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An, August. 23, 1845. ____^ ____________...
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" And 1 will war, at least in words, (An...
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ITALY, AUSTRIA, AND THE-POPE.* ' Ml. V. ...
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¦ ?"Italy, Austria, and the Pope. A lett...
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gptculttitr and lortmiltiim
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. For tfte Week c...
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A Aew V-uuett of.Saki.et.—in a rcccno of...
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. a Diossr rnou the mct...
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* There are three degrees of chemical at...
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Bankrupt^ &t<
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BANKUUl'TS. (From Friday's Gazette, Augu...
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ilailtft Mcliierenm
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London Cous Exchange, Mo.ntmv, August 18...
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, prices. Jt*^f5%^s%! moder»tu%lSa?iieft...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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An, August. 23, 1845. ____^ ____________...
An , August . 23 , 1845 . _____^ _____________ TH _ _NORTHERN STAR . 7
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" And 1 Will War, At Least In Words, (An...
" And 1 will war , at least in words , ( And—should my cha . uce so happen—de _^ ds ] _, "With all who war with Thought 1 " "I think I hear a little "bird , who sings The people hy aud by wiU be the stronger . "— - "Bvnus
Italy, Austria, And The-Pope.* ' Ml. V. ...
ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE-POPE . * ' Ml . V . Ill justice io Mr . _Mauim , and the glorious cause of which he is the advocate and champion , wc feel called upon to' g ive entire the following sketch of the rise and _struggles of thc nation ;;] party of Italy : — We arc a people of from ouc-and-twonty to two-andtwenty millions of men , known from time immemorial Ikthe same name , as the people of Italy ; enclosed by natural limits the dearest ever marked out h y the Deitythe sea and the highest _meuittains in Europe ' , speaking the _samchn-xuage , _niftdifii : d hy dialects varying from each other less than do the Scotch and the _Eni-lish ; having the same creeds , the same _manners , tlie same habits , with
_modificatroiis not greater thuu those which iu France , the most _liumtigeneous country on the earth , distinguish the _llasque _racs fiwa the Jlreton ; proud of the noblest tradition in _prdijics , _srit-ncc , aud art , that adorns European history ; having twice given to humanity a tie , a natchword of unity—once , in the Home of the Emperors , again , ere thev hail _hetrajt-d their mission , ill the Koine of the Popes , - gilud mth active , ready , and brilliant faculties , is not denied evwi hy our calumniators ; rkh in every source of material well-being tliat , fraternally and liberaHy worked , could Hake ourselves happy , and open to sister nations tlie _bjiihtest prospect in tlie world .
We liavc no flag , no political name , no rank among European nations . Wc have no common centre , no common pact , no common market . \ V « are dismembered into eight states—Lombardy , Parma , Tuscany , Modcna , Lucca , the Popedom , Piedmont , the Kingdom of X-iplesall independent one of another , without alliance , without unity of aim , without organised connection between them . Eight lines cf custom-houses , without counting the impediments appertaining to tbe internal administration of each state , sever uur material interests , oppose our _advancement , and forbid us large manufactures , large commercial activity , _an-1 all those encouragements to our vapabilitius that a centre of impulse would afford . Pro . 1-ibiticiis or enormous duties check tlie import and export of articles of the first necessity iu each state of Italy . Territorial and industrial products abound in one
province tliat arc deficient in another ; and we may not ireely sell tbe superfluities or exctamge _-Avnonj ; ourselves the necessities . Eight different systems of currency , of -weights aud measures , of civil , commercial , and penal legislation , of administrative organisation , and of police Tcstrictiun , divide us , and _ren-lcv usas much as possible Strangers to each other . Aud oil these states among which we sr _~ - partitioned arc ruled by despotic governments , in whose working the country has no agency _whatever . There csists not in any of these states , either liberty of the press , or of united action , or of speech , or of collective petition , or of tiic introduction of foreign books , or of education , or of anjtiling-. One of these states , comprising nearly a fourth of tbe Italian population , belongs to thc foreigner—to Austria ; the others , some from family ties , some from a conscious feebleness , tamely submit to her influence .
From this contrast between tlie actual condition and flic aspirations of tlie country was produced tlie National party ; to which , Sir , I have _thebonour to belong . The _National party dates a long time back in Italy . Jt dates from Home—from that law of the Empire that admitted every Italian te tlie rights of citizenship in the capital of the known world . Tbe work of assimilation which then instinctively began , was interrupted or rather complicated by a new task , by the invasion ofthe Northern hordes . It -was necessary to _assimilate to ourselves by degrees these foreign elements , before resuming the work of internal homogeneization . Two or three centuries sufficed for this business of preparation : and when our Communes were established , the work was resumed . The national tendencies , hitherto pursued unconsciously , took
a condensed form and existence in thc conception of our great men of thought or action . From the Consul Crcsccnzio to Julius thc "Second , or to our agitators ofthe sixteenth century—from Dante to _Maclviatcl—you will not find one , Sir , who did not adore the oneness of this nation , tins Italy that we adore , and for which the sons of an -Austrian admiral died last year . Then , thanks to Charles Hie Fifth and -Clement the Seventh , thanks to the Pope and the Empire , slavery fell npon us—a common slavery , that _crumhied all our old hostilities and bent our restive _Iicads under one yoke . When , after nearly three centuries of this common infliction , the French _Involution hurstoa Europe , _tbeXational party in Italy wasfound < ruitc formed , and ready to appear on the political arena . As if to afford a practical i > roof tliat ire were ripe for
union , _Xapolcon ran a line across Italy , placed Ancona and Venice , _Ijolognfl aud -Milan , under the same government , _audfcuudsd _tbs Kingdom of Italy . Tbe essay succeeded . The _intelleitual rise , thc Tapid increase of material prosperity , the burst of fraternization , that were manifested in all these very provinces that short-sighted politicians , ou the faith of a few popular phrases and petty jealousies , would a , few days before have declared readyto cut each other ' s throats , are facts , especially in the period _fromlsea to 3 € 13 , irrevocably committed to history . _Xotwitbstaudiug cur dependence on the French Empire , under political despotism and _despite -war , tiic feeling of nationality , specially incorporated in our brave army , elevated our souls , picturing iu the distance the oneness of Italv , the object-of all our efforts . The strength-of
the Sational party was so entirely recognised , that when the time came for tbe fall of _Sauoleou , it was in tlie name of this party thattfce European governments sought to arouse ns against tbe domination of France . As far back as 1 S 09 , Austria spoke to us by bis Imperial Highness the Archduke John , of glory , of liber ty , of independence , and of a _Constitution based on the immutable nature of tbingst . Font sears later , General Xugent promised ns an _indeiKMiJeiii _Kicsdoni of Italy * . And in tile following year , your England , Sir , proclaimed by the mouth of lienlinck tlie liberty aud independence ofthe Italian peoplejl Tou inscribed these words { lMtcrtacIiidependen : _alUBica ) thestandards of _tkcicgiou , itself also called _/««?*» , that vas organized in Sicily to he employed iu Tuscany : yon eremvhere disseminated hy the oflieers of this legion
copies of the _Ste'disn- Constitution —of that Constitution , hy the by , which was given to Sicily when that island w _« important as a military position ! , and was disgracefully abandoned , your purpose once answered , in spite of promises in which the _luniour ofthe country was involved . ? Kapoleon fallen , all these promises were forgotten and broken . The meaning they conveyed was more permanent , and was confirmed , even diplomatically , by tbe _National party . The hopes ofthe army and the Xational Guard were evidenced in addresses . A deputation of commerce had an _interview at Genoa with lord William _BentJnck . Active efforts were made about Prince Mctternieli and the Emperor of Austria . Interviews
took place at Pans between the deputies ofthe Kingdom of Italy and the English Plenipotentiaries , the Earl of Aberdeen and lord Castiereagh . We then had faith in diplomacy , and especially -in England . AH was unavailing . Your _country , said _tte Emperor . Francis to the Italian deputies , is mine Iiy right of conquest . Aud three months after lord Castlcreagh _' s assurances that the Austrian _ftarerutnent _vould be altogether paternal , Italian oflieers and _civilitr . 3 of every rank , in considerable numbers , and under pretext of a conspiracy against Ike Austrians —at a time when they had not Jje < m declared masters by the "Congress — were arrested at Milan and elsewhere , aud thrown into military prisons , where all communication and ererv means of defence
were withheld . These arref . ts took place at Milan almost regularly every Saturday rdgb tfrom Xovember , 1 S 14 > to thc end of January , J _81-5 . After-several months of secretinvestisation , the prisoners were refused the choice of advocates , and their counsel were nominated Vy the Austrians . Tried in the citadel of Mantua by a sort of half . civil , half military , but wholly inquisitorial court , some-were sentenced to three years * imprisonment , others condemned for life to thc fortresses of Hungary , in Piedmont , in the States ofthe Pope , in Sicily , throughout Italy , one stroke ofthe pen erased all our liberties , all ourrefoniis , all our hopes . Tbe eld regime reappeared , _i-i-ruicions as before , hut surcharged with vengeance . From tne frauds ofthe Congress of "Vienna sprang _iueiusurreeticusof 1 S 20 . 1821 , and
1331-Tie insurrection of 1820 ( July } look place m tbe Singdom «> f _Naples , embracing the whole of it . The _abwluts government was everywhere overturned , without _resistance , without bloodshed . The _Kiag yielded to tbe dsire of the people and tlie army , aud proclaimed on tbe t : b—for _Ihis was all done in six days—constitutional _lorai ? , demanded , _ascspressedin his edict , . by tbe general will . Tlie insurrection aflS 21 ( Maxell ) had Kedraout and _liguriaftfr its theatre . Almost the entire nobility took part in jhis movement , the initiative being with the army .
The _Satieua ! psrty bad esen gained over the Prince of Carignaiw . _hfciriJtiieCroCTi . It matters little that this Prince , uiic < pjsd to hu task , betrayed his party feom fear , _= utd now reigns an absolute _sovereign in Piedmont : liis accession to ike combination docs not the less prove how him Hit _-Waoual party had pushed their _yroselytism . Tim _niwemc-ut , commenced onthelOth , was complete on the 13 th , a bloodless victory . The King , Victor Emanuel , _Sc . _tiu . 1 „ j oatl 2- to AQS _^ aj _abdicated , appointing a ; * _¥ _vntiwIio , < m ihe Utb , took the oath to tbe consrita- ' _^ _ual sys tem proclaimed . '
_ihe insurrtciionof 1831 ( February ) comprised in ate _^ _tw * the Duch y of Parma , the Duchy of Modena , and tlie fcia t < s ofthe P « _f e . It travelled from one city to another ?* _** v _« h y mail : the news of a rising effected in one _wality was sufficient to determine that nest on the line . _^ bad a _double difficulty to surmount—the Pope being j _T _^ _"wy both spiritual and temporal . However , tbe . _^"""•^ _" _^ rimnphedwitboutobstaele , without the least _uis _orfe _xi _* p _, nei _, eM hH temporal power abolished _* _f decree ; and never thought , _sothovonghly conaious _jasiie of itc impotence , of bringing into play _bisspintual authori ty . . Bat how was it that tbeseinsflrreetions against the f _« hau despotisms , alwavs successful , were _neverthe-« ss always put down ? % Austria—b y the immediate and unexpected _inter-^ _"t-n of Aus trian armies .
.. . 1 share with mmi - f my _eooatrymen the opinion , that J 5 actin g in a certain course and in a certain mode , an - _^ han insorrection might successfully brare Austrian ttn * ntioB . I think that eerious ftults of management _^ _TOwnjjttfa ' bj- our leaders : and that na one of them
Italy, Austria, And The-Pope.* ' Ml. V. ...
hitherto has been equal to those elements of action that we possess . But this opinion , right or wrong , has nothing to do with my present argument . My present argument , which you , sir , cannot refute , based as it is on unassailable historical facts , is simply this— " Tliat the _Xational party in Italy _comprahends the immense majority of my fellow-citizens ; tbat it has been , and would he now more than ever , master at home , were it not for the immediate armed _iutervcntwn of a foreign power . Sir , ours is the only country in Europe that is deprived , thanks to the Diplomacy you personally so Well represent , of the right of managing its own business in its own way ; the only country in Europe that cannot ask for a common life , a common bond , or evcu a mere partial amelioration of its laws , without a foreign army pouring into it , aud _ceuteotivig by brutal force its right to progression ; tbe only country in Europe iu which an admitted uv _. _ammit v of opinion docs not constitute acknowledged right .
Sir , I say that in this there is great injustice—a great crime chargeable on European society - , aud that it is the duty of every Italian to protest by word and deed , through life and through death , against this great _injustice . So 1 have done ; so I shall do . You may open my correspondence , or calumuiate nvy life ; y in may disgrace the laud ih _.-it grants me hospitality by reviving the _.-iton JSill : but I doubt strongly , sir , whether you will ever make mc deviate one breadth _frem the course which my duties as a man and an Italian lung since marked out , whose consciousness accompanies me wherever I go , and which wiU be in no wise _afnetcil bv the degree of latitude and longitude under which 1 may find mvself .
Before we proceed further with the selections m intend to give from Mr . _Maxzim ' s valuable work , we must again recommend to our readers that they purchase it for themselves . Although we have " Mr . Mizzisi ' s sanction to reprint in our columns as nuicii of his work as wc please , still it would be very unjust were wc to take the cream ofhis labours without doing all in our power to extend the sale of the work , that thereby Mr . _Mazzixi may be , at least , reimbursed tlie outlay for printing ,
professing liberal principles , if really sincere , will purchase copies of Air . Mazzisi ' s work for distribution , that thereby the truth of Italy and her wrongs way be made known to the Urilis : people . But without looking to professed liberals of Ihe golden order to do this work of circulating Mr . _Mazzlvi _' _s production , it behoves the real liberals , the patriots for Britain , for Italy , for Europe , and for the world—the intelligent and liberty-loving of the working class—the proletarians of the State—the class wc specially address—it behoves them to see that Mr . M _. mi . vi _i-i no loser hv
his generous appeal to _England on beliall of his noble country . This work might have had a large sale , but for thc infamous silence of the press . The pretended liberal journals , daily and weekly , have , almost universally , done their best to stilus Mr . Maz-• _zisi ' _b appeal by the " silent system . " Why is the Weekly _Litymtch silent ? To the working _uien wc appeal to give tlicm aid in extending thc circulation of Mr . Mijw . vi ' s " Italy , Austria , aud the Tope . " Its price is , we believe , half-a-erown , a sum beyond the means of many hundreds who read this paper ; but what one cannot do , three or four may accomplish without any sacrifice . At least , all Chartist Associations , and liberal councils and committees , should procure copies cf the work for tbe instruction of their members .
¦ ?"Italy, Austria, And The Pope. A Lett...
¦ ? "Italy , Austria , and the Pope . A letter addressed to Sir Jauies Graham , lfcvrt . By Joseph Mazziiii . " tendon" . U . Aibauesi , 8 , Queen-street , Golden-square ; Cleave , Shoe-lane ; Uetheriugtou , Holy well-street ; Watson , _Paul's-alley ; and Strange , Paternoster-row . t Invito dell' ArcidttM Gioatmu at PojioUt d' F . aliu , 1 S _00 . X Proclamation of the loth December , 1 S 13 . _VJAtuifesto ofthe Uth March , as above . { Lord Castlereagli ( Marquis of Londonderry ) in the House of Commons , 2 lst June , 1821 . JJLord lVilliaiu Eeutiuek—same debate . Sec also the noble and generous sentiments uttered on that occasion by Sir James Mackintosh .
Gptculttitr And Lortmiltiim
_gptculttitr and _lortmiltiim
Field-Garden Operations. For Tfte Week C...
FIELD-GARDEN _OPERATIONS . For _tfte Week commencing Monday , Av _$ . 28 th , _1 S _43 , [ Extracted from a _Dlinrof Actual _Operations on five small farms on the estates of thc late ills . I ) . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several niotkl farms on the estates of the Ear ] of Dartmouth at SUiitliwaite , in Yorkshire , _publishcd-by Mr . Nowell ,-of Fnrnlcy Tyas , ucat _Uwddttvstien \ _,-in order to guide Other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lands . The farms selected as models arc—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
five acres each , conducted by G . _Cruttcudeii and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—thc former at Eastdean , the latter at Jcvington—all of them within a tew miles of Eastbourne . ' -Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the samcplacc . _Thcconsecutivcoperationsinthcscreports will enable thc curious reader to compare the climate _irtd agricultural value of the south with the north of Englaud . The _Duiir is aided by _"Notcsaud Observations "from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated ibr the time and season , which wc . subjoin .
" With health of body , _tnuocenceofnuud , aud habits of industry , a poor man's child ougbt to have nothing to be afraid of ; nor bis father or mother anything to bc afraid of for him . "—Dr . PaUy . NoiE . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , _ivlto in return for three hours' teaching in the morning . nine tlircc hours of tlieir labour in . tlie afternoon for the master ' s benefit , whicli rewfers t / ic schools selfsvrpounso . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of thc produce , of the school farnl ivill bc assigned to the boys , _andone-scvcntltto the master , ivho will receive tlie usual sdwol fees , help the boys to cid' _tlvate tlieir land , and teach ikem , in aikiition to reading , venting , < tc , to convert tlieir produce into bacon , by attending U > pig-keeping , v . ' hich at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in _proportion to tiicir services , and 4 « iu « Kfe ( Htisin < hV « ti « iorracft _tlisirparcntsin a , way t / ic most grateful to tlieir feelings . !
BUSSES , Mo . vnAT— Willingdon School . Boys carrying peas . Eastilean School . Boys reaping oats , and beans , and tares . Fiper . Trussing straw . Dumbrell lteapimr , a wet day . TvEsvxt—ll'illing doH School . Half day wet , boys digging early potatoes , and in the school-room . _i ' _osttkan School . Boys binding sheaves , _tlu'iishiug barley , digging potatoes . Piper . Trussing straw . Dumbrell . Mending four rods . ( 121 square yards ) with 100 gallons of liquid , turning barley and oats . Wednesday—Willingdon -Softool . Boys mowing _barilcy . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable . pails , and tank . Fiper . Trussing straw , anu digging pea ground . DumlrcU . Turning peas and cats , reaping wheat , carrying peas and oats . _Thubsdat—H'iUinadon School . Boys tying an barley
sheaves . Eastdean , School . Boys thrashing barley , cleaning it , and reaping wheat . Fiper . Digging pea ground , and sowing white turnips on the same . Dumbrell . Binding oats . Fbidat— Willingdon School . Boys thrashing , with _macbJue , the allotment tenants' wheat . _JSastdem School . Boys cleaning the pigstyes , and emptying thc pig-pound tank . Fiper . Cleaning the pigstye , and mending lucerne with _luniid . Dumbrcll . Binding up , and carrying oats . _Satdbdat—Willingdon School . Boys doing same as yesterday . Eastdean School . Boys emptying port able pails -or privy tubs , and clearing the ground where the turnips grew . Fiper . Digging up potatoes _, and housing straw . 2 >« sntrcU . Carrying oats , raking the stubble .
_COW-FEEWXG . Willingdon School . Cows living on clover and white turnips . Dumbrcll . One cew grazed in the day , and fed morn and even in the stall with mangel wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer fed on lOlfcs . of tares per day , till Thursday , the remainder of the week entirely on clover . FiiKr ' s cows still feeding on lucerne .
A Aew V-Uuett Of.Saki.Et.—In A Rcccno Of...
A Aew _V-uuett of . Saki . et . —in a rcccno of tlie "Journal of Agriculture and Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland , " there appeared tlie following _interesting and instructive article , by the Iter . J . Noble , of Mottoes , Perthshire , on a new and valuable species of barley . The reader will see , in the history of this species , a striking proof of tlie benefits resulting from nabits of « bservation and perseverance . How many thousands would have passed the single ear from which the results detailed by Mr . Noble liavc proceeded , _witiout notice , or with -only a _passiog _tbought , if their attention had even been called to it : —In the end of _JuW _, 1838 , 1 observed a single ear of barley m a field of tiie _Dunlop species , which , from its marked difference from those around it , aud also from anv that 1 _examined in the neighbouring fields , Isapposed might turn out to be a new species . Accordingly 1 marked its position , and when it was ripe , secured it . In IS ® it was sown in a border of the garden , and irom fhe produce retaining all the peculiarities of the _nrioinalAir- -and nlso from the unusual length ,
_stifl-ness , aud brightness of the straw , I felt no uoiiui that mv first supposition was well founded , flic produce " of 1839 ( about a handful ) was sown m lSiO , and the result was a small sheaf . This yielded nearly a lippy , which , being sown in 1841 , produced thirteen large sheaves , that , wheu thrashed , produced not quite a bushel . In 1 S 42 , as the produce of thc bushel , 1 had about two quarters , not highly cleaned , but hi { or seed . I was now persuaded , from the quantity returned in proportion to what was sown ( taking at the same time into consideration the quantity ana the quality oi the land where it was sown ) , and also from the excellent tillering character of the barley , and' the length and stiffness of the straw , that , while it _waiw , it would also turn out to be a valuable , Tarieiy . And , accordin gly , in
ISJ 3 , I sowed the whole produce of 1842 in a field , which , iu my ordinary rotation , of cropping , was designed for barley—the previous crop had been wheat after potatoes , and there was no manure <; iven to the barley . At thc same time and ill the same field there was sown a proportion of early English barley , mainly for the purpose of ascertaining thc comparative _earliness of the two varieties , though 1 had iu view also the comparative productiveness . The result was that , ill point of carliticss , the English had the advantage bv three or four days , but in point of productiveness the new variety had a much greater advantage , being at the rate of eleven bolls or sixty-six bushels per acre , while the rate of the English was not more than seven and a half bolls , or Torty-fivc buslicls , per aero . Those persons in the
neighbourhood who saw the crop while growing m ISIS , were so _satisfied with its superiority in every respect , that aU that I had to spare for seed was eagerly s : _uiglit after ; and tnow find , from the testimony of those who made thc trial of it and have proved it , that its high productive qualities as indicated in previous years have been fully maintained . One _treiitleman _, viz .,-Mr . 'John Itaunie , Inchyra House , in this neighbourhood , sowed two acres seventeen falls Scotch , with a quarter of thc new variety , and having thrashed the produce , he informs nie that-it is fully _tu'ontyeight bolls , being at the rate of nearly fourteen holls , of six bushels each , per acre . Mi ' . Young , fjairnic Mill , on the estate of Pit-four , also in this neighbourhood , whose judgment in a matter of this kind is entitled to the highest respect , states to me generally
that he is satisfied it will prove a valuable variety , particularly ior light soil , and that , having himself sown six bushels of it , his return , in point both of quantity and quality , is much superior to that of the early English variety sown in the same field . In quantity he says that he has eleven bolls per acre . Robert Webster , Esq ., of Balvuddery , near Dundee , sowed a quarter of it , and lie informs me that its superiority in his held had been obvious throughout the whole season , and though not yet thrashed , to show how much satisfied he was with it , he said "he wished he had had his whole field sown with it . " There are several other persons who sowed it , from
whom 1 have not as ycfc obtained any report ; but I have reason to believe that there is not any one among them who is not persuaded that it is a valuable variety . Distinctive Characteristics _.,- —The distinctive characteristics of this new species of barley arc these : —( 1 . ) Up to thc time of ripening , the skin maiutaitis a glossy whiteness without the slightest streak of brown , while all other varieties arc marked by more or less of a brown tinge , tlie ridges of thc grain being uniformly streaked with a brown line . ( 2 . ) A second peculiarity is to be found in the brighter colour and greater strength of the straw than in the common varieties . ( 3 . ) And a third peculiarity is to be seen in the greater distance of the
grains from one another on thc ear than in the ordidinary varieties , so that an ear of the new variety with twelve grains on each side , will be found fully three quarters of an inch longer than one with tlie same number of grains of cither thc Chevalier or early English kind . Atlvcmtagts . —Tce superior productiveness of the new variety is its most obvious and strongest recommendation , but for light soils especially _thc'length of its straw must render it advantageous . Its tillering properties ought not to bc overlooked ; and particularly fov moist districts ; where barley is apt to sprout suddenly after being in the stook , the distance at whicli the grains arc placed from one another in the car may bc regarded as a valuable qualification , inasmuch as moisture will not obtain such a ready resting-place , nor be so long retained , as in a more compactly constructed car .
Cottage _Fakmixg . —It would bo very serviceable to thc cottage farmer to have always on hand a double quantity of manure , which , by judicious management , may bc easily effected . Supposing atthe time of sowing carrot seed , he lays on the space a tolerable dressing of manure , and " all the bones ( pounded , ground , or dissolved in oil of vitriol ) that he can collect ; these turned in to thc depth dug ( which for carrots should bc doepj , will naturally attract thc roots of the carrots , inducing a heavy crop . Corresponding with this benefit , there is the manure blending and mixing its virtues with the soils around , aud thus preparing the earth for wheat in the most effectual way : for all crops are thc better both for taste and health to thc consumer , by the manures being so incorporated with the ground as to approximate as close as possible to nature .
Ciuiicoal . —Powdered charcoal , as a manure , is highly beneficial , especially to plants that are stunted iu their growth , weakly , or unhealthy . Groat trouble may be saved by the cultivator always having some at hand : for a little strewed around , or mixed with thc earth , near the plants requiring its services , will quickly restore them to healthful vigour . Thc action of charcoal consists primarily in preserving- those plants , or parts of-plants , to which it is contiguous , unchanged in the vital power for a long space of time , so that the pknt can dcvelope those organs requisite for its future . support and propagation . It exercises also a favourable influence by decomposing and absorbing thc matters excreied by the roots , _keeping tho soil ( by its porosity ) free from vitious putl'Olying matter . Mixed with earth , charcoal is excellent , in causing cuts or plants to throw out roots ; nnd also the germination of seeds , whether in thc open air or hot beds . Experiments have proved that charcoal made from pine is the best , ou account of its porosity and its quickly decaying .
Organic Chemistry. A Diossr Rnou The Mct...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . a _Diossr rnou the mctures op _-rnoFESson biuxde . " Organic Chemistry signifies tlie chemical history of tbe various proximate principles which haTC been observed in the animal and vegetable kingdoms , and which are there associated together , so as to produce a peculiar structure , terined . _orjfaiiie , such as is never seen in any of the products of tlie mineral kingdom . Gum , sugar , starch , woody fibre , albumen , fibrine , gelatine , and all those numerous-substances of which plants _andtbobodies of animals are _compasetl , constitute those : proximate principles _-vvhicU-nre thc products of ununated nature . "Jir . V . B . JteiA . . (¦ Continued from onr'bast . ) 8 . It is not intended , in these investigations , logo into the details ofthe chemistry of the atmosphere , water , carbon , and so forth ; but only to notice certain important points connected with them . In _lookhtg at the composition of tUcatiuospuove , _wefintVitcon tainscarbou , hydrogen , oxygen , andiiilrogcn . All these arc found in tlie atmosphere ; the great bulk of the air wc breathe being made up of nitrogen and oxygen , to which hydrogen is superadded in the . form of water , and carbon in the form of carbonic acid . ; and it may be said further , tliat nitrogen exists in tlie air in the form of ammonia—in very minute quantities , however . Thc following tabic will show the composition of the atmosphere .:- — By measure . By weight . Nitrogen -.. _„ .. <( ' 5 V 5 ' 55 Oxygen 2 _' 1 " 23 _' 32 Aqueous vapour 1 * 12 1 * 03 Carbonic acid .. ~ _O'OS 0 _' 10 100 . 100 . It will bc observed by this table , that tlie great bulk of the atmosphere is made up of tiitrogeu and oxygen ; there is about one part in 100 of aqueous or watery vapour , and one part in 1000 of carbonic acid ; so that , whether we take thccotistitueuts of the air by bulk or by measure , we find that by far the greater portion is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen ; not a compound , but a mere mixture !* The properties of these substances may be hastily adverted to : carbon must be taken up pretty much in detail , in consequence of the very important functions it performs . 9 . _JSitvogcn—or , as it is sometimes called , azoteis a gaseous body , somewhat lighter than air ; it is colourless , and lias neither . taste , smell , nor solubility . If a lighted taper bc put into ajar of this gas , itis immediately extinguished . However much it may be agitated with water , none-of it is taken ' up ; so that it is not soluble . These are some of the properties by which nitrogen may _bs recognised in its tree and pure state : it is a Highly important clcmcntof certain . organic bodies . 10 . Another element is oxygen , which , like nitrogen , is a gaseous body : in its pure isolated state it is a little heavier than common air ; and it possesses the power of supporting combustion with splendour and eagerness . 11 . To illustrate the composition and characters of atmospheric air , pure nitrogen and pure oxygen mnv be mixed in the relative proportions of four parts bv measure of the former to one of the latter . In such * a mixture a candle will burn precisely as m common air . If too much oxygen be added , the candle will burn brighter ; if too much nitrogen , it will bum ditnlv -, but if the proportions bc nicely balanced , it will burn as in common air . _Wcimist not , however , suppose that because we can thus produce something equivalent to atmospheric air , we have all its essential elements ; for without water , it would be unfit for respiration and the growth ol plants ; and without carbonic acid , unfit equally for the vegetable world . "Water is a very important constituent of the atmosphere ; but thc proportion in which it is found is extremely variable . IU value is
Organic Chemistry. A Diossr Rnou The Mct...
_manilest with regard to animals ; for if thev breathe pevleetlyilry air , they soon begin to feel its extreme inconvenience . Wc know that if a quantity of drv air is thrown into a room , the respiration ( or breatlimg ) , becomes oppressed , because it produces n great call on the body for moisture ; and therefore it is felt m the lungs and on the skin . With regard to vegetables , the effect of dry air on tiicm is to cause them to droop , as may be seen during the prevalence of a dry easterl y wind . There is tlie same call upon tho leaves ot vegetables for moisture , and the consequence ' is , they shrivel up : this is called " a blight . " 1 here arc various means of ascertaining vcrv _nearlv
the quantity of moisture in the air ; but _Danicll ' s hygrometer is the only instrument by which we can accurately determine " the actual quantity of water cxisting at any given time , in a given bulk of air . 12 . Now , water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen : aud , as it has already been noticed ( par . 0 ) how important a feature it is in the constitution of _oi _^ aii ic bodies , it will be necessary to glance at its composition , as well as at some of its properties . The composition of water das been the subject lately of a great number of accurate experiments . The result is , that " water consists of 1 part by weight of hydrogen , and 8 of oxygen ; or , as nearlv as possiblv _, of
Oxygen ,.,.,. _SSO Hydrogen .. ill
t , m __ ¦ It may bc necessary here to explain , that , in speaking of thc elementary constituents of organic bodies , a meaning is sometimes attached to the term water dill ' _ereiit train the ordinary one—that is , where it is intended to refer to the fact that these constituents contain oxygctiaud hydrogen in thcsamerclativo proportion as in water , rather than to imply that the water is ready formed in them : thus , sugar may be called a compound ol * carbon and water ; by which is meant , that charcoal , added to a certain " quantity each of oxygen and hydrogen in the same relative proportion ns in water , constitute ; sugar . Water forms a constituent part oforganic matter , and is essential to the condition of life . A piece of meat may be made perfectly dry , or we may think we can
squeeze it perfectly dry , but by rubbing it in a dry towei , we find it still retains water in a very peculiar state , in fact , what wc call dry meat contains 73 per cent , of water ; and if wc dry it in a high temperature , it loses to that amount . "When wo talk of eating a pound of beef , therefore , wc only cat a quarter of a pound , till the rest is water . In its fluid slate , water is required to enable organised bodies to transmit through their vascular structure those substances which are necessary to their sustenance , and thus we sec , by the sap of plants , a number of substances arc earned through tiic texture of the plant to nourish and liiild itiip . Plants seem to be capable of taking up a certain quantity of water , and of combining it in tlieir texture with other substances , especially carbon : but this matter will bc discussed more at length hereafter . :
13 . 'I he next subject that comes before us in this brief outline of the components of the atmosphere , is carbonic acid . Although present as a constituent of the atmosphere—and it is a very important constituent—and although "' a largo quantity passes through the medium of the air into the vessels of plants , and is absorbed by them , —very little is found at any one time in the atmosphere . There is every reason to suppose that the carbon wc find in the form of coal or carbonate of lime ( or limestone ) , has originally been of organic origin ; that thc thousands of tons of coal wo are consuming every year is the product of the destruction of the vegetable world of former days . The limestone rocks—those great ' accumulations of carbonic acid and lime—appear also to have derived _tkciv carbon from the organic creation ! And
here some very curious points arise as to the wonderful provision made as it were for the building up of organic and vital textures from the carbon of past ages . Wc are , hi fact , carrying away enormous quantities of carbon , in the shape of coal , from the bowels of thc earth , and burning it into carbonic acid . London alone fchiissends into the atmosphere upwards of seven million tons of carbonic acid annually . But this carbonic acid , instead of being left in the atmosphere , is absorbed by tlie vegetable creation , its carbon is used to build up thc woody fabric of the trees ofthe forest , and to form a part of all plants ; while its oxygen , or the greater part of it , is again restored to the atmosphere , from which for a time it had been borrowed , .-Animals—at least the graminivorous
tribes—live upon these vegetables , and in their various functions , but especially in respiration , they convert the carbon into carbonic acid , anil semi it back to the air again , to bc absorbed and decomposed by plants , as before . Thus we sec , that while by animals a process is carried on , which ia equivalent to combustion—that is , tlicy convert carbon into carbonic acid , _andhydroocn into water—vegetables arc , on the other hand , performing the opposite process ; and if we contemplate , even only supcrlicially , these wonderful relationships and mutual dependencies of the three kingdoms of nature—of animals , vegetables , and the atmosphere—wc cannot but bc struck with the importance " of their respective functions , and of the wonderful manner in which they , as it were , provide for each other ' s existence . —Attention will next
be directed to carbon , and such ot its combmauons as belong to organic chemistry . H . It will be necessary to return for a little to carbonic acid , which has already been adverted to as oiie of the constant , but variable ingredients in the atmosphere , and one of which the average quantity contained in the air amounts to about one part in 1000 . It is a heavy gas , and extinguishes llamc . It is soluble in water , which will take up , at a common temperature , about its own volume of it . It is familiarly known as giving an effervescing quality to many mineral waters . ' 15 . Carbonic acid may be very easily detected by means of lime-water , which it renders milky . If lime-water be merely exposed to the air , it becomes milky ; and if a bottle of it be left without a stopper ,
it will acquire , on the surlacc , a film ol carbonate of lime . Pure lime is soluble in water , but water takes up only the fOOth part . Carbonate of lime , however , is quite insoluble in puro water , —and hence it is , that when carbonic acid is brought into contact , witli lime-water , carbonate of lime falls down ; and if the carbonate of lime be collected , and weighed , the quantity of carbonic acid contained can be determined . There is , however , much difficulty in doing this ; the quantity of carbonate of lime being so small , It is not so easy to collect , dry , and weigh it .: so that this method cannot always be depended on in quantitative proceedings , —though , as a quantitative test—that is , as a ready and accurate test ofthe presence of carbonic acid—Jime water is invaluable . The following experiment will show how carbonic
acid may bc produced , and its quantity determined . Into a glass globe put some pure oxygen gas , and also a little Jime-irater ; the lime-water wiU be perfectly pellucid , which shows that there is no trace of carbonic acid in it . Now , if charcoal , or plumbago , ( commonly called black lead , } or the diamond , or any carbonaceous body—and , therefore , any vegetable ov animal substance—be burned in the globe , carbonic acid will be produced . If a piece of perfectly pure charcoal be chosen for the experiment , it may be heated by means ci ' . a blow-pipe , and then introduced into the atmosphere of oxygen . It will there immediately burn with great brilliancy , and completely disappear , as if dissolved . It cannot be said to bc
destroyed , nor will it have escaped from the globe . It will ' , in fact , he dissolved in the oxygen , and have formed an invisible aeriform or gaseous compoundcarbonic acid . Now it will be found , that in this combustion of charcoal jn oxygen , by which carbonic acid is produced , the weight ofthe charcoal consumed , and _ituat of the oxygen in which it is burned , and which enters into chemical combination with it , will be in thc same proportion to each other almost precisely as six is to sixteen ; so that , assuming the atomic weight , or combining equivalent , of carboii or charcoal to be equal to six , and that of oxygen equal to ei"ht , it may be said that carbonic acid consists of—Equivalent Atom . weight . Per cent .
Carbon 1 8 27 , 27 Oxygen 2 UJ " ... 72 , 73 22 100 10 . Though the exposure of clear lime water to carbonic acid produces a milky appearance , and carbonate of lime is precipitated , yet if carbonic acid bc added in excess , the precipitates will be re-dissolved , so that the liquor will again become perfectly clear , although it holds the carbonate of lime in solution . There is no doubt tliat lime often finds its way into water containing carbonic acid , which is , in fact , sometimes saturated with lime in proportion to the quantity . of carbonic acid it contains . It further deserves attention , that water containing carbonic acid is sour , and reddens vegetable blues . -It has , however , only a very slightly sour taste . Ih
17 . 'e carbonic acid held in solution in water performs a very important part with regard to thc growth ol aquatic plants . When atmospheric air is held m solution in water , its oxygen is converted slowly into carbonic acid by the respiration ofthe fishes and animals existing in the water , and thc carbonic acid so produced is decomposed by the vegetable growing in the water , charcoal is taken up , and oxygen given off . Hence the reason why wc cannot keep fish lor any length of time in the . ornamental basin , or m any piece of water where there are not vegetables growing . Gold fish may be kept in water exposed to the air , but , although the air has free access to it , _wcai'c obliged frequently to change the water , lor it soon becomes so far cliarged with carbonic acid as to be unfit for the respiration ofthe fish . And m regard to streams and natural sources of water , it there , ay not a sufficient number of aouatie
_vegctaoies , uio nsii will soon die , in consequence ot there being nothi ng to take up the carbonic acid which they throw oft , and which ultimately poisons them . It is a vary _cunwaiact _, that the whole value of vegetables in water consisU in their extraordinary power in taking up the charcoal , and setting the _oxvgen free ; a power , however , whicli . only _bckngs to the green parte ot vegetables , and which they only exert under tlie . _mfluence-of solar light .: This apparently / easy decomposition ot carbonic acid , by the jotntoperationa ofthe greep . parfc . of' vegetables anil of light , is a very
Organic Chemistry. A Diossr Rnou The Mct...
extraordinary circumstance , for the ' affinity of carbon for oxygen is such , that the resolution of carbonic aeid into carbon and oxygen , by common chemical means , is a matter of great _difliciilty , andean only bc effected by substances possessed oi ' a more powerful affinity for oxygen than that which carbon has . The consequence is , that almost'all burning bodies are extinguished when immersed in carbonic acid . There are , however , a few—aud only a-very few—of the metals which , in consequence oi ' tlieir intense affinity for oxy « en , will decompose , and consequently burii in , carbonic acid . Thus , if a niece of the" metal
potassium , heated in the air till it begins to burn , be introduced into ajar of carbonic acid , the _combustion will continue at thc expense of the oxygen of that gas , and its carbon will be thrown down . ' In many cases , when wc decompose carbonic acid , instead _c-f taking away the whole of the oxygen , we take away only hall of it , and when wc obtain a gaseous body , which , of course , contains only half the quantity of oxygen which exists in carbonic acid . Carbonic ' acid ' has already been stated to consist of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen ; but if ire abstract one of the atoms of oxygen , we obtain carbonic oxide , which _consists
of—Equivalent Atom . weight . Percent Carbon 1 ( i 42 , ' . ) Oxygen 1 8 fi 7 _, l 1 _i 100 ( To be continued J ,
* There Are Three Degrees Of Chemical At...
* There are three degrees of chemical attraction : the result of the first and lowest degree is _wwtio'O ; ofthe second , solution ; and of thc third , and most _euersetic , composition . By mixture , the properties of bodies are not essentially changed ; but those of the _vesulting prouutt are in some degree intermediate between tlieir component parts . The properties of bodies are not changed by solution , any more than by mixture ; and in this ease , also , the characters of the resulting product partake ofthose ot its ingredients . Kut , unlike tlie case of mixture , there is a limit to tlie power of solution ; aud liquids canuot combine with more than a certain quantity of any gaseous or solid boily : thus water will take up , or hold iu solution , no more than a certain known weight of alum or salt . Tlie point at which tbe action betwien tbe two bodies ceases , i _« called the point ofsaturation . Up to this point the two bodies may combine in any proportion . Iu composition , the result of the highest degree of chemical attraction , the union of bodies takes place in tlie most intimate manner , and only in definite proportions , widen are invariable in the same compound ; and the union is com .-monly accompanied by an entire change of the sensible properties of the bodies united , aud a third substance , totally different from these , is the result ,
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Bankuul'ts. (From Friday's Gazette, Augu...
_BANKUUl'TS . ( From Friday ' s Gazette , August IS , leMa . J Joseph Lazarus , Mavylebmie-lniie , clothes-denier— William I _' _.-ii _' sous _, Wood-street , Lambeth , _em-ii-dealer—David Davies , Jevmyrj-strcct , tit . James ' s , dealer iu _regimental and court dresses—Julin Temple Taylor , and " Thomas Vsnvtvy WatUinson , _YorU-terrace , Hegcut ' s-puric . ami _Wat-Iiiijj-street , plumbers—George Frederick lUTSciiuer , Holloway , victualler—John Marsh , Jtrenood , _Staltbrdsliire , grocer—Julia 6 ndogim , Jim ., Urecou , hat-warehouseman —Jacob _llichard Owen , Manchester , stock-broker .
JiAMvRUriS . ( From the Oaseltcof Tuesday , August 19 J rYnncis . inchson _, Maryleboiie-strcet , Golden-square , victualler—Hichard White , Portsmouth , surgeon and apothecary—James Chase Powell , ChiswelUtrect , fins _, bury , apothecary—Mark Markwick , Harper-street ,. Ucd lion-square , builder—Daniel Dames , Liverpool , paperstabler—Hugh _Mtllinsuii _, Almomiliury , Yorkshire , manufacturer of fancy worsird and cotton goods .
DECLARATIONS Of _DIVIDENDS . J . A . Forrest , Liverpool , glass-merchant , first dividend of _lfls in the pound , any . Monday after the 4 th of October next , at the office of Mv . Hirtl , Liverpool . T . Atkinson , Gloucester , chemist , second dividend of id in thc pound , tbe last three Saturdays in October next , at the otlice of . Mr . C ' raom , _Abchuvcli-luuc , City . IV . JI . Williamson , Dmvgatohill _, tobacconist , first dividend oi' ls ISM in _rhc pound , the three last Saturdays in October next , at the office of Jlr . Groom , Abchurchlanc , City . T . Ii . _Gulhorne nnd A . A . Dobbs , Liverpool , wine-merchants , third dividend ot ' fc ' il in the pound , any tt ' _eiliiesdny after the 5 tli of October next , at the office of Jlr . _l- ' ollott _, Liverpool . J . Wilkinson , Bryiubo , Denbighshire , ironmaster , third dividend of GUI in the pound , any Monday after the -fth of October next , at the oilice of Mr . Bird , Liverpool . DIVIDENDS .
Sept . 20 , C . Timmis , Stone , Staffordshire , lhiit- _{ , 'nnder—Sept . 12 , T . Southern , Gloucester , grocer—Sept , 12 , NY . S . Dental ! , Keirtuu Abbott , Devonshire , banker—Sept . 10 , 1 Sully , St , Mary-Axe , City , merchant . Ceutificaves to bc granted , unless cause be shown to the contrary on the day of iiicetiiur . Sept . 12 , W . C . Thornton . CleeUheatun , Yorkshire , _nnichine-maker—Sept . 9 , W . Hilditeh , l _' achwcn , Flintshire _, jrroccr—Sept . 11 , J . Crubtree and W . liurnle . v , Tmiste _.-ul , Lancashire , woollen-manufacturers—Sept . il , J . Davis , _liristol _, chemist—Sept . 0 , _i . du J . l _' aviente , llury . strect , St . Jfary-Axe , merchant— Sept . ii , t < . K . stalf , ' i July wellstreet , plasterer—Sept . 0 , 11 . _Xichols , Coteford , Gloucestershire , auctioneer—Sept . ' J , J . _Ilai-bottle _, Amble , iYorthumberlaml , grocer-Sept . !) , T . 15 . _llall / _Cogyesljall , Essex , grocer—Sept . 9 , F . A . Do Wilde , Wells-street , Oxfordstreet , cabinet-ironmonger— Sept . 9 . G . 0 . lSuvns , Devizes , Wiltshire , upholsterer—Sept . 'J , J . Currier and L . E . _'Seignette , Mincing-lane , merchants—Sept . 9 , \ V , Myers , Skinner-street , City , woollen-warehouseman .
_PABTSERSUirS DISSOLVED , T . Jennings and J . Ford , Laurence-lane , City , common carriers—N . Denton , C , Uedlern _, ami J . llownrth _, Garten , Lancashire , hat-manufacturers—M . »' ., F . ( _! ., ami IV . M . Carrhigton , Dcvonport , newspaper proprietors ; as far as regards W . M . Carrlugton—T . ilaisli and W . Jl . Symons , iVcv _llririge-strcct , Vauxhall , printers—11 ' . F . Chapman and S . Collis _, conch-builders—J . Thompson and S . . Marshall , juii ., Manchester , commission-agents—M . and II . Nixon , lliurby , Warwickshire , batinamifaeturers —11 . llrereton and J . ltobinson , Liverpool , woollen-drapers—W . 11 , Hirst and J . Brooke . Leeds , stockbrokers—T . II .
Jenks and J . Jlapp , Liverpool , _tea-dealvrs—S . Cartwright aud T . Lowe , Manchester , silk-manufacturers—11 . Wainman and B . _lJinks , Leeds , cloth-merchants—J . _inml T . D . _Hottonilcy and T . Evaus _, Manchester , _wuulleu-inauufactttrers—A . aud It . llsillilcy and J . Donaldson , Wigton , Cumberland , calico-printers ; as far as regards J . Donaldson—C . and 1 ' . (( . Turner , Preston , Lancashire , _conlnuirchants—fr . Cookson and G . Singleton , _I'oulton-in-thCFyltle , Lancashire , joiners—J . _Abbutt turd 'i ' . 'II . _Uowniai ) , Liverpool , shnrcbrokers—It . Kent , J . Adams , and J . Kent , _Burslein , potters ; as far as regards J . Adams—J . Skillicorn , D . I'inkess , and J . IV . Bailey , Liverpool , painters .
Ilailtft Mcliierenm
_ilailtft _Mcliierenm
London Cous Exchange, Mo.Ntmv, August 18...
London Cous Exchange , Mo . _ntmv , August 18 . — Up to SaUvrtlay last the weather continued , very unsettled , but it has since undergone a decided , improvement , and should there be no return of wet , harvest operations would be -immediately ' commenced on au extensive scale . Iu most of the south and southwestern counties reaping was partially be _^ un nearly a fortnJg ] it . igo , but the prevalence of wet has _Jiitlicrto prevented any quantity being- carried . Tlie reports as to the probable result of the harvest are quite as various as at any former period , some parties insisting that scarcely any injury lias been done by the untoward character of tbe weather during tiie greater part of the summer , whilst others represent the mischief as very extensive . We feel disposed to steer a middle course . To affirm that the wheat plant has
not been injured more or less by tbe want of genial warmth and thc excessive wctcxpevienced in July anil August would be absurd ; at the same time we feel perfectly convinced that the uneasiness so generally entertained on the subject has caused the evil done by the weather to be a good deal exaggerated . As compared with last year's produce there will , no doubt , be a very great deficiency ( but it must be recollected that the crop was then an extraordinary one ); even to cspecta bare average yield may , under all circumstances , be regarded as sanguine , but that the deficiency would be serious in case the next month should prove favourable for thc ingathering wc do not apprehend . Notwithstanding- the slight reaction which lias recently taken place in prices the farmers have continued to brine forward cood
sunplies , and at all the principal provincial markets held since our last the Yalue of thc article has undergone a further depression . Thc arrival of wheat coastwise into London during the week ending Saturday last has amounted to nearly 20 , 000 qrs ., being the largest supply we ever recollect at the corresponding season for many years . In addition to ' the quantity reported there was an abundant show of samples at Mark-lane this morning by land carriage from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk , making altogether an enormous supply . Under these circumstances the auspicious change in the weather told with double effect ; the consequence was a depression in prices of 2 s to 3 s per qr . At this reduction the millers bought very sparingly , and all inclination to make speculative investment having subsided , a large quantity was left unsold at tbe close of business . A few samples of new wheat were exhibited of tolerably good quality , but haying been gathered when wet , the condition was soft . The transactions in foreign wheat were to-day of very little importance ; duty-paid parcels might
have been bought somewhat cheaper , but there were no purchasers ; bonded samples were held at about former rates , without , however , exciting any attention . Quotations of town-manufactured flour remained nominally unaltered . Ship qualities were more pressing !) ' offered aud the turn cheaper . There was hardly any English barley exhibited , and the trifling sales effected were at prices quite equal to those realised on this day se _' nnight . Malt , particularly the finer sorts , was saleable in retail quantities at fully previous rates . The market was sparingly supplied with English and Scotch oats , and the arrivals from Ireland were only moderate ; having , however , fair receipts of foreign , and further supplies being expected from Archangel , Riga , < tc , the dealers conducted their operations with more than ordinary caution , and last Monday ' s currency was scarcely maintained . Beans were taken off at quite as high prices as those obtained at any former period for some months past . "White p ens met a slow sale , but grey and maple were in lively request at previous terms .
CURRENT PRICES OF G 1 U 1 K , PER IMPERIAL _WARTER—British . s s s _» Wheat , "Essex , ii Kent , new & old red 49 ei White so C 5 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 50 « G Ditto 58 fiO - — - —Northum . and Scotch white 50 31 Tine 5 « 67 -Irish red old 0 0 Red iU 51 White 5 _' 2 50 Kye Old ' - ' 9 32 New 29 30 Brank 34 3 i Barley Grinding . . 2 G 27 Distil . 28 30 Malt . 31 32 Malt Brown .... 52 5 i Pale 55 59 Ware CO « 2 Beans TicUsold & ncw 3 i SS Harrow 38 40 Pigeon 41 _« Peas Grey 35 38 Maple 37 38 White 38 40 Outs Miieotns & Yorltsbiro Feed 22 21 Poland 21 28 Scotch _AiiK'ia 2 _S ' 25 . Potato 26 28 Irish . . . , White 20 23 Ulack 20 22 rer 2 S 0 lb . net . s si Per 2801 b . net . s » Town-made Flour ... 51 53 Xorfolk & Stoekton 3 fi S 8 Esses aud Kent .... 38 42 j Irish 37 39 Free . BonU .
_foreioil . a a » b Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , isc ...... 53 61 47 59 Marks , Mecklenburg 5 " 53 4 D 44 Danish , Holstein , and _Frieslaud red 48 52 32 3 fi Russian , Hard 48 52 Soft ... 48 52 32 34 Italian , Red . . 50 52 White ... 54 515 . 86 _4 n — Spanish , Hard . SO 52 ' Soft ... . 52 5 G 36 ' i > 8 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 28 30 Untlried . . 28 SO 24 V 5 Barley . Grinding . 24 2 fi Malting . . 28 32 19 24 Beans , Ticks ... ' 84 86 Egyptian . 34 35 29 33 Peas , White . . 37 30 ¦' . Maple ... 3 G 37 28 8 n Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick ..... . . 23 25 2 e 21 Russianfecd .............. 20 2 ' 2 14 If Danish , Frieslaud feed ......... 20 22 14 16 Flour , per barrel ...... ¦ ........ 2 & 30 2 x ' » ' *
London Cous Exchange, Mo.Ntmv, August 18...
AVERAGE PRICES Of the last six weeks , which regulate the Duties from tlie 14 th to the 20 th ot August . Wheat Farley Oats . , Itye . Feins Peas . " "j " _sTd . s . d . i s . < i . s . d . j s . d . s . U . Week emling ! i | _ „__ „„ - July 5 , 1845 .. j 47 11 _i 9 lOi tl 8 ! 31 0 ) 38 10 ) o _3 5 Week ending ; . ! I _n „ „ July 12 , 1815 ..: 48 10 29 0 i 22 Cj 33 lli 39 8 3 S 11 Week ending ! I i . July 10 , 1843 ..: 50 C 29 fl \ 22 -1 32 8 3 ' J ' J 40 2 Week emling Z I ' July 2 C , ISIS _" ; 51 ¦ _T 20 2122 5 j 31 7 s 40 3 33 10 Week ending ! 'I Aug . 2 , 1 S _15 J 53 3 29 S ' 22 5 ( 34 6 j -iO 5 -41 0 Week cudinp' | I Aug . !> , 1815 .. ; 55 3 29 ,: 22 . 8 33 10 J 41 0 3 J 0 Aggregate aver . i j j ago of tlie last ! j sik weeks .. j 51 ' . ! 23 5 '; 22 0 32 11 10 0 'Si 6 London arer-J j ages ( ending ; Aug . 12 , 1 * 45 ) fil 5 29 10 22 I 33 9 42 2 10 7 Duties .. .. ' 19 0 9 0 ) I ! _»' . 10 U- 2 6 ) S _C IiiroaTs _t-noM August 11 To AuousT 17 , IKCl . li'Slvr . ie . _vo-i _. _irfii ( scotch , f lttisn . _roKEiuN wtm .. Wheat .. .. 19 , 7 ( 13 42 0 2 . _'J , S 3 ;; _4-S , ( , _'fiS _liarlt-y .. „ _, 10 2 , 581 ) 0 5 , 852 8 , 4 * 2 Oats .. .. 1 , 289 1 , 203 l 0 , 0 tt ? 19 , 51-1 32 , 051 Hyo .. .. 0 o o n o iieans .. .. 015 O a 2 ; tl 74 _<> l'cas .. _.. 54 0 0 30 fii Malt .. .. 3 , 2211 I ) 24 () S » 38 'fares .. .. i 0 _n n 0 _t ; Linseed .. 0 o 0 H , ! I 8 S C . _, 988 Unvested .. 70 0 0 45 115 Flour , sacks 5 , 540 ' o 0 A s _. _sao Ditto _bi-ls _. _.. j I ) ( 1 I ) 350 350 London _Smitiifikld Cattlk Market , Moxdav , Auousr 18 . — 'flic imports of foreign stock ior our market since this day se'nnight have been again extensive , they having amounted to 2 ;! 0 oxen and cows from Holland , 3 D ditto from Germany , and 20 from Spain . The receipts of sheep have been 31 ( H ) , of calves 30 head , all from Rotterdam . At Hull there have boon received about J 10 beasts and . 50 sheep . In to-day's market we had on _oli ' or nearly 1 ( 10 beasts from Rotterdam , 20 ditto from Germany , Sditto _i ' roni Spain , together with 100 sheep . The general quality of this stock was about a full average—indeed there were some excellent boasts on show . The demand for them , however , was inactive , and thc quotations had a downward _tendenev , arising from the large
increase m the arrivals from cur own districts . From Norfolk , Suffolk , as well as the northern and midland counties , the bullock droves fresh tip ibis morning wore , comparatively speaking , large even tor the time of year ; while a very great improvement was noticed in tlieir general quality , partieuJarJy in the shorthorns , Dcvous _, Uerct ' ords , and runts ; indeed , wc may venture to observe that a much finer show was scarcely ever noticed here during tho present month . This may be chiefly attributed to thc abundance of pasture herbage . Prospectively , a , further increase in quality may be expected , consequently uo immediate advance can be anticipated in value . Although the attendance of buyers was rather numerous , thc beef ' trade was in a " very depressed state , and , in most transactions , the quotations ruled 2 d . per Sib ., under those obtained on Monday last . The highest figure for the best Scots did not exceed -Is . 2 d . per Sib ., and at which a clearance was not effected . Tiic numbers of sheep were
larger than those exhibited for some time past . Although there was an improvement in their condition , the primest old Downs sold at | rices quite equal to those paid last week , viz .,-Is ? . KM . to 5 s . per Sib ., but all other breeds met a dull inquiry , and the quotations were with difliciilty _tsuppuiteil . The gradual _iiitereasc in the receipts of sheep , and the improvement noticed in their quality , lead us to thc conclusion that , ere long , especially should thc arrivals coiimier to improve ( of which wo have little doubt ) , lower currencies will bc accepted by . the salesmen . The season , for lamb is now fust drawing io a close , yet the arrivals from Kent , Sussex , and the northern comities , were again large . For all kind the demand ruled heavy , ut a depression in value of 2 d . per Sib . The very highest figure was Ss . Sd . On the whole we Inula fair sale for calves , and last week ' s currencies were mostly supported . The best pigs weve in demand , but an others were a dull inquiry There were on oiler about 200 from Dublin and Cork .
By the quantities of 8 lb ., sinking the ofi ' al . s . d . 6 . ( 1 . Inferior coarse beasts , . . 2 8 3 I ) Second quality .... 3 2 3 4 l ' rimo large oxen .... 3 ( J . " lli Prime Scots , itc , . . . . 4 0 4 2 Course inferior sheep . , . 3 4 3 8 Second quality .... 3 lo 4 4 Prime coarse woolled . . . 4 6 4 8 Prime Southdown , _, . 4 10 5 0 Lambs 4 tf 58 Large coarse calves . , . . 3 C 4 4 Prime small . . , . , 4 G 4 10 ' Suckling calves , eaeh . . . 18 0 39 0 Large hogs ..... 8 0 8 8 Neat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 15 0 20 O HEAD 01 " CATTI . U ON SkUE . ( From the Hooks ofthe Clerk ofthe Market . ) Beasts , 3 _,-fOO-Slieep and Lambs , 26 / _M-Cah'es , \ _Ul'igs , 315 .
__ Ricimosn Corn _Mahkbt , August 10 . — -The continued unfavourable weather nnd the limited stock of grain iu the country , caused an advance of prices in our market' to-day . Wheat sold from _Ts . _W . to 8 s ; 9 d . ; oats as . to 4 s . ; barley -Is . to -is . 3 d . ; beans 'is . Cd . to 5 s . per bushel ' . " Manchester Cons- Market , Satukday _, Au « . 10 . — During thc week the weather , although , still unsettled , with a low temperature , has undergone some improvement in character , which circumstance , ' connected with tho depression in Mark-lane , contrarv to all calculation , has cheeked any speculative
purchases ; whilst thc continued liberal supplies of wheat which advanced prices have _brought forward attract general attention , and at present there is no evidence of a scarcity of liritish growth . Thc business done at our market this morning has been only to a moderate extent , in either wheat or flour ; and , though wc make no _ehange in our quotations , prices were in favour of the buyer . Thc value of oats ami oatmeal was firmly supported , but there was no activity in thc trade . A few loads of oatmeal from Ireland / the produce of this season , wore sold in Liverpool yesterday , at 35 s . per 2 d 01 bs .
_Lmnrooi . Cons Market , Monday , August 18 Our market continues to bc liberally supplied with wheat and flour from Ireland ; otherwise the imports are light . From abroad wc have no arrival of importance . Thc duty on Foreign wheat and beans has this week declined Is . per qr . on eaeh . The iaie advance in the value of wheat has induced the principal growers of English to bring to market a much greater quantity than it was calculated that they hchVand though the weather has been by no mean ' s satisfactory for the progressing of the crops , thc large show of last year ' s produce has contributed to depress thc trade throughout the kingdom , and prices have declined from ls . tods , per quarter . In this market , holders generally have evinced less disposition to dvo
way ; but to ciVcct sales of English and Irish wheat from the ship , a decline of Id . to 2 d . per bushel has been submitted to . Flour lias also participated in the depression on wheat . No business of importance has occurred in bonded wheat and now during the _: week , and prices remain nominally as quoted last , Tuesday . The small supply of Irish oats and oat- - meal has enabled holders to realise full prices ; thc . _; demand , . however , has been very circumscribed . - Barley finds a ready sale for grinding purposes at t 3 s . Sd . to 4 s . Sd . per GOUis . ; beans and peas maintain l thc late advance , whilst Indian corn is fully Is . per r quarter dearer . At Friday ' s market a small lot of i ' Irish new oatmeal was sold at 3 os . per 2 ( 01 us ., and a _\
little shipment o Irish new hero at 3 s . Od . per ( _tOllss . ¦ ,. _Livkkpooi . _Cattlk Maiiket , Mosday , A co . IS . — - The supply of cattle at market this day has been n rather smaller than last week , thc greatest part of if which was of second-rate quality . There being a a numerous attendance of buyers , anything good was _ivs eagerly sought after , and soid at last week ' s prices , is . Led Cd . to Cid ., mutton Cid . to 7 d ., and lamb G _$ d . d . to 7 d per lb . Cattle imported into Liverpool I ' vMYi an . the nth to the ISth of August ;—cows 3023 ; calves res 52 ; sheep 12 , 002 ; lambs 320 ; pigs _d-133 ; horses Oi . 64 . York Cok . v Market , August 16 . —We have a good aod supply of wheat at this day ' s market , which met a t a fair sale at last week ' s prices . Oats and beans scarce , _i'CC , and rather dearer .
Malios CoitN Market , August 16 . — Wc have a re a fair supply of wheat offering to this day ' s market , but but very short of oats . Wheat sold on much the same line terms as last week . Oats rather dearer . Barley . vlcy nominal . Wheat , red , from _-5-is . to 02 s ; white bite ditto , Ob ' s , to Ills , per qr . of ' 10 stones ; oats , Hid , _Hd , to 12 H per stone . _Leeus Corn Market , Tuesday , 'August 10 . —0 . — - Thc supply of wheat is moderate , of oats and beans itvns it I is again short . In consequence of the dull reports oiets off _Mnrk-lane , our millers arc cautious buyers of wheat , heat , ; , while on the other hand the damp showery wcattaatiieii causes ( actors to be ( inn : wc have therefore to rcpovtcpoi't a rather slow trade at about the rates of last week . week . ; . In oats and beans there is more firmness , ant ; antiti there is also some inquiry to-day for barlev ate v ate i malt . * *
Leeds GkOTii Mahkets . —In consequence of _tluof _tluit present state of the weather , and the conscquentquenlil poor harvest prospects , trade has onlv been dull , both , _botl _. _l at the Cloth Halls and in thc warehouses . Tin Thin stocks arc yet only comparatively small ; and , _unlcsumlcsis _: there is a speedy change to more favourable _wcathenatherr will rapidly accumulate . Maltos _FoiiTNioiiT Catti . k Fair , A roust 19 .-: 19 . --ihcre was a good show of fat beasts at this fair , anir , ana an increased attendance of buyers , being nearly airly a a sold up , at prices some little lower than the -orece < urece <><
ing air . _'Ibcrc was also a good show of Scotc Scotc ; c beasts , wi It a brisk demand for themand maud -ihanm _oalcs effected at rather bettor good supply of lean beasts , with a with little variation in price . and lambs wasgood , andtliedemanl near y __ a ! l sold up , at prices about _wllattended .
, Prices. Jt*^F5%^S%! Moder»Tu%Lsa?Iieft...
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 23, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_23081845/page/7/
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