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(GonttoiiM jrom the First Page.) *We are...
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A JOURNEY TO THE PEOPLE'S FIRST ESTATE, ...
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FESTIVALS ON THE 17th OF AUGUST
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FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
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irom FRANCE we learn, that on the occasi...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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( _GonttoiiM jrom the First Page . ) * We are the arfatecraey oflabour , thirty-five freemen will soon take _possession of this estate ; yes , really independent freemen—men coming to lake * possession of their own land , _purchased with their own money , and who would heneeforth lire by the enlture of that land , by their ovni independent labour . ( Great _eheering . ) By examples of tbis sort , we hope to set the whole industrial population of the empire hungering after the soil . ( Cheers . ) An eminent statesman , Lord John ' Russell—( laughter)—has told Mr . Duncombe that he will not give the five points _cl the Charter—he did not appear to have intelligence enough te know tbere are six points in tbe People ' s Charter . ( Hear , hear , and turn him out . ) A gentleman says turn him out , had we been _conauited he never would have been in . ( Loud cheers . j However , was he present on _tbia occasion , he , perhaps , might alter his mind , and think you fit to oe trusted with the franchise . ( Great cheering . ) The Chairman then introduced
_ . . „ _ . Mr . _Erskst Jones , whowas received _«»» JJgJ welcome . _Hesaid : Wehave r _^ _ntlycokbratedthe birthday of renewed Chartism m the north- ! think wb may call this its christening . Her Maj _^ ty s chfldref . are baptized with water f . om the river Jordan , which tbey therefore call holy water-attne great christenimr we baptize with earth instead of water—and this indeed is holy earth , since it is the land _devoted to the purpose for which . God designed it , the maintenance of those who till ft by the Sweat of their brow . ( Cheers . ) When I left London this morning , I thought I was only going some seventeen or eighteen miles ont of town ; I now begin to think I must have made a very long journey indeed , for I hare come to a land , that at one time I scarcely ever
expected , to see . I have come from the land of slavery , to the land of liberty—from the land of _pjjyertv to the land of plenty—from the laud of the Whiga , to the great land of the Charter ! This is tbe promised land , my friends ! and al ! honor to those , who uot t fuly promised us tbe land , but , unlike some men in the huge Whig land beyond , have actually kept their promises . We have come to the first province of a great empire—the Chartist empire . ( Loud eheers . ) But , I must confess , that some things which I see , and some things whicli I do not see , excite ray surprise , —fori look upon you as being a community by yourselves , witb invisible , but mighty barriers around you ; open to all the good , without reference to creed or class , bnt firmly closed against
the ministers of tyranny and monopoly . Iu the first place then , where Is your workhouse ? Can you possibly hope io get on respectably without a workhouse ? What will you do with your poor , your aged , and your infirm ? Why , I actually do not see one fat overseer among you to take care of them . ' ( Laughter . ) . No poor law guardians to minister to the comforts , and improve the morality of the young . ' Oh I my friends ! if you go on as you have now begun . I think you will have no poor ; aud if , by any chance , yon should hare , you will be able to take care ofthem yourselves , —place them under the best guardians for the p _* or , the affection of their brethren , nottheusury of their taskmasters—netheir do I see the factory— i that parent of the workhouse and the jail—that
breeder of poverty and crime—that strange alembie , from which issue the _splendour of the rich and the ruin of the poor . Side by side they grow out of each other , that Infernal trinity of factory , jail , aad _workhoise ; the factory—belching forth fire and smoke from its tall chimney , like a hellish torch lighting the ruined to perdition . The workhouse—that punishes men for growing old , instead of rewarding them for having toiled when young' The jail—that visits on the oppressed the crimes ofthe oppressor—neither do I see the parsonage or tbe church as yet ; but then 1 see au alt _« r upon every hearth of the beautiful cottages ; I hear a sermon in every chew « f emncipated labour—and I read a prayer of _thanksgiving in every smile of a liberated people . "Neither do I see the stately mansion and
_farspreadingpark , with closed gates repelling theweary wanderer from shade and rest . So many trees , so many streams , so many pastures for thc nse of one man , while his brethren are footsore , thirsting and faint ! Oh ! surely he must have enough and to spare ! Those stately places could not beautify this scene , I see more beauty in these smiliug cottages , than in the frowning fortresses ofthe great , fer I see " welcome" written on every doorlatch , and hospitality waiting ou every threshold . There will be more beauty iu these " little orchards than in the deerstocked park and preserves ofthe millocrat , for instead of thepoacher ' s whistle and tho gamekeeper ' s gun , will be heard the laugh of merry children and the blessings of contented age . ( Great cheering . )
Oh 1 What a strange , new laud is this , that we have come to ! A land , that will dispense blessings on ite "vicinage . For , I presume , you don't mean to destroy the sutmunding country , after all , you don't mean to be ihe death of Hertfordshire , as some have said . ( Laughter . ) You will be glad to see others prosper around you , —thrive and make others thrive ! —that is the motto of the Charter . Tou will stretch forth your heads , down into the slavish ranks of unemaneipated labour , and raise them up to the _anstocRtcj- _« f fro « iim . _tSav da yon mean to stop ihere either , I presume . Tou will keep extending your territory—conquering fresh provinces , not by the sword of battle , but by the power of reason . One ef these days , perhaps , yon will become lords of tbe
manner . When you are , let me ask you , what do you mean to do with your game ? Do you mean to transport a man for shooting a sparrow ? ( Laughter . ) Or do you really mean to let all have a share of what God meant for all ? Stranger and stranger still Not only the land of promise , but the land of performance . How unlike the old , is this New England of ours !—If I compare our farm with one of the finest in Old England , how great is the contrast in our favour . There ia a landowner iu Dorsetshire , who owns an entire parish , and lets it ali out in one farm . This farm is so well managed , that the -farmer received for it the first prize at the hands of Ithe Blandford Agricultural Society ; think what his . profits must be from such a farm so managed , and
-yet the wages he gives his labourers are so low , that Itte majority of them are obliged to seek parochial ireliet , ( Shame . ) But what is this , compared to Ithe lot of the poor mechanical operatire ? I have lbut just returned from the manufacturing countiessand there I have heard tales of misery , that would _astonish you . I will give you an instance—one out tofmany . There is a factory-lord , who can employ _labout 2 , 000 hands in his factory , bnt , in order to be _imore independent of his slaves , works partly by ( steam and partly by human power . 1 , 500 bands , Ihowever , he constantly employs , since he finds flesh ; and bone to be cheaper materials than ate . 1 and iron . 'These 1 , 500 workmen he pays at the rate of 63 . per -i-week ( in some cases Is . ) . But even this is merely a
momraal pay , since , whenever a machine is damaged , rue makes them pay for the injury , makes them pay aas much , as 3 d . per week each , to make good tthe wear and tear of that which has been worn DDut in his own service . More than thiB : — II have told you that he works partly by Hteam . _IThis what he calls the balance of power , tbis is what _enables him te create competition for work—and Keep on an average 500 half-naked , starving fellow _weings shivering in Mb yard , hoping that some aarge order may come down from London or abroad , «© give them a chan- e of employment , since they iaave no prospect of finding it in other factories , _ffivhere the same scenes are enacting , and famished _inrowds would drive the hungry interlopers away .
rrhen , when he _doeB want a few additional hands , " bhis British slave-driver comes out of his lair , and ittalks through the ravening mass outside ; they mrowd around him , imploring him for work , _underbidding eaeh other , _desperate gamblers for their > wwn ruin , —while he is calculating in his mind the remount of their distress , thence estimating the lowaeess of their offers , till the 7 s . are reduced by a : hhird , and they choose a lingering torture , instead } f } f a rapid death . ( Shame . ) Or they ean buy _employment with a more horrid bribe . They haTe wives wind daughters , crashed by labour , it is true , but by laature as beautiful , and as gentle and as noble , as ; hhe silken dolls that sparkle at the Court of St _Wames ' s . The eye of pampered tyranny falls on these ,
mmd tbey are often bartered as the coin with which alabourbays a respite from capital . ( Shame . ) My rMends ! this is no solitary instance—this is the geleieral rule . Neither have I heightened the picture , imnt lhave spoken in the plain language of * troth . ) Dh ! think then , —think , that yon see this mass of igigonized humanity standing in the factory-yard of "It-hat proud man , —father and son , by famine tnrued 00 strangers , trampling on each other in their franicic race for employment ;—think that you see him omoking on , with a smile of supreme contempt , to nmark the pitch of _abjutness to which man may be _ereduced , —think , that an order has just come , —that leie is reckoning his immense prospective gains—while ichey are beaten down beneath his _solden lash—think
f f in the moment of despair , suddenly a whisper was ioio steal through the crowd , telling them , that each _iahad a Chartist cottage , —had a freehold farm , held _syiiy no servile tenure from no grinding landlord , but _liflirect from God , by the title of their labour and the _jhihartcr of their freedom—think , I say , what a _deliricions throb of joy would beat through every bosom , wiwith what a look of unutterable triumph they would rereturn the insulting scorn-glance of the tyrant , —and hollOW , full of their great thought of liberty , they would _gO'O marching on to the land of promise , and leave ihe babaffled wretch alone in his mouldering prison , to memorn tbe fall of monopoly and the redemption ofthe huhuman race . ( Immense applause . ) Let us
_perse-Fevere , my friends ! and we shall purchase that _reieiJemption . And , remember , you are not fighting yoyour battle alone , but that of your poor crushed breththren in the North , as well . Let that inspire vou to ilnincreased exertion . —Every step taken inwards in Iththese fields is one more step away from the ginpapalace and the hell , —from the workhouse and the gogoal , for them as for us . Every sod you turn _apon ththis soil , is one more spadeful hollowed ont for the grsgrave of monopoly . ( Cheers ) A great mechanic ef old _saEaid : give mc but some spot to stand on , and I could maaove the earth . I We have that spot—wc arc standingng on it now , and , greater than themachanic of old , _* ewe shall be able to lift the dead-weight of capital . -BiBst , doubtlessly , as the cause of truth always suffers
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per _^ io _^ t thun _^ hood , . 4 _w _»^ . _^ _S _^ « r _^ l « t > _tt _^ _» -vouring to poison _» _ejmnus _« i __ _r- _^ , - ¦ Hert _& ire _' _agains * «• 2 £ 32 _^" _yXuWhaTe remembered the Persian s y _^ _^ _& _W £ _^^ _Vtf _»*^ them ; S s are guilty , ( hear _hetAJDiarMBaK'm < f _^•^ * I re physicalforeede 8 tructives-menofblood-« hed anarchy and -violence . These are rather peaceful cottages for such terrible men of war . We—men of _b-oodshed ? We?—who set our faces against an Am erican war —? Aye ! mainly prevented a fratricidal straggle with America ;—for , I do say , the unanimous protest of the English people was greatly
conducive to the maintainance of peace . Who are the men of bloodshed ? Those who prevent it , — or those who slaughter flying Indians , drowning in their own rivers beneath the range of our artillery , — batter the vast cities of China into dust , for the sake of merchants , profits , —can trample on undisciplined barbarians in New Zealand and the Cape , but dare not raise an arm in -vindication of a nation ' s honor , when its treaties are violated in Poland , by their powerful brother-tyrant , the autocrat ef Russia ? —( loud cheers . ) They accuse us of being infidels , and the enemies of religion . We are not the enemies of religionbut we are the enemies of those , who turn
, religion into a trade , and love upon its perversion . It is they , who are the infidels , not we , since they profess a creed they do not follow . How dare they preach : Do unto others , as thou wouldst that others should do unto thee ? If we were to do unto them , a 3 they have done unto us , where would they be tomorrow?—How dare they preach : thou shalt not steal!—when they have stolen from us the harvest of our fields , the produce of our hands , —the brightness of our youth , and the comforts of our age ?—How dare they preach : thou shalt not murder ! when they have purpled the tissues of their splendour with the blood of litt ' e children , —cast their sailors into
the seas , and their soldiers on the deserts , for tbe triumph of their ' mercbantprinces * , —andhold the lash yet reeking in their barrack yards ? How dare they say : Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain—when they have used the name of their God te cloak this mountain of Iniquity ? We are no enemies of religion *—we war with no man ' s creed —we respect every man ' s opinion ! The advocates of civil liberty are not the men to encourage religious intolerance , ( cheers ) . They accuse us ef be ing niece levellers—of wishing to pulldown all above us , to the level of our degradation ,- —we are not levellers , my friends , we are uplifters;—there is misery enough already , of their making , without our wishing toindown the
crease _' it . We do not wish to pull prosperous , to that gulf of wretchedness to which * they have so long consigned us , but to rise ourselves up to the level of tlieir prosperity . We do not wish to build our cottages of the stones of shattered palaces or broken churches , —but of far more lasting materials , those of right , peace and liberty . We are willing to live upon our labour , but we are not willing to starve upon it ., ( cheers ) . We are determined to respect the rights of every man , —bat we are as determined that our own shall be respected too . We are determined not to assail any man unjustly , but we arc as determined to repel unjust aggression by every means in our power , ( continued cheering . )
Mr . _O'CossoK next presented himself , and was received with cheers and waving of hats that surpassed any thing ever witnessed at a publie meeting . He said , Mr . Chairman and my friends , I venture to assert that I am the first conqueror that ever was awakened by the sound of cannon proclaiming the people ' s victory . ( Loud cheers . ) I was aroused this morning from my slumbers at four o ' clock by this booming , this cheering intelligence . There are many here who have heard the roaring cannon proclaim the tyrant ' s victory—there are many who have witnessed the jubilee in honour of faction's triumph —there are many who have participated in those
rejoicings to commemorate the shedding of human blood , and proclaim the triumph of the strong and wily over the weak and artless—( Cheers )—but for the first time in this country ' s history , nay , in the world ' s annals , the FIREBRAND , the DESTRUCTIVE , thc LEVELLER , can say , ' Turn right and left , and behold the bloodless victory of right over might , of industry over cunning , oflabour over idleness . ( LoHd cheering . ) It has been said that there is nothing new under the sun ; but 1 have lived to produce a novelty in labour ' s refuge from its hunter and oppressor . ( Loud cheers . ) Although there are thousands now congregated around me , yet I venture to say that lew even of those present understand tbe real cause of this gathering . It owes its origin to the mind ' s progress , rather than to my exertions .
( Ghpp _™ > _jP'm * _yfiai-s the mind of this country has been marching on with rapid strides , until at length faction finds it impossible longer to resist the rushing torrent . ( Cheers . ) There are three parties in the state—Whigs , Tories , and Chartists , and the genius of the age called upon each to develope the real meaning of their respective theories . The mind of the country was in advance of the phantom of Whiggery , the moonshine of Toryism , and the enthusiasm of Chartism , and the universal echo now is , Proclaim , develope , declare the result of your several theories . ( Cheers . ) Whiggery had a long life of "Wait and you shall see . " Toryism has exhausted , " You shall see what you shall see , " and the wisdom of Chartism required to see the promised fruits of its continuous _enthusiam , its religious and
indomitable perseverance , its manly suffering aud undying endurance . Thus propelled by genius and forced by its growth , Russell proclaimed tbe policy of Peel as the fruit of Whiggery —( Cheers aud laughter )—and straightway free trade was emblazoned upon the Whig banner . ( Cheers . ) Z _' eel , more shrewd , a better seer , an abler diviner , and more profound statesman —( Cheers)—adopted the principle of granting precisely as much as could not be safely withheld- * _Cbecrs ) -and Chartism , knowing that the struggle of both was for the LION'S SHARE of _labour- ( Cheer 8 ) - « "d Tlie LAND—( Loud and continued chcering ) -tbat being the only
raw material to which individual labour could be applied for individual comfort . ( Cheers . ) You have then before you the choice of Free Trade , which neither Queen , Lords or Commons , merchant , banker or fanner , political economist , statist , or shopkeeper , editor , reporter , or mortal mau can define —( Cheers and laughter)—as the principle of Russell aud the Whigs . You have ' Stop where you safely can , ' as the principle of Peel and the Tories —( Cheers)—and youhave' Cottages , Iandand capital , - as the principles of Chartism— ( Tremendous
applause . ) Now , as tbe name Chartist sounds as musically , and , to my ear , more pleasingly , than that _^ of Whig or Tory , you have to choose between their several results ; you are to choose between phantom , moonshine , and _^ home on your own land . ( Loud cheers . ) _J-o man living can define the meaning of free trade , and no man living ean _gHess at its results . It is a problem much more difficult of solution than even the CRIMINAL LAW —( Cheers ) —for I can solve the one , but I cannot guess at the solution of the other . For the last week I have been
engaged fifteen hours a day in preparing forithis magnificent , this surpassing , this astounding demonstration —( Cheers)—and I have arrived at a critical solution of the criminal law . I derive much knowledge and great information from my intercourse with all branches of labour , and I was astonished that so many of those who worked early aud late , and who were compelled to work hard —( Laughter)—for a liring should have been treated as criminals . 1 learned from three fine stout , able young fellows , who worked abreast in a gang , that each of them had
been imprisoned , and to my surprise not one appeared ashamed of It . I asked one what his crime was , he said he had SNARED A RABBIT ; another had snared a hare , and a third had been found some yards off the path in the squire ' s land . ( Shame . ) I then asked them as to their mode of living . 1 said , How do you support your families ? The answer was , Why we get work . Well , but if you can't get work ? Well , we get into debt . Well , suppose you can't get credit ? Why , then , wegetinto MISCHIEF —( Cheers and laughter . ) Now , there was the pioper
solution of the Criminal Law . There was labour ' s transition from Willing industry to ignominious degradation . ( Cheers . ) lie got into work if he could , into debt if he could not , and into mischief and prison if the labour and credit market wero clo . sed against him , and who conld blam e bim to prefer the worst to starvation , or the attractions ofa prison to a cold-blooded Poor Law Bastile . ( Tremendou s cheering and waving of hats . ) There , then , is the problem of the _* Criniinal Law stated for Lord John Russell The able-bodied industrious man is made a criminal , that others may live luxuriously upon
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_g _ystem which well _acoqnimodate _** events _; 4 o the advantage of the _= rich :-, and privileged . ( Cheers . ) Ruwell , aftor ten -years- : unopposed' possewibn of power , has "discovered that your . sanatory eoridftlon requires great improvement . I deny that Government can , or will , make the alteration . You behold what may be done in the way of wholesome ventilation , when man is allowed to labour for himself—it i * his intellect that is in a woefully defective state —( eheers and laughter . ) Then aa to the educational question , I have solved that . Behold that stately , that heavenly edifice , 75 feet long , ereoted
for the education of the children of the free labourers ou this estate , ( great cheering * , ) that has been done without Whig aid or Government patronage . ( Cheers . ) There is the asylum to teach youth its duty , and to prepare it for a freeman ' s life . ( Cheers . ) To make it hate slavery and love liberty . ( Cheers . ) He had been charged with making the working classes tod proud , ( cheers)—he pleaded guilty . His object was , not to make them too proud to work for themselves , but to make them too proud to allow others to fare sumptuously upon their labour , while they were quartered upon what privilege pleased to
spare . ( Cheers . ) He asked no man to live in idleness , aud _jthe value of tho plan of which he was the propounder , the father , and originator , ( loud cheers , ) was that it would hold the idler up to ridicule and scorn , while it would distinguish the industrious . ( Cheers . ) As he saw many about him belonging to all classes of sooiety , he would take that _opportunity of explaining its value to each . To the farmer he would willingly admit that its effect would be to raise the standard of wages in the agricultural
market , but then , in return , it would spare him the infliction of poor-rates , the tax imposed upon him for the prosecution of system-made criminals—the tax upon him for a standing army and a rural police —and all the other taxes that were consequent upon the mal-administration ef the law , and the unequal and capricious distribution of property . ( Loud cheers . ) A nd more than that , it would compel the landlords to take the item of increased wages into account of rent . ( Cheers from the farmers . ) Thus
it was more as a terror to griping landlords than to industrious farmers . Then as to the shopkeepers , he would take the picture that they saw before them as an illustration of their share in the change . He would ask them , whether it would be more profitable to their order to have two customers , badly paid , upon tbat farm , or thirty-six customers well paid . ( Loud cheers . ) He would take a wide district , and ask , whether it was more beneficial to society at large , that a thousand acres of land shall be badly cultivated , by _filteeu or twenty badly paid labourers , in the _liaiub of one individual , or that it should be well cultivated in the hands of five * hundred
individuals . Who , he would ask , would be tho best customers wiih the shopkeepers in the district , the one farmer and his twenty badly paid labourers , or the five hundred well-fed labourers . ( Loud cheers . ) This question of labour was well understood in the manufacturing districts , where he and . his struggling friends had so long expounded it ; as yet , it was but an A . B . C . question with the agricultural labourers . Were they aware that the interest of the fanner ' s capital , the means of educating his family , the fortune he amassed , and the losses on speculation , were one and all furnished ,
and solely furnished , by the profit upon labour . ( Cheers . ) He was not now speaking against the farming class , Le liked them better than the proud aristocracy of the mill . He found them more generous , more kind hearted , and better employers than the manufacturing class ; but , at thc same time , the great changes that had recently taken place would demand either the new modelling or the destruction of their order . ( Cheers . ) When he came amongst them first , few ofthe little squires would condescend to speak to him . ( Laughter . ) At length they vouchsafed a nod , and , finally , they condescended to hold
out a finger . ( Cheers and laughter . ) There was one exception , which he was bound to make . He took that opportunity of expressing his thanks to a young gentleman from whom he had received a great deal of useful local information , as well as the most unremitting kindness and attention—he meant Mr . Weedon . ( Cheers . ) But after this day he confidently hoped , that henceforth they would meet him with open arms , aa he would undertake to instruct them in the only means by Which they could save themselves from the perils and dangers of free trade . ( Cheers . ) He stood there rejoicing in being the best abused man , not iu
England , but in the world . But he could say what no man in the world before that day could say , namely , that he and his friends had addressed men from every county in England , and from Scotland and Wales . ( Loudand continued cheering . ) Yes ; there was not a oounty in England that had not sent its herald to labour ' s demonstration to carry back a true and faithful account of labour's victory . ( Cheers . ) He was called a leveller , but he laughed the name io scorn ; he wab an elevator . ( Cheers , ) He sought to debase no man , his object was to elevate those whom tyranny had debased . ( Cheers . ) He had heard much ofthe ancient land marks of the
constitution , but they were no bounds , for the present mind , of which the constitution should be the reflex . He required new land marks for a new population as he required new books for new minds . ( Cheers . ) Fences nine yards wide , occupying over six acres of this farm , were the old land marks ; a post and rail would be the new land marks . ( Cheers . ) An old farm house built of lath and plaster , and tiled , was t he old land mark ; the labourer ' s cottage built of brick , of the best bricks , stuccoed outside , and with gutters , were the new land marks . ( Loud cheers . ) And herein is tho anomaly that statesmen confess their inability to solve . They are engaged in an impossibility , they are endeavouring to increase , to
decorate , and beautify tho superstructure while they are narrowing the foundation . ( Loud cheers . ) Would it be possible to widen the walls of those cottages , without , at the same time , widening the foundations , without the danger of their tumbling . ( Cheers , and No . ) Well then , how can you with safety go on year after year extending palaces without equally improving cottages , upon which they must rest ( Loud cheering . ) They are putting too large a body upon slender legs , and the limbs are tottering under the weight that oppression places upon the monster ' s back . ( Great cheering . ) We are fold that labour is the source of all wealth , and the only source of political power , and is the man to be esteemed a
criminal who would endeavour by the application of labour to increase tbe resources of the country , and to secure those increased social blessings by increased political power . ( Cheers . ) They had been preceded here by ill-fame , but it was beginning to vanish before the thought and approval of the agricultural labourers . ( Cheers . ) It had been the practice of all parties to govern by division . They had taught the agricultural labourers to believe that tbey bad no interest in common with the manufacturing operatives , but what would Lord John Russell say when he learned that be ( Mr . O'Connor ) had added this
new section of agricultural strength , sinew , and mind , to the grand army of Imperial Chartists . ( Loud cheering and waving of hats . ) Ah ! the tyrants had consigned him to a felon ' s cell for eighteen months lor advocating labour ' s . rights and labour ' s cause , but he stood before them with as little shame as thc poor man who had been sent to St . Albans for snaring a rabbit to keop his family from starvation , ( cheers ) and he lived to tell the Whigs , though they were in ofiice , he was still in power . ( Tremendous applause . ) There were many present , both of thc
higher and of the middle ranks ol life , who had heard of Chartism as tlie accepted doctrine of destructive firebrands and plunderers , and , therefore , he would use the opportunity of merely _rocapitulatinnwhat thc six points of Chartism were , and he wouid repcctfully invite any opponent to the principles to come forward . manfully on that platform and state tbe grounds of his objection , and he would undertake to promise him a patient , calm and respectful hearing . ( Cheers . ) The first point was , Annual Parliaments . Tho second was , Universal Suffrage , by which was
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meant , that every man untainted with c * _ime _> and of twenty-one years of age , should have a voice in theelectioii of his representative . ( Loud eheers . ) The third was , that the Vote should be by Ballot in order to prevent the influence of wealth or the dread of retaliation upon the poor voter . The fourth was , Equal Representation ; which meant that England should be divided into equal electoral districts , instead of seeing the farce of Harwich with ite 200 electors , and the West Riding of Yorkshire , with its 30 , 000 electors returning two representatives each . Tim fifth waa , that the re presentative should require no other qualification than the confidence of his constituents ; and the Bixth was , that
the people , instead of the mini ster , should pay members for their servioes . This point was called the Payment of Members , and such were the six points of the People ' s Charter . ( Loud cheering and waving of hats . ) And he would ask those of the higher orders and middle classes around him , whether they thought that more honourable ser vice would be performed by the honest servants of the people , or by the paid tools ef the Grown , When wages are not stipulated , necessity compels the hard pressed minister to allow the Janissary to name his prize . ( Cheers . ) Now was not that a constitution worth living for , and dying for . ( Cheers . ) He had been frequently asked if he meant to reduce the English people to the servile
state of the small farmers in Ireland ?—his answer was , that there were no small farmers in Ireland , that those who tilled the soil were mere dependents for their very existence , upon the caprice of their landlords ? Herein consists the difference . In Ireland the small farmer has no lease , and consequently no inducement to improve his holding or to make other improvements than will secure him from the wrath of his landlord . If he
takes twenty acres of land at a pound an acre , and increases its value to 30 s . an . acre , the tyrant landlord will set the improved value np to competition , he will ask and get 30 s . an acre , and thus pocket £ 10 a year for ever , which rightfully belonged to him whose labour has thus increased the value —( loud cheers)—whereas if that poor man had his twenty acres for ever he would have made it worth , not 10 s an acre , but £ 2 an acre more than when lie'took it , and this is just the difference that exists between day labour and piece work—the man who works at day labour works as little as lie can , and small blame to him , because another gets tlie profit —( cheers)—but if he works piece work , he will
work from morning till . nigkt , and by moon light , as the labour , the produce and improvements will be all his own . ( Loud cheers . ) If he is sick he lies down in his own house , and when he is dying he has the solace and gratification to know that it goes to those whom he loves best , instead of into the coffers , of those who , while living , have been grinding bis face . ( Cheers . ) Not only must this plan succeed upon the principle of Co-operation , but he was prepared to prove that individuals having spare capital can without risk make ten per cent , by following it , without any columu for arrears , and without an individual in twenty years being a defaulter , while tbey would also confer an everlasting benefit upon Society . He would now ask if the world had ever witnessed
such a spectacle , such a prospect , and such a demonstration before ? ( Cheers and never . ) zVnd yet some foolish sceptics affected to doubt the ultimate success of the plan , but he ( Mi * . O' _0 onnor ) proclaimed from that spot , and in . the face ofall opposition from the silent hireling press and all , that he would conquer and the plan should succeed . Yes , he would rather die than that it should fail . This plan presented advantages and inducements to morality which no other plan ever did present . Nay , it held out a premium for confidence . He had offered the successful allottee £ 40 besides a share in the second
section for the house with four rooms that he then occupied , but the man declined . ( Cheers . ) [ Here Mr . Linney , of Bilston , stepped to the front of the platform and said the man told me to say that be declines taking . £ 400 for it . ( Cheers . )] Well then , is not that a chance for the poor man , and as Section I , which is now full , goes on balloting , there will be £ 10 , £ 20 , and even £ 30 offered for the transfer , not of the house and land , but for the share , and for the chance of the ballot . One thing only could frustrate the object , and that is the directors allowing themselves to bepushed too fast ,
but that we will contend against , as the success and the very safety of the association depends upon our prudence .-md cautiou . ( Loud cheers . ) Gentlemen , we have been termed levellers and destructives , infidels , unbelievers , and firebrands ; but I now reiterate what has frequently subjected me to reproach from tbe democratic party . I tell you that I am neither leveller nor destructive—that I am for the altar , for the throne and lor the cottage ; but I wish to see the altar the footstool of God , instead of the couch of Mammon . I wish to see the throne based upon the affections of the people , instead of
the caprice of an aristocracy . I wish to see the cottage the castle of the freeman , instead of the den of the slave . ( Tremendous cheering and waving of hats . ) But , if any should go , if any must go , perish the throne and perish the altar , before the cottags that sustains both shall crumble and decay . Gentlemen though I have had but little sleep this week , my labours are not yet over , * to-night , while you are amusing yourselves , I start upon a journey of OS miles , ( and will return before I sleep , ) to purchase 450 acres of land , whereon I hope to knoek down the old landmarks and erect new ones . ( Loud cheers , ) But
before we part , let me again remind you that I have produced a novelty—that I have brought together men from every county in England , Scotland , and Wales , and that I have shown you for tbe first time in this country , or the world , suitable habitations for labourers to live in ; and perhaps yeu will be astonished when I tell you that 10 weeks ago the old landmarks still stood here , and not a brick was laid , and you will be more astonished when I tell you , that up to this time , thebuildings , now nearly completed , and the materials necessary for their completion , have cost short of £ 2 , 700 : a sum which a squire would expend upon a stable . ( Loud cheers . ) Nor can Hose the opportunity of the presence of so many who have
heard so much evil of me , to announce to them that this experiment has cost me over £ 30 , 000 ., and that the general approval with which it is hailed , more than re-pays mo for aH . ( Loud cheers . ) Nor can Ifail to give vent to my pride in telling you that 1 have been prosecuted by government seven times within these seven years , _'sries of shame ) and that ' I am still resolved to beat that government into the acceptance of my policy . And , Gentlemen , while demagogues , while traffickers and political pedlars have been enriching themselves , by pandering to the passions of the credulous or deluding the ignorant , it is my pride , my boast , and my glory , to say that I have never travelled a mile , or eaten a meal , or
received the fraction of a farthing for any poor service that 1 have rendered , from any party or from any individual during the whole of my life . ( Tremendous cheering . ) It is my pride to say , that 1 have abandoned profession and friends , and given up pursuits that would have enriched myself , that 1 may follow thoie that would enrich the poor . ( Loud cheering . ) I am not yet a pauper , although any other man living would have sunk beneath the weight of half that I have borne . ( Cheers . ) Have yet land , 1 have profession , and I have intellect and such a lover am I of what is natural , that if I was obliged to surrender two out ofthe three I would take the
say land , take the profession , which mav be narrowed m their uses , and leave me _GedVin-SS 1 lch n v couduce tothc Unb 0 _«^ - a _^ _vantag of mankmd , ( Loud and tremendous _appW ) 1 am now dnwta g to a x giatumteyou , while I have not words to express mv own gratification , but this is nothing to what you shall _set-,-I mw proclaim tlio 17 th of August a _fcacred holiday throughout the land , a feast , not a fast . ( Cheers . ) The poor have fasted , long enough , and upon this-day-twelvcmonth you will . not know this spot , then made much more lovely . Those who visit it will see it a perfect garden , blessed by God
(Gonttoiim Jrom The First Page.) *We Are...
nd enriched by man ; and if I live to make one of the visitors , when I go from house to house , from field to field , and . from garden to garden , to see the industrious husband , the cheerful wife and prattling children all in their proper places and elements , and il they tell me that they are prosperous , contented and happy , I will bless God for making me the instrument of so much real bliss . Mr . O'Connor retired amidst tremendous cheering and waring o _- hats . Mr . _Chmstophbr Dotle , was next introduced . — He said he was not surprised to see such an immense gathering on the present occasion , as doubtless they were all anxious to see Labour's estate for themselves _, ( cheers . ) . What waa the Chartist Co-operative Land Society ? Is it a sooiety to benefit the aristocracy or as some would say the nobility , ( much laughter ) . No ,
for these people it would be admitted had not got their estates by their ability or industry , and had you possessed property by the same means it would be called robbery , ( loud cheers ) . Mr . Doyle entered into a _mjnute and most lucid exposition of the principles of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , which elicited the loudest applause . My friends , said the speaker , you attend here to day on your own land , purchased with your own mosey ! without any fear of molestation , or expulsion , my moat ardent aspiration is that you may speedily be bleat with many more estates of your own . ( loud cheers ) . Three hearty cheers were then given for the Charter . Three mere on the motion of Mr . O'Connor for the Charter and tho Land . Three for O'Connor and O'Connorville . Three for Frost , "rt ' itlkms aud Jones .
[ Mr . Stallwood , then moved a vote of thanks to Mr . Knight for his excellent conduct in the Chair which was carried by _aeclamation . The Chairman in acknowledging the compliment , said he was much more indebted to the meeting for the excellent order tliey had observed , than the meeting could be to him ; better order he had never seen preserved , and congratulated his brother Chartists on their general decorum and propriety , and defied the aristocracy to point out one single meeting of theirs conducted with a greater degree of decorum than that had been . ( Great cheering . ) He again thanked them and respectfully bid them farewell—and all that remained for him now to do was to declare this meeting dissolved . The company then dispersed over the estate , to admire the villas , and with the numerous parties with whom we had the honour to meet , -we did not find one but was loud in their praise of these delightful villas and the charming
spot on which they were situated . . There could not have been less than 15 , 000 persons on the estate , the surrounding towns and villages within a circuit of ten miles , having liberally sup . plied their quota of visitors . The company , from tlie experience they had gained on their journey from the "Great metropolis" to "O'Connor Town , " found it necessary to leave , the "Estate" earlier than they had originally intended , and nothing eould better demonstrate the kindly spirit of good feeling and the cordial unanimity tbatprevailed than this one incidentat half-past six o'clock not one vehicle remained on the ground , notwithstanding ihe Terpsichorean and Pyrotechnic attractions , but all departed , highly delighted with what they had seen and heard , travelling London ward in a right merry mood , making the several towns and villages resound with the songs of "The People ' s First Estate , " aud "Those Beauti . ful Villas . "
At dusk two monster bonfires were lighted upon the hills , east and \« est of tiie People ' s Estate , and the volumes of flame must have . been seen distinctly from the neighbouring counties , whilst . skyrockets , blue-fire , catliarine-wlieels , roman-candles , and all the different description of fireworks brightened the atmosphere , till twelve o ' clock at night ; the cannons still keeping up a continuous peal until the same hour , while the dancing and show booths , and the several places of entertainment , were crowded with the merriest of the merry ; and by that hour the London visitors had safely returned to their respective localities before the amusements at tlie People's Estate had concluded , —and thus ended the greatest Jubilee ever witnessed by the sons of toil commemorative of their own triumph .
A Journey To The People's First Estate, ...
A JOURNEY TO THE PEOPLE'S FIRST ESTATE , AUGUST 17 th , 1816 . ( From a Correspondent . ) It is seven o'clock and a most lovely morning it is , the air is pleasant and refreshing . See yon procession of vans , men , women and little ones , packed together , all clean , cheerful , and happy . They are labourers , yes working men and working women arrayed in holiday attire . They are journeying to the country resolved on one day ' s pleasure , Farewell for a few hours , yes , one whole day , nature smiles on us . We say farewell to the dingy dullmonotony ofthe workshop and cellar , aye , to the Great Metropolis itself . We feel freedom , yes , we are free .
There are banners flying , read their mottoes . . A plain flag , " The Charteraud uosurrender . " Think over these words ' * The Charter and no surrender . " Read them Sir John Cam Hobhouse and think ofthe future ! Read my Lord John Russell and remember ' 39 and fork Castle . There is another banner "TheLand and common rights for the people . "Chartists our own Land bought with money saved from the scanty earnings ofthe " poor oppressed honeBt men" Who talks of vicious habits , & c . ? Herringsgate Farm , it is to us for one day our o _^ e
idea . Brother Scotchman , Thomas Macaulay of Edinburgh , remember the fact when our next petition begs from you an erfranchisement of the people . Remember that the average wages ofthe weavers in Auchtermuchty , in Fifeshire , is 4 s . 6 d . per week . The Chartist Co-operative Land Society own an Estate , hare a capital of £ 12 , 000 , think of it , Canny Thomas , and answer me , is there no virtue in sueh a saving ? Answer mo also , who supports the palace-looking brothels in the new to . vn of " Modern Athens , "
It is ten o ' clock , the day is beautiful , the fields are bare , the stack-yards are filled , but there Is still one field of barley , it is cut but yet remains on the field . Every eye gazes on it anxiously , all lo _? e to see it , how black the straw is , yet it seems well filled in the ear . Children run along the road-side laughing , happy little fellows , aud mirthsome music-making girls . It is a village , the astonished villagers rush to their doors , they wonder , enquire , smile , and look pleased , We bait , man and horse rest for the moment , we breathe the fresh air and think ourselves younger . All is right , " off we go , " one general " hurrah" at our starting . Women in the field rest
and cheer with us . The horses climb a hill , the young and healthy men turn out of their conveyances , and journey on foot ; the women and children are prevailed on to remain seated . It is half-past eleven , our attention is attracted by a banner flying in the air , it is placed on the top of a tree rich in all the verdure of anmmer , we read " O'Connorville . " Look around , see thousands of women , men , and children , all is orderly and happy , Donkey-racing , " nine-pin playing , " old friends shaking hands , and new friends making enquiries lor your welfare . There is a freemasonry between all , and all feel the better for it .
But let us get to the cottages , we hie across the field . it is loose gravelly soil , aud every foot we put on it we feel it is " our own , " for once we feel independent . The cottages are in an unfinished state , but we could the better judge of them , they aro substantial , roomy , airy cottages , oak floors—excellently lighted , with every convenience for the ordinary necessaries of life , excellently cast grates , with every appurtance ibr cooking , in short , they are cottages for the labourer , but such cottages , ihey must be seen to be appreciated . Fancy such a cottage with two acres of land for an annm » rental of £ 5 . The agricultural labourers greatly aamire them , oue of them told me such a cottage was a palace compared with his house . Ho pays £ 0 lor a hovel and a small garden . - _% _ .
__ _. „ . . Reader , . were you at the Peoples' First Estate ? are you one of the many I saw ? It was a memorable day in the history of your life , one of the landmarks of your recollection ; it will yet be a landmark in the history ofthe world , at least I think so , but it is late , you and I may meet again , so good bye . A Leaf fbom tiie assals or a _Suoemakeu ' s garret .
Festivals On The 17th Of August
FESTIVALS ON THE 17 th OF AUGUST
CARLISLE . Lasd FESTiVAL .-The members of the Carlisle Branch 0 the Chartist Co-operative Land Society hold a festival at the house of Mr . James Clarkson , Royal Oak Inn , _Caldewgewgate , 011 Monday evening _, uie Li ui mst , in commemoration ofthe first jubilee held at the Chartist Estate—O'Connorville . The number who met to partake of " The good things of tins lite , which were provided with great taste , was numerous and respectable , and the proceedings of the
evening wevecouductcd with the greatest hilarity and decorum . As soon as the eioth was removed , Mr , Gilbertson was called to the chair , who opened the proceedings by ' stating that when the Chartist Land _I'lau was first mooted , it was met by evory opposition which malignity could invent , but it had lived to couviucc eveu the most prejudiced , that it was most practicable . He concluded by proposing as the lirst _sentiments" The _Fcople the legitimate source of all power" . Whicli was responded to by ' Mr . Fish .
The Chairman then proposed— "Tlie Charter , and may its . principles ,, which are admitted by all to lie just and reasonable , soou become thc Law of thc Land . " This was ably responded to by Mr . Blyth . The Chairman then proposed— "The Chartist Cooperative Land Soeiety , and may it continue to meet tlie same success it has hitherto done . " Mr . Rouey in a neat speech responded .
Festivals On The 17th Of August
Mr . Blyth then proposed— "The Executive , and the whole of those who attended the Demonstration at . O'Connorville ; and may they separate without accident or harm . " 5 Drunk standing . Mr . Coulthord then rose , and in a pithy _addresa moved— " That , the thanks of this meeting are due and are hereby , given to the People ' s Championjd the British _Legislature , Thomas _Shngsby Duncombe fer his straightforward and manly conduct during the last session of Parliament , but more particularly tha
last fortnight , which has strengthened our convictions in his ability as a leader—es the stern advocate of _justioe—and a 9 tho uhfiinehing advocate of tho riehu of the people . " * * _. Mr . James Author , seconded the resolution and m doing so fully concurred in what had been said respecting Mr . Duncombe . It was unanimously Mr . Lowrt , _proved , "The health of Feargus 0 Connor , and may he live to convince bis slan . _derers ofthe truth and justice of the cause he advocates . "
Mr . Arthur responded and passed a high eulogium on his character . Mr . Lowry then rose , and after a few _observationa moved : — "Thatthe thanks of this assembly are due and hereby given to Thomas Wakley , M . P ., and the whole of the jurors , who sat on the inquest over the body of John Frederick White , who was flogged , and died of his wounds , at Hounslow Barracks , forthe abHity wliich they displayed , and the _searching in quiries they made on that occasion . " _° Mr , Akm . _itrokg seconded it , and it was unanimously adopted . A subscription was also entered into , to purchase the discharge of private Matthewson , and we trust it will be an example to other places fo do the same . The health of the host and hostess were then drank , and the assembly separated highly gratified with their night ' s proceedings .
P . S . At the commencement ofthe proceedings , a letter was read from the Wigton friends , who apologised for their non-attendance on the occasion , They stated that they would have attended had the harvest not been on , and the most part of them engaged in consequence . Newcastle-vpon-Tysb . —The members of this branch of the Land . Society assembled on Monday evening last , at the Sun , Turnaside , at 8 o ' clock , to celebrate that important event , the taking possession ofthe first estate purchased by the said society , by 3 pnblic supper . After ' the cloth was removed the following toasts were given : — " The People , " " The Charter , " "The Chartist Co-operative Land
Society , " "Feargus O'Connor , Esq .. " " The ' . ' first occupants ofthe people ' s land . " "T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., M . P _,, and the other trustees of the Society , " " The immortal memory of Thomas Paine , " " Frost , Williams , Jones and Ellis , " & c _, d _* c . In the course ofthe evening it was suggested that a subscription should be opened for the families of Messrs . Frost , Williams , Jones , and Ellis ; to present each of them with a four acre 9 hare in the Land Society , that the next Conference be requested to give them their allotments as speedily as possible , and that Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., ' be the Treasurer , to receive subscriptions . The sum of eight shillings was subscribed as a commencement .
Carrisgtos . —A Convivial meeting was held on Monday evening . Tbe entertainments gave great satisfaction . .. : * Nbwabk-ufon-Tmuit . —A Tea party and ball took place here on Monday evening . Navarre , Fkamce . —The members and friends of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , celebrated the taking possession <> f the people ' s first estate , on Monday August the 17 th , by a public Tea party at Mr . Paul Rozeutliall ' s Hotel De Chemin , De Fer , Grand Rue , Navarre St . Germans . After Tea a public meeting was held to explain the object of the society . Persons resident in France , are informed that Cards , Rules and Northern Star ' s , can be obtained and members enrolled by applying to John Siilaway , Sub-secretary , and general agent for France , No . 2 Navarre-street . Germains Prey _Eui-eux , department De _l'Eure , France .
Sheffield . —A supper was holden on Tuesday evening , the meeting was a very happy one . Hull . —On Monday a Tea party was held at the _Sliip Inn , Church lane . Among the toasts were " F . O'Connor , Esq . " " the Charter , " and tlie " Northern Star . " Stockport . —A Tea party and Ball was held in the Chartist Institution , _Bambers Bvow , on Satur * day evening , August the 15 th . On Monday a goodly number of the Land Society , met at Mr . Pollett ' _s and partook of a repast , and enjoyed themselves in the large room till a late hour in the evening .
NOTTINGHAM . The report of the delegate to the late Convention has given the greatest satisfaction to the members in this district . He received a unanimous vote of thanks for his services to tbe Chartist Cause generally . On Monday last , the members and friends of the Land Society , celebrated the taking possession of the " People's First Estate . " __ Mr . Sweet was unanimously called upon te preside , Mr . Wingfield offici ' ating as vice-president . Short addresses , recitations , songs , toasts and sentiments upon the all prevailing topic—the Land—were given . Votes of thanks to the directors , also to our highly respected treasurer , cheers for O ' Connor , Duncombe , The People ' s Charter , and the speedy return of our exiled friends . Frost , Williams , Jones , and Ellis was heartily responded to . The company which were very numerous , did not seperate until a late hour .
Foreign Affairs.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS .
Irom France We Learn, That On The Occasi...
irom FRANCE we learn , that on the occasion ef the 16 th anhiver « sary of Louis-Philippe ' s accession to the Throne , h « pardoned wholly or in part 502 prisoners , consisting of thieves and other criminals ; the political pn _« _souers were excepted from this actof royal clemency 1 On Monday , Louis-Philippe opened the newly-elected Chambers , and delivered , on the occasion , the usual _httabug about the "prosperity , " " grandeur , " "freedom , " and " happiness" of France * , aud his own disinterested labours and sacrifices ! Of course the Bourgeoisieihouted " Vive le Roi ! " The National ventures , at some risk of being " seized , " sundry sarcastic remarks on His Majesty's hobbling gait , as he ascended his temporary throne , and on the extra * ordinary activity with which his head , arms , legs , and cocked-hat simultaneously Baluted his own new Chamber of Deputies . From
SPAIN wehave nothing but " rumours" of coming revolt ? , and attempts at revolution . The Spanish Government is trying the bullying system to force the Portuguese government to give up the Spanish refugees . i _& Froni
PORTUGAL we are in receipt of a proclamation from General Macdounell , who commanded Don Miguel ' s army ia 1 S 33 , proclaiming that " worthy" King of Portugal , and summoning all classes to re-instate Mister Miguel in his " rights and dignities I" We advise the Portuguese to keep out Don Miguel , and kick out Donna Maria , and try their hands at governing themselves . From
GERMANY we hear that the Diet intend to still further fetter the press . A project is spoken of which , amongst other enactments , is to again subject to the censor * ship all writings of more than twenty pages of impression . Secret associations of the students at Leipsic are exciting alarm . In our seventh page will be found a leng . account of the insurrection at Cologne , The reader will bear in mind that tlie account is written by a correspondent of The Times , ana therefore the working men are called * ' rabble , " ifec . But for the Bourgeoisie it is verv evident that
the working men would have gone to work in earnest , and in all _probability Frederick William would have found tne "rabble" more than a watch for his insolent military ruffians . Evidently the royal , puritanical , pietistie perjurer was i » f , cold sweat at the prospect of such a * ' flare up and , remembering Jack Falstaff ' s doctrine that " discretion is the better part of valour , " wisely withdrew the troops . Germany is in a state of ever * increasing ferment , a spark like this Cologne _««»«¦ * may at no distant day fire the train . Intelligence from the
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE _, to the 10 th of June , states that a battle has take *" place , of some hours' duration between the lvaln » and the _iovce under the command ot" Colonel Somerset , in the vicinity of the Fish River , ill wine *" - , the Kaffirs wero completely defeated . The loss or the Kaffirs is stated to be between 300 and 400 ; tue English have lost one killed and 10 wounded ; The overland mall from INDIA AND CHINA , has arrived , bringing information that-the Cholera was raging with uveat fierceness , hundreds dying daily . There is likely to be trouble again in tlio Punjaub erelong , the-natives hate their EnglJS " musters , and will give their conquerors some trouble vet . In China the hatred towards i ' _oreu-ners is on crease , ami a Chinese mob had _expelled foreign residents I ' rom the city oi" Fou-ehowJoO .
I ) -¦- 1 Lvintetl Bv Pougali M'Gowan, Oi'lil, Great Wimimul * N T.„. ;., ,Im Iiifv Ui'..Wnsmiu'iistci' -Mtne
i _) - ¦ - 1 _lVintetl bv _POUGAli M'GOWAN , _oi'lil _, Great WimimUl * n t . „ _. ; ., , im _iiifv ui' .. WnsMiu ' _iistci' _-Mtne
Auo-, Iniij (¦«(''"--• - .- ,,,.., •„,. ...
_auo-, _iniij (¦«('' " -- - .- _,,,.., •„ ,. „ , „ ,,.,, Office in tho same Street null 1 W » , _^ ' i [ _^ . \ >} \ prietor , 1 'KAllGUS O'COSSOR , _hso ,. mid published bv William _llKwrrr , of . No * . IS , Cm _.-os-street , _lU-nii _dmi-street , Walworth , m tne _farisli ot ist . Mary , Ne * ins-ton , in the County ol Surrey , at the _Oflico , Ap . 1 Groat Windmill-street , ' llayinarket , m-the City 9 _YViv-tminster , Saturday , August 22 , _lfclC .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 22, 1846, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_22081846/page/8/
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