose anyalterat ! OU 8 in tho laws which restricted our fisheries to _BtitUh _vrbsbIs . Having made tbese ttv >* reBervatlonB , he proposed to deal in a very large and general manner with the romaicder of the system of our _navigation laws . Having looked into thnt p & rt tf our system which- _prevented the introduction into the United Kingdom of the produoti of A > ia _, Africa , and America , from any port of Europe , ond into that part of it which protected our carrying trade , he was convinced that we had no real interest In maintaining either with respect to those countries which wero iuciiutd to reciprocate with us . Ho therefore proposed by act oi
parliament to strike from tbe _statute-book boih those _regulations . He advised tbo house , however , not to de _^ _rivo the _Q-ieen In duneil of that power which she had always hitherto possessed , of im |> _oiing countervailing duties on an- foreign nation which mated oar shipping with injustice . Such wero the views ef Her M _jesty ' _a government as to the navigation laws , properly so called . Hi ) tian called attention to the enactments wbich regulated the character of British _vissels . In exposing the British _shipowner to unvcs'ricte _^ competition with the _shipowner of every part of the world , we ought to afford him ovirj facility to obtain his ship at tbe _cheapest rate . He thereforo proposed to enact , that it should not be ine . _BDftry that his ( thip should ba British built . He _nlso proposed that a 6 hip built by a British Milject obroa
British registry . With respect to manning , he proposed to leave it still _nect'ssary that in Brli 6 h _vesaMa employed in tbo coasting trrido tho _i-rtw shoold all boBriiiah seamen In British veisels engaged in the foreign irade he _required th 3 t tbreo-fourtbs of tbe crew sbcu'd still be British seamen and only onf-faurth foreijini ' _rs . He also proposed to admit _L-. iscars to the _character cf British B _^ amen—a privilege to which they were en titled by tbeir good _conduct , their skill , and tbeir fidelity , lie also proposed to take a nay the necessity Imposed on tbe British _Bh-powner of takicg apprentice ? . The operation ot tbo _apprentice system was inconvenient and burdensome on the shipowner . The laiv required tbatonc-si ' xh part of the crew _nhoulel _consist of _apprentice boys , and bj so doing created a glut in the labour _market , and so drs . vo the able-bodied seimtn out ef our own mercantile navy into that of Sircdeu or America . Hm abrogated _entirely the prasent law . As to thc coasting _tt-ude ol the _colon- ' es , hc proposed to reserTeit to the colonies , as be bad done to the motber couatry . He should leave ; bow .
ever , to each colony , if it thought fit , to throw open its Coasting trad ? by an act of the colonial li _gislature . Such were the outlines of'he _raeasuro wliich he noiv ( . ubwltted to the consideration of parliament , and which , af ; er full and mature consideration , hs deemed to be conducive to thegreat _in ' erestsof the country . While tbe character of British seamen for handling thtir ships Btood ' _nshigh asev . r , yct _. _oniog to the incapacity and want of intelligence on the part of the _maslerB of British vessels , _tnd it was even stated owiug to tbeir low system _& f morality and imperfect discipline , Br . tilth ships _o-ero fast losing their character in rho commercial market of the world , _Theconsfqatnee was , that merchants trusted their cor-( _toi-s to _thuships of _America , and Bremen , and S _^ edtn , rather tban to the ships of England , aad tho house , and the government wore _bouad to provide 0 remedy without d lay for so painful an . i drplorable a _statd of things . Hu proposed during the present session to Introduce two bills for the benefit of tbe shipping _inter _^ t—one , to _ani _^ nd th esyflUm oi Ugbt dutiaB , and another to regulate the merchant seamen ' s fund .
A't-r : _t _conversation involving questions and exphnatlonB as regards the proposed plap _, Mr _Riiuinson _roso in opp -sinon to the motion , and wan followed by Lord G . _Bentiscx . Mr _UnNLEY . Mt Hudson , sail Lor / 1 Ino £ STSE . Tt > o up' » k _> _i-s iu favour of tbe _propoied plan were Mr _Huhe . Mr J . L . Ricaxdo . and Mr Mitchell . _Captain _Haeeis moved the _pos-puaeoictt of tbe subj ct for a fortnight , by which timo tbo committee ofthe H ' _-uso ot Lords , sitting upon tbe subject , would have reported . This proposition was opposed by Mr Labouchebe , and , afttr some conversation , ou a motion to that _tfiycf , tho chairman r < poittd _progress , and the house resumed , _C'Mitai'i IlA & _aiS thin moved the adjournment nf the debate for a fortnight , the bouse dividing : —Ayes , 28 ; Koes , C 2 ; majority against tho motion , 31 . Col _Sibtholp moved the _adjoummtnt of the house , nhich proposition was lost by a majority of S 7 ; tbe numbers 63 to 26 .
Tbe _p-rlorl at wbich the bouse should go into committee , with a view to tha resumption of tha . debate , was _auain discussed , Mr _Laboochebs intimating tbat tbe tlOtil 0 should Stand on the paper for Thursday , when Lord Jobu Russell would intimate tho day on which tbe subject should be renewed . Thu house _adjonrntd at a qsorter to two o ' clock _.
TUESDAY , Aran 16 . HOUSE OF LORDS , —Pensions to Sp _* hs =. h _Refugees . —Tbe Marquis oiL : nd SDEaav . In _submitting a motion relative to pensions paid to Spanish refugees- in tbis coumry , asserted his belief that £ ' 30 , 000 a year at leas' . « os paid to these recipients , and moved for a list of their namos . and of the sums paid to each . The Morquis of Lasso _wnu _stated _ihal the _viimost amount pai ' in any one year was £ 18 , 000 , in 1823 ; but _ainco th . it period there had _br-fn a _gradual decrease , until the amount had reached £ 1 777 , the cumber of recipients having ot one period been 300 , but which had row decreased to 56 . He was desirous of _-Meeting the wishes of tho _nsble marquis as far aa _posBible _. _but trusted be would n _« t insist upon the names of the p » rtka being given , as that rtqu . ' st could not be conceded .
Tho Duko of _WEtXit'a ' iW it-served that the amount , small as it ha * * now become , waB -riven in cbnri-y to individunlB who hod performed service to the British ernjy in the time of no > _-d , and tbe _p-neionB wero not given on ant political or oth > r ground whatever . Ha trusted tbe nam . b of those receiving aid _wouM not be pnblUhed , aa many of them might eventually return to their orrn country . The Marquis of _LosuoNDtaa ? th « n altered tho form ef hiB mntSon aa _augpeated _, and withdrew another _relative to Spanish affairs , the government , and Mr Bulwer . The Commons' amendments to the Removal of Aliens ' Bill were considered and agreed to , tbe _Poorhousos ( _Irnlarrd ) Bill read a second time , aad _thair lordships adjOUMcd .
HOUSE OF COMMONS , —A new writ was ordered to be l 8 t . ued for York In the room of the late Mr R . Yorka . Lord Q . _BuMiiticii gftvo _noliMOf a moUou for returns ,
Monday, Mav 15, H&Use Op Lords.—The Only...
with the objoctof showing tbe iCictiof Free Tr » i _'» Qg poor rat . a , tbo price of bread , the rate of _wages , & o . _CATIIIDaALAN CnjOUEOUTECHUBoasS . _—MrllcMMirt rose to move _thitinhumbleadd'ess by presented t _» her Sfa _« j try praying tba-. fhe will be graciously _pleusod to direct ) nn inquiry to be msde into lhe state of onr cathedral and _COllcgidte churches , With a vi « w of _anctrtnininir whether thoy may not bo rendered more conducive to the service * ofthe Cuurch nnrl the spiritual instruction of tbe _p'oplo _. Ho said he should not attempt to show bow far 'hene _es « _tablisbmen-s had answored the end of their _institution * Hu desired uot to _describe their anei- nt origin , but their
present decay . Hi « _proposition wus , thatthe ; had been instituted and cpd _^ wd fur _religious purposes acd that , though for 8 rne centuries 0 > cy had answered their * object , they had long ceased to do _»?> _, and bBd _bacomu caus . _s of tbo decay of rc . 'i gion , tb _< - injury of the Cbureh , and tho increase of dissent . Ha could show that ifi every _dlocs-o they t . _ndsd to weaken , and not ttj _strangthen , the Christianity of the country . To begin with tho _archaspiscopal see of Canterbury—premising : that ha spoku of tho _legu ) _, nnd not the actual state of _things , for -= aant _existing , abuses had been prospectively provided against by the legislature . Ia that see the _Rtalls bad been _reduced to _sixtv , _unJ tha
income was £ 20 , 000 , of which £ 8 , 000 were divided amnnj > tbe Chapter , thv _TV-an having two shares ; nnd , inaddw tion to this , eich _Cinon _miffht _holtl a lirinu with hit S'ft '" , thu ? adding £ 9 000 to the income of th < - Chapter , Tlitre wns , moreover , an _extcn _.-ive and expensive esta- ' _blishmcnt nt each _citbodrn ]; precentors , vicars choral , _chwstsrs , librarians , _Aio . The question to be asked was . tvhat was all thi ? for ? What wero the duties performed ! or tho adv . _ntigcg derived * I > was _notorka _» « n < i mia » _- _cloly _thatthesaestabllshtucn'sexistcdonly for _thoBi-tusI extinction of religion in their _resp < ctive _districta . Weal was _proviiloifor thc _roncrfgatiost —? o mttch being pro * vi _^ ed ' or tho clergy . In C ' _-mtf-rhury there wero cathedral _srrvli-eiper ' ormed by tho Chapter and the cat * edral establishments , and tbe parochial _eerviera performed by clergy _principally in _thepan-onageof the Ch . iptrr Now ,
a « to the formtr , one moin reason for tho preservation of those establishments was thc _mnintenaRCe _« . f da ly _ser » _vicain all its beauty and solemnity . But tbe mode in Whirh 'bt Berv ' cB _wcvt pt » fft _*(« cd bV . Ught _uOt'BnycrtlUt on theChurch , nor very _numerous nudlence _* tothe ca'he . dra ! . fn _Can'erl . urj en the < * ral _(* moBt favourable in _slants ) tho attendance hardly _eq-ial ! .: d _ihj numb , r of those ofllcUlly engaged in tbe performance of the _ierv ' : c' 8 . In _Durlinrn _, th" functionaries _pn-scnt on on _« <> : iy wera thirty , and the _atidl-riCB onlj four . So at _Yorfy TV : rborougb , Wells , Carlislp , TtocVBter , and cv _> i-. Ox'Vrd , > im : lar results had teen ob :-. iaed , Thero was no nuch return , thereforo , for tress establishments so richly endowed- Tne Sunday services were not msfer _' al / y di /* f _» rent . It wodM ba supposed tbat , if in nr . ' ) 'places the services _t . t the Church were _appropriately performed and
ad qmtcly _appreciated , It would be in cathedral _titiet ; but thi- rever « a wan the fact ; for it was tb" rub-, that in _propirii' -n to th .- riefcn-gs of tie _cr-apt- r » , _ns « r ts poverty of the parochial clergy . In C .. ntir -. _ury _, out _.. f _fifteen _pari'h church t > , only ono had a _cl-ryjman « upported by law ; all tho test were _sustain , d by _voluntary _contri' -u _^ _ons . _Inde . d , the e _' ergy of that city hud _p-C-¦ lontad it memorial tothe _Evcle 8 i . 'i . iticfi ! C < . » o" > i''MO ' - er 8 _, praying for soma provision from the ii _. _crmss « f sup . pr _. ssid stalls Yet that memorial _tcasot _ob . ' _eas it wan , had been _rejtcttd , _though not one of the tl > rty had £ 200 and several had _r-ot £ 100 a . _year . The who ' e number of per . ons _attending divine service in the cburctea of Canterbury last Sunday _wrrn 5 700 ; the * . ' attend '*!! ia Dissenting chapels 1 800 ; though _necommodatlon in lha fOMn _.-r was for 8 , 000 , audio tha latter f > r only 3 8-10 .
Therev _\ as il ? " _tmothtrimportant point . Pr ChHlmtrs said , if you wish to _Christivnice tho man , p _^ _iicpto _thscllild ; _SDd while , in _Qintetbury , t !>; _-re ire / _e G 50 child Ml instructed in -he Sunday _scio Is of thc Church there w . _rn 840 instructed in the _schools of _DiAsent , All this was lastly _sceounted for . It would _beexp-ctid that in _thR' _-harchesof such a city tho services w < _-ul-i b _» well and efiicien ly _performed ; but the fact was . hardly any of thi- churcbesbad moro than _onesetvice on ihe _Sucday , Theso facts showed the _ietlisrpy of the _Cturch _, and ha believed that more was to be appn bended frem tbe concealment than the disclosure of tba truth . Still le .. B _car . > _wtfl tak ? n by thu Cbnptcr of the rural parishes entrusted to their care , ia hw of vih ' cb tl ere Wf ro re « U dent clergy , Church schools , or regular Sunday s'rvices . Nor w » 8 the case better with r _^ Bprct to tho charities of
the Church . Iu Canterbury , for instance , thc poor were dcfrautlnd of the benefit ofa most _btnevolentchnri-y , thn ' Society of Poor Brethren . ' The _Archdeacon , wbo had tbe right of _nomination , had abused it > y _sppiy'ng It ia favour of ( it penden < * ent _pnrisbiontrs and _servants of bis Own . Nay , one of tho richest m _> u in the city , lumedL Austen , had been nominated Prior of the ' Po-r Brethren , ' ( _Alaugh . ) Mrs Austen bad been mado a ' poor sister —( laughter)—and Miss Austen cnother * poor Bister , ( Loudl & ughter . ) Nor was thin all . A _< Prior , Mr Austen had tho control of the property , snd let it to ono of his 60 _H 6—whether f _^ r a small rent or no rent none can tell ; but nil the city was scandalised hy 'he flagrant ! traneactl . n . Th « Archdeacon wbo thus dealt with thissacred trust—tbo alms _bequeathed for tbe support of poor and d . csyed men—hud not less than £ 3 , 200 a year
from various _BOnrces . He n ould now go to Lincoln , where tVe Cbnptcr of four divided an _Income of _uv > _wiirdg > of £ G , 000 . _ile-rc , _however , the Commissi . _niera bod n » t made any reduction , tut had _addtd another stall , and Mt tbe Chapter _uncontrolled , witVout any restriction as to the application of ony future Increase of Its incono , ThiB _priOC _' plB COUld nowhere bo bo imprep r es in tho Cass Of Lincoln , for tho _Chaptor hod formerly re ;> rc _« sented thtir income as likely to riimit _. _lab , wbert > a _* ifr hnd increased , and each Cinon received not lets than £ 2 000 a year , Inclusive of h _' n living . What wero _thtj duties perfrmtd for _fucbincunej ? He lind nev . rb . ea able to discover . In answer to inquiries from tne com * _missioni-rn , tbo _Daan bad answered tbat bin _duties wtrt ) ' tho usual _ih-ti s ofa _Doaa '—( A laugh)—aid the sub . Dean had Bald ' h ' . _s duty was to assist the Dean '—•
Laughter)—while the Canons had _nnaivere-1 in the same * nay as _tbeDeaD . 1 : was _wr . h while mentioning tbat in _Cantetbury , the Chapter maintained that twelve was the proper number of Canons ; whereas in Lincoln , the Cuopter had as strenuously protested against nny In . crcnae of their number , from on obvious _objection to ths diminution of thoir incomes which nould _result { rent q _division of it among a grater _niimbtr . Vtithin a oir » eumfireore of tin or _twwlvs miles of _Lincoln were seventy five parishes , having nmor . ust them only thirty _resident incumbents , and _l * clvo resident curates—in all _forty-ttvo clergymen for seventy-five parishes . Na _leaa than tLirty . four had no clergyman of OBy _kin-J , ns d _» nt within their hrunds ; in e ' gfct cases tho < ffi . ; atiaj clergyman was resident in Lincoln , eitber in consi qoence >
of oomioct _' OB with tho _CBtbedrn _) , or some otlur cruse ; and in twenty . fo c _^ scs the minister w ! _- o officiated on . Sundays resided in some _moreoriesi distant parish . Of the _Bovrnty . fiv _. _^ _, forty four were hold in pluralit / ; of the _Biventj-fiv _.-, _for'y-fiv _^ were held by _non-rfsi . dents ; of the _sev _. nty . _fiva , _foi-ty-tKo wero without _psrsonage-hoBses ; of the seventy five , there wero is _rcr than sixty to which there wns snly one service oh » Sunday . Tho _notkin _? . clergy in these _parliken _ponerally mffered severe privations , and two cf _tbesi had no » tually died of starvation . To show tho laborious nature of the duties imposed upon the working cl _> rjry , ho would rend to the houso a communication nhich be bad received , and tvbich contained a statement taken from the mouth of a _ebrgyiFan : —
_"T-. e rector of a rich living , sixteen miles off , haft taken bis family to the vsater-eide . He Feeds his _xrroaj to our friend the pars n to know if be can 'tokehU duty' at balf-past ten o ' cKck next Sunday mornirg . Our friend says Ko , ' he ia _engHgcd at that hour , but ha will take it at twelve o ' clock . Thore bting uo ono _elio at hand , twelve o ' olock is fixed accordingly , f . n 4 the _dis _» _tantparifhloners of the rich rector , who come to tho Church at the usual hour , find to tbeir surpris « that th < y h _' _t . ve to wait an hour and 'tree quart _trs before the service begins . Well , at hnlf . past _tovtn o ' clock on tho S _' _.-fcfiny morning the parson , leaving his onn pariah , eant < r _* . 8 on the pony to do duty sixteen milts away _atnlittlo church of which ho is curate . This Bcrvice _bci-in * as ten o ' clock , so hc goto through it pretty quick , giv- s » Abort sermon , and gets it our by twenty minutes to /
twelve 0 clock , just in time to do , _J-y fi . _st ridin _? , tha three miles thnt are necessary to _hrinft him ts the _obspntee incumbent ' s church . The eorrico _thrre ia got through as rapidly as tbe other , and then catching the poor pony , wbo bad _b-en nibbling in the churcb > arA whilst his master was preaohing . away they gallop iiiieeo rol : _es across tho country to a village where the incumbent in ill and also wants a « 8 lstanco . Here the _servici ? _cornmeni-es Bt threo o ' clock , and they jus- , arrive in tin . o . It is only a half service , tbe rector not agreeing nitb tbe bishop lis to the _absolute necessity ef two sermons a day . Ten » il : » aretob . > _rouo _wertogt home _;« i , pretty _tli-ed , but stands it like 11 _war-horso . Oa _thrygat to their own parish church , white there is a small congregation waiting to seo if ' Parson will give » em ' ere e » _servioe . ' This makes hl « fourth , ahd he Is pretty tln . l of
• Dearly beloved brethren' when hc hag got to the end pf it , ' This , ' said a clergyman oftho neighbourhood ot Lincoln tome , - thit" I did _eifc-ht Sundays _runcingin tho dog d _^ _js _, ' ' Butt have deno _H- _'me harder work thaa that , ' said he . ' Surely , never ! " I exclaimed . ' 1 _tssure you I hava ; _obcs when if , wbo is very fond of fhoot-« n (") bad gone to tho _moortJ _, nnd hia neighbour C had gone to th « lakes . Juhn K _<—'» _Irotbtr died . He pent to me to ask if I eould take his duty . I replied _thne it was _impossible , ' Master , Sir , ' said bis servant ' * ill be very sorry to bear that , for ho is sadly oont ' _uscit what to do . ' ' Well , ' said I , ' toll bim if he will send me one of _his-hun-ers ( hois a famous sportoman ) to meet mo in Lincoln , I'll try ti t .-. ko his _serriee , at six in the evening' I started nt eight in tie n : _omii : g , -. nd rorto to II ' a _fiffen miles _S . _rvlcn at half wis ; _t n
o ' clock . M _hau two churches , snd it Is tun mik 8 IO the _gBcond , bat I wanaged to tal _' e that at t ne o ' clock . C—— 's parish wna not tar off . That duty I got over by _half-paut threo o'elock . Then to Lincoln as hard ns I _COtild gallop . Pnuntl a epltndid more waiting mo . Put my own pony Into tbe stable , ond _gullied Un miles to > John K ' _b cbnich , tvhicb I r . ached by » x o ' clock . This I continued to do fur three Sundays ) n the mon h of August , nnd , to make matters worso , oil ono of U 103 B . _dayslffud _overtalitn and drenched by nn _nutumaa . 1 _thunderistorm . " He firmly believed that throughout the country tut- ono r . _flecting cl _. _rgyman failed to deplore this at .- _led things . The convenes in Lincoln , for _iustence , tve > re poor
_decnyad _. dilspiilatPd ( jditictii _, as ill st-md an a ) _Cui'irbury . The highest incomo of any of the rj 4 rgy ffa 8 £ 159 s year , and the _atjgmg & ta . _* f the . iuownea of tha
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 20, 1848, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_20051848/page/3/
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