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October 23, 1847. - ---¦ ¦ -^-. ¦^^..¦.....
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.ABERDEES'S WELCOME TO F. 0*C6"SHOR, HP,...
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fteimto*
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THE RIGHT OP THE ARISTOCRACY TO THE SOIL...
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TheNationd Land md labour Bank. By Georg...
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donfsnow: **"*• Sta >-»-*:B .BwkMU;Loif ...
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An Appeal to thetlnmbeilng energies of t...
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.Reasons for opnealtno to the Middle Cla...
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The Results of the Eteetions. This pamph...
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Statement as tothe state of Turnpike Tru...
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^toxtesAl phabeticdcsi, "idCoachDireetpr...
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AbdEeywood' s Working Man's Al manaelfbr...
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TIVERTON. TBE PEOPLE TRIUMPHANT.' 10 THK...
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The Eso of a MABKsr Day.—The body of Mr ...
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~ "- ¦"'- ¦ •• THE "SWISS ¦^UBSTlpifr—^-...
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Tonbridqe.—Firb.—On Tuesday evening last...
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• The divided Csnton*. such as Basle, Ya...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
October 23, 1847. - ---¦ ¦ -^-. ¦^^..¦.....
October 23 , 1847 . - ¦ - _^ _¦^^ _.. _¦^ ¦ . ¦ — THE , NORTHERN STAR , *
-Potfrg. ---¦
_-Potfrg . --- ¦
.Aberdees's Welcome To F. 0*C6"Shor, Hp,...
. ABERDEES'S WELCOME TO F . 0 _* C 6 "SHOR , HP , az xcBixr nnuT . ( Air , Ifct-tfy . Dane . ) Heel as on the bridge of Dee , CConuar ,-brave O'Connor , We _Stfll tseetand welcome thee , fienerons , brave O'Connor . Onr hardy sons , into the north Shall _welcome thee , thon man ef worth ; Sight gladly they'll that day come forth , To meet and do thee honour . Meet as on the bridge of Dee , & c .
Bight proad are we to understand , That Ernest Jone * goes hand in hand , Along with thee to Old Scotland , _TfiOland of hiB * and heather , Meet as on the bridge of Dee . The Charter it shall foremost go , The Land Plan follow up the blow . That will lay tyranny how low , Aad thoa shalt lead , O'Connor . Meet as on the bridge of Dee , And when the day ' s proceedings o ' er _. The * fustians' they in crowds shall pom * , To spend an evening ' s fcapp _* r"hour Along with brave O'Connor , Meet tu on the bridge of Dee .
Thine enemies may growl and bite , The vile Dispctom teU lies for spite , And Sommerville for pelf may write , Bat none can thee dishonour ; Meet tu oa the bridge of Dee Tha Chartists here all to a man , Unfalteringly will by thee stand , "Whate _' er the vile press gang mayplan _, Against oar brave O'Connor . Meet aa on tbe bridge of Bee , tf Connor , brave O'Connor , We will meet and welcome thee , Generous , brave O'Connor .
Fteimto*
_fteimto *
The Right Op The Aristocracy To The Soil...
THE RIGHT OP THE ARISTOCRACY TO THE SOIL , CONSIDERED . By John Noakss . London : Effingham Wilson , Royal Exchange . We can heartily express onr approval of ibis _fwrnphlet , and oar wish thatit may be extensively circulated . ' John Noakes * sets ont by laying down two postulates , that—Tin one man can show a better right than another to - _» thing , it is equally the property of all . Stolen property continues to be stolen property as Ion ; = *» it remains ia the possession of the thief , and no lapse Of time , sate , or other disposal ef it , can cancel the claim -of him from whom it was stolen . '
From these postulates , John Noakes draws the -deduction that tba aoU cannot , by too principles of _-sataral justice , beheld as property by private persons , -bit' belongs equally to all After questioning the light of Francis Russell , commonly called Dake of Bedford , to the estates held by him , he proceeds to _teview tiie original foundation of our territorial aristocracy after the following manner : — _¦"" _To _uidthattoerightQfthcsomrato & Bwawas the light of ths sword , that it . the sword of the foreigner , William ef Hormandy . Tbat gentleman crossed orer from Normandy some years ago , viz . in 1066 , and with sn army landed ia Sussex : being opposed on his landing by "ring Harold , he fought it oat , and fighting overcame , and established himself in the monarchy . As he succeeded , he was called king and his authority
acknowledged ; h » 4 he failed , he wonld have expiated his sins vsith his blood as a foreign invader : bnt he was victor , and by that victory he assumed right in the soil of England and disposed of it at his pleasure , and the most valid and _animpeachable tenure of land of the most noble and ancient f « t-d ** -i is that which is grounded npea tbo grants made by the said William . Ko better title can possibly be possessed , and bnt a -rery small proportion -ean show so good a one . Now try this right , not by the enactments of any particular king or parliament , hat by the principles of natural justice , and then will i t stand Is William ' s seizure of the lands anything more than tbe robber's _seicoreof the traveller ' s money , when he has knocked bias on the head and overpowered bim i Is might right ! In the conxt of rta _^ oa will a claim , so grounded , stand ' _Kot for s moment _.
Bat suppose a claim to be traced to an earlier date still , and the land not to have been seized by the power ¦ of tbe sword , Tbat bought and pai 1 for ; what then , is not 1 i . e possessor ' s tenure valid inreason ! No ; for of whom was it originally bought f Ot the man that had appropriated that to which he conld prove no right , and sold it . Take for example William Penn ' . purchase of land irom the North American Indians ; William Penn ' s descendants and representatives cannot as individuals hold private property in land in virtue of that purchase . _Be--catue tbe North Americas _TndtnnB did not make the ground , it was not their property : they were born on it , thsy hunted on it , they lived on it , bnt they had no right to sell it outright , and thereby assume a property in it to the end of time . They bad only a life interest in it , as every man has in the soil of his _constry ; bat for aa existing generation or family to sell the soli is to sell what 4 oes not belong to them , aad to rob the coming genera--ttoas of that property ia it , to which they for their lives bave as much right as their predecessors .
-John _NoaJkes * proceeds to argue that the only private property a man can have are his person and Km labour . The ground belongs an much to one as -another , and equally to all . John'"replies to the objection , 'that land being wasie and _wudernesa , unoccupied and unclaimed , or even unknown , any one discovering it , and expending ills labour on it , to bring it into cultivation and _^ ruitfuraess , does thereby acquire a better right than any one ' else thereto , snd that nobody being able to
prove so good aright as he it is lawfully his . ' To this * John' answers' that what is the fruit ofthe _snan'sla-. Soar is hU own , but nothing else : the increased fruitfulness of the soil being wrought by him is his , but the soil itself not being th ? work of his hands , _eannst by -any such operation become his property . ' After disposing of the abstract right ofthe community to the soil , ' John Noakes' answers the' in-< quiry , how is the community to hold the land , and in \ rhat way can it be possessed or cultivated , except as it ia , private property ?
Tbe answer is simple . AH we contend for Is , that ibe proceeds of tbe land should be public property , and this need aot interfere with the possession of a single tenant only he pays his rent not to my Lord Sake , hat to the National Exchequer , as the land-steward of the _nation . Neither would ws interfere with the possession ¦ of my Lord Dake daring his lifetime ; we would have respect onto Tested interests , and wonld show some ten . derness even to an invalid possession , if obtained under ihe fonns of law : bnt at bis death let tbe people resume their property , and pnt a stop to that inequality and frightful disproportion which now obtains , of some few men possessing vast territories , and gigantic revenues ; counting their year ' s income by hundreds of thousands , while a large praportion of the people can barely obtain
tne means of subsistence ; and if this sbould in any ease j lead _, to too abrupt a . transition in clreum & lance 9 , a lira- ' itei annuity or' other solatium might be granted to tbe next heir . lam ne leveller , except as levelling as justice _^ 1 am not the advocate of community of property , or ofthe abolition of gradations ia society , for that is _In--evitable , 'JohnNoakes * is not tobe frightened by being ¦ told that hia ideas are * revolutionary ; ' England has "before now been saved by revolution , and the present -feneration owe a good deal to past revolutionists . ~ ° The people must seek redress far themselves ; if < they _ctnnotgetft inlaw , they must get it without Saw Does this sound seditious ? Never mind the « mnd or the appearance , but judge righteous jadg-We * pass over many good things which we should like to anote . including a notice of the rue of that
parasite of old Harry's , Mr John Russell , the tounder of the Bedford family- _Wemust , however _. quote thefollowing for the benefit ofthe apathetic , the idleand the timid , who are everlastingly urging that it * is not the time , ' as if it were ever too soon to denounce wrong , assert the right , and demand justice Do yoa ask is this discussion timely f Do yon think the land owners are too firmly seated ever to be onseated ? orif ever , thatthe discussion is premature ? I answer , we make it timely by discussing it . It will sever become timely by the mere lapse of time ; it must ¦ be discuued and agitated , and _diicouit when yon may , at will bea stormy discussion . We don ' t suppose _people will hear their title to what they consider their own , -questioned , without anger , and in many cases abase acd imprecation . But it Is as timely bow , as it is likely of itself to be , andif it gets much agitated , you -will find , it much more timely ia the course of a few
years . Though differing with * John Noakes * upon onem two point " , we feel bound to repeat onr earnest wish that his pamphlet may . be widely read . The time will come when eight centuries of wrong and _roblie-v must be compensated for by the acknowledgtnenfof right and the work of restitution , and John K-nkeY timely production will , we hope , do some thin *; towards hastening that better tune _.
Thenationd Land Md Labour Bank. By Georg...
_TheNationd Land md labour Bank . By George Candelet . Hyde : Slater , Market-street . We are well pleased _tobeabletotme _^ jn mtm terms of _commendation of _«^ _^ J ** , 'J * Slnstrates the old saying , that good _gp » _wranued to in small bundles . * Mr Candelet _ad-SEldl ' _ttS ? tO Odd Fellows _Foo lers lS and other Benefit Societies , _calung _^ attention to the National land and Ubour Bank _, _plaining its t * turity . tbe amount o f P _»« _^ _depots , Ae .. Aw . This tract should Je _punfosed wh \ u * ale by ths -Hembera ofthe Land _Spwg «* genei _^ d _^ fribntion . We throw out a bint to onr Scottish Mends ; yon ought to get _w _^*** lar to Mr Candelet _' s pamphlet printed , and you have a man well fitted to petfotm the labour of * mtingsuch _a-jamphlret ,---Mr Edward Burrell , of Greefuck . _aia-ui wbose pea _rdwuld place hia wore t _& 9
Thenationd Land Md Labour Bank. By Georg...
The appeal from Greenock m h » i » ir ¦ e _. T _^?* _^ sS _^ mt _^ _SSSSR make htm aa honour to his class -. ......
Donfsnow: **"*• Sta >-»-*:B .Bwkmu;Loif ...
donfsnow : _** _" _*• Sta > _- _» - * _: B . BwkMU ; Loif _Bemrv _' onrS _^ f M - firet - "«¦ - „ _W _° n tte _, recent election , particularly as re . _ttESW * i rjHd - N c _* * 2 and 3 _arelvoted _Ckarfrr _^ , ? n _^ r dM » of t « e Six Points or the The _n _2 ? Chnstia _^ _-y * « _sealed in the Bible . _mLlJd-ulTi _** ? a Dissenting minister . _SSS . _'S _^ H and coapaee « f no _oniinary inf fi ?! I * ' _therefore , capable of greatly advancfl _® " _**<* _& _&& Rights and Duties . The tollowing extract from No . 1 tract exhibits our author ' s forcible style : — A great deal has been said abont the respectability of trad-sand professions , and one occupation is _otten extolled aB mere dignified than another , when tbe real fact is that all honest emp ' oyments , whether ofthe body or mind , aie essentially honourable . The scavenger who sweeps our streets and keeps our drains clear , does more for the public health than the most skilful
physician in the land . The former keeps away disease , tbe laiter only fore * It , _asS _ew-r one ation * that * prevention is betttr than cure . ' Tis true the doctor may be the mora polite and learned man of the two , but then that is not the fault of the scavenger . If the clergy and _gtntri & c . had done their duty , the man who sweeps our streets would have been , ia his manners and morals , as perfect a gentleman as any other person in tbe land . The _clrrgyman who delivers the sermon , and the clown who reduces it to practice are equally honourable , except in those cases ia which the preacher neglect * the rales he prescibes to others , for in every sneb instance the peasant i » by far the better and more respectable man . The day _labonnr may be rude , and the priest polite , bnt tben aa the rudeness of tbe former ir to a great extent the crime of the latter , no one ought to be taunted with a fault to which he has been docmed by the _negligence and injustice of those who bad his manners and destiny in their hands , and were actually paid to perfect his
edu-. _Disagreeing with Mr Parsons en hia estimate of the great Whig , Fox , and not exactly agreeing with him oa some other minor points , still we have ranch pleasure in bearing testimony to the value of his unanswerable defence of Universal Suffrage in Ko . 2 tract . We can only afford room for the following extract : — I might farther ask , is there a dissenting minister in tbe country so lost to shame as to say that he has auy mn in his _congregation beyond the age of twen ' . _y-one who is unfit to vote for a member of _parliament 1 lt snch a spiritual prodigy can be found , then the sooner he quits tbe pulpit the better . To be the professed enlighteuer of a _congregation and to have so far . neglected
his duty as to have men under his charge who are too ignorant or wicked to be trusted with the franchise , is a reproach which few men will be ready to avow . My own congregation is not less than a thousand , aad they are , I am proad to say , mostly operatives ; bat I should be ashamed to show my face in public if I thought there was a _singls person above the age of _twenty-one unfit to receive and use his political rights . ' There is nodanger of granting thia constitutional privilege to the dissenters of the coantry ; and as to the Church of England , if we believ- the Bishops and Clergy , matters are ten thousand times better there ; lor all person * baptised by these successors of the Apostles , are , the cakohism asserts , made members of Christ , children of God , and inheritors of the kingdom of Heaven . ' Episcopalians measure
the number of square feet in the chapels of Dissenters , or count the heads that enter the door of the conventicle , and th * n claim all the rest as their own . All the rest are tobe _scr « , ' members of Christ , children of God , and inheritors of the kingdom of _Heaven . ' and therefore cannot bat be fit to vote for Membtrs of _Parliamtnt . Tc say tbat ' a member of Christ , a child of fled , and an Inheritor of the kingdom of Heaven , ' is too ignorant or too wicked to be entrusted with the franchise , is a libel on the Clergy , oa the Church , and on Christianity . Every Clergyman to be consistent must tie an advocate fur the Extension ofthe Suffrage . To deny its constitutional character would prove him ignorant of the political
rights of man : to deny its equity wonld convict him of being unacquainted with the first principles of christian rectitude : aad to affirm the unfitness of any of his flock to exercise this power , would demonstrate his own unfitness for the sacred ofuce , fais guilty inattention to his flock , aad at the same time belie tiie boasted efficacy of sacramental grace . To oppose Universal Suffrage on the ground of the mental or moral imperfections ofthe people wonld not only be grossly inconsistent with the present principles of representation , bat s bitter reproach on the Churchmtn and Dissenters of onr dBy . If the masses are not fit for the Suffrage , then in the name ofjustice what have the over . paid clergy been doing witb their time !
Mr Parsons is equally happy in replying to most ofthe objections usually urged against Universal Suffrage . Tract Ko . 3 is devoted to a defence of the otber ' points' of the Charter , and is yesry ably written . We trust tbat these tracts will be read far and near , and that Mr Parsons will be encouraged to persevere in his noble efforts for the emancipation of the millions , and the establishment of those principles of pnblic equity , without which the preaching ot Christianity is but a mockery .
An Appeal To Thetlnmbeilng Energies Of T...
An Appeal to thetlnmbeilng energies of the British People . By William Coombs , Wedmore , near Wells , Somersetshire . The author of this ( sixpenny ) publication dedicates the workef his pen to Feargus O'Connor , Esq . M . P ., of whom he appears to be an ardent admirer . Although our author does not say much that is new , he says not a little that is true in exposing the sufferings of the people . Thefollowing is a specimen of his Appeal : — Employ , my honest countrymen , but one moment in reflection , and yea will discover that notwithstanding the cock snd boll story so industriously circulated about the freedom and privileges of Britons , yoa are ia reality slaves .
Are not yonr honest earnings consumed by numerous and immense salaries , paid to Dukes , Huquises , Earls , Yhceunts , and Barons , who make it tbeir boast that their blood is more noble tban tbat of their fellow creatures ; bat can find no lover of liberty to support their assertion ! Are yoa not obliged to pay enormous taxes to a government , in the formation of which the greater part of yon had no hand ! Are yoa not obliged to pay tbe interest of an immense debt contracted by the _imprufience , or ill policy of your rulers 1 Do yoa not support in luxury and wealth an assemblage of
personages denominated the Clergy , who in return confer no manner of benefit upon yon "I Do yon not maintain In _spl-ndour a race , calling themselves the Boyal Family ? and it has beea the pleasure of yonr rulers to place a female at its head , thus perverting the order ef nature _, which ordained for woman the _qaiet domestic walks of life . Are yon not burtbened with the support of a foreigner , calling himself Prince Albert , enjoying an immense income , " together with numerous privileges ! And to sum up all do you not support a standing army , to ensure the power of year oppressors , and to forge the c _* _aaic 3 that bind yoa stronger }
Peopleof England , a star has risen in the horizon , that will lead yon to liberty , and all its enjoyments . It is that of the gallant and neble Feargus O'Connor . Follow him , men of England—never let your adherence to him be shaken ; stand by him through good or evil rtport , for he only among the many of yonr representstires has really and truly your interest at heart . Follow the banner of the patriotic O'Connor , and he will conduct yoa to freedom . He will render every Englishman an independent member ' of society ; and when tha grave _reetives bim he will ( to use bis own words ) leave that society better than he found it _.
.Reasons For Opnealtno To The Middle Cla...
. Reasons for _opnealtno to the Middle Classes on be- ' half of their Unenfranchised Brethren . By a Norwich Operative . " London : Honlston and Stoneman , Paternoster-row ; Norwich : Jarrold and Sons . The * reasons' addressed by the Norwich operative to the Middle Classes , showing why those classes ought to assist the people in their struggle for- ' full , fair , and free representation , ' are certainly very good ; whether , however , the bourgeoisie will deign to consider the said reasons , we strongly question . It appears to us that the conversion of the Norwich operative ' s own class ia tbe one thing needful . If once the mass of working men were _thoreneuljiu earnest , in enforcing their just demands , the conversion of all other classes would be an easy matter . As , however , the middle classes are unquestionably the most ignorant of all sections ot British society , we have no hesitation in recommending the circulation of this pamphlet for their much
needed instruction
The Results Of The Eteetions. This Pamph...
The Results of the Eteetions . This pamphlet is a reorint of an article , which appeared in the _lait number of the Oxford and Cambridge Review , and is , from the beginning to the end , one continued wail over the decline of Toryism and tbe progrc -s of _Demosracy . When we state that the author quotes the * _lrtnent' ofthe ' sublime and beautiful * apostate and pensioner , Burke , ' over the unhappy Marie-Antoinette , ' as applicable to ' our present prospects , ' we have said enough to show the character of hislugubrious composition . 'Alas ! poor Yoriek I '
Statement As Tothe State Of Turnpike Tru...
Statement as tothe state of Turnpike Trusts _inEngland and Wala ; and Suggestions for _duch & rging the Debt , and for consolidating the Roads formed under Turnpike Acts , with District'Highways . "B y William Foote . London : Shaw and Sons , _cotterlane . To a very numerous portion of society , thesubject discussed in this pamphlet is of great importance . To review such a subject would occupy greater space than we conld , at present , devote to n ; we mast , therefore , confine ourselves to merely recommending Mr _Foote ' s pamphlet to all _interested in the question of Turnpike refonn _*
^Toxtesal Phabeticdcsi, "Idcoachdireetpr...
_^ _toxtesAl phabeticdcsi , "idCoachDireetpry . London : E . Mackensie , I' 11 , Fleet-street . e _^ _fu eil * - _" _¦* excelle n- sheets continue to deserve all the commsndatient « we have before-bestowed upon them . It is quite impo , « ible for us to note even tenth part of the many _nsefi _« 1 matters furnished by ii " * eMle - at thi " _uualle st possible cost . Tra-T ' _*™ _* bould take care to p rocure the supplement _yjinijTables , as well as the tables : provided wk & both , they can never be _aj * a loss for nearly all necessary information for travi _filing by road or by
Abdeeywood' S Working Man's Al Manaelfbr...
_AbdEeywood ' _s Working Man's Al manaelfbr the year 1848 . Manchester : A . Heywoot _i , O'dham-streefc . A penny sheet centaining a fen' items of * useful knowledge , 'in addition to the usual features of an almanack . ? 2 * r Mr Sillett _' s JVacf _tcaZ System of Spade _Husbandry will be reviewed in our next .
Tiverton. Tbe People Triumphant.' 10 Thk...
TIVERTON . TBE PEOPLE TRIUMPHANT . ' 10 THK EDITOR OP IHE KOBTHEBN STAB . Sir . —The result of tho recent municipal electSsa held in the borough of Tiverton must be highly _gratifying te the lovers of true liberty and tbe _genuiufr cause of the people . Hitherto tbe Town Council of that borough has been almost exclusively entrusted to the tender mercies ofthe Whige . A great outcry was raised against the ' old four and twenty' in their day , in consequence of the _exclnsiveness of their body , but no sooner did the Municipal Corporation Act come into operation than the Yfhigs proceeded to follow in the steps of their predecessors and to arrogate to themselves the nomination of the whoJe of the
members of the New Body ; and not content with doing this , tbey actually had the _unblushing effrontery to recommend-to the precious Whig government of that day , six of the most determined ci their own partisans to be magistrates forthe borough ! & plot in which ( to the shame of the government ) they succeeded . Now , however , thanks to the determined energy of the people , tbe Whig clique has been dealt a severe blow . No longer is the council composed exo ' usivelyof a faction , a hole has , indeed , been made in its body . The doors of the _Conncilchamber havebeen opened by the people , and through the portals has passed one ofthe _moBt deserving and most consistent men that can be found in the whole borough .
A vacancy having been occasioned in the Town Council bj the disqualification of one of the council men fer Wessexe Ward the people determined on starting a candidate oftheir own . Defeated at the parliamentary election , they resolved to try their strength in the Municipal Corporation . They accordingly started Mr William Rowcliffe as their candidate . This gentleman , it will be remembered , was the proposer of Mr Jalian ' Haraey at the late general election . The Whigs formed a dirty coalition with some of the Tories andalso started a candidate , bnt , _alack-a-dav , they were doomed to an ignominious defeat . A severe contest _ensned but the * people' came off conquerors . Mr Rowcliffe obtained a majority over his _opponent and was declared duly elected . What , then , is the conclusion to be drawn from
this ? Wby , that if the franchise were in the hands of the people , Tiverton would hot be misrepresented as she now is in tbe House of Commons . Poor ' Cupid' would have to wing his flight to some other place of shel ter . I have not resided in Tiverton for some time , bnt when I did live there it was my lot to witness and take part in several elections for the Borough as well as for the Town Conncil , but . I know not any one election , which ever took place in that town , either parliamentary or municipal , that rf fleets so much honour upon the people , and affords such strong grounds for hearty congratulation and triumph as does the recent election forthe Ward of Wessexe , by which the return tothe Town Council has been secured of that tried , staunch , honrst , and independent man William Rowcliffe . William
_Kowcliffe is no mushroom Reformer ; he did not spring up yesterday to be plucked to-day . No ! For years and years , he bas advocated the cause ef the people . Through goodreport and through evil report he has ever stood by them . Regardless alike of threats as of pitiful scorn , he has always been the faithful champion of freedom . Coercion bas been tried with him , but in vain ; exclusive dealing bas been attempted to be exercised against him , but with no better success . He has manfully stood his ground , buffetting every storm , Waving every danger , but budging net one inch . ' The Charter , my boys , the whole Charter , and nothing bnt the Charter * has ever been hismotto . Proud ; indeed , am Ito see that his brother Chartists in Tiverton have rewarded him for his noble patriotism . Long may he live to
enjoy his honours and to continue to be in the Council the champion ofthe _Tiverton people . I will merely add , in conclusion , that I hope we may augur from Mr _Rowcliffe's recent victory that ere long a still greater triumph will be achieved in Tiverton . Let the people of that town take courage , from what'they havenow done . Let them remain true tothe principles of the Charter , and they may refit assured thatthe day ' . is not far distant when they will have the satisfaction of returning to the House of Commons at least one man who will really and truly represent them , their _cau-e , and the cause of the people at large in the British Parliament . I have the honour to be , Sir , Your obedient servant , A TlVERTOMlN .
The Eso Of A Mabksr Day.—The Body Of Mr ...
The Eso of a MABKsr Day . —The body of Mr James Blanchford , farmer , of Tedburn St Mary , was recovered on Saturday last , having lain seven days in the river _Exs . The circumstances are detailed in the following evidence , given on Monday before the coroner , who held an inquisition at the ' Moreton Inn , St Thomas's . John Southcott stated tbat he was the landlord of theMoretonlnn . Tbe deceased had been in the habit of coming to his house for more than 13 years past—generally on Fridays . He saw him from seven o'clock until ten on the evening of the 8 th inst _> , sitting with Mr William Parr , a neighbour , in the drinking room . They were on tbeir horses at the time the express train , at five minutes before ten , passed , and they then rode away in the direction of their homes . Deceased waa not very tipsy ; he was capable of riding and knowing what he was abont ;
he had been drinking beer . Thomas Gregory , landlord of the Turk ' s Head Inn , had known deceased many years . Abont ten o ' clock in the evening of Friday , the 8 th inst ., he came to his honse in company with Mr Parr . They sat down in the tap-room and had two or three pints of beer . At his request they came into the tradesmen ' s room , where Mr Parr tossed with a young man , named Brailey , for three glasses of gin and water . Mr Blanchford did not drink half his grog , but Mr Parr and young Brailey drank theirs . Mr Parr wanted to toss again , but witness thought tbey had bad quite sufficient , and advised them to go home . They then got upon their horses and rode up the street comfortably and steadily together . Tbat was about eleven o ' clock , Jn about ten minutes or a quarter of an hour tbey returned , and deceased said he had been robbed in his house .
Ho accused one or two persons of having robbed bim of his purse with forty shillings in it , but , on putting bis hand in the breast pocket ef his coat , he found tho purse and his money ; he then apologised , and ordered a gallon of beer , but witness wonld not bring it . Deceased and Parr mounted and went away together , just after twelve o ' clock . —William Parr , farmer , of Tedburn St Mar ; ' met deceased at tbe Moreton Inn about six o'clock in the evening of the 8 th inst . It might be half-past eight , or nine , or ten o ' clock when they left . When he got home it might be two in the morning . ( This witness was evidently ignorant of all time . He corroborated the statement of the two preceding witnesses , as much as his recollection wonld permit ) . He insisted upon it that
neither himself nor deceased were very drunk . He found him wanting when he got to the Durnsford gate , bnt he continued on the road , thinking every minute Mr Blanchard wonld overtake him .- James Ljddon _/ sutgeon of SiThomas ' s , had seen the body of deceased , which he helped to _Btrip . The clothes were saturated with water , excepting part of the shirt collar and part of a false collar buttoned te it , which were partially dry , the neck-tie being so tight round the neck as to keep out all wet . There was a layer of clay covering the whole of the face and going back toeach ear , and into each ear . There was also clay of the same description in Ms hands , which were neither clenched nor quite extended . There were no marks of blows or scratches . The
countenance was unnaturally full and congested . The lips were closed , and no soil was in the mouth . The eyelids were shut ; the eyes very much gorged with blood , and , altogether , the fulness of the vessels of the brain was quite sufficient to account for death . His idea was that the face went at once into a bed of clay , snd so he was smothered . It was plastered as an apple made inte a dumpling , ' to the extent of two eighths of an inch , and tbere was great difficulty in removing the clay , so firmly did it adhere . There was an absence of tbe usual symptoms of _downing . The inference was , that he was smothered first with the clay , and came subsequently in the water / Ihe
finding of the body , whioh was seen to go over Tre w _s Weir about mid-day on Saturday , and the finding deceased ' s horse at the bottom of _Qw * -l 2 H . ™? morning ofthe 9 th inst , was then proved .-r-WUliam Ratcliffe , constable ef St Thomas ' s , found upon deceased , in hs right-hand breeches pocket , one sovereign and seventeen shillings in silver ( the pocket was buttoned up , and the money was in a leatner purse ) m . in his waistcoat pocket , spectacles ana . case in his breast coat pocket , and two receipts tor money paid . —The jury returned an open verdict , 'That the deceased was found dead , but asto how he came in the water there was no evidence _tq show . '
At Long Newton , near Stockton , there is now ivingawoman , named Mary Benton , wbose age is 107 . She worked aa a haymaker in the present lear .
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_~ " - ¦"' - ¦ THE " SWISS _¦^ _UBSTlpifr—^ - " -- " _- _ ( From a ' tract' published by the International League ; concluded from the Northern Star of October 16 th . )
Prom the state of things we have described had arisen , as an inevitable consequence , the _absolute _dhcredlt of the diet—the degradation , in public opinion , of every Federal authority . ' How isa power to raafte itself re . _spected which is not even respected by tbe elements that constitute it ? Suppose a decree . passed by the Diet agaiBSt the opinion of tte great Cantons , and by means of that factitious majority of which we bave spoken ; is it to be supposed that those great Cantons—the real majority—win conform tolt ! No : intrenching themselves behind
the cantonal sovereignty—the onl- sovereignty reeognised throughout the Compact , as the fundamental element ef the Swiss Federation—they will leave it unexecuted ; JU « r * 6 the -apposition : the small Cantons will hastenits'fellow tbe example , and to invoke tbe pre . cedent of _diBobediesce . This has been seen- this will ba seen in a few days , when the Diet will decree the dissolution of tbe Catholic league , formed within the State ef the seven Cantons , of which wa shall presently speak . We may be certain that the league will not dissjlre .
| In this impotence of the Federal authority is the _sourca of that tendency to em-toy iij-g » l means—of | _tno-e appeals to _foree-wWeh we- have-eon multiplied m Switzerland for some time past . They are theirre . _golar _wpression of an > opinion whidrcan find no regular organ by wh ch to manifest itself . When _men'think of _« _-SS-STi ? ' _£ e , Bit q ™ Btlon > _* A _^ ing Lucerne _ZuZ » _tI ' it . - , b- ; CMM _«*« jr know the- opinion of tbe J ? l _^ _« ° I *" 1 B TO _* ce in the -M ** <>«• _* at , even if rt shonld succeed , as it isnow doing ; irrfinding one , Us decree will remain a _doadiletter — iu * m 0 t i * e and dis-1 obeyed . The Powers know this : and when they recem- ' msnd peace they play the hypocrite : They _wjulce at this stats of things , and love to perpetuate it ton their-own ends . They love to keep that sword of Daraocfes , _intervention , _snsptnded over the bead of Switzerland .
Opinion bas , however , advanced in Switzerland sinoe 1815 : _everything around ber haB changed , andher own interior has _changed also . When , in 18 K ) nnder foreign influence , the Compost was proclaimed on the ruins of the constitutions established by the Act of ; Mediation , Swilserland was delivered up to the aristooracy ; tbe people were not even consulted , the Governments and Great Councils founded tho alliance on the basis pointed out to them , Since that time aristocracy has fallen almost every where . The principle of _thesovareignty of the people has gained almost all the great Cantons one by _one—Tessin , Argovto , _Solothnfin , "fii-ioh ,
_Silnt-Oall _, f _Thurgovie , Vaud , * "fcrne , Schaffausen , Geneva , & c „ have , since 1830 , pressed onward in tneir democra _ti c movement almost entirely without spilling blood . The internal life of each ot tbe members of the Confederation has thus been reformed and invigorated ; : but the law whicb should rule their collective life bas remained the same ; the child ' s dress still compresses the limbs of the grown man . A powerless compaet ef foreign and unpopular origin , the expression of a state of things which now belongs to the past , weighs like-a nightmare on the national heart beating with new feres and new inspirations .
Here , we repeat it , in tbe want of harmony between its wants and its institutions , dwells the national question ef Switzerland . And this want of harmony is felt not by a few thinkers , by a few _agitatori , without an echo in tbe country' It Ib felt by the large majority of the Swiss people . We will not here recapitulate the public meetings , the associations , the organs ofthe public press , which have ma . nifested it . We have a better proof than all this—a legal fact wbich no one can call ia question . The opinion in favonr of altering the Compact bas long been so powerful tbat , in spite of the spirit of _castonality , so flattered , so promoted bythe institutions themselves , and by all the influences agitating around Switzerland , the Diet itself—tbe Diet with its representatives ef Can . teas , and its imperative mandates—was twice obliged to give way , and to _proclaim the defects of the Compact'of 1815 , its incompatibility with the subsequent growth of the spirit of nationality in Switzerland , and the necessity of a Federal reorganisation .
These decisions ofthe Diet , however , bore no fruit and the extraordinary spectacle of a Government ' neapsble of procuring the execution of a decree put furth fifteen years back is the most decisive proof we could bring of the vices inherent in the constitution of such Govern * ment itself . Bat not ths less , let it be remembered , has the principle been _proclaimed by tbe body which U considered to represent legally tbe vote * of the conntry . The question , since the first decision _oftheDistin 1882 , has become singularly mixed up with religiouB differences . And , in explaining the causes ef the non-realisation of this decision , wo propose to give a rapid view ot the secondary questions , religious or otherwise , which have subsequently arisen . The events of which Switxerland may at no distant time become the theatre , wil
thus be better understood , and this - tbort preparatory labour is tbe more necessary , because tbe journal already alluded to , has endeavoured to take advantage of these secondary questions , in order to fahify the real state of things in Switzerland , by giving a colour of religious intolerance to that which ls essentially a controversy nponinternal organisation . We have already said that the local cantonal element is , in _Switzerland , an historical traditional element tbat no one dreams—that no one could ever dream—of annihilating . No one can , on the other hand , dream of denying the existence of a national element—of a sentiment of general progress , of common . interest , of common country , wbicb has , for
good or evil , sustained tbe existence of tbe Confederation during more tban five centuries , through all sorts of dissensions , dangers , and wars ; and the want of a more and more complete _harmonisation of these two elements in their developement is not , as some would wish to insinuate , the ambitious whim of _afsw Individuals anxious to play a great part : it has been the problem , the permanent desire , ofthe noblest hearts , tbe highest intellects of Switzerland , from Nicolas da Flue down to Muller the historian ; Ithas shown _itself more powerful at every step made by the democratic spirit—every time , in other words , that the general opinion of the country bas gained ground upon the spirit of aristocracy ,
Ofthe political condition of Switzerland before 1789 we need not say much ; a species of Federative alliance existed between the Cantons , but tbe institutions cf the middle age were throughout the country predominant . Already , however , prior to the French Revolution , the popular idea might be seen fermenting here and there ; and the events of . _1789 only served to give it a bolder impulse . With the ' insurrectlons of Basle , ot Vaud , and of Geneva , tbe _£ _estre cf a more intimate union of tbe Cantons began to show itself , But tbe French Government , carried away by the idea of conquest , committed
an error ; and in 1798 the Directory abolished not only tbe Federal Compaet of the Cantons as then existing , but the separate existence and constitutions of those Cantons themselves , and implanted one single comtitution for the whole country upon the varied soil of Switzerland . This exaggeration ofthe national principle , and thc radical vice of foreign usurpation , just awakened the cantonal spirit . Heie and there an open strnggle took place , andrepugnanco was manifested everywhere . The Act of Mediation wbich Napoleon , with a moie profound acquaintance with the country , gave in 1801 to Switzerland was very differently xeeived .
The _Aeiof Mediation recognised tbe triumph ofthe popular element ; local right was respected by the liberty granted to each of the nineteen Cantons then composing the Confederation , of giving itself its own constitution , provided only that it sbould not be in contradiction with the recognised popular principle ; the national sentiment wss reoognised _, at the ' same time , above all by tbe enactment of the right _offrse establishment and also by the reasonable importance granted to the amount of population of a district , by giving two votes in the Diet to tbe Cantons containing more than 100 000 inhabitants , and one only to those lest _populous . These were the merits of Napoleon ' s constitution . On tbe other hand , however , the constitution was defeetlve in the _weskness which it was calculated to entail upon the central power : an intentional result on the part of
Napoleon , whose policy it was that France should only be powerful as a nation . There were , besides thit inhe . rent weaknoss of the central power as organised by Napoleon , the uncongenial elements of an ali . poweiful foreign influence , and the necessity of continual sacriflees which the French alliance imposed . The merits of the Act of Mediation , to which we have referred , caused it to be received with _aeclamations , and maintained for a period with zeal , and even _^ o be the eanse of some internal progress . Its Inherent defects , and accompanying drawbacks , decided the Swiss to range themselves , ln 18 U , on the aide of tha _conquering AUlas , who i nvaded , it is true , but in the name of liberty and of independence ,
the nationalities violated by tho ascendancy of Imperial France . Tht Act of Mediation wa « then annulled j the Confederation divided into twenty-two . Cantons ' ; the Compact of the 7 th of _AugustMl" _^ negotiated at Vienna , and promulgated at Zurich , substituted for anterior legislation ; and the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland recognised on the 20 th of Novomber 1815 , by France , Austria , England . _Bussia , Prussia , and their Allies , who formally guaranteed the integrity and inviolability ofthe territory of the Confederation . The Compact of the 7 th of August , 1815 , effaced tbe ameliorations of the Aeio Mediation , and organised the Federal Constitution In the manner we bare _showe , and as It _still remains _.
As we . have already remarked , the popular voice bad no share in this ' remodelling cf tbe Constitution ; the j Councils only voted upon it . And the Compact was ac-1 oepted because tbe people were anxious to escape from a merely provisional and temporary state of things , and because they didnot and could not imagine thatthls was to bea final institution , never to be modified in ; accord _, ance wiVh _iniernal progress , or with the necessary _deve-Iopement of the national Idea . Bat the object of the Powers was seon perceived , and from that time the reaction began . The aristocracy , protected by the absolute Powers , and profiting by tbe uncertainties and the improvidence wbicb accompany great changes , had nearly [ everywhere repossessed themselves of their power , Everywhere , also , the popular principle silently pressed on towards the struggle whioh was _tobsrit forth in 1880 , and in the following years . Religious controversy now came to add a new element to the . popular discontents . On the one hand , it _waspsrcelved with alarm that the reorganisation of the Confederation provided no metro * polltanbUhopfor Catholic 8 _* vit _** - _)« nd , and that the su-
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preme government of that church fell na ' ursilyinto'tbe hands of the Catholic Nuncio , who established his residence at Lucerne thus opening the way immediately-to the direct influence of Rome ; on the other hand , the Jesuits , everywhere dreaded , were seen reappearing , found-Ing establishments in various places , and endeavouring , little by Uttle , to appropriate to ' themselves the education of ibe conntry , In 1830-81 , a series of popular movements overthrew almost everywhere , as we have already said , and without bloodshed , the power of the aristocracy . A more violent collision took place in 1832 , between the town and the rest of the _Gsnton of Basle , at the end of which the Diet was obliged to _recognise the separation of the Canton into two departments—Basle" Villa and _BaBle-Campagne—each enjoying from tbat time _holf . vote . •' - ' .
With the triumph of the popular principle the question of the . revision of the Federal Compact was imperiously called for . The principle of life _beftjj changed in each State , it was elear that the principle of life of the whole mast alio be modified . All these internal revolutions expressed new wants and new- ideas , whieh mast necessarily bring about new relations between the States wbich had accomplished tbem , The principle of ruling by a majority of the people having been onee accepted in each Canton , it became impossible that the contrary principle conld continue foreign in all that concerned the general interest , or that the minority ofthe population ot Switzerland could give law in their Diet to War majority , The national idea bad , moreover , gained in power in proportion as tbe Swiss citizens bad gained in
dignity . The force of argument- within tbe _JMet and the agitation ia the conntry became at length so-overpowering that , owthe Ktbof July , 1832 , by a majority of sixteen voices against tire , tbe Diet itself proclaimed that tbe revision ofthe Compaet had become _indhpensabk . The five opposing Camen * themselves did not deny the principle : they contented themselves with saying that the etting opportunity ha * not yet arrived . A com . mission of fourteen members , _seleeted from the highest _inanthorityandfrem-. tlie m _« s * distinguished inteHeotr ofthe Di et , was charged _todrawotrt the plan of a new compact , it was presented on the 15 th of DecenAert an * was extremely raoderate--often too timid , and leaning , perhaps , _too-muchtoward the cantonal interest _., _butinoontestably botttrthantheoldione
_Thenwere seen ih notion all the _viees of the Federal ' Constitution , which _we-haveppintedoatin theprecedin- ? pages . It had been impossible to avoid acknowledging ? the principle ; parties reserved themselves te refuse its ' application . In the interior , the Cantons of Scbwvtz , Uri , Unterwalden , _Basle-Vllle , and Neufchatel , stimulated principally by the intrigues of _Austria , organised against all ohange the _league called the-League of _Sarnen , frozmtbe name ot a locality ofthe Canton of Unterwalden where its representatives assembled . Witbout the country , the ambassadors- of the absolutist Powers began to alarm the . Cantons by notes analogous to those J which Monsieur Guizot is bow sending : te * Switzerland ; and _subseqnentiy , by their conduct in the-affair of the proscribed exiles resident in Switzerland , they succeeded in sowing fewr , mistrust , _anffdivision _amoajst the Cantens . We regret tbat we bare not space here to set forth this matter in detail , _beoause it lays-bare , better tban anything else could do ,, the tavtiet-by whioh the foreign Powers influenee tho national affairs of
Switzerland , het it suffice to say , that npon the simple fact of some Italian , Polish , and German exiles joining a publio _aesosiation , organised with a view to the reform ofthe Federal Compact , they raised the _bugfiear of an armed revolutionary _propagandism threatening the _tranquility of Europe ; exacted ; tbe expulsion of all the pro » erlbed political parties 5 formed a military cordon round Switzerland ; endeavoured to give the question of a reform of tbe Compaet the aspect of originating in an idea of external propagandism * and succeeded in deceiving the credulous , alarming the timid , nnd encouraging the _discontented . The plan ofthe _commistioa was- _rejected ; and the realisation of the Diet ' s decree indefinitely postponed . Nevertheless , it _wasnever abandoned ; and wben , iu 1844 , it was proposed to deelwre that there was no longer any occasion to consider it further , a majority consisting of ten votes and two _balf-votes * pronounced for the continuation vf the question . It was from tbe moment—and we entreat attention . to what appears to us an important point of view—it was from the
moment when all parties could notbnt acknowledge that there was nothing more to hope from tbe central antho . tity , and when all parties felt themselves confined within the fatal circle drawn by an organisatlon power _, less for good , but perpetuating itself by its very defectsthat a tendency to tbe extra legal strurgle first insinuated itself into the ranks of the progressive majority . It appeared a sad but necessary evil to be encountered for the safety of tbe country—for its rescue from tbe double burthen of a retrograde minority in the interior , and a despotic foreign influence . The religious question , on which we aro about to say a few words , brought an additional source of irritation to men's minds . It was , however , treated , wherever it arose , with justice and moderation oa the part of ths progressive m-jority ; and we beg our readers to compnro the few facts that we are about to cite , with tbe assertions pnt forth witbout proof by the Times , in the article _referred to above ; Tbey will then see hew much faith tbis journal _doaerves in foreign questions .
Under a negotiation , traceable to French Influence under Lonls XIV , the constitution of the Canton of Glarls granted to the Catholics a share in the executive power very superior to their numerical proportion with the Pretestants of that Canton . Equality was _re-esta . bllsh . d in 1837 . There is certainly nothing there which constitutes an attack upon religious tolerance . There were disturbances in Le Yalais in 1840 and 1814 , but it was from the first purely a political question there , A constitutional reform , establishing the just principle that each district of the _Canton shonld share inthe composition of the Great Council according to Its population , was accepted by tho m-jority . Th *
minority eitnblnbed in the Haut . Valais—a part of the Canton given over to tbe influence of the military , clerical , and landed aristocracy—res : sted , and orgsnised a separate government , A struggle ensued , and victory declared for tbe majority . The Jesuits had taken an active pait in the revolt of the retrogressive party ; nevertheless , there was no reaction against them . Later on , the Jesuits and their partisans , after having laboured bard , and succeeded in gaining over the peasantry to their cause , renewed the attack ; they conquered , and re-established the old system of inequality _. The proscription ' of Protestant worship , even in the sanctuary of the family , was one of tbe first acts of the triumphant party .
In Argovie , at the time of a liberal revision of tbe constitution , the opposition on the Catholic side assumed a factious and unceustltutional aspect . It was after the discovery of some plots tending to provoke civil war , and of certain secret assemblies held in tbe convents , tbat the Great Council decreed in 1841 , by an Immense majority formed of Catholic as well as of Protestant deputies , the dissolution of the _convtnts , Tbe decree was peacefully received by the Argovian populations . Some Catholic deputies presented appeals to the Diet , and there were several discussions from 1841 to 1843 , upon tbe subject , the conclusion of which was the approval of the part taken by the Great _Ceuncil ef Argovie . The measure adopted appeared to everybody so exclusively political-that several Catholic Cantons , snch as _Tessin . Solothurm _, _iso . were the first to defend Argovie la tbe Diet ; and the only request addressed to it bythe Diet was , tbatthe _unoffending convents fer women should not
be comprehended in the general suppression . Here is all that constitutes the religious episode In the history nf Switzerland since 1815 , until the affair now pending of the JeBults . The Jesuits and the Apostolic Nunciate had , particularly since 1840 , laboured with tbe greatest activity in gaining over to _themeelves the population of Lucerne ; and a decree of'the 6 rand Council of that Canton , in 1814 , committing the education of the clergy to the'Fathers of the Society , * convinced Switzerland of the fact . The moment was ill chosen ; blood wits flowing in the passes bf La " _vslais _. and general ' opinlon accused the Jesuits established at _Briggs of having fomented these civil _struegles . It was asked where tbe encroachments of tbe Ullra . Mor . tar . 6 party would stop ; and it was remembered with alarm that Lucerne being one of the threo Torort towns , the central direction of Swiss affairs would in turn necessarily fail under the influence of a sect _irreconcilably inimical to the conquests gained by liberal opinion since 1830 .
Complaints became so general that the Diet at length addressed an invitation to Lucerne , in the name of the country at large , calling npon tbem to expel the Jesuits . The invitation waB haughtily refused . It was after this refusal , and in consequence of the confessed impotence of the Djet , that the armed attacks mado upon Luccrne and Fribourg by the ardent spirits of some reforming Cantons , who organised themselves under the Barae of the ' Free Troops , ' took place . These attempts proved abortive ; but they _furnlBhed to- tbe retrograde party a pretext which they had long sought for organising themselves . The _Sonterbund , or Separate _Leagne , was formed in 1845 . Tha existence ofthis League , and the revision of the Compact , ose two vital questions upon which the Diet , sitting at the present time in Berne , is called upoa to decide .
The Separate League , as _avowodly and o nclally _confessed , embraces the seven Catholic _Csntons—Lucesne , Fribourg , TJri , Schwytz , Unterwalden , Zug , and Le Volala . It has a permanent Council sitting at _Luwrne , a common treasury , an army , a commander-in-chief , and is pledged to offer resistance against nil internal or _extetnal attack , be It from tho other Cantons or from the Pedoral power . It is supported , aud almost openly so , by Austria . It is evident that , even under the actual Compact , the Catholic League is illegal . Tbo last section of Article V ., and Article VI . are sufficiently _deceive . By tbe last section of Article T „ it . _' s enacted tbat' Whatever
differences may arise between the Cantons , they shall abstain from all acts of violence , and above all from the _ubb of arms , ond they shall conform in everything to the decis ' m _gicen' ( by the Diet ) . And Article VI . is in the following words : — 'The Cantons shall not form amongst wch otber any connexions prejudicial to the Federal compact . ' Moreover , the instructions given to tbe representatives of the Cantons for the present sitting of tbe Diet hav * already decided the _question . Birno , Zurich , Orisons , Argovie , _Thurgovie , St Gall , Scbaffhauten , Vaud , Tessin , Geneva , Basle-Oainpagne , Solothurm , Outer Appensell , and _Glaris , will vote for the dissolution of ths League ; _Basle-Viile itself will vote for a friendly Invitation to tne same effect . There is here , then , the Immense majority
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of Switzerland , _-ind _comprth . nding > 'Beveral Catholic Cantons . Tha same party will also vote for the expulsion of the Jesuits , ' But , aeyertheless , we may rest assured that tha Leagne will not dissolve itself . Encouraged _bytheabso . _lutist Powers , it will resist ; and when , the principle having been voted , the time arrives for _Mirjing It into effect , and deciding npon the coercive measures to be taken , we shall see all the old difficulties and distensions reappear . And whilst the Cantons which represent tha _majority of the Swiss population will consistently vote fo * the immediate execution by the Federal forces ef tho Diet's decree , a few different opinions broached ; b y soma smaller Cantons , struck by timidity or seduced by other means , will cause that majority _ofvotei to be neutralised . Then appeals to force , violent and _extrslrgal attacks will reappear ; and with them tbe menaces and , perhaps , the interference erf the foreign Powers , which tbe ; notes of France and Austria enable us already to foresee .
Suoh is , at the present moment , tbe true position of _Switserland . Let us sum it up in a tu w words . _Switserland feels h ' _tmlf _suffering in her material and economical , in her political and in ber national / life . For , want of , the right of free settlement , htr industry , ]&> stead of being developed in unison in the grand common emporium of a united country , is carried on in twenty * fonr 'mall rival workshops . Harmony between labour , intellect , and _capital is impassible ; foreign rivalry _be- > _evaes more and mere tfireateninir to her niar . ufsc ' _arcri ' and , while in one pari of the oountry capital exists unemployed for want of labour , we see the inhabitants of mother ftrced to emigrate or te dishonour themselves * by entering the service of foreign despotism " . By _rausit denies , toils , taxes , and entrepots ; by cantonal custom
houses ; by _twenty-fonr _different systems of coins , _welgftts _^ and measures , her industry is fettered , restricted _, and rendered stationary . A Federal authority , fallen into _eontMBpt , having so direct relationship , with th * citizens of the common country , and without power tet enforce-the erecution ofits decrees ; inequality _ereetei into an- established rulo , tn > tbe midst of a r _. _puWicaa land , by ant absurd and aristocratic mode of representation ; a complete want of harmony between the fenow « leoge and education of the different Cantons ; a civil law , multiform , confused , and capricious ; rivalries- andjealousies v-hero there ought te-b- only love , peace , an * association of labours—continually undermine the iuv ward life of _Swftz-. _rland . Htr outward life is null : she bas no-voice , _no-influence , no _minei-m , in Europe . Sh *
jbas no strength , no unity , to resiirt the invasions wltlt which she is incessantly threatened . Ana all this is bf ' virtue of a Compact which effaces _allidea of nationality , which enables local interests to Bear the palm from th » general-welfare , and which puts it in the power of a ml . nority to neutralise all the voteo . nd all the ideas of progress of the great majority of the eountrv . Tho large numerical _majorrij-of tbe Swiss people desires to substitute for this Compaet an Jther Compact , truly Federatbe , wbich , _Bitbout desstroying the administrative rights of the Cantons , shall harmonise them with _» he political rights Of the country at large , nnd whieh , by a-just and reasonable expression of the national idea , shall give to > them 3 Jority the means legally and _ptcmfuUylot ; _pregres . slug : towards a stiH- closer union of tha ' S _. tates whicb ) constitute the natiom . _•'; .-. " .. ' •' . _w .
The _aasolutlst Powers , with who- * we regret to seeconstitutional Franoe uniting herself , _onpoie'tbemselve * to the _realisation of this desire . Thej . declari ; that , ia spite of the changes whieh have taken ! place . all around Switzerland since 18 * 3 _» and in spite of _tSos ' e which havebeen worked out within tbe bosom of . each of her Captons , tbo _Compaot shall ; remain , eternally the i & ma-They threaten _iuterveation in case oft ' a ' change , And thus they-condemn Switzerland to inevitable anarchy , by leaving : to tbe m-jority no means of progress except a recourse to _extra-legal modes , - ; to civil contests ' , and Ut force . If they see the mere symptoms-of sueh things arise , they , menace , equally , intervention .
Our task bas been the _ri-oital of facts upon which we beg thc serious thought of an English public . _iAt any moment the gravest events may now be taking place ia Switzerland , and we _auallnoi bu ai all _au . prioid if ••>« are compelled to witness-tbere , in the very heart ot Europe , tbe first act of a drama of whicb the occupation of Cracow was the prologue . TBE SWISS _CGSEEDERATION . ' g * 3 E "" I i ¦¦ s-h $ § I _ess . 2 « •« a tO S * _Vt-t _*** _^ ' * pCS h & _ZuMm 4 _iiiU _% miU % *& U 9 . i _mjimniuimnnu v Boee _£ _iimuo oa _ho & _oc-eusfr's->> : S ¦ £ _¦• - a b SS 2 _mi 2 » o . 0 Jr a 0 C s _«» 00 oaao _" JS _"oooao _, a 1 " 3 "Jg ' _o'g _' ' o s _?"© ti tn" _? So' 5 3 lo--g"S' - - _"• _oSKkCoSS X -g " g _otiCoSHoJiK © SsB _2 _! iS _» _»* - _« . »« _* 4 r _« _^^_ __________________ 11 ' ........ . . _. J" ... _? m , . . . tj w o o s ° ' a 3 a e » fl . ... ... ••« . -t . . B . . . o a 8 © . * *? o 3 _& S-3 . g _= fs . I 3 I .- "I h 2 _„ s 1-CIll-i l l 1 s _a _^ _-Hi-aSls S 5 p a So . a _« 3 3 _^ a _sj . _^ aS » _«¦§ e . a Protcsiant population about . . 1 , 236 , 928 Catholic population about • . 800 , 000 Total population . . . 2 , 036 , 928
Tonbridqe.—Firb.—On Tuesday Evening Last...
Tonbridqe . —Firb . —On Tuesday evening last ay fire broke out-in a _large lodge standing close to the railway , and near to Brook-street . It . was lined with straw , and had a thatched roof ; it was , at the time ? of the fire , peopled by hoppers , who were asleep . Ontr of tbem was awoke by the smoke , when he discovered the placo to ba on fire ; he immediately e _"* " * o au alarm to the rest , whea they rushed out . leaving a girl about four years old in the lodge . It was soon found to be impossible to sare ber life , as the place was but one mass of flames . After an hour had expired , the child was got out from the burning heap , but of course quite dead .
Bristol . A _sirasob Want . —Tho magistrates were engaged on Tuesday in hearing a charge of robbery and attempted murder against a man named Janus Venn , a returned convict , who on Monday evening gave himself up to a policeman , self-accused of the crime . The prosecutrix , Miss Ann Loosemore , wh » appeared very ill , slated that on Monday last , at betweon 5 and 6 o _' clock , she was crossing tho road leading from Knowle to Bedminster , known as ' Dog' or * Old John _' _s-lane , ' when the prisoner , whom she had obsetved for some distance \ Uking behind her . jumped suddenly across a small biook which at one part divided the road , _and-with a large stick , which sbe had observed in his hand when walking , struck her a heavy Wow across the headwhich lolled
, her He then swore ho would have her money , and said he did not know whether or not ho would spare her life . She begged him to let htr get up ; and , upon his doing so , gave him Is . 6 d ., all that she had about her . He said he would have more money , and upon her saying she had no more , struck her another blow which rendered her nearly insensible . Sbe lay upon tbe ground with tbe blood flowing from her , but too weak and terrified to help herself , while the prisoner pulled up her clothes , and tore off a pocket in -whicn _sher- had a vinaigrette bottle , a necklace , and somo small matters . Having searched ber minutely , he made off . first ol all threatening her if she >
dared to get up . UpoB recovering herself a httle , she succeeded with some difficulty in reaching » houso at a short distance off , the inhabitants of which , alarmed at her state , sent her to the New General Hospital in _Gunner-stnet for medical aid . The prisoner , ha _"" ing heard that alio was dead , surrendered himself to police constable 205 , to whom ho confessed thathe it was who had robbeoVher and maltreated her , audi that he gave her the second blow to' make her quiet , " and hoped he should ba ' tucked up for it- * The magistrates committed him : for trial , and-upon hia being told that the offence was a capital one , for which he was to be haaged , _heBaid that was what be-wanted .
Solar PnKiiOMXNA . —At _preBsnt two very large ? groups of solar spots aro visible at tbo centre of tha aim ' s disc . Advaktaox © y Takikg a _Newjpapbb , — -The Dewnshire _ChrcnkUsnyo— 'A farmer residing tear Newton , last week sold abeut 100 bushels of wheat at Taper bsshel , not having heard that an advance had taken plasoin the price of taat article . On conversing with his neighbour , wh * re-Bided at the adjoining farm , and stating what a bargain he bad made , the neighbour replied , ''Why , man , Ihao so _' . d thiosama feller a hundred bushel * at 8 s ., and nort so good & sample as thine . ' The farmer seemed sadly mort » - tied at the bargain ho bad made . His neighbour replied , « Why dunt thu * take in tho _nusepaper , and see the cam markets , how the go ? „ « trrl Rum _CincuMSTisci _' .-It having been reported
_& _W _^ Ee _tt-fiSKfc _"f _thSimSiately dtepMMed into the vestry rorm There we wore informed a proctor read soma woSi from a _paper-an acknowledgment , we supnow of toe _offoMe-which the penitent declared to Ki ; e , Mrs Lucas at the nun - ' time lacing him . Thia was tha commoBcoment and conclusion of tne _ISSttSA to the _disapointment of tho _rM KSt . who fully expected to see the , nan _envj toped in a white _sheat , with taper in hand , stendmg about £ -100 , 000 per _anuum for butter , -
• The Divided Csnton*. Such As Basle, Ya...
• The divided _Csnton _* _. such as Basle , Yal * U , _< K have their votes alio divided .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 23, 1847, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_23101847/page/3/
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