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_r __ .*_ __-- '-T-M -T*-'-'' -**<- — * ...
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-fijmem iHobemeut-u
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"J_ni I wiUivar, at least im wards, (And...
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11 think I hear a little bird, who sings...
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ENGLAND AND GERMANY. (From the German of...
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Coiomal anfr Jteip ^
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MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK. *'Uneasy lies the...
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NEW ZEALAND. A-Trr** *!-- '"frflm tbis c...
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Fbesch .Scaxoal.—A circumstance occurred...
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_^iij pena i ^aruatfiffi
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-f- . MONDAY, Mai 17. HOUSE OP L0Rb_.-_....
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
_R __ .*_ __-- '-T-M -T*-'-'' -**<- — * ...
_ r __ . *_ __ -- ' -T-M _-T _* _- _' - ' ' - **< - — * ' - _^ TMI- ! _"NORTHERiill _^ fi T A R .. ... . „ , ¦ ....-. ¦ .-- ¦¦¦ ¦¦ * - "' - ¦ ¦• • ¦ *¦¦•¦'• - ¦• _' ¦ _¦^^ _^ MKV 2 % _l _* - _** - . _'' _* ' .--...,.- __ - ¦ -- .--. , _~ . - _^ -v _. - __ .. »; _.,. _..,. _^ _., _ . . _. „ _ , .. .. . ¦ ... _„ -.,- _* _..-B _* i _£ _~* _-- _*^ -r -: -- _^ _-:- ' . ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ; ¦ "" - _* -rr- "«
-Fijmem Ihobemeut-U
_-fijmem _iHobemeut-u
"J_Ni I Wiuivar, At Least Im Wards, (And...
"J _ ni I _wiUivar , at least im wards , ( And—thould ay chance so happen—deeds , ) vfitit-llwhowar with Thought !"
11 Think I Hear A Little Bird, Who Sings...
11 think I hear a little bird , who sings _fju people _by-and-by-wiU be toe stronger . "—Snow .
England And Germany. (From The German Of...
ENGLAND AND GERMANY . ( From the German of Dr List . Continued from the star of May 15 th . ) IK . EsGtAxn _avd hsb RivAis . —To Great Britain hi- , fallen tbe solution of tbe great problem _« f rtdncin __ to _ - _ . rtoep .-vaUi _ s -- . _ n _ in the affairs ofthe world , and to operate anew « rgam * sat _.. n ofthe various | owers of the world , whereby she not only assumes to h . rself the lea-ership of _to-ir aSairs . but also to all other nations and countries « f the earth , _freedom an . civilisation , peace and prosperity—in a word , moral and material pror ___ _. s . .... -., 5 be
The p _liitant-r-i . fe ' . *» w _ a _ . r-r __ .-oa _ aay _Kelonp , providea be pofsss- moral and intell-ctnal . Ir . t-st h great enough to _ovtrcome hi * special natioual prejudices _, tnu _. t rejoice , forth--- * .-of humanity , that this _biah _calling has fallen upon a natio- which has not fcsr like npon tbe earth , whether she be _consi- ' ered in her commercial and _industra- d . v . lppemea ., or in her capacity for rielit _an « i justice , for freedom and er . l _» btenme _ t . This , at least , is _ jep _ _ vail "_ _ opinion of Germany , in a country which iron . * - _ tan __ at the bead cf every people of tbe European job-- . ut , were her just demands for fixe institutions and _an atren . l _orgaaisationiisttned toe _fljrniany _lookstnthrepugnance _ _a a future supremacy of __*_ rtb America , it dreads that " . f France , and abhors t ] - _ t . fBus _ ia .
The United States of _ T _ rt _ _t America , rooting in ? he same moral and political _. oil in which _Endcnd-. s -towns , great , possesses br si-les in a _mnt-hbn . 'btr depree tfcan England the mat-rial <_ e _ _-.. uts of _national greatness . In this respect , we mea _ th- _extt-nt of their territory , _*^ e _caU _*" re ° * tbar _ at '___ li tT no less exceeds tbat ¦ of great Britain thaa did "the _national calibre of _fiteat Bir-ain exceed tbat of the united provinces of T __ e ¦ J _v-tit-rlan-sin toe _sevente-Stli _century . History shows in what manner the ¦ rivalry of these tw * countries in naval power and trade at last ruminated , and this result is not a little -cays-laud to excite sciiuEs appTeh-us-on in tbe ta ___ . & of England as to face _fot-. e
The United States , whose . erntory is capable -ef sop . jo . _ _* ; _nff hundreds of mil'ioasof men , and wbo doubles not only their population :, tut also their- _wesltband power with _ew _ ry succeeding _genera-Ion , increase as it were in geometrical propoKten , while the __* ted Kingdom , with it . limited soil , can only increase in nrithme t "__ - proportion . Itxaay , thtreforr _, be pretty accurately ____* __ _-. _ - _! in what de _ -caiam the United States of North America wi 2 . tan-ion- * level with _England _ E-po _«_ r and riches , or w __ o-n thej-will even exceed her , provided England should be able to discover any new means , and should make no extraordinary exertions to increase as quickly , or-even more quickly , than the U __ ttd States of Xorth America ,
Tbe Frenca . 'it cannot be doubted , are a brave and highly gifted-nation ; --tut nature ias denied the Gallic race those _qoallticsT . hich are requisite to . raise a natio n to the tigbest psi . it of wealth and power . They excel neither is agriculture nor _ a . nuf __ ctcrcs , neither ia trade-nor navigation ; and thsy chiefly owe tb . ir sac-ess in these departments to those of their pro daces ia which tbe G . nnan spirit is -predominant , n _. m _. _' y , Alsace , _H-rrains , Kormandy , and Fr _. nch rianders . "Never has any amount of protection _bten soffit-tent to advance their mercantile sh-jving and their tea fi _*_» eri _ _f . "" -fever have tbey been able-to succeed in fonndic ., _clvilisi— - ; , or maintaining gr _ at *_ o ' . ot _ ts , much less in . aspiring -tbem with their owa-Iife an-spirit . Thej arethus _wsining in all the b 3 ses of * great naval power . Their _-nvy a / so bas , in aU time , been an avtifldal tiSng— a sort of mu ' e , inc . pabie . of propagating its kin-, and , - - _« - __ . d - t be lost , o _ Jy tc be re _^ lacedby artifici-i prc-netioTi and by tedious cu _' _.-V-tion .
To the . national deficiencies we bare Tnectionsd , tbe Trench-unite a _^ degre _. of love of glory _ - _ n _; especially , . warlikeglory , which has ever made _tfees . tbe willing instrttmeats _ofgrsstgenerals ; tbey even priz . national freedom and national wealth , not so -inc . for the wellbeing tiiey . confer-on individuals , a ** for the advantages they are thence able to derive for their __* l * Mry power _, the French hare . _ * __ _rer thought ef bring __ _g into action the priorijl . ef-self-government . _Afttr-sisty years of intern . ! -cgi-- _ k _* n , asd extern . ] struggles-for freerlnm and _-Ctioaal greatness , the political -organization of Pranceisnothi-g more tban a ___ t _ hi _ - _*^_ B _ hionedand pat together for the purpose of making war ia the _European _^ _-ontinest , and even their last * _conque-ts in Africa ara only va . aed and used by them-as anexercising-graend , to . trpia up generals and armies fur futute _conqucstson toe-continent .
Tbe French have never ceased , and never will cease , to entertain a-oas ___ £ for tbe Bhine as . their frontier . They seem to base grounds for it that- _ ie far deeper than these which are openly alleged by tbem . Jf the French possessed *_ Se ! giu- _ and _Gcrmany-as far as the ¦ Rhine , tbey would-ind little difficulty , as . has already hippeaei once , ic conquering Hollaed . aad tbe conntries on the " 'Eras , tt- ? Lower Weser , and theVlo wer Elbe . Baring thereby _^ fatted the most vigorous part of the Germanic-race of tbe continent on the _Bornac stock of their nationality , tbey would acquire the . _qualities in which _tfeey ave _-vmntisg for tbe attainment <> f the-H pr ______ j _ f the world , namely , a high _degree of _pro-netive-capabiHty in agriculture , industry , aad commerce , _and-simi-tr bigb degree of capabi-hy-for the _advancemert-of -navigation , flourishing colonies , and a great maritime power .
Bus-La , the mere _agglomeration of a number of more _crless __ r _ _er * a _ tri ___ , owes ber growth az _ _t _ _r-atsess chitfly to aa absolute _spower , which is partly , _fcased on the overfloccng cirilization of Germany , and partly on a war establishment- « f imnieasnrabl- extent . As tbe -autocracy of this country dispenses witk all _taos-gaarantees which _rsgh . grs , . e-of civilization , political-in _.. titu ' tions , _aed a solid Eatientl character can _coafer-spon a : _got ernment _, - the strength of tbe Russian government , . sod the safety of the * £ _ toct _ t , rest en __ r _. " y on the _^ yone ts he _hxs _at-hisrcommand . Grown great by the
' . _oijronet , undby _spoliatioe , this power can only _ -ni __ -hselfby tlse _tasfiinetand spoliation . War , -.-. greatest - __ c __ r ge of civ ___ e _3-nsti 6 CS , is tbere the . if _ - _ . ___ neat of tbe-dycasty , the dream of tke nobility , and ihe hope , of all -clssses of ie p . ople _, because no one has _aaytbiog to lose-by it , and ail -can . only gain . The rude agricalt _. re of this _couni _tyea-ld-not _btt be influtneed by the example __ f Get _man __! gri _ - ! l-- _ re so that now t . e __* U ___ i __ _popu * ___ on inc . *« - _ s _-yearly- _ k __ an amount of sixty-a __ - ¦ milliODE , by o * te _acd onethird to li per cent , and th _ rewith tbe numi . _« r « f d _ -p _ ss _. le recrHits . by _ e , 6 C _0-oi J » . « My __ rly .
In the position a * * _* _£ _nnder-tae circumstances in whieh __ - __ -sia at tbis m _oaseat finds fc-rself _, the ruler of -this _*< _' _*«' ¦ try is _camp-li ** d 4 o play tke part of Philip of -facedsnia towardsEurc - ( - . _-mdiof-bie son Alexander towards Asia . # * j * * I- is scaicdy _ ui _ _** ¦* ** o a doaht that the German rate is _» p £ _ - _ -ty de - ts-K-l . by : F » _3 vid _ nce , from their _natu-eand tbeir-bar -etas , tO'the solution ofthe great task of 1-adin _* _theafi " _aias-of tlie . _raarld , civilizing wild and barb-ria _ _eouatrit " * , -c _** d . _pefr _* -in __ _•*** _Eliu "t _* * - habhed , b ___ ause ndther of Sbe _otbtr two p > iss ___ s _. s tka _qoalilv of emigrating in _^* € e m _ sses _ o _foreign shores , there to found new and v _^ t » perfect communities by -DS-ds of the gifts of self . g _* _averomen _ . the exercise of their own laws , and the vol * a ___ ry _maictenance of order , and thereb y to bold _themser "W _* * fr _* _-e : frou the influence oft-rbaric and half-barbaric _aanwgines . ; __ _= s _forins ' _t-uce , tt is well known that the 1 _^ _te _& ih and Spaniards are " -very where more apt to adopt _*•** _° de manners ef the savage tribes among which t . ' _«* - _* " 5 _* * _-thsewn . tban to raise them to tbeir own point ol * e __ --iva _ ion .
France and Russia are , them "«* _ _already attracted _to * rar _ s one another by the feeling t £ the _iusufficiency of tbeir respective natural qnalities _, _viS-ichare . only to be Compensated by swallowing up the - _ __ -tiuen __ l part ol the Germanicracet _, » * * - * France , on ber side , feels her weakn _-rSin-befi-asas nmch as Eagl-ndfeels her pr-dominance . - _&*> _th" * efore , T _«* in-e can ia no case entertain tbe hope * 5 _o-ercoaii-g Ea ; I _4 oa _^ e seaj or CTen 0 f on j y _pres _^ - fctg _fliejg-et ? i -nh _^ _jtUe eoconnter with the English , her * . _** ef designs I mn _-tb- directed to an invasion of Ireland . _AlihonghtbesfJf-decept ' onof the French a . _« y to their ° » n strength en _. _cocdi-OB , und as to those of . _Entrland . _"sonld scarcely ever go so far as to lead tbem to cb ___ r _ sb a tope of breaking the strength of _England on _luT _*>* _""" * Pound and soil , yctceriainly their hope of ___ - _•*_•'**¦• - ' : _« - __ b-n _ og tb . power of Great Britain by an uvasi ** _* ° - Ireland , is not without foundation .
The _E-g'ish cannot at the same time stand on a __* d witch _eloag tbeir whole coast , and pursue commerce an __^ _JD-nufar tur . s also , and such a . disturbance of England i io her _p-zcsfol progress internally , and in the plans she bas to carry out in Asia and Africa , were of itself loss j _^ _ough . At least England would suff _ r the great injury of baogtbenceforih unable tokeep egaaistrides with the Bfdwtb of Korth Amenc .. * * « * However powerful maybe the influence ofthe Government and middle classes of France at the pr _. __ nt co . ffl _ for the mainUnance of peace—however _cincer . and _*_ i _ ____ may be the friendly dispositions of the _cMefmsmbas of both _dynasties tow _* Js oae another , no clear-sighted politician will trust those motives and
_tt - _« dispo ? it _* ons , and believe tbat they possess power ¦ " tough to change the whole national cbaracter of the _Stench ___ that tbey are in a position to gaencb burning _t _^ t for _mUitar ; glory , and to arrest that striving after j _topwaUde . national _greatuesn _, to which the French have in al * ages sacrificed everything , _^ _° w _, indeed , as regards maritime power and colonial ar 'i-i _ on ., the future seems to conceal no special suc _*** , but only humiliation forthe French . For , _ifEng"ad _-Krald really cany into _effect those gigantic plans , "Web sbe is _uow , by the law of s- _"lf-pr _ s __ rvation , _com-^ bed to put forward , as regards Europe and Africa , she _* P » in tbe course of the next ten years , increase _in-^ tely more iu riches and power than die has in thei _Psst tenjeai _., While the French , by - ____ ingon __ e
England And Germany. (From The German Of...
African Emir , and by - colonial acquisitions like tbat « I the Marquesas wiU rather be weakened , than strength _, oued . But allow that she maintain herself in her present position , it mnst be remembered that in onr days , in matters of international power , . "to stand still is equlvalent , in signification , with " retrogression . * * France mil , therefore , in relation to England , sink more and more into insignificance ; and under such circumstances it is more than doubtful , that a nation so warlike , and with sucb a thirst for glory as the French , will long be withheld by the Parliamentary ! .. _ . _ . __ of M . Gui _. ot and his disciples , ftom carrying out the idea of Si . Thiers , of compensating itself b y continental conquests for the ill fortune of France at sea an . beyond the sea .
_Weighinsall these circumstances well , it is extremely probable that the French , in time , will , with their whole heart , form an alliance nith Russia against Germany , and that she will willingly grant every concession to the former country that can reasonably be expected , in the pleasing hope that—provided that Belgium , Holland , and the countries on the lower Rhine , on tlte Em ., the Lowir Vfeser , and the Lower Elbe be fimt _gul __ licif _. d—France can then soon get done with the Russiaus also .
Coiomal Anfr Jteip ^
_Coiomal _anfr _Jteip _^
Movements Of The Week. *'Uneasy Lies The...
MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK . _* 'Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown , " as no one lietter knows than ths King of the _Bourgeoisie , our old frien-1 Lotus Philippe . In the course of the past week -slots have heen c-scovered , and arrests have taken piace of parties differing wide as the poles asunder , —Legitimists end Democrats "Persons of distinction , " hankcrers after the restoration of the _sight divine , ami the enthronement of the kingdorfikss " Henri V ., " _ tave heen caught in the toils of _Jjouis Philippe ' s •** ministering angels " —the police , . .-nd transferred . torn their Iuxnrioss homes to _"^ durance vile . " __ » n the other hand , certain parties charged with -having fabricated , conveyed and _ao-iimulaied _. ceria - ugly-looking _coati-ustihles , and said to be merultcrs of a secret _sssocistion _,
have _been-dragged to dungeons , charged wi . h-. ome awful . _onsphacy against Ihe peace and ( Kgmty of the _lroary old traitor of-true Barricades . The precise .. acts of ho-h u _* -liscoveri _ s" are «_ re . u „ y shro « ded hy the police , « s is their wont , for * the purpose of -fri ghtening the shopocracy , and reifying the " friend , of order . " "One thing is pretty clear , Louis _Philippe is in ..-sweat . Some _teuo thousand _troqits -hardly suffice to guard him at hts-. hateaux at " _v-ii ' _ilk . Clearly tiro old hypocrite shakes in his . hoes . In the fam ___ £ riots at _Lisis-and other places the people hare raised shouts very annoying » o * th _ King of the " " Three Days . " "Some are said _to-have shouted "Vivela _Repuhliquo , " and some "Wive Henri V . ! " it is very certain that none i shouted "Vive Lc-ais Philippe 1 " - - ' no one cried i 6 od save him !"
- ___ _^ Ministerial crisis is impending nn Spain , and -some mysterious-reports have beeE * current of attempts to shoot Isabella . In the neighbouring _4-k-gdom , according fo the latest accounts , the Qsorto Junta bat . refused the ten-.-dictated by the ; _. iish Govermn __ nt Quite right . Shame upon out Govern ment for playing the t _-ully in behalf e the justly detested Queen ! The working-classes in several •__ ' the provinces of 'Prussia are in-a state of frightfill destitution , in -Silesia ( the Lancashire of Prussia ) " order" is ei _aa ei d , and the "laws" are openly defied hy tbe people _, dri . er .--y famine to desperation . Oar " S " _i--esia" _appears'to he bordering Uf ___ t thesame state _df-fhings . " Death to * fhe Austrians and - -the Jesuits ! " and
" XongliveTins IX . I" are the cries ringing through -Italy . More power to " his Holiness . " the Ottoman _'Gorenrme-t has refused to -any longer recognise the Greek fag , prohibited * the coast trade , and tsken other measures detrimental to Greek commerce . . 'Perhaps this course _msv bring Monsieur Colletti and'his booby master to-their senses . _TJpto Thursday evening w e "• hav ** no later ne *** of events in'Mexico , bnt in another column will be fonnd-a notiecofa" glorious vietory" gained ' by the " " - _^ ationaTBefonners" at the recent Municipal Eleetion-in the city of New York .
New Zealand. A-Trr** *!-- '"Frflm Tbis C...
NEW _ZEALAND . _A-Trr ** _*! -- ' "frflm tbis colony represent matter- at _ * n «_ ble , an _ -Governor Grey s administration a __ hisbly popular .
ATJSTRALT'ft . New South _^ _Wat-ib . —Sidney papers to tbo 101 b 6 f : January represent tbe grain harvest to be above tbe ; average . _'An'iinportnnt _meetimr-dt electors had been held _afGoulbnt-, on the _snbjeotof a retnrn to trans- ; portation . 'A feirse majority declared in favourof the abolition _ F wnal . ettleirent - thrnuchout _Aus--fraliaand . __ - ~_ _j- _* i _ ent region ? , hut _fxpressed a ' wish * tbat _parties'candemned for political , military , or ; " slipht * " _ottences , might be _scnt'to the colonies as ' - _VxiJes" - ' j
Liter dates-to the oth of February have since enme to hand , aud -T __ pre _? ent the rolony _* - s in a flourishing stato . _The . emand for labour wns crcafc and _increasins _Meefinss had been helu-at various places , to petition government to exert itself to procure supplies of _I-b-crbr flu * - mp _*> ii » . ' FRANCE . After all _the-f-sa that was _maoe respeetine tbe explanations _ o * be demanded of the government respeetine- the ehamres in the ininistry _, * the whole affair has turned ont-t . " im * mere smoke . The A _. f t ' ona . turns the whole affair into ridicule— " M . Odilon _BarrotquPstionefi'M . Guizot as te - -he motives for
I the dismissal ofihe three ministers . HI . Guizot rej-plird that it wa * . done because it was the pleasure of ] the Crown . __ tl . _-Lae-ve _Laplasme said it was not bis -faul . _% and M . _de-Girardin replied , after whieh the [•¦ Chamber broke np . All this did net _. eenny an honr . Abo'ittwo thousand persons went to -the Chamber , shout twelve hun _. re' * of them for the sake of amusement ; and amuscS-they must have been , for it was 'very _«? r . _i 1 ! . _" ' On Saturday a petition was presented -to the Chamber nf I 5 spn * ip _** from Jerome -Bonaparte ,
_ex-Sine nf Westphalia . Itis dated Florence , the * _lSth of Airil , and prays that the lawwiereby bis family is banished from France may be repealed . This petition was , as _ sual , referred to a . ommittee . M .-Sajou . the senior im _' ssier of the ____ mber of Peers , died on Friday . In 1792 he wag arrested in Italy with Af . de _Semonville and M . Marct , and was _curtSned for several years'in a fortrrss by order of tbe Aa _** tristi government . He only regained _his-liberty when _Maret , Sem < uwilJe . "Camus , and others , were exchanged for the danebfer of Louis XVI .
Political conspiracy is -deemed to require the _viEilani ' mterpos _' _tionofgoTcrnmcnt . On Friday and Satarday several per _? ons _weae arrested by the police , _inclu-inz * M . Considere . who has before-time beon imoltcated in political troubles . _Pounc-d . _Ahrkst _* * . —The Gazette des _TribtumMx states , that-in consequence of snme arrest ** made in Paris last week , a discovery has been made ofa conspiracy la which twelve Individuals are implicated , several . af wlmm bad already ( inured in political trial- * . "The following , " adds the Tribuneaux , "Are the particulars communicated to us by ocular witnesses of . he manner in which the police
discovered the existence of tbe plot . Some days since some police agent * , who were stationed at the larr ieredcla _ChanoUbavineremarked the suspicious appearance of three individuals whe , were entering Paris , and one of whom appeared te he the bearer of articles which lie wished to coneeal—required . hem to enter tiie guardhouse to be searched . *_ * hey refused . The police persisted . Tbe others - trt-empied to escap ., but after a desperate resistance they wer . secured . Tiie t _& rec men _weretSien lodged ia t __ guard-honse . On one of them was found several _Articles and papers _caleulsted to enc-promise
. \ . ni ; amonKst others , _aepeoes of bomb sum ot the si /* * . - ofa cannon ball charged with gunp * wder , and the * -se _ f which tbey refused ta explain . An _inquirT- ' _» _***_« subsequently instituted , and it was proved that _'* - K * se three persons were connected wit _ i a secret assoec-tion which had for acme time been watchei _* . by ibe police . Warrants were immediate ! / issued a _eainst nine other persons , and they were __ imnltant * oady _ferrestrd in various quarters of the capital . A t the residence of the greater camber of _fhein docnrct " uf _*» were seized calculated to explain the nature of « be association , of which the _principal inembers are in * he hands of justice . "
The papers _sta" _** - * _« a * _* be preatest precautions had been adopted a * _J _^ ewHy for the security of the Kins and of the _Roy-d _«* = _««_'• Two battalions of troops of the line ( 1 . 6 L _" _-0 n _. _* n ); a detachment of 50 horse , and a battalion o * tbe rural national guard , performed duty at the paia *« «« rtng the day . Sentry boxes were placed at dislanc . _^ « ' _*»«>«? yardsround thc park , and everv nigbt two * - Orapames of picked men reinforced the garrison of we chateaux , and patrols of cavalry kept constantly . Wfmg round the Roysl residence . .. Mohk Poi _ TicAi . Ar . nE-X 3 .-A great _^ _> f * _**™ _created among the members assembled _™ _•* " _* - J " itte les Conferences of the Chamber of _DeputuM OB _iBW-
New Zealand. A-Trr** *!-- '"Frflm Tbis C...
day , by its ' being awertained that the police had madea _secure of some importaht papers , which exposed some sinister intentions on the part of t _& e Carlists . The story iold was , that the police had seized a portmanteau full of papers , whicH > had been placed by the Marquis de Pastoret , one ofthe leaders ofthe legitimate party , in the custody of a yonng _la-i y with whom he was on terms of great intimacy . This modern Delila , it appears , quarrelled with the gentleman , and to be revenged gave information to the police of the dangerous deposit with which she had
been entrusted . The police immediately took advantage of the hint , and the _consequence was the discovery of a vast quantity of documents and letters , which haver laced thc Government on the scent of several complots , some ofwhieh have already failed , while others were not yet come fo maturity , and the object of ail of which was thc restoration of Henry V . to the throne of bis ancestors . It was reported that no Ipss tban fifteen persons had been arrested in the course of Tuesday _mornin _.:, in consequence of the seizure , and that several ofthem were persons of consqu _. Dcc , from their rank and - io _ ition .
PORTUGAL . Madbiba has declared for thc national cause . At two o ' clock on the morning ot thc 20 th ult . the inhabitants of Funchal were roused from their _slumber by the _galloping of four pieces of artillery through thc street ., accompanied by the troops of the __ th and Hth regiments , proclaiming , by loud vivas , tho constitution of 1820 , and the sovereign junta of Oporto . Colonel Gucrra and Don 0 ! avo havebeen declared military and civil governor .. They immediately sent to Oporto about thirty centos of _reis ( £ 6 , 500 ) . The island of Terceira has also declared against the Queen , pronouncing in favour of tiie Opor _.. Junta .
The brig Ave , arrived at Lisbon from Angola , bring , intelligence of the arrival of the prisoners of Torres Vedras in those sickly regions , wliich _cruejt . v , _itappears , determined the inhabitants of Angola to pronounce in favour of the Oporto Junta , declaring two of the exiles , Counts Bomiim and Villa Real , their military and civil governor .. SWITZEaUAND . Geneva , May 12 —The liberal cause in Swiizerland _ _* * triumphant , the Cant-no . St , Gali having returned liberal members , on the occasion of the renewal of its grand council * . The hews of this victory over tho Jesuits , who are in great strength in that particular canton , was received in ali the radical cantons with demonstrations of extreme joy . GERMANY .
A letter from Breslau says : " Our situation is a most deplorable one , and the future is anything but promising . Inceti-iary fires , housi s broken into at _nitbt ,, and highway robberies are the current topics of the day . Misery has reached such an extent ia some of the provinces that it is not an unusual occurrence io see troops of starving beings harrying to any scene of conflagration to devour on the spot the cattle that perish in the flames . Inthe fields the potatoes and peas which have been sown are dug up ; and it makes one shudder to think of what may occur before tlie next harvest . The manufacturers are obliged to turn off their hands , and _thisiiicreasps th . universal misery and danger . Tho news that one ofthe _prisci-iai manufacturers was about to dismiss 1 , 506 workmen , created such an alarm that the president of the province deemed it necessary to proceed to the spot to concert _measwes of public securitv :
SaES __ A , MAT 7 . —Every day within the last week tbere has-been a repetition of riots and disturbances ia every town along the mountain chain . The . populace attack the waggons iadea with bread and corn _go-flg to market , compel the owners . to sell these arti les _st-o . price which the rioters themselves fix , and if the -slightest hesitation ia evinced , or the least resistance made , thc waggons are plundered , and every article of food cleate _. « ff in the course of afew _m-inutes . Thc pricesof cora rise from week to week ,
and speculators are drivingprices as high as they can , which naturally ____ s perate , s the populace still more . Added to _alKhis , thecotton spinning in the mountains is at a stand-still ; the stopping of one house alone has thrown _O 00 weavers outiot employ . Go- _ _ ., Ma _ 7—We grieve to state that the articles of-consumption wbich -were to have been exposed in-our weekly market-yesterday , were violently seized-by the mob ; the sellers were either robbed ot all or part of their stock-: about fifty of the rioters were taken into custody .
ITA-. ! . Rome , May 8 . —On Wednesday , thc 5 th , being the feast of St Pius , whose best achievement ( his -bringing about the battle of Lepanto ) once rescued the south of Europe , great doings were planned to honour thc name in the person of ita present possessor , who bids fair to ___ _Tect a similar European rescue . Hearing of these projects ( for strict orders are issued to- inform him of every matter ) our monarch at once intimated-his wish that the waste of blue _light- and Roman candles . hould be superseded by a general _distribution-of bread . To wish is to be obeyed . Sixty gentlemen met immediately at the Doria palace , organised -themselves for a combined effort ameng the affluent , and collected seven thousand dollars . Sixty thousand bread tickets were put in circulation . The remnant is kept to establish an infant school . .
On _the- . th a seizure . was made of eighty pounds ' weight of printed satins against the Pope , entitled '' ¦ _Lafetta-idelle Spighednun gidrdiiioin Pistoia ;" also another , called _"~ Arfeofo drf suolo 47 _sopra le coseitaliane " .. These , it . ' appears , were written by the notorious monk Domenico Ambrosiani , and the package containing them was addressed to the Abbate Don G . _Tanrburi-i . Both these gentlemen have _absconded . At Pisa _. _on theSth , _^ demonstration was made in favourof the Pope , on the occasion ofthe funeral of Professor Carmignani , a _;__ ian of great learning , but belonging ' to-the retrograde party . The students of ithe University and about -3-000 inhabitants cf the town traversed the streets , preceded by a banner -bearing these . words . " Wiva Pius IX . ! " and crying , " Wiva the independence of . Italy ; the liberty of thc . press ; and death to the Austrians and Jesuits 1 " No disturbances , howeveroccurred .
, Tuscak-. —A law was . promulgated on the 7 th inst . -establishing the liberty ofthe press in the Tuscan . -States , under certain prescribed conditions and _regulations . This law , which . consists of forty articles , . was published and posted up in all quarters of _Fid--rence on the 7 th . Nothing could exceed the _en--iiusiastn manifested by the people of Florence on .. he _announcement of this ordon . iance . More than three thousand persons collected round the palace , uttering exclamations favourable to the duke and _hisif-mily . The grand duke being then ' absent , his duchess and children presented themselves upon the L _. _lcony , and rcceivedthe salutations ofthe people .
RUSSIA . Bs PETEHSBunon _, May .. —Official intimation was given yesterday that the marriage of the Grand Prkce Kohstantin Nikolajcwitch with the Princess Alexandra of _Sachsen Altenburg took place on the 26 £ -.. ef April . The _iHerman Journal of Frerikfort states from St Petersburg that the Emperor has recently dismissed severs ! . high functionaries for corruption , or otber mi-conduct in office , and tbat tlie censorship permits the publications of works , and tbe performance of pieces at the theatn _s , in which thc abuses of the policeicd law courts are exposed {*) .
Fbesch .Scaxoal.—A Circumstance Occurred...
Fbesch . Scaxoal . —A circumstance occurred on Friday evening at _Chantilly , which was the great subject of _conversation among the pci . ona . es assembled . _ _¦ _ ££ for the races . The Jockey Club of Paris had _, as usual , rooms set aside for their use during the race week , at which a ( Treat number ot the members were assembled . On Friday , the game of lansquenet was played in the Club to a great extent , and the winninssof one oi' the players were so extraordinary , 30 GQOt ' . ( £ 1 , 200 ) , as to lead the lusers to be particularly watchful . Thc result was that it was proved beyo-d a doubt that thegaius ofthe suspected party were not the effect of mere good luck . Itappears thatthe person in question was dealer , and had expended the cards in bis hand . One ofthe gentlemen present handed him a few more cards , and he was recommencing to deal , when he wa- * called upon to stop and to coHnt the cards in his hand . They were found to be fifteen . "I only
handed you seven , " said his opponent , and the murder was out . The df a _' er was unable to account fur the additional . < irds _, a __ d it was then ascertained that he had arranged cards concealed upon his person . The money upon the . aisle at the moment , which was upwards of lO _. OOOf ., was given back to those who had staked it , and the party at once broke up . The person implicated in this discreditable affair is an officer of tbe French Hussars , is the son of one of the most celebrated generals in the French service , and holds the post of one of tbe offieiers d ' ordonnance to the King . On the day after _tuis affair , the officer in question appeared at tbe stag hunt , but he was ordered off the ground by the Duke de Nemours . Ou the same evening tbe Duke de Nemours sent him a message calling upon him to resign bis commission as _ofls _cier d ' ordonnanee , and orders have been given to have his name struck ont ofthe listof the army . At the _samd time , the Jockey Club met and expelled him . The offender left Paris for America on Tue __ -
day . LiBBBir of the _ScB « cr is Fbakck . — The following is related by the U nivers as an unqualified act of violence lately coramitted inthe department of tbe . lar ; .-: — " Tha Marquise de _Hauteville was riding in her carriage a short distance from her own residence , when sbe waa stopped by a brigadier of gendarmery , who , in obedience to orders which he aidlhe had * received , obliged her to alight , and , notwithstanding she was in a suffering state , made her walk after her own carriage three-quarters of a league to the neighbouring town , and there prove her identity . A complaint was laid before M . ChevallR-r , _tboProcnrenrdu Roiat _Mayenne . who would take to notice of it . The Marquis de Hauteville referred the matter to tbe Pracureur-General , and resolved to lay it directlybefore IhoJieepcr ofthe Seals , and , in default of his interposition , to appeal to the Chamber of Deputies , ifthe Procureai ' -General should refuse to take measures to repress snch _anwgjrant & bh _nttacl-. BP . B tie liberty of the subject . "
_^Iij Pena I ^Aruatfiffi
__^ iij pena i _^ _aruatfiffi
-F- . Monday, Mai 17. House Op L0rb_.-_....
_-f- . MONDAY , Mai 17 . HOUSE OP L 0 Rb _ .- __ . p 6 BLic _Gr-Mabi-b . —The Earl __ WiR-Hum colled the attention of the government to the expediency of establishing public granaries in this country . The pric _. of wheat was now extremely high , and ifthe harvest was a late one , he did not believe the stock of corn in band would be sufficient . He thought when thero was an abundant harvest , and more corn than the population could consume , that _i . sbould be storrd for Iheir use in times of _te _ rcity . In . the year 1835 corn was only 35 s . a quarter , and 2 000 . 000 quarters of wheat could be purchased at that time for £ 3 , 500 , 000 .
He would suggest that these granaries Bhould be under _thecohtrol of , government . He would-not allow the doors to be opened as lonir , as corn was at a fair price , but wben it rose too high for the means of tbe people to purchase at the market price , he would propose that these , granaries should be . opened and the price of corn kept as level as pos-ible . lie _thouslit that the ports -houl . l ba closed against the export of corn to other _COUnt . l . S . Ho hud heard that France had purchase _, corn here to a large extent within the list few days . If corn _roso . ohijjh that the peoplo could not procure it , he thought it woulJ lead to disturbance and _sociel dis . organisation .
_BarlGaEi said that the subject which had been introduced was too lnrge and comprehensive to be disposed of incidentally . And if he did no . off r any remarks in reply to the noble lord , it was not- to be attributed to want of courtesy . He would only say , that he didnot fully _afjree in the nobis lord ' s suggestion , nor did he differ from hi __ respecting the present alarming state of the c . untry . Tbe _Factort Bill . —The Earl of El _. bsmerb ' was sorry it had not been introduced by a voice more familiar to their lordships , but he had been solicited to undertake the task by a numerous body of those who acre deeply interested in the measure , as also by a noble friend ofhis ( Lord Ashley ) , who . e earnest efforts in its promotion hud been so conspicuous . ( Hear , hear . ) He was
relieved from some difficulty , _bccaone he was n ot ongi . nating any new principle of _legisl ' . ition , the subject having long been familiar to parliament . The preeent mea _. ote bad originated in tho feelings and wishes ol tlio a who eontributed by their toil to the welfare ofthe country ; and it had been wafted up to the legislature by petitions , sign . * by many tliou _. ands of all classes , but more particularly by the persons most deeply interested in Its success;—a very humble class' but who would not on that account receive the less attention from their lordships . ( Hear , hear . ) The bill had received the saneiion and authority of philanthropists , of persons of every religir . us denomination , and had made Its way against powerful interests , and still more powerful minds . It h » d established it . clf by the sanction ofa _considerable
portion of the cabinet , and had been sent to their lord _, ships by a conclusive majority of the other house of parliament ; and ,. taking into coiwideration tbo majority whicli had sent there , and that it bad been supported by the representatives of Iar _^ e _constituencics , including master manufneturer- and operatives ,- he thought he was entitled to ask their lordships with confidence to receive the bill . He did not impugn the great truths which the professors of the science of political economy had put forth on the _sobjoet ; and ho did not consider that the principles of this bill were at issue with those truths . Ono-of the great objects of the bill was the limitation ofthe employment of those whif , by their age and sex , nature never intended for severe labonr ; and he believed the
_leglsliiture could interfere beneficially and effectively to prevent this abuse , and should the necessity arise , punish ' those who attempted to perpetuate it . The entire tendency of the system was to inflict severe . and _exc-ssive toil on tlie class of operatives to which he had just referred . There was no cessation of their labour ; the motion of the engine must be continuous—it could not rest without loss to the millowner , and the const quence was , that those who hud to attend on the power loom , were doomed to a state ofthe worst species of slavery . The House of Commons had decided that ten hours should be the limit to which females and yonng persons Bhould be allowed . to labour in factories ; the adult population of tbe manufacturing districts had petitioned to an cnor . mous extent in faveur of that decision ; nnd tbey waited
now with trembling apprehension at their lordships' bar . One of the objections urged against the bill was the diminution of the . vvnges of the operatives , and another reason which had been put forth against it was the defeat ofthe manufacturing interests of -Ms _eountiy in foreign competition . As to the _dimiantion of wiiges , he ha- " been in communication with the parties most deeply- interested , and advised tbem to be prepared for it ; and he believed they were ready , to abide the consequences _. But hfldid not think that anythinglike the predicted loss would be sustained , either by the employer ; or the employed . Tha noble earl proceeded to point out the advantages , in a moral and material sense , which would result from the additional time which the operatives would have when tiro hours more were given ¦ to them
for mental improvement and physical relaxation . One circumstance , wbich would compensate for tho loss of time and wages , was the prevention ofthe _mutilution of children , which generally occurred in the last two hours of wearisome work , and he understood that nine-tenths of the spoil and waste was occasioned in . those last two boars . So step similar to thi * had ever yet been taken without prophecies of a like nature to those which were now made , that this measure would ¦ result in the ruin ofthe manufacturers , and all belonging to them . But they had always turned out to be false .. Tl . is _lansiuge _wasmnde use of as if thry still had the corn duties , the customs' duties , and the duties on wool . In a matter of this kind England must make the first stir , as she did with respect to the slave trude , and other _mnnufiieturinf countries woHld not he slow in following tbeir example The noble earl then rend len . thy correspondence from
persons connected with manufactures in foreign countries , to show that in Spain , and in other places where tbe ope . ratives only worked fire days in the week , and were paiil for sis , that was for 10 hours a _ dr _\ instead of 12 , the system worked well , if the beneficial results which he anticipated followed the passing of this measure , he hoped that the justice and intelligence of England wo . ld not forget those who had introduced , supported , and worked it out ; and he expected that it would act as a warning to master _ na . _ fact . rer _ , that tiiey should look to the a * vautage of those whom tlicy employe ., as well _» b to their own aggrandise-Hnt . The noblo carl concluded by moving the second readingof the bill , expressing his belief that tlieir lord'hips could not adopt a more wise , just , or n & eful course , both to the master manufacturers , labourers , and consumers than that _ofniakingit thelaw of _the-land .
Lord _Fevebsham , in seconding the motion , said that the operatives of tbis country had for a Ions series of yean Bought for a Ten Hours' Bill . In seeking for that object tiiey never had recourse ti violence or _. _nscrupulnus agitation , or to any outbreak against their employers , as was suggested b y those who opposed this measure . They never , at any of their great meetings , crmmittcd a single breach of the peace ; they , on the contrary , always conducted themselves with the utmost propriety and the mo _. t manifest eonformiiy to th- insti _tutions of this country . They quietly aud peaceably passed their resolutions , and drew up tlieir petitions to parliament , asking them to do them this act of justice . They , in consequence , deserved well at their lordships ' hands None but tho ill-disposed portion of the opera
fives were against tho passing of this m _. i _. 6 ure , tuch » s those who preferred that the female portion of their families should toil and work to earn a scanty subsistence in an unwholesome atmosphere , while they themselves spent their time in the gin shop . He admitted tbat the question of wages was one of great importance ; it had been fully _discussed at all the meetings in the north of England and iu Scotland . The question was put to the operatives whether they would submit to a reduction of wages , in case such should turn ' out to be the result of the passing of this roeaspre , und they invariably said they were wiling to do so . Hut he did not believe that it would lead to a reduction of wages . The operatives would have employment more constantly and wages more _regularly , and would not be subjected to the fluctuations in the amount of labour and wages which
thej now . _sp __ ie _ c „ d . TbU measure was supported bj men well versed in all matters connected with the work _, ing of factories in this country , such as Mr Ficldtn , Mr Brotherton _, and Mr Hindley , viho thought this measu . _i- ' was fraught with benefit to the operatives , while they hsd no apprehension whatever that it would level a blow at the master manufacturers of this country , _lk-collecting that the legislature , in the last tiro or three years , had conferred Immense benefits on the master manufacturers by the repeal oiF the duties on cotton on corn— and that a promise hod been held out to the operatives of some restriction in their hours of labour—their lord _, ships were now bound to give this bill a favourable consideration . By every motive of humanity and _morslity , of justice , benevolence , and putriotism _, thej were called on to agree to the passing of this bill ; he hoped they would do so unanimously _.
Lord E-ougbah said he waa sorry to destroy the una . nimity which the noble lord _set-nicd to anticipate . He had no doubt the working classes bad been misled , in being induced to ask for a measure of this . nature ; but he hoped to undeceive them in the few remarks he . hould make as to the operation of bkcIi a measure on their real interests . Kot on account of the capitalists , or the _manufacturers , bat solely on account of tho working men , was he induced to oppose this bill ; feeling deeply convinced that their interest ., above till _oth-rs _, _demsn _. e _. tbat no interference should be attempted with the free employment of their honest industry . ( Hear , _J-cor . ) On tli s quQstion he took his stand on tbe ground of political economy , only in to far the principles ef that science were identical with the . dictates of common sense . Any man might be _tauj-ht by common _Bcnse that
ii hereceircd Ss . for working up 12 I _. S . of _COttOII twi _. f _, he would only receive 5 s . for _lOlbs . ; and it had , indeed , been admitted b y the noble lord , the mover of tbis bill , that it must cause a reduction of wages . Considering the immense amount of wealth which was thus involved , the utmost caution was _nccessaiy in _legislating , as the least false step might be attended with the most fatal consequences . It was admitted that about _thirty-seven millions of our foreign trade , including silk , cotton , woollen , and flax , or nearly three-four th , of the whole , was concerned ; and yet the promoters of this bill nsked the house to deal with this immense interest with the utmost confidence , knowing at tbe time how impossible it was for them to predict the consequences of such a _measure . This wag a bill , in fact , to prevent about a million of persons , am" all tbe mills in the country , from u prising more than ten bouts .- »* _- , or five _ _u . in a
-F- . Monday, Mai 17. House Op L0rb_.-_....
week . The first consequence of this _Intvitahly . would be to destroy _one-sixtb of the trade . ' ( Hear _^ bear . ) How could It be otherwise , _unlesi * by some cx-. aordinary and unforeseen improvement in the machinery , the 6 ame quantity of goods would beproduced in _five-slxths of the time ! and the poor labourers would not get the benefit of that . ( Hear , hea-. ) No less than 6 | millions of exports , and the same proportion of ttte home consumption , would be swept away nt a stroke . Thenext inevitable consequence would beapropoi _' -onate reduction tn the wages . l _* or the manufacturers be cared not on this _oseasion—h e spoke for , and was the advocate of the interests of the workmen , and not ofthe masters . But if * . ou diminish the labourer ' s wages by one sixth ,
jou will also take offfrom the master ' s profits more than one-sixtb ; for it was an ascertained ( act , that ten hours ' work for six days a week , or twelve . hours for five days , was just sufficient to p _.-. y the expenses of his establishment , the wages for the foods manufactured , the cost of machinery , and tho incidental expenses—so that this bill would not leave the fraction of a farthing profit to tbe master and tbe employer . —The who ! , profit ofthe ___ _. t £ - arose' trom the extra two hours per _doy , or one day per week , which this bill at one " fell swoop " went to clear-away and to demolish . ( Hear , hear . ) The British manufacturer hnd even now to compete with his foreign neighbours , and hence again a difficulty would , by tbis measure , be thrown in the way ofthe British producer . But his noble friend who bad moved
the sicond reading of this bill ( the Earl of Ellestnere ) entertained great and sanguine hopes that foreign _countricsjwonld follow the example of GreatBritainin reducing their hours of labour , and would "go nnd do iiUewise . " He ' Lord Brougham ) feared those hopes would not be realised . He had great-doubts that France , Belgium . Holland , the Americans , or the Swiss , would follow this example , because these nations would see that the example was based upon unsound principles . On tho contrary this bill held out to foreign manufacturers a . trong temptation to them not to follow the example . Alr . _a-1 * they were beaten by thc labour , the capital , the perfection of skill and theimproved machinery of this country , but if tho legislature consented to reduce the labouring power of this country , would not the foreigner be
tempted to say , " Oh ' now I see daylight—now I perc . ive a cb . _viceof b . nting the _IngVisbi in the markets ofthe world , if they will only keep their law as it is . " The next consideration to which he implored the attention of their lordships was , the effect which this measure would produce on the moral condition ofthe people . He believed that thero was not a much moro sound ranxim in commerce , in humanity , and in the contemplation of society , than this—that poverty was the root of many evils—that distress—that uneasiness for food — the scarcity of supply , and tbe apprehension of that supply altogether failing— that these considerations continually in the mind were just bs unfavourable to the mental _n _< tbey were to tbe bodily health of those who were subject to tbem . He therefore implored their
lordships to consider tho consequences of reducing the _bu'k of the labouring community to a state of anxiety am ) doubt as to the possibility of obtaining the next day ' s meal for themselves and families , to tbe fears and alarms consequent upon inability to feed their children , and of the physical degradation to wliich individuals would be reduced . He believed that whatever tended to relieve thc mind and to keep individuals in tolerable _circutnttanoes , was the parent of sound feelings and of right principles . This bill proposed to regulate factories cn-Mgcd in the silk , fl , ix , wool , and cotton trades , embracing 57 per cent , of the labouring classes . Tbo remaining 48 per cent _, of the labouring population were not engaged in those trades , aud , consequently , were not affected by this bill , which did not even pretend to
touch tbem . It , however , did touch and affect them most severely , because its operation would drive nil those who wished to work more than ten hours a day to the occupations wbich engaged the class represented by the . 3 per cent , portion of the community . A direct legislative premium was' _g'ven to the class interfered with by this measure , to go to the employments which were not assailed by its provision .. But this was not all . He was no advocate , for restraining machinery—he was the last to put a limit to invention , or to cramp genius , but still he could not avoid seeing that every increase in tbe powers of machinery displaced so much labour , and , therefore , he must be a bold man who would support a measure wbich in a . very short space of time must produce that
effect . ( Hear , hear . ) With respect to another _psint of view in which this measure was to be regarded , he waB convinced that if this bill contemplated th . ' moral instruction and education of children and adults employed in factories , it did not go far enough . Some said it ought to be an eight hours bill—others said ten—a third eleven and a-iialf—and one sage man had _contended for 11 } hours . This contrariety of opinion did not tend to raise a man ' s _renpect fov bis legislation , but he ( Lord Brougham ) strongly felt that if they were to break _thMUjrh all principle . —to outrage all rights—to violate all rules , anil to sacrifice the interests of tho labouring c 1 as . es—in God ' s name let it be done in such a way as to a _. bi . _Ye tbe object . To turn to another point for consbleration , he believed that the working men themselves
had been misled by the positive assertions made by the agitators of this question , and by the peremptory statements which had takeu possession of their minds . Would even his noble friend ( Lord FeverBbam ) say-that there was any noble-minded spinner or romantic weaver so anxious for modern improvement thathe would have no objection . !) lose one-sixth part of the wages he could now earn 1 , ( H ? ar , hear . ) This was a point which the agitators kept in the dark—they bad never placed be . fore them tho fact that by this measure one-sixth of their wages , would be cutoff . If this had been stated , he knew from the deputations he had seen that they would have retracted their opinions in favour of this scheme , ( Hear , hear . ) But then be was told that there was another authority against hira in favour of this measure
—the House of Commons . It was said that this bill had been sent up to them by a large—an ample majority . But the very same House of Commons which sent up the present bill by so large a raajorify , rejected a twelve hours' bill on the 2 nd of March , 18 t _., by a majority of three , the numhers being 180 against _, 183 for the bill . Subsequently they rejected the ten _honrs'bill bya mnjo . rityof 188 to 181 , so that they would have neither a twelve hours' nor a ten hours' bill . Again , on the 13 th of May , they rejected precisely the present bill of ten hours , by a good working _mnjority of 138 . In May , 1816 , another " ebange camo o ' er the Bpirit of tbeir dreams , " for tbo . bill was rejected by a majority of . ' only 10—the good working majority of 138 having " dw indled down to 10 . Had any circumstance occurred in the
meantime to account for this change ? They could only know causes as events connected in succession , and thc rep ' eal of the corn laws and the great conversions which had bean made to thatmeasuro _, was the event to which be waa inclined to attribute the change . Between the landed interest and the manufacturing interest a great gulph had opened : bitter feelings were aronscd on both sides , which gave rise to such long and angry discussions , that it would bave bctn humane to have cut them down to ten hours . ( Laughter . ) The landed interest were resolved to retaliate for the corn law repeal , and the present bill was sent up to them by a largo majority—( hear , hear . ) Was this tho time , when tho labourers were turned out of their employment b y thousands— when there was
fannnoin Ireland and scarcity In England—when on every part of tbe compass to wbich they turned the eye , abroad as well as at , home , the storms were gathering and the aspect of tlie heavens was lowering , that tbe House of Commons should retrace their steps , and turn large minorities into large majorities *? ( Hear , hear . l Wus it not rather the time , ol aU others , when a prudent and cautious regard for the best interests ofthe country , for the people of the country—above all , for the working people , should haveprescribedasan imperative duty the utmost reluctance to change its commercial _poliey ? ( Hear , hear , ) But now , when the poor rates wire £ 6 , 000 , 000 , and likely to be increased by n third or fourth , when Ireland was bl . ediug at every pore , when they were l sending supplies of food and moi _.. j to pmvent
statvation from thinning ihe people of that unhappy country , when the public pence was disturbed in one county in England and 200 special constables had to be sworn in on account el food riots—when in other , counties the Hgns of _fimilar scenes were threatening—was the time that they were called on , witbout experience , on mere speculation , on assertion , on assumption , on fantasy , to pass a measure which must affect every working man in this country , in its four great branches of manufatures . If indeed , the times were peaceful , if Inland was re . stored to plenty , if England and Europe were at peace , if no clouds wero in the sky or in any part of the horizon to disfigure or to alarm thc _beholde r _. ' he inigh t understand such a measure being proposed as an experiment ; but to bring it forward as an experiment , without waiting till Providenoo had vouchsafed to Wees them nit- a return of peace , piospcrity , and tranquillity , was nothing less than to fly in the face of Providence . ( Hear , hear . ) Many persons were led away by exaggerated accounts of
the _unhealtbiness of thc factories , by glowing pictures of the hard toil , comfortless abodes , and wretched fare of the workmen . Now , he felt the same deep commiseration for these people , and his heart was wrnng with their Ml ,, their scanty food , and wr . tcbtd abodes ; butamongbt all the labouring population of this country , ho had never seen a more desperate picture of _tatiguc , of wretched and comfortless abodes ; than he had seen in the cottages of thc peasantry . ( Hear , hear . ) They who rose at five o ' clock in the morning and toiled from the rising of the sun till his going down , whose work was oi the hardest description , and who were exposed to all the . vicissitudes of the seasons , might well envy the factory labourer , who at least know neither cold nor wet . If they int-rfcred in the caBe of the factory workers , why abstain in thc case of the steel , fib . * and the workers lu brass , those who , from thc time of their ancestor , Tubal Cain , bad been tho victims of trade ! ( Hear , hear . ) The noble lord moved that thc hill be read a second time tbat day six months .
The Bishop of London considered that this bill , for which the noblo lord whointioduced it wa 3 entitled to the gratitude of the working classes , was founded on the highest sympathies of our nature , whilst tbe arguments that wero adduced against it resttdou economical considerat . _ons . Viewed as abstract and philosophical _principles , and on tho supposition that ail nun were instructed andreligloup , the principles of political economy _m-ght be carried out in practice , but they had to deal with a highly complex state of society , they were . surrounded by pnjudicc , by misery , and vice , and ' they must therefore deal with things as tbey found them ; they must b . nd , modify ) and ttmper rigid rules , and adapt . U . __» elv « - to the state of society in which tbey
-F- . Monday, Mai 17. House Op L0rb_.-_....
lived . It was the duty of a paternal government to in terfere if they could prevent injury from' being done to large , classes of society which , but for that interference , would be unprotected . _( Heari hear . ) His noble friend dealt with tbe question as if it wbolly _relatid to the adult population j factory children' were treated * as mere ' machines for making money ; aiid if the cupidity of their emp loyers , or the ignorance of tbeir parents , ' compelled _, them to work more than their age and strength would justify , it was the duty of thc legislature'to interfere for the protection of such children . " If they desired to have a Ben-ration of dutiful and moral workmen , tho rising _e- neration must be trained with that view . The noble nnd learned lord had spoken of the condition of the agricultural labourer : he thought there was no comparison
between the two , but that the agricultural labourer was in a mueh hutter condition ; his work lay in the open fields , where he could inhale the pure air and see the light of heaven , and in his bc _. upotinii be might pause for a few minutes ' whon he was led to do so ; butthe power loom must work on , and the _l-hour attending it must be reguhtr and precise : —( hear , hear)—and there could be no doubt that such labour was more debilitating than when the work was varied or some short breathing-time could be taken . The noble and learned lord had said thatman must earn his bread by the sweat ofhis brow : that might bo tree , but the Creator never _intrnrie-l tbat be should do so by his life-blood , or by making his children pass through thc fire , not of Moloch , but of Mammon . ( Hear , hear . ) It appeared from a
calculation made by Mr Fletcher , that tho average of life _amongst factory _. _'orkmeri was somewhat less than onehalf of that of other operatives in the same district . But many of the grc . it _inill . ownera , who it was said were tobe such losers by th ; -measure , were petitioners in favour of it , ' Tiiey could see but little tn apprehend , when they came forward to support such a bill ; and as to the commerce of the country being injured by it , ho was much encouraged when lie'looked back and saw the results of the step which bad been taken with regi . rd to tbe twelvehours' bill . It appeared from a statement made ; by one of the opponents of the bill that since the limitation of the hours of labour to sixty-nine a week , the e ondi-ibtt ofthe _operative had gradually improved ; and whilst id _1813 he received 8 * . 4 d . per week as wages , in 18-3 the amount was 8 s . 10 . 1 . ' Ho loss than 922 _mill-owners bad
petitioned in favour of the bill , ns well as thousands of the workmen themselves ; and the _ovils which it sought to cure were physical deterioration and moral degradation , A moral nnd religious reformation n « ver could be effected _nmonj _!?! the factory ' workmen under the existing system , because in youth tbey were not allowed sufficient tim « to learn that which was useful for them both here and hereafter . ( _Ilea ' r , hear . ) The right rev , prelate concluded by stating that he most . cordially supported the bill . : Tho Duke of _IticnMOND heartily concurred in the objects ofthe bill ; and when tbe noble ar . d learned lord ( Lord _Broughnri- _J said that an agricultural labourer at forty-five wos not as strong as one of tbeir lordships at seventy-five , it proved that he knew nothing at all of the
matter . Why , lie would produce almost any labourer from Sussex who sbould carry every one of their lordships cn his hack . ( Much laughter . ) 'The agricultural labourer had good beer to drink ; and if tlieir lordships would repeal the malt tax , lie would have better , ( Laughter . ) But if the condition ofthe agricultural labourer was eTer so bad , which was not the ease ,-tbat was no reason why they sbould inflict misery and _iai > justice on tens of thousands of ' people in tie manufacturing districts . ( Hear . ) He had always entertained the greatest regard for the intelligent manufacturers of this country , although be disliked the leaders of the AntU _Corn-law League ; and he told them tbat they would be injured by a repeal ofthe Corn Laws , because it would destroy the hom « market .
The Earl of Cl _ iiendob- believed the measure was calculated to be hurtful to those for whom it was intended , as it would deprive the working man of one-sixth of big income . It would not only affect the children , but their parents , who , whether male or female , had a right to work for twelve hours _u-dny if they pl . _ased . Al ) the evils urged in former years for legislative interference no longer existed . Tko real day ' s work now was only eleven hours per day ( taking into consideration the nine hours ofSatur _. ay ) _, the work , after nil , being ofa light description , and the rooms in which it was performed generally comtrrtable and well- vf-tilated . Tbe holidays also were to be continued as before ; and the consequence of so great a reduction in the hours of labour would hea diminution of one-sixth in thc production of the manufactures of the country ; he , in fact , believed it would be more . He could not but look with great alarm at so grcat an increasa of produceis _, without a corresponding
increase in thc amount of consumers , as would be caused l _* j- this bill . It would do very well if they were monopolists in the q _.-liiy and _quantity of tbeir manufactures ; but so far from being * monopolists , they bad at present very treat difficulty in competing with very ¦ numerous and powerful rivals . It was said that their business was witb tbe operatives , and it was said tbat they were ' willing ; to give up a certain portion of their wages if this bill was carried . That be did not tbink to be the case , but his impression was that the operatives were labouring under the delusion that if their work was limited to ten hours , they would , nevertheless , get the twelve hours ' wages . Ifthe principle was a right one , why should they confine it to that particular sort of labour ? Why should they not extend it to every branch of industry ? He would ask the noble duke opposite whether he was prepared to support a measure providing that the work of agricultural labourers shonld be limited to ten , or any other number of hours in a day 1
The Duke of _BicnaosiD—I would support it if it were proved that one-balf of the agricultural' labourers died from thc cff _. cts of excessive labour , os was the case with the labourers in factories . ( Cheers . ) The Earl of Cl 4 _» vkdok—Yes ; but tbat was an assumption . He thought tbat the noble duke had not given a proper answe _. 'to his _question , as to whether he would like to have a law passed _rendcrint , * it penul for a labourer in the harvest time , for instance , to work after a certain time in the day ? He would beg their lotdships to consider what wonld be tbe effect of this bill on the operatives . They must at certain portions of the year bare a cessation of work , and atothtr times there would
be a groat demand for labour ; and he would ask them if it were well or just tbat then they should say to those men tbat they should not earn wages or make provision for the time at which they expected tobe idle . He admitted tbat it was their duty and interest to promote the comfort of the labouring classes , but their lordships might rely on it that tbe labouring classes would not receive this as a boon , nor would they be driven to intellectual improvement by a law which curtailed their wages . There was not a man in either liouse of parliament who _would not wish to be more wise , more religious , or more intellectual , and yet not one of tbem would lose one-sixth of his income in order to gain that advantage . ( Hear , and laughter . )
The Bishop cf Oxfoeb said it seemed to bim that the opposition to tbe motion had been founded in a rery remarkable degree on a number of untrue assertions . It had been taken for granted in the fiist p !_ c . tbat tbey were running the great risk of injuring the operatives ; and " iii the next , that they were going to force on the master manufacturers a measure which would deprive them of a great part of tbeir income . Would their lordships recollect that one-third of that body had petitioned their lordships' house in favour of the bill ? ( Hear , hear . ) It was a mere assumption to say , as was said by the noble earl who had just sat down , that labourers ' wages wouid be sunk one-sixtb because the working offactories would be sunk one . sixth in the week . Wbat was the true view to take on the subject ? Instead of
being a prohibition of labour , taking the whole year round , it would be , he maintained , only a provision against a vast deal of uncertainty . The long period of working each day was only the effect of a great desire on the part of certain munufact _. _rere , when an order was made , to meet it themselres , instead of sharing the benefits with others —( bear )—thereby adding , when the idle time came , to the existing commercial distress , instead of keeping up a continuous strain of work by meeting the demand beforehand , and giving an average rate of labour . Their lordships should consider what were the expenses necessary to be gone through before tbe manufactured article was completed . Tbe first expense was in the production of the raw material in the country in which it was produced ; the next was in bringinijr
it over to this country ; then came the money to be in . vested in the machinery to manufacture it ; and next th expense of export . The manufacturer required in thi way to make twenty-four per cent , at the lowest on th capital invested to pay him . He got five per cent , int rest for bis money , all the rest was for wear and tear e " machinery , oil , coal , light , and gas . It was then on _^ with the five per cent , for his money that they were goi _^ to meddle—because in all the rest they di __ _inisb _8 ralber than increased the expenses ; then so far fro ** * doing the manufacturer a direct injury on the who they were only giving him back tbat which Ho lost in t le first instance . It was said by the noble earl who l _| he just sat down , and also by the noble lord opposite , th *' they were about to pass a measuv ecu ibe strength of *
delusion which they led the labourers under , that the * would receive twelve hours' wages for ten hours'worky He put that subject beforo certain operatives , and the . answer _whiah ho received was , that that was the argument of Lord Brougham , and that there was nothing in it . ( Laughter ) That slioned it waB not so wholly a new proposition , and that they bad studied and _cohsI . dercd the matter . What was tlieir answer to the question whether they were willing to receive lower wages at a reduced amount of time ? From a roturn which he had bad made on the subject , it wi < a clearly evident that the _eleven-hour system , which had beeu already tried * was a little more profitable than the thirteeca . hour sys . t « m . Tl . e safety ot the present movement bad been fully determined by the measures taken in the same direction . All legislation was a continued interference
with what was cslled the freedom of industry ; the perfection of legislation was to make no needless interference . The laws prevmted a man from raising a building unsafely , on account of tbe injury wbich mi ght result to the public ; and , on the same ground , men ought to be restricted from working their _fellow-beinga so » s to endanger their souls . ( Hear . ) The rejection of this bill v ould be attended wiih great danger ; it would irritate the feelings ofthe workpeople , and excite them to combination against tbe masters , who , in their turn , would bs seriously injured by such a result . Such combinations now existed to a certain extent ; and shonld they embrace thc whole of tbe manufacturing population they would present a more formidable aspect than iny league tbat bad erer threatened a hostile government . By such a result _enly could our manufacture , be driven
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 22, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_22051847/page/7/
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