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li August 30, 1845.- THE NOBTHEPtN'STAR....
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" " Aii-I I will war , at least in words...
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1 ITALY, AUSTRIA, A> *D THE POPE « SO. V...
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^ .V^V*"* "* . ssd tlw ?«>?. A letter 2(...
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* The suppression of periodicals entirel...
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gcrr inilittiT ani* %ort&uttntt»-
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FIELIXGAKDEN OPERATIONS. Far tlie, Week ...
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*= Lucerne. —On the Gth of September, wh...
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BOXES AKD SULl'HTJRIC ACID, nr w. c. s?o...
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. A DIGEST rSOJI TAB IB...
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Bmiltnipts-, &u
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BANKRUPTS. (From Fndatft Gaxelle, August...
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iflWtet jfitteUfeeuce*
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LlVEOTQOTj GATVtfc MxRKfil, Mostjai, Avj...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Li August 30, 1845.- The Nobtheptn'star....
li August 30 , 1845 .- THE NOBTHEPtN'STAR . 1
Ar00700
" " Aii-I I Will War , At Least In Words...
" " _Aii-I I will war , at least in words , ( i ( And—should iny chance so hay-yea—deeds ) , V With ail who war with Thought 1 " " " 1 think I hear a little _hlrd , who slags 5 Jlie people b _^ and hv will be thc stronger , "—Bsaos
1 Italy, Austria, A> *D The Pope « So. V...
1 ITALY , AUSTRIA , A > * D THE POPE _« SO . VI . If : Jfr . _ilizzisi nest combats thc Arguments of the * " _xik " moral force philosophers , " who , professing love for i the c the causcof Italy , bid the Italia . - . ! patriots to use other 1 than than insurrectionary _menis to attain their ends . ' The The men who _sayj " Try legal means ; combat 1 thro through the medium of ideas ; better your condition 1 by 1 by _tiegrecs ; progress morally aad intellectually , i sine fiir . ee _pailtieally yen cannot . It will tc long before ; yen yen will have liberty ; bnt pence is in your power—! pcai peace , the _fesi of a people ' s benefits , in now obstlr . at < cutely persisting in a system of revolt and physical fore force , " yoa sacrifice the worthiest among you , and yoti dc ** degrade your cause in seeking to attain a noble end fcy"i _ly means that are _jatontestihlr beneath it . " Thus say say seine . Let oar _raukra weigh well Mr . MAzzixCs _rers _relifv _?—
T _Uanncsi !< _--ial * _ly , sir , it is very natural that yoa , for ¦ ycr _-ycnrowapaiposes and those ofthe foreign absolute _gover _verarocnts you 3 _ovi so much , she-old desire to gain credit for for this error : but it would be * strange if , with the practic tical common sense that distinguishes your countryrce » , th ( _theysIiouM long swer it to mislead them . There is no _Cei Centre In tlialy— would to God there were one !—for nu might tliat _agitates , coaspires , or is iusurrcctinnoAy _Ci General discontent there _island from this discontent , mi met by our governments with violeut reaction whenever Ui their suspicions arc attracted to its extant , _naturally ei wise _fiosemarafc-stalions that from time to time arrest ib tbe attention of Europe . Without doubt , associations do K Bast in the bosom of tha country ; hut thc vastest and Xr most _dangcrtus association is that—without union
" w "Witbont organization , _irithoat oaths—of all men of soul , © conscious of ihe evil , and earnestly desiring to sec its end . 1 These men Snow each other , divine each other , in every C _cityinevcry-proiince : thcyfallintocominuaication when 5 Some event , abroad or at borne cheers their hopes ; then , t terror and espionage magnify these communications to t the eyes of tlieir masters ; arrests _arerife—esfc-aortUnarj i measures of safety are put in force - _, till the hot-headed i ami those most in danger spring into the arena , _some-« times to set action an example , sometimes in an energetie i endeavour to find safety . Without doubt , certain jnen exercise an influence ia the rants of the _National party ; but rather a moral influence than a substantive poweran influence imprinting a _tendency and giving a colour to
manifestations that it neither organized nor suggested . Since 1 SS 2 , this has principally been the part of Xa Giovine Italia . Young Italy is a standard . By oral _instruction and the press it has enunciated and diffused _principles _thsthave . sunk into the heart of men of action . It has done what lam in part doing at this momentpleaded thc cause ofthe Italian nation , anil sought , with some degree of snecess , to unify its tendencies . So that its seal has been impressed as it were on many events that lave occurred in Italy , _tSon-jIi the evcntsthemselves , Z re-assert , arose spontaneously , unforeseen , and almost instantly , irom ths state of things , from the measures of Government , from feelings natural to a people oppressed , with no chance of alleviation for their _suucriEgs save by the path of insurrection .
Yoa _maypreach , then , ns much as yoa like to those _Inflividuals _onwhoinyouhave Sscd tlie appellation of chiefs , liut you will put no stop to Italian agitation . Sever — not even with the concurrence of those chiefs if you could obtain it—will yoa succeed in re-establishing in Italy « hat you arc pleased to call , peace , as long as _tMugS remain as they arc . How is it possible for the people to remain peaceful when the desnotismswageapcrpetual war against ull that is liberal and enlightened , whether men or ideas ? In the article which appeared in the Star of fast week reference was made to the insurrections of ISO , 1 S 21 , and 1831 . Those ave the threo most important movements which have transpired since the fall of Napolkos . Bat there has sot been a _single
year since 2-320 that has not furnished its contingent of resistance , of conspiracy , cf outbreak , of terror , ond of _vietiras . In 1825 Komagna was subjected to the proscriptions of Cardinal llivarola , wheu live hundred mid eight persons were proscribed by one Monster decree . In 1827 political prosecutions _rcttBanieneed at _Naples and in Calabria . In 3825 , tho _iiwnrreciion organised ia the province of Salemo _waswhclaic-diubloed : three patriots were _executed at Xaplcs , eleven at Salerno , twenty at Bcsco , fiftytwo were eondemncd to the galleys for life , and a crowd of others to minor _punishments . In 18-33 , Italy seemed trcmbline . in a volcano from one ex ireffiiiy to the other . Three different plots were discovered at _Sanies : the Cavaliere _lhcn perished on
the seaiFold at Slodena ; thirteen individuals were shot at Palermo ; thirteen cfc ' _ccrs and others in the Sardinian _States ; and condemnations to Spielberg took place at _Slilas . In 1837 twenty-nine death sentences at Modena , eight at l ' _cnnciuthB _Abruzzi , eight at Catania , and twelve in different parts of Sicily mark tliat year . In 1 SH tho city of Aqnila _wtaessed live condemnations to the ergastolo , fortyone to irons for _twcnty-Sve or thirty years , ami nlP . e to Hath . Ia 1 SU the tragedies of Cosenza and Bologna were the consequence of thecomhincdmaehina tioas of Italian tyrants and English _Ministerisl _traitors—iraitora to every sentiment of honour , to lie _disnitv nf their own country , and to the hopes
aad lives of some of Italy ' s whitest son 3 . Such , is f hepatte of Italy . How vain , then , is the babbling of those—it may be " well-intentioned , but weak-minded —persons , who bid Jlr . _Mazzisi and his countrymen look to _pKKeaKc and fc < jal means to save their country . _Sux-h persons are unwittingly advising thc exiles to withhold their assistance irom a combat which no human power can now prevent ; advice _wlfrch , if followed , would leave thc youth of Italy without friends , without guides , the ready victims of the implacable despotisms of their country _^ Mr . Mi-crsi would fain embrace moral means , if such moans were pratiaeahle , but no such means exist in _Italv _:-
If another path _covdd lead towards the goal—if efforts conceived in a pacific spirit could advance our counJjy _toward the _conouest cf its nationality—thc existence of that path , how narrow soever , how painful socrcr the _process , might mate it a duty in thc individual to bury _vtithin ban that sentiment of consolidation that now _Japdsus to thc arena on which onr brothers arc doing b-ntle , and to talk of tlie subject with calmness nnd resignation . Sat where is this path tobe found ? lafk In vain aa answer io this question . J cannot briny mysdf to imagine that you expect a man to walk who is _tlt-d hand and foot , without tirst severing the cords that hind hhn .
When yon Englishmen have a reasonable ; _ohject to ottaiu , you have the great highway of public opinion open io your steps : why should you digress into the l > r- ] aucs of conspiracy or iuto the dangerous _morasa of insurrection % _TToa pat your trast _ja the _all-pOTrerfulcess of Truth , and you do well : but jou can propagate this truth by the press—you can preach it morning and evening in your journals—you can insist upon it in lectures—you can _iiopularisc it in meetings ; ia a little while , it stands _menacingly on the hustings , whence you send it to your _Tailiaaiei *!; seated in the ir . _ttjariry . " we Italians have neither Parliament , nor hustings , nor liberty of tho press , norlih : _* rty of speech , nor possibility of _lavdiil public assemblage , nor a _single means of expressing the opinion _slirrin-j within us .
Italy is a vast prison , guarded by a certain number of S _^ _i'lers and gendarmes , supported ia case of need by the bayonets ofmen whom we don't _uxderitandacd who don't understand us . If we spealc , they thrust a gag on our _weuths if we make a show of action , they platoon us . - _^ petition , signed collectively , constitutes a crime _ajsiast ihe State , _yotfiiagis left us but the endeavour to _agneia secret to wrench thc bars from the doors and _irindows of _ourprifion—to knock down gates and gaolers , that we may breathe the fresh life-giving air of liberty , the air of Rod . Then , a career by pacific means of progress will be open to us ; thcu will beg in , our goUt and conaenwstion if we cannot bring ourselves to be content with it .
Let those fools and fanatics , who would pledge a people _tfa-cr Ut _Atttphpsical force in their struggles for justice , and uudcr " no circumstances" employ tbe _taeans to beat down oppression , which tvrants irivari nWy employ to beat down the people ; let such ( and there are . or have been , such _laischoTions idiots in this country , who , by carrying their moral force cectnncs to the extreme of abairditv , have caused _rf-reds mid divisions , and almost irreparable mischief ) read the _fuliowing : — 4- lt f partfe 3 n of that Jesuitical maxim , tke end J _^ _- ' / _w a * ci « ms ; but I must confess , it seems to me equally absurd , equally unjust , to esalt intoau axiom the
_i'Uiiun that on all occasions and at all limes censures «* _ai-jdicatioii of physical force . It appears to me mora wjvaitog . _iy-. _T _. _hentvera nay remains open to you m just cause for tlle eini » _l « . yi ] st-at cf moral force , never J _**** - ' 0 ** 1 _^ to vi olence ; but when every moral force is ired _ajK-vfhcn tyranny stretches so far as formaUy to _^ _J _^ the _ri-gb t of eip ri-jBJii- in any manner soever - _^ yva conceive to be the truth—whea ideas are put 'ho ? - _la i ° ntts — _'J'cn , reckon with yourself : if , _^? ; 1 _^ _' _-W'l justice is oa your side , you arc « ill in a faith - UU ! l _^ _titr ' ' ? ourar , ns _"idbtar witness to your * _> _ai"rison or on tlie _rrntutUI—rtm l-. « r _.-tin -nVlit to ar
f _/ _^* y ' 5 _o'intryiu a _fcu-KMeas civil war : but if yoa ' _'traibj ° _* " _*)' ' ' _^ . ™ nr f _*? ? _= ' _'" ' '«> he thc feeling | ionlirf ' TOnS ? JOarsfJres » _^ _' , aa : < _* own a ! e ° PP r , ; g " _^' en C " Cowar < 1 _* _- v l 0 * " _>* the head before brutal _Jiien _** _^^^ S _mjustice , when the arms that God has t ail , 0 niaSw * or » _teavtri » iT < w , _istodesradB yourself Sa - _~ edc _? _Sd ,: e * tuaai , ! o " ° ' lhe au _- " 5 al—Jo hetr _* T _& s io _* enT _? ° f Tru , 3 l stia of God—to enthrone tyranny _^ _isiiut'l &< : rre & xt of _ahhorring physical force . _* n Cf p _° nilt _^ tliat honours the memory of _Ilauip--l ! a » _~ , * ttt * _^ Vane _> au < 1 ot * _otfcer great republicans , _M-4-n f CC 4 ss ' l- adduc _* ** . S" 5 _= st _^ a tbeory of
^ .V^V*"* "* . Ssd Tlw ?«>?. A Letter 2(...
_^ _. V _^ V _* _" _* " * . ssd _tlw _?«>? . A letter 2 ( ldre ? _scd to ' - . * . _;' " - " J- -p- _-, _***^ - i > y _c ' vEcph : J : ! -: rfni . " London : _* _' _-i-h _£ _"? _- £ ' . _? _ass :- _«»'*< _% _pi _. _'t' . _tu-i'juavc : _Clcaw , _«¦; _.= >• _; . * „ _,-¦ _^/' ' _- _"S ' _. ' _-:: . li' !;•• - -. _i-i ' - =: r - j *; _Watsun , i _' _aaVf' " - — _^ _ursc , i ' _- _£ : _cri- _- . ; :. i-: vv , -
^ .V^V*"* "* . Ssd Tlw ?«>?. A Letter 2(...
alr . _Autz » _i adus : — When you tell us , sir , that our _publicstious _incile to insurrection , I reply—Yes ; that may ba Hire : bat at home wo have neither _liberty of pnss or liberty of sp ? cc "*' .. "When you tell us that oar secret associations are _ilie-ra ! , I answer , that the right of association foe _-roodis _kgal , aad tliat the exercise of this rhrh ! bccoi . _n-s illegal from secrecy only where public association is _psvnilttvsi . "ii » cauiiot in conscience apply t ! u > _principk-s of your norma ! _sials lo oar peculiar condiiion . You cannot ei * nsure or _rr-pudialj our means of action , lhe only _c-ues left us , vnilioat declaring by implication that _despovisra is a good tiling , that tlie liberty of which England beasts ii an evil . The following faetsshow what success has hitherto attended all attempts at promoting improvements by "intellectual , " "legal , ' and " peaceable" means : —
Iu 181 S , a knot of men , influential from their social position or their intellectual faculties—Count Frederick _Cinfalonieri , CouutPorro , _CountTecchio , the Marquis da _Jlre-ac , _I ' ellico , _ISorsieri , _llomagnosi , au'l others , deteraiiuedon trying if there were in Lombardy a means of peaceful realization for the _cause of Italian _progress . They established a literary journal , iho ( _Wa / cfor _^ wiiose aim was , with all the moderation tliat _couid ma ! _:-a it acceptable to tlie Censorship , to u & rocste ameliorating tendencies , material improvements , with libera ) , large ,
and unprejudiced views in literature and education . They made an effort to practise what fhej taught : they founded schools ; they placed themselves at the head of some industrial undertakings . _IuISlO this journal was suppressed , and its founders _cnroUed in the Austrian black-book * . In 1322 , they ware almost all at Spielberg . They were compromised , you hill say , in tlie conspiracy of IS 21 , _Tossibly : but do you think these men would have become conspirators if they could have been aught else—if every avenue of peaceful and gradual progression had not been closed _.-i-rainst them t
InlS 31 , when thc insurgents in _theTapal . States had succumbed to Austrian intervention , the provinces of Komagna and Bologna—encouraged by the memorandum which the five powers had addressed to the pope on tbe 21 st May , pointing out to bim tbe " necessity of reformresolved on essaying whether it were possible to obtain a few administrative- ameliorations by legal routes , by a peaceful expression of their requirements . Oa evacuating the states , Austria had handed over the Marches of Pesaro and Ancona to the papal troops ; and Komagna and Bologna to the National Guard , on whom thc pope had himself imposed the maintenance of public order . That portion of this guard _representiug thc city and province of Bologna , numbering more than sisty thousand , through the hands of tlieir Gcncral-in-iliicf Giuseppe
Patuzri , addressed to the _Caruinal-Secretary of State BernettiapeHtionTaiJorm ? e , settingforth their grievances and indicating tlie remedies . Another petition , more or less to the same purpose , was presented on the part of the magistrates and the municipal corps of Perugia ; another by the provincial council of Eavenna , composed ofmen knownfor their devotion to the Government , with a Pro-Legate for President ; another from the city of Fori ! , bearing thousands of signatures , and among them those ofthe Municipal Corps and thc Bishop ' s Vicar ; more followed from different districts , town aud country . The Judges ond advocates of "Bologna _suhscrihsd a separate petition confined to judicial matters , addressed to the _Pro-LegateConnt Grassie . Finally , a deputation , chosen by tho heads ofthe provincial magistracies , assembled at Bologna on the 25 th January , 1 S 32 , to press
on the Pro-Legates the prayers of these petitionE . In conformity with thc memorandum of tho five powerB , they prayed the admission _« f laymen into all the offices of Government , _thepartoeipatioa of th _' epeople in theclection of the councils , and the establishment of a central Junta , to watch over the higher branches of administration . The Secretary of State replied , that so deputation would _bs attended to ; ths petitions received no answer ; the dissolution oftheciricguards was announced . With the aid of a loan facilitated by Austria , the Government formed a corps of five thousand men , principally raised from the prisons of Civita Castellans , San Leo , and Sunt Angelo . They poured into tho Itomagna , where aged women and unresisting men were horribly mas . sacred . And when , exasperated at these cruelties , thc younger populationof certain cities flew to arms , for the second tune , Austria intervened , in July , 1832 .
In 18- 3 * , shortly after tlie « _holesalcs < _aughters at Genoa , Alexandria , and Ciiatnbery , efforts in the path of popular education , similar to those ia Lombardy of 1818 , were made in Piedmont . Some praiseworthy young men advocated the necessity of gradually enlightening ( he children ofthe poor ; they entreated means for this end ; tlicy received subscriptions , and proposed gratuitous schools . Such was the list of promoters appended , that it was impossible openly to discountenance thc project without exciting a dangerous spirit of discontent . The Government assented , bat to have its own share in the undertaking , handed over the direction of the schools to tlie Jesuits , or to religious associations formed under their _auspices . Two years of effort and sacrifice on the side of fhe national party resulted in the surrender of some hundreds of young souls to . the enervating , mindstrangling corruption of Jesuitism .. _Koweomes tbe question , that every true Englishman will answer as one man : —
I ask , then , of every true Englishman , After these facts , after this experience , can we entertain hopes of our future through means _peaeeftd and legal % I pat to every true Englishman this simple question—Imagine eighty thousand French soldiers stationed ia Ireland or Scotland ; imagine that _nhenere , " the people in that portion of the English territory remaining free called forimprovement , advancement , or change iu tholr _imenvallaws , the eighty _thousandfovei s ners should intrude the points of their bayonets , and say , " iu tha uainc of brute force , 6 tir not ; _™ what would y ou de ? ¦ Vfhat you would do , we have made up oar minds to do : and we are trying to understand each other , so as to bc able to do it . That sums np the Italion question : ia that consists whatto-uay you brand with tho name of conspiracy—what you would hail to-morrow , should we triumph , witli the title of gloriousvictory .
Ye 3 , yes , Sir James Grafton , you " brand" the efforts of ihe Italian patriots to save their fatherland vritn thc name of conspiracy ; but not so , « _ou , the British people—at any rate , " all you who love liberty and _demandjustice for yourselves—ym regard that " conspiracy , " as you will Lailits victory , as glorious . -Ihe only conspirators whom you will" brand " with your hatred and scorn are the conspirators against the rights of man—lungs , popes , and felonious seal-breakers . Against them men of all nations conspire , and their conspiracy ia a sacred and kdispensible duty .
* The Suppression Of Periodicals Entirel...
* The suppression of periodicals entirely literary , _whosa every line undergoes the supervision of censors ecclesiastical and political , would appear a fact _incxtilieahlc : hut it has often occurred in Italy . The _"Iiith ' cafore" of Genoa , the " Indicatovfe" of Leghorn , the " Antoh . gia" of Florence , all ia turn _safiured this fate . Oilier literary miscellanies , such es the " _Suhalpino" of Turin , were _comjiellcil to insert from time to time , as if from the editor , a political article furnished hy the Government .
Gcrr Inilittit Ani* %Ort&Uttntt»-
_gcrr _inilittiT ani * _% ort & uttntt » -
Fielixgakden Operations. Far Tlie, Week ...
_FIELIXGAKDEN _OPERATIONS . Far tlie , Week _costfltcRcinj Monday , Sept . ith , 1843 . [ Extracted from a _Diibt cf Actual Operations on five email farms on the estates of the late Sirs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , iu Sussex ; and oa several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Sir . Noweli , of Earnley Tyas , near _Huddei'sfield _. in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing _tfieiu what labours ought to bc uudcrtaken on _tteir own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
five acres each , conducted hy G . Cruttenden and John Ilarris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , thc other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , thc latter at Jevingtou—all of them within a few miles of Eastbounw . Third . Au iudustrialsehool farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several privatemodelfarms near tho sameplace . _Thccorrsecutivcojierationsiuthescvcports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate tnd agricultural v ? due of the south with the north of England . The _Duur is aided hv "iVoicsand Observations" from thc pen of Mr . So-well , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
" It is a very pleasant sight to see children engaged in useful and healthy labour upon a spot of ground which they can call their own ; they shall be kept apart from the vice and folly of the young men of the city . " Note . —Titetcliool farms are cultivated by boys , _u-h « in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for tiic master ' s _lentfit , which renders the schools seusuFFOiraxG . We , believe that at Fandtt Tyas _«"» - sevenths of the produce of the sctnol farm will be assignedtothe loijs , aid _one-tsventit to the master , vilto tvill receive the usual school fees , help tin boys to cultivate tlieir land , and leach them , in addition to reading , writing , dec , to convert tlieir produce inu > bacon , ly attending to pig-keep ing , _u-liich at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to thtir services , and leuwidctlMsindmcUy tovtach thcirparentsin a way the most grateful to ihcirfeelings . ]
SCSSEX . MoK » iT—lriflinodon School-. Boys thrashing wheat . Eastdean School , Hoys _liolyday , master hoeing between the cabbages , and digging potatoes . J'i per . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Carrying bailey and wheat . Tcksdat— Willingdon School . Boys thrashing ' . Eastdean School . Boys carrying wheat , thrashing it , and picking turnip leaves for thc cows . " _llpcr . Cleaning lucerne , aud mending it with liquid manure * Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , carrying wheat .
*= Lucerne. —On The Gth Of September, Wh...
* _= Lucerne . —On the Gth of September , when Piper applied liquid to his lucerne , he had already cut it three times _during the season , and was on the eve of cutting it thc fourth . t Ttmrips _ofter Tares . —At this season the turnips after _tsre ; arc generally pulled in the South for the cattle , and p !« uy left to stand the winter for them . Piper strongly advises that plenty of . manure shall be . used for tiie crop of mriiipB after lei ** , ami observes tUat it _' ta wops will not joy for well _wuHuriiig , oue crop , he _fei-is assured , cannot d'j SO .
*= Lucerne. —On The Gth Of September, Wh...
_^ _EKizvjAv—iriiiiiigdon School . Uoya thvashiug wheat . E'lsldom School . Boys emptvhig privy tubs , and mixing mi cow liquid with mould . Fiper lloemg white turnips after tares , and pulling abundance i ' or the emrs . f Jjnmlrcll . ¦ Thrashing peas . _TncnsDAT—Willingdon School . Boys thrashing wheat and tying up straw . Eustdeaii School . Cleaning wheat , trussing straw , building a wheat rick , riper lloc ' mg turnips . Dumbrell . Carrying wheat , hoeing turnips . Friday—Wfilingdon School . Cleaning ihe . allotment tenants' wheat . Eastdean School , liuikihig two oat ricks , carrying wheat ,, and cleaning barlev . riper .
_i _hrasaiug barley . Dumbrell . Hoeing barley . SA ~ _- < -i : & AT—ly- _HHn ' jdon School . Boys cleaning wheat . _Rvtlc'iirne School . Hoys cleaning tlie pigstyc aud school-room , and emptying- the tank , " riper . Digging ground ior rye _san-jjig . Dumbrell . Hoeing _tm-mps , carrying seed tares and dung with the holier .
COW-FEEIIIXG . _lYiiihigJon School . Cows living on clover nad white turnips , Dumbrcll . One cow grazed during the day , and fed in the still morn and even with mangel _wurzel leaves . One cow aud heifer entirely stafl-fed upon _lGi ' _ihs , of clover .
Boxes Akd Sull'htjric Acid, Nr W. C. S?O...
BOXES AKD _SULl'HTJRIC ACID _, nr w . c . s ? oo . _\ tr . ( From , the , _Joumvl of the Royal Agricultural Society . > the council invites tbe attendance and co-operation of _memterfl , and as tho subject of the application of bones and sulphuric acid has so recently engaged its attention , 1 beg to communicate tho result of an experiment tried by me during the last year , Ia the greater number of instances the hones and sulphuric acid have been applied in a liquid state , and though there is reason to believe that the most favourable results are likely to follow this mode of application , yet the trouble and inconvenience attend * - ins it , _involving , as it does in thc first place , a serious outlay , and tho difficulty of confmiu _? tha liquid to
the drills , are eo great as to preclude farmers generally from availing themselves of thc important and valuable discovery . It must therefore be very desirable to show them that the bones and acid can be applied by the common drill ; aud having done so during the last year , I beg to communicate the information . Wishing to try several manures , I devoted a piece of land of about four _acita to thc purpose . On thc _4 _fh of July the Swedes ( Matson ' s ) were drilled under very unfavourable circumstances . The land , a loam on the London clay , _Avas drained in May , and what with the cartage of the tiles , the clay brought to the surface , and the remarkably dry weather that succeeded , the kaohs were of such a nature as to defy tlie continual application of the harrows and the
roller , and ( having no clod _crusberat the time ) could only bc reduced to a comparative state of fineness by a numbar of men with sledge-hammers . The nature of tho land will bo better understood hy my saying that it precisely resembled thc field immediately adjoining , on which the trial of implements for heavy lands by your Society took place in July last . I intended to apply the bones and acid at the rate of 3 _J bushels per acre ofthe former , and one-half by weight ofthe latter . I accordingly prepared sufficient for half an acre , hy putting the bones in tho state of dust in a tub , and adding about _dOIte . of acid , and four times tho quantity of water . After some hours a few bushels of fine mould wa 3 added , and the following day a sufficient _quantitv of coal-ashes , to make
the whole amount to fifteen bushels ; my object being to drill the field at thc rate of thirty bushels per acre . I should have tried the mixture to " a greater extent , hut could not at that time procure the acid for less than 2 _* d . per lb . I ateo used other manures , such as South American guano , gypsum and guano , bones and guano , and hone-dust , at the rate of sixteen bushels per acre , with ashes . But having unfortunately lost the memorandum of the experiments , I can only speak from memory , nml must therefore confine my remarks principally to tho effects of the bones and acid , and the hones alone . This , however , I may say with regard to guano , that tho experiment convinced me that this valuable manure can bo readily ami safely applied with the common drill ( without any particular provision being mado for covering the manure with earth before the
deposition of the seed ) by merely mixing thc guano with about four times the quantity of fine mould , and adding as much asbc 3 as the drill will deposit . In the case in question the guano was used at thc rate of threo cwt . pec acre , and the mould and ashes were added so as to make the whole amount to thirty bushels per acre . The hones and acid were used three days after their preparation , and at the same time as the other manures ; bat whilst thc latter wero consumed by thc quantity of groundintendedforcach , the former , from being in a somewhat damp state , often adhered to the cups or scoops of the drill ; and as I did not discover tins till the intended half acre was nearly finished , tho result was that thc hones and acid intended for one-half , extended to
threclourths of an acre , being at the rate of little moro f baa two bushels of bones per acre . Now the remedies for this evil which suggest themselrcs are , to prepare the compost fov a longer period , previously U 3 _* mg a less quantity of water and a greater quantity of ashes , and looking occasionally to tho scoops of the drill , and cleausiug them out . But as the application of manures to the turnip crop in a damp state must be ( if practicable ) of great importance and advantage , it is , I venture to suggest , a matter well worthy thc consideration of thc inventors and judges of drills , to contrive that the scoops shall not retain ihe manure , though damp , after each rotation , either hy rendering them less concave , or otherwise altering their shape , or having some method of scraping or
cleaning them . The bones and acid turnips were the first toappcar above ground ; the tops grew luxuriantly , and for some time maintained a superiority over the rest of the field ; tho guano turnips , however , after somo time , rivalled them ; and those manured with bones alone , though lagging behind terribly at first , mado amends towards the latter end of the autumn ; and on weighing a few rods in the month of December , scarcely any difference could bo discovered . 'Tho bones and acid roots were tho largest , hut exhibited moro bare spots , probably owing to the irregularity of the deposition of the manure from the cause before mentioned . Besides whioh I should state that they laboured under the disadvantage of being on tho outside of the field , and near a high hedge . To say thc least , however , two bushels of bones , with tho addition of tho acid , successfully rivalled eight times the quantity of bones , though the
latter was employed on land considered previously much superior to tlie other . I beg to conclude my remarks on this interesting subject with the observation that , when we find that sulphuric acid enters very largely into the constituent parts of the Swedish turnip , are we not justifed ia concluding that the remarkable effect attending tho application of the bones and acid united is in some measure to be attributed to the specific virtue of thc acid in affording food to the plant ? 100 , 000 parts Swedish turnips contain no less than 890 parts of sulphuric acid , being twice the quantity of phosphoric acid possessed , whilst the common turnip has but forty-one parts of thc former and seventy-three of the latter . Would not some experiments with common tui'uip 3 drilled with bones and acid , and also guano for comparison , throw some light on the subject , and deserve thc recommendation ofthe council ?—Southampton , April 22 , ISio .
Organic Chemistry. A Digest Rsoji Tab Ib...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . A DIGEST _rSOJI TAB IBCIPBBS 0 J _rUOFESSOB _BBAIPB . f Continued from our last . ) " Organic _Clumittry sigiiifiei-thechemical history of the various _yroi'tmateiiriHeiplM which have been _ohserred iu the annual and vegetable kingdoms , and which ar _« there associaied together , so » s to produce a peculiar structure , termed organic , such as is never seen in any of the products of tho mineral kingdom . Uuin , sugar , starch , woody fibre , _albimiew , tihviwe , gelatine , and aU those numerous substances of whicli plants nud the _hOOieg of animals are _compoieu , constitute _thoss proximate principles which are thc product ! of aainiated nature . —
18 . Carbonic oxide is thc result of a great number of operations , in which carbonic acid undefi ocs imperfect decomposition . Like carbonicacid , carbonic oxide extinguishes the flame of a taper , and of almost all other combustibles ; hut , unlike cavoomc acid , it is itself combustible , ? nd burns in contact of , ormixco with , air , with a peculiar blue flame . "We sometimes observe , in a clear coalfire , that a blue lambent flame plays npon tho surface ofthe fuel ; this arises Irom thc conversion of the carbonic acid which is hist formed , into carbonic oxide ; that is , the carbonic aeid produced hy thc first access of oxygen to the fire , acquires , bv passing through the hot coals , an additional atom of carbonThis production of carbonic oxide ,
. also , is apt to ensue whero common fuel is burning with a very limited access of air ; it sometimes is produced in Dr . Arnott ' s stoves ; and when there happens to be any cavity in which it can accumulate , and where it gets blended with a certain adequate quantity of atmospheric air , it may perchance tovm au explosive mixture—for carbonic oxide aud oxygen , in equalvolumcs , explode violently when _ignited , anu produce carbonic acid . 19 . Carbonic acid is the product of so many operations , natural as well as artificial , that a dctai . ed history of it cannot hero be entered into , hut * otuc oi iis most prominent sources may he noticed . _^ And , first—it is evolved in an enormous ouantitv in that
extraordinary process called fermentation . If sugar and water be mixed , with the addition of a little yeast , after a little time the sugar begins to _dtsa'spear , aud in its place thero is a quantity of alcohol and carbonic acid formed . Now itmay be inferred from this , that sugar contains the elements of alcohol and of carbonic acid ; and wc will find , that , during the progress of this fermentation , in proportion as thc sugar disappears , tlie liquor becomes spirituous , and carbonic acid is produced . Tiic pvocessof fermentation , therefore , amounts to a slow combustion of sugar , during which itis resolved into carbonic acid and
aloohoh—Then , mpiratioil ' u a very abundant source oi cartonic aeid ; in fact , we are _ccntiriivally i browing off carbonic acid frein ' rhe lungs in an enormous quantity _^ Its source is the charcoal contained iii our food , which , hva process _analogous to slow _comfcasfioBj yields
_Cai-ovmuc ucul , and evolves heat so as to maintain the temperature ot tne body . Ths amount of thc carbon thus thrown off by respiration , and emitted alom ; with aqueous vapour- from the blood as it passes _throm-h the lungs , amounts , in tho course of twenty four hours , to about eleven ounces . It is found that the amount of carbonic acid given oh" in thiswav varies in _diiierent individuals , and the samo individuals at _dilwrcnt times ia the day . s 3 on after a hearty meal , a considerably larger quantity is given off than in the morning , or when thc stomach is empt v . The reason ot this will bo shown afterwards . — -lJut amo _»? thc most common sources from which we obtain carbonic acid , arc tho varieties of carbonate of lime—viz ., chalk , marble , and limestone . If a piece ot' mavhbi
( which is carbeaate of lime ) _bs broken up , put into a bottle , sonic water poured upon it , and thon a little muriatic acid added , an effervescence ensues , and carbonic aeid is given off with great facility , and in great abundance , Chalkand limestone rock ' s contain carbonicacid to the amount of many thousand tans , and in the operation of _linie-bnminjj it is set free , and goes into the atmosphere , where it performs a vcrv important part in reference to the nutrition of plants , by which itis absorbed and decomposed ; thev , intact , assimilate its carbon , and return thc oxvgento the atmosphere ; and , strange to say , it appears to be from this source that nearly all the carbon of tlio _ar-iraal creation is , as it wove , principal derived : but of this more hereafter .
20 . iiaving dwelt upon carbonic acid at greater length than may , perhaps , be thought necessary , we shall now direct attention to _anolbersubstanee found in the atmosphere , though in very minute quantitvwhich is ammonia . It will be recollected that outatmosphere is a mechanical mixture of tho different substances which are found in it , and not a chemical compound ( par 8 ) . We have , for the great bulk of the au * , oxygen and nitrogen ; to these are superadded carbonic acid , in tho proportion of onlv 1 to 1000 , and ammonia , about which we are now io treat . 21 . If we analyse the atmosphere with the utmost care , wo cannot find ammonia in it , or at least nothing beyond tho slightest occasional trace ; but if we expose water for a long time to tho contact of the air .
it will ultimately bs found to have acquired ammonia . If we examine the rain as it falls through the atmosphere , we alsofinditinmimitegunntitics of ammonia . It is clear , therefore , that though we may possibly find _uoanuuoniaiftthft atmosphere , wc do find it in certain things which havo been exposed to it , for ammonia is a very soluble , and a very combinabic body ; and many substances eagerly take it up , when exposed . to gaseous mixluves which only contain traces ofit . No sooner does a shower of rain fall through tho air , than ammoniaiscarrieddowninaqueous solution . Certain kinds _ofliinestraio-and sandstone , when exposed to the air , also absorb ammonia , and so does oxide of iron . In short , it will be found tha t ammonia , minute indeed in quantity as it is in the air , performs
nevertheless , a most important part in regard to lhe nutritive powers ofthe soil , in fitting it for thegrowtb , of vegetables . This subject has been lately importantly elucidated by the researches of Dumas and Liebig ; and one of the most striking parts ofthe new doctrine consists in calling our attention to ammonia , if the source of nitrogen was there , but we never knew precisely where it came from . We knew that nitrogen constituted the great bulk ofthe atmosphere , and that it was the medium through which many other things are diffused ( pars . 8 , 9 ); but ire had no evidence that this nitrogen was to any extent absorbed either by plants or animals ; and , _infactj the source ofthe nitrogen which these contain _wasnever clearly understood , till recent investigations tftusht us that
ammonia was its adequate and efficient source . In fact , vegetables dorive nitrogen from thc soil , absorbing it iu the form of ammonia ; and , although certain fertile soils may possibly not contain ammonia , we shah probably find in them nitrogen in some other shape . Ammonia , therefore , is a highly important substance in organic and agricultural chemistry and , consequently , its presence in the atmosphere , and in soils aud manure , —its sources , and the means ofprodueing and econo- mising it—aro subjects which we shall have _frequently to dwell upon . 22 , "Wo will now notice a few facts , bearing upon thc composition , and upon the properties and distinctive characters of ammonia . Sonic of tho properties of hydrogen and of nitrogen have already been adverted to ( pars . !) , 12 ) . Hydrogen is an inflammable gas , nitrogen au inflammable one ; and neither of them are what arc called supporters of combustionthat is , they both extinguish flame . If three parts
of hydrogen , and one ofiiiitrogen , by bulk , bo mixed together , the relative weights ofthe gases ave to each other as 3 to 14—the density , or specific gravity , of nitrogen being io that of hydrogen as 14 is tol , Again , these three volumes of hydrogen , and one volume of nitrogen , will form four volumes of a mere mechanical mixturo of tho two gases : under these _circumstanccsthcy manifest not the slightest inclination to enter into chemical combination , How , then , can we bring about their union , or inducothem so to form ammonia ?—ammonia being a compound of certain proportions of these two elements . We can do this very readily , by presenting them to each other in their nascent state;—that is , if , instead of _collecting _hvrjrogon separately , and nitrogen separately , and inixilif them together , they ave elictcd from their various compounda at one and the same time , in contact with each other , they will then combine to form ammonia . Thc following is thc exact composition of ammonia : —
Moras . Bipiivalent weight . _Tercent Nitrogen , I ., It „ 81 _* 1 S _llj'drogen , 3 „ 3 18 * 87 Ammonia , 1 u 17 ioo _*« o Or , Grains 50 cubic Inches of nitrogen ,. = _15-OS 150 ditto hydrogen ., = » 3 * 18 W 0 ditto ammonia ., _= _IS' 26 Thus we find that ono volume of nitrogen and three volumes of hydrogen become combined and condensed go as to constitute only two _volumes of ammonia , —or in other words , that 50 cubic inches of nitrogen and 160 of hydrogen do not form 200 , but only 100 cubic inches of ammonia .
23 . Ammonia ii a _rery extraordinary body . It hag no colour , hut has a very strong and peculiar odour , and if it gets into the nostrils in its undiluted state , itis a most caustic substance , but if diluted with air , is an agreeable stimulant , constituting , in tact , thc stimulant part of smelling salts . Ammonia furnishes a good instance of thc extraordinary change of properties which result from chemical combination , and of n compound in all respects unlike its compouents . Nitrogen and hydrogen aro insoluble in water , and quite tasteless ; ammonia is very pungent and acrid , and very soluble in water ; nitrogen and hydrogen have no aikalino properties : ammonia is a very powerful alkaline base . Ammonia extinguishes flame ; a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen is inflammable * ,
whilst nitrogen alone extinguishes flame , and hydrogen alone is inflammable . Another character belonging to ammonia is , thatit is alkaline—that is , it reacts on vegetable colours in the same _inannev as potash , soda , and other bodies which aro called alkalies . If a p iece of yellow tumeric paper is put into ammonia , it immediately becomes brown ov red , and a piece of reddened _litmuspapcrhas its blue restored . Ammonia , again , is very soluble in water . Water takes up many hundred times ita volume of ammonia , so that if only a few drops of water bo put into a jar of ammonia , the water will take up the whole of it . When thus dissolved in water , a strong alkaline solution i 3 formed . If ammonia be absorbed by acids , ammoniacal salts are obtained : one of theso , and a very important one , is obtained by passing ammonia into dilute muriatic acid ( or by mixing ammonia and muriatic acid gases ); this is the salt
formerly known as sal ammoniac , now called muriate , or hydrochlorate , of ammonia , or sometimes chloride of ammonium . The evolution of ammonia is often made manifest by the abundant white fumes which are in such cases produced by the approximation of a glass rod dipped in muriatic acid , and which arise out of tho formation and condensation of sal ammoniac . If a piece of glass , moistened with muriatic acid , bo exposed to thc atmosphere , it is not uncommon , in particular situations , to find that the acid absorbs a sufficiency of ammonia to saturate it , and to cause the formation of crystals of sal ammoniac . In short , wherever a great deal of coal is burned , any where organic bodies are undergoing putrefaction , we find a proportionate formation or evolution of ammonia . 1 n London , small stellated _crvstals are often observed upon dirty windows , and , if examined , they are found to bo either crystal of sal ammoniac , or of sulphatc . of ammonia .
24 , Ammonia may be _prodTOeil by the destructive distillation of azotised organic bodies , if some horn shavings , or ivory , or bone-dust , be put into a retort , and heated , ammoniais formed . The substances in question contain no prc-existent ammonia , but they contain nitrogen and hydrogen . During the experiment , they are presented to each other at the moment of evolution , or , as it has just been termed , in tlieir nascent state , and , under such circumstances , thev combine and lorm ammonia : this is easilv shown , bv suffering ihe evolved vapours to come in contact witli tumeric paper , which is immediately reddened . Another similar formation of ammonia ensues when common ccal is distilled , as in the ordinary processes _ofmiuiufitctureofeoal-ga'i , This ammonia , _thou-di partially condensed , and entering into _iicwcombinations , used formerly to find its way in inconsiderable
quantity into the gas mains and service pipes , and was productive of infinite mischief in its corrosivo action npon tic brass and copper fittings—besides all which , it tended considerably to diminish lhe illuminating power of thc gas when burned ; and , it is believed , lo _. _tbe occasional formation of nitric- acid _. Now , however , it is carefully abstracted and absorbed by passing _ tl _* . _e-ga 3 through dilute sulphuric acid , ami , _mtliatway _> a very large quantitv of sulphate of ammonia is obtained . This product has acquired considerable interest , from "having bceulatclv used as a mamwc , am it appears likely to become a very important one , IE consequence ofthe quantity of available nitrogen which it contains , ; ¦ _.-: - •; ' ' 2 o . _Jfitragoa is an extremely important element in _organic matters , and oue of ths great objecte in piiietk _' _iil / i _i _ijciijture _eonsiits in fixing , or absorbing ; it
bat this k a subject r , _*! ik _* h wiU bo _diseyrfscd more at length hereafter . 'Thor « is a _etiriousqnestion arising out of this matter , —which is , how far nitric acid—a compound of nitrogen andoxygct—can itself be considered as a manure _, or how Vlii _' , in fact , it can be considered as contributing to the nourishment and growth of vegetables , as a source of nitrogen . Ammonia certainly contributes to tho growth of plants , and so docs nitric aeid in some way ov other , but we do not understand how . We know that nitrate of soda , nitrate of potash—the common nitre of commcrce—and oilier nitrates , ave very important iu : ; - nums . _*— -but tlie discussion oi ' these _belongs to tbenwsfc advanced part of our inquiry . There are several manures , as they arc called , that scorn to act merely hy fixing carbonate of ammonia--oue of tho results
Oi tho decay of _organic matter—aud finis become very _importantagents in the growth of crops ; fov instance , there in gypsum , or sulphate of lime—sometimes called " plaster of Paris /' -wluch _. when vedncctUo _powder , nnd moistened , contribute : ' very much to thc growth of certain crops;—a _j-vetit-part of its operation seems to depend on it power af combining with carbonate of ammonia . If carbonate-of ammonia bc added _fo a solution of gypsum , decomposition takes place , and there is thrown down carbonate oflime , or chalk , and sulphate of ammonia is not so volatileso liable to escape into the air—as carbonate of ammonia , and , therefore , it does not go away until thc root of the vegetable comes to looliibr it , ' and takes it up for food . There is , as wo have already said , an enormous quantity of sulphate of ammonia
manufactured in cur gas works , and it is found to be a very valuable manure ; and it is so because it contains nitrogen iu the form of ammonia . Many burnt clays act as . immoniacal absorbents ; and many clays derive a groat part of their value from fixing , or , as ' it were , drawing ammonia iuto their pores . Charcoal is another substanco which , in a remarkable degree , absorbs ammonia from thc air , and thus beomes a valuable manure , and contributes to thc fertilization ofthe soil . As far as manures generally are concerned , we may say that their valucis mainly in proportion to the quantity of nitrogen they contain . If , i ' or instance , wc take certain vegetables that contain
very little nitrogen , such as potatoes or rice , wc can live o j _^ these , but wo arc obliged to eat enormous quantities of them . On the other hand , we can live upon comparatively small quantities of animal fibre , or of those vegetables that contain a large quantity of albumen or gluten , inasmuch as there is _aconsiilo !' - able quantity of nitrogen contained in their composition , We find , in fact , _that-therelativo value of diflbcnt Muds of food may he expressed in terms relating to the quantity of nitrogen Ihcy contain . Wheat , peas , and several other grains , contain a large quantity of nitrogen , and hence their comparatively great nutritive power . ( Tote continued ) . ill _'* _W ' _'tJ _* g _* _we _>« ftjit _«* _ie « _jLrjaJJC _» _iyjyu _* gaciii . _wuF _< _WLJcy . _^^ _< _ns _»>* , _^ mm' _. ij
Bmiltnipts-, &U
_Bmiltnipts-, _& u
Bankrupts. (From Fndatft Gaxelle, August...
BANKRUPTS . ( From _Fndatft Gaxelle , August _% _2 nd _, _lSili . ) Thomas Howell , Queen ' s Heart-passage , Xowjrato-strcet , _hotel-Tvcever—Jota Sims , T >> Ur . Ti \ Royal " , 'Wiltshire , wheelwright—James . Mantle Pratt , _Ilei'iievs-strcet , Oi'uml . street , _nbiB-nieivIiant-Jolin Inrkman _, Lupus-street , Pimlico , butcher— Benjamin Ling , _l- _'orc-sivcet _, Limehouse , timbeidcalcr—Edward Thomas Ho _^ g and William _Neale Walton , l ) ul * . es-strcct , Artelphi , winc . iiicrchauts—A athan Solomons ami Efeazor Solomons , Olmreluhif . c , _\ Vhitechapel , hoot aud _Ehoe-rruiUers—Rabevt S « gite » , _Skiborne , Yorkshire , manufacturer of worsted goods—John llolman _Suffch _' ug , Birmingham , ironmonger _.
BANKRUPTS . ( Fvotvv _tlse _Gazette , of 'i ' _milti'i , Avgusl 20 . _^ John _Kirklinm , T . npns-strcct _, Pimlico , butcher—Jiobert Bloomfield Ghu'ke , _Gowev-street Xorth , St . _rnucras _, plumber—Williiim Veroy , High-street , Kingslaiid , victua ' - ier—IVilJiam Maltlicw _Ilausni'd _, 1 _'ark-road , _IloUoway _, florist—John Hodgson , Liverpool , scriveuer— _Abraham Ilindes mid 3 olin Tbonipson , Leeds , stock and share brokers .
PIVIDE . VOB . Sept . 18 , T . F . Lucas , Lonp Buckby , Northamptonshire , money scrivener—Sent , IS , J . JI , Leader , Oxfonl-street , coach _' roakcr—Sept , 11 ) , 11 . Chandler , _Stamnore _, llidflleses , ironmonger—Sept . 18 , T . Seddon , Calthorpc-placo , Gray ' sinn-road , upholsterer —Sent , 1 . 7 , J . Holroyd , _VTIseatly , Yorkshire , cotton-warp-maker—Sept . . 19 , h _., J ., and J . Itostrcn , _jMiuu ' . iicstcr , manufacturers —Kept . 19 , Vi , Mtiinwarinc _, liivm ' mp : hr . m , surgeon—Sept . 19 , C , Parker , _Ilristol _, tailor—Sept . . 19 , W . May , Liverpool , draper . CiMincATF . s to lie grunted , unless cause be shown to tha contrary ou the dav of meeting . Sept . U > , _^ _y _. H . RawcPortsesi , Hampshire , _currier—Sejit , IS , _S . King , _Newgate-street , City , warehouseman—Sept . IS , \ V . _Warlters _. _lhii'court street , _Marylehono , silb-mcrccv _—i ' ept . 19 , 11 . Thomas , Clifton "Bristol , _wiiicmerchiiut—Sept . 15 , G . llyford , Liverpool , wholesale grocer—Sept . 18 , J . iiack , Liverpool , pawnbroker—Sept . 13 , T . _IVadley ,
Liveryool , _broker—Sc-jjt . IS , J . S . Wood , Liverpool , _wiuemoi'ohani—Sept . IS , J . Evans , Liverpool , ironmonger-Sept . IS , 1 ) . Parry , Uuthin , Deubisshirc , currier—Sept , 13 , , T . Af . Gardner , Liverpool , _whie-ujen-hnnt—Sept . 23 , C , _S . CutcliiTe , Pilton , Devonshire , surgeon—Sept . 'J 3 , 3 . Pitt , Plymouth , grocer—Sept . 16 , S . IVussell , Sheffield , Britannia metal manufacturer—Sept . 16 , J . l _' estett , _Ceestou , Bedfordshire , eovn . factcr—Sept . is . W . Astle , Wolverhampton , _Statfordshire , plumber—Sept . IC , J , Mohon and Uichiird Simons , MiueingJaue , City , wine-merchants—- -: ept . 1 G , B , S . Jones , Wrockwarcline . Shropshire , grocer —Sept . Hi , P . Perks , juu „ Stourbridge , Worcestershire , hatter—Sept . ltf , J . Turner , _JMautborpecnin Little Gonerbjr _, Lincolnshire , wool-buyer—Sept . 10 , J . J . Avion , South Shields , linen-draper—Sept . 16 , 3 . Peters , Kent-street , _Haggerston , fancy _trimmiug-manuliictuver—Sept . 16 . W . Ii . _ilrown , Liverpool , merchant—Sept . Iff , G . Slater , London-terrace , Uackuey-road , grocer—Sept . IC , J . Hardy , > Vi « bech St . Vetcv , Cambridgeshire , grocer .
_PABTSERBIIirs _niSSOLVED . W ' . B . and B . Butler , _Xew < irk-upou-Trent , Nottinghamshire , mercers—W . 'X' uoth andT . Taylor , Gateshead , Durham , glass-manufacturers—J , R . _Jieeve and T , _Crackneil , _Iltilesworth , Suffolk , brewers—TV . H . Trewavaa aud J . Crr . bb _, Liverpool , provision-dealers—11 . Weston imd B . F . Fairtlionie , _Urackicy , Northamptonshire , attorneys—A . Hill and J . Bates—T . Shoiter and J . Ii . Johnstone , 3 _ermya-street , St . James ' s , tailors—TV . Smith and W . Collins , Bridport , Dorsetshire , grocers—r . A . Phillips aud 11 I ) . Boulter , Queen-street , Cheapsido , cotton-manufacturers—T . Xorth and IV . Wise . _Hlnekfriars-road ,
zincmanufacturers—T . C , _vvoudy and 1 . uooeh , Aorwich , upholsterers—J . Maginni ? aud J . 6 ih _> m , Pool-quay , Montgomeryshire , miners—T , M'Turk , S . - Puckering , and W . T . _MaUins , lutii , 'ston- _- . pou-Hull , _tvoollen-drnpers ; as fur as regards T . M'Turk—H . _HiiJs and TV . Dickinson , Free School-street , _Southwark—TV . Puller and G , Timms , l ! o 2-ton , carmen—J . Aslunore and H . Smith , Birmingham , carriers—J . Hall and J . Gordon , Liverpool , brokers—J . Stewart , It , Appleby , aud IV . Gibson , _Newcastle-upon-Tyne , builders—E . II . Long and TV . T . Sanderson , Wigton , Cumberland , ironmongers—E . . Uiiler and 0 . Selkirk , Spring-street , Paddiugton , glass-dealers—T . and II . Marshall , Steyning , Susse ? , drapers .
Iflwtet Jfitteufeeuce*
_iflWtet _jfitteUfeeuce *
Llveotqotj Gatvtfc Mxrkfil, Mostjai, Avj...
_LlVEOTQOTj _GATVtfc MxRKfil , Mostjai , _AvjonsT 2 o . —There is no alteration to stato in the supply of our cattle market from last week , the _rrnmbcv being a fair average , but the greatest portion of inferior quality . There wa _* a _nuYnexoYis attendance of buyers , and anything good was eagerly sought after at high prices . Beef ( hi . to 6 Jd ., mutton 6 _* d . to Td ., and iamb 6 _Jd . to 7 d . per ih . Cattle imported into Liverpool from the 18 th to the 25 th of August : — cows 2913 ; calves 17 ; sheep 10 , 285 iambs 410 ; pigs 3902 ; horses 19 .
Loxdon Cobs Excbakge , _Moxdav , Avo . 25 . — Similar weather to that experienced hero appears to have prevailed in all parts of tho kingdom sinco Wednesday , and under its favouring influences the grain _crojs aro everywhere progressing rapidly to maturity . In all thc _countieu lying this side of tho river Humbcr tho cuttinp of wheat , barley , and oats has become quite general -, and should tho weather remain propitious till tbe close of the week , an immense _quantity of grain will bc secured in good order . Though the reports from those districts where tho greatest progress has been made with tho harvest arc not altogether as favourable as could bo wished , still they ave fully aa satisf ury as we were led to expect would be the case ; and wc arc inclined to
think that with a fine month oi September the produce of wheat would uot , after all , prove much below an average , whilst the yield of spring corn and pulse will , if well secured , undoubtedly be largo . We arc sorry , however , to learn that the potato crop ha 3 been extensively attacked in the south and west of England , as well as in the Ghanuei Islands , by a species of blight , and a very great deficiency in thc produce of this article must , we fear , bc calculated on . Owine to fanners having : been fully engaged with field work , some falling oif in the supplies of grain has lately _lalit'ii place , notwithstanding which , business in wheat has become exceedingly dull . At many of the markets held ou Friday and Saturday the turn was decidedly in favour of thc buyer ; and at Mark-lane ,
tliis morning , the trade was languid in the extreme . There was much less wheat offering by land-carriage samples from thc home counties than on Monday last , but the quantity exhibited proved more than equal to tho demand . In the early part of tho day factors refused to make _ohc slightest concession , and the millers being unwilling to pay former terms , scarcely a sale was made till near the close . An abatement of ls . to 2 s . per qr . was then submitted to , at which some progress towards a clearance was effected , Thero were onlv n few sm . ill lots of new wheat- at market , the quality and condition by no means line . It must be recollected , however , that the wheat now brought forward must havo been carried during the wet weather . Next week we expect to see a decided im movement in the samples . Holders of foreign
wheat remained firm , and tho finer kinds could scarcely hove been bought cheaper than on Monday last . Bonded parcels were more pressmgly offered , and it would not have been difficult to have bought 2 s . pot * quartet * below thc top prices of last week . Town- manufactured flour hang heavily on-hand , and fhip marks were certainly the turn _cUttjrcr . ui English barley there was very little on sale , and havins a slightly improved inquiry for the- finer sorts , rather enhanced terms were realised . Bonded barley met with some-demand fov shipment to Holland . _L-uriii" tho past week between 3000 mid 4000 qrs . were exported , from liraee to Rotterdam , and further quantities are likely to be taken , . The fresh arrivals ot ' oati from our own coast Mid Se < jtU «\ d were sm'dl ; having , however , received a good supply from Irelaud _ckiiirig the past week , aiid » i ' _tir _quaatityf rem
Llveotqotj Gatvtfc Mxrkfil, Mostjai, Avj...
abroad , _thoi-ewas a p lentiful showoi samwes tW niondng . The liner qualities wore certainly no * ( taper ; ami though interior sort ? were somewha * easier to bur , the _declino was not of _-nihieienfc import tanoe to render any alteration in quotations wee * sarv . Beans did not move off so readily ns or Ia . fi , and having rather au increased quantity on sale , pu > chasers had the turn iu their favour . The few par > eels of now white peas offering were of good quality , and realised 40 s . to -lis . per qr . Of grey and _nuiplp peas there were none on sale . _Cu-atlEXT PRICES 01 ' _GBAiX . PER _ILlTEftlAZi QUAKTEK _.-IWd ' sA . 8 b a * iVfccat , _Hc-sex , & K < mt , _uavr is , _\> U veil -iS GO _Whito 49 Gf iVoriWkand Lincoln . ... do 40 55 Ditto 57 fig — h _' orthum . and Scotch white 40 ~ >& _V ' me 68 6 ? Irish red old O 0 Jied 48 01 White 52 CO
« yo Old 59 S 2 Kew " . _' !) 30 Brank 34 33 Hurley Grinding , , 2 ii 27 Distil . 28 3 D Malt . 31 fi | wait Uroini .... 52 Si Pale 53 59 _VTare 60 G 2 lie-ins Ticks old Anew 37 3 S Harrow 38 40 _Vhtcon il » Pens Grey 3 , 1 SS Maplo S 7 8 S Whito 33 _* D Oats liucolns & Yorkshire Feed 22 24 I _' olaud 21 2 _tJ Scotch . Angus ' > S in Potato SS 3 ft Irish ..,,.,.,. "White 50 23 Black SO 2 ? Per 2301 b , net . _s _s ) _PcrSSOlb . not . 8 s _Town-iiinile flour _, , . 31 S'J I _Xorfoll * . & Stockton Z _6 85 _Bssqi : and Kent . , . , 3 S 42 | Irish ,.,,... 87 SD Free . _BoniSj
_Foreign . SB 8 & ' ¦ Vh sat , _Tlsintslc . _Konigshurg , lv ) ..,,., & 9 61 SS 43 Murks , Mecklenburg , , . 5 G SS 33 39 Danish , Holstein , and frieslaud red 4 S 5 _' 1 28 39 Hus . ii . iH , Hard -13 52 Soft . , . 48 52 2 S 2 J Italian , Ked . . 30 52 White , . , iH 5 S S 2 a _> Spanish , Hard . 5 o 52 Soft . . . . 02 52 SI 3 i live , _JlalUc , Bi-iecl _, ... 28 30 Uiulried . . 25 30 22 24 Barley , _Grinding . 24 26 Malting . , 28 38 19 2 * Beans , licks . . Si 85 Egyptian . 3 i 3 "< 23 8 _J 1 _'cai , _" , White , . 37 39 Maple- . . 30 37 28 _3 _T Oats , Dutch , iJrcw and Tliick ....... 23 25 20 23 — - _Kiissi-m feed ,..,.... 20 22 U IS Danish , I ' riesland feed 20 22 14 1 } _rit-ur , per barrel , _,. 2 S 30 21 2 $ _AVERA-GE PRICES Of thc last sis weeks , which regulate the Duties from _tfo 21 st to the 27 th of August . , Wheat Darky Oati .: Bye . _-fic-jus , PcaZ . „ , 1 _, — , ( ___ Week ending ! s ' ' ' ' " d * s ' _M »• d - s - 4 July 12 , 1845 .. ! ' IS 10 20 0 22 G 33 11 S 9 S Z % 11 Week ending ; j / July 19 , 1815 .. i 60 0 29 C 22 i . 32 s ! 39 01 40 3 Week endings ) ) July 2 fi , ] _31-J .. _; 51 7 20 3 22 5 31 _» Uo 3 ! SS Ji > Week oiuliug ; i _Au-j . 2 , ISO ! J S 3 3 20 8 22 5 Si 6 ! 10 S il D Week ending ) Aug . 0 , 1845 .. { 50 3 29 7 22 8 33 10 ; 11 0 39 0 V _> _ook ending ; ] Aug . 18 , 1815 . 4 57 0 23 4 22 2 34 4 ! il 2 SD ? I _. __ . _^_^__ J _^ _Aggi-egate aver-: j . age of the Inst ) j _sixwuel-s .. ; D 2 8 20 i 22 5 33 CU 0 4 } -M _) ? London aver- ; j _agi-s ( ending ! { Aug . _io , l 3 iD ) } 60 1 23 7 23 3 0 0 _> 42 _SUO _JJ Duties .. _¦¦( 13 0 9 0 6 0 9 6 2 6-30 _iKronTS _rr-oit August 18 to August 24 , inclusive . _iscusn scoicn . \ _taisn . _ifobkc . v totaz . V , ! ieat „ „ 11 , 047 ov 0 8 , SG _1 15 , 558 P , ; irley „ .. 7 C 0 1 , 025 1 , 550 3 , 051 P » ts ¦• » H 0 _StifiSi 11 , 331 31 , 079 Hyo .... 0 o 0 0 0 _Ilcans .. .. 304 0 0 0 304 Peas ., .. 358 o 0 52 413 Malt „ „ 5 , 349 0 18 0 9 , 559 Tares .. .. . o o 0 () 0 Linseed .. a Q r « l 1 . 855 1 , 905 _Kapssced „ -20 _Q 0 , 27 17 Plow , sacks 5 , 540 . o 100 0 5 _. G 40 Ditto brls ... 0 | 01 0 | 0 0
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_LostjOS _Smitefielu Gaitle _MjjjEct , _Mo _^ n . s . T , Ate 2-5 . —Sinco this day se ' nnight the imports oi live stock from abroad for ottr market havo consisted of 43 oxen « t . d cows , together with 100 sheep , 20 lambs , ami 8 calves , per the Neptune and John Bull , from _HambttTj- _'h ; as also 113 beasts , GO sheep , 20 lambs , jind 14 calves , per the Batavier , Ocean , and William _Jolliiie , from Rotterdam . The _Ealaviei having encountered a terrific storm on her passage , 20 of the oxen on board of her were _emothered , tho remainder being so much injured that they _werfe hilled on being landed . Such was the had state in which this stock was landed that tho beasts were scarcely worth £ 1 per head . To-day _iro had on offer SO beasts and 60 sheep , chiefly from Holland . As they were of very inferior quality , they commanded
very little attention , and were disposed of at miserably loir figures . Our letters from Hamburgh and Rotterdam state that the prices of lire stock thero are consitlerably on tho increase , with every prospect of a further advance in them . The arrivals at ilull havo amounted to 128 boasts and 200 sheep , chiefly i ' roxa Rotterdam . Compared with those on Monday last , the numher of beasts from our own districts was on tho decrease , and of but middling quality , though there were some well mado up animals amongst them . Although tho beef trade was by no means active , tho primest Scots sold steadily at prices quite equal to those paid last week , the middling and inferior breeds moving off _slovfly at barely late rates . From Noiv folk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we received 800 Scots , _Bhorthorns . and homebreds : from the
western and midland counties , 500 _Herefords , runts Devons , Irish beasts , & o . ; from other parts of England , 600 of -various breeds ; and from Scotland 200 horned and polled Scots , the remainder ofthe supply being chiefly derived from tho neighbourhood of " tho metropolis , Tho number of sheep was smail for tbe time of year ; yet they wero fully adetruato to tho wants of the buyers . For the primest old Itovma , whicli were scarce , tho demand ras steady , at fu ) prices ; but all other breeds wero heavy , and the turn lower . Tho supply of lambs was somewhat on the increase , owing to which the lamb trade ruled dull at barely the late depression iu tho quotations . Calves wero in moderate supply , and heavy demand , at last week ' s prices . Prime small ph j s sold freely , otherwise tlie pork trade , was dull . From Maod we had uearl . v 200 . on offer .
By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . a , a . s . a _. Inferior _conno beasts . , 3 8 3 0 Socone \ quality .... 3 2 3 4 1 ' rimo largo oxon . , , , 3 B 3 10 Prime Scots , & e . ... » 4 U 4 2 Coarse inferior Bheep ... 3 4 3 8 Second quality . . . . 3 10 4 4 Prime coarse _wooUod , , . 4 l > 4 8 Pr ime Southdown , . 4 10 5 0 Lambs ...... 4 8 5 8 Large coarse calvej . ,,, 3642 Prime small ..... 4 4 4 S Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 28 u Large hogs ,,,.. 3038 Kent small porkers , . . 3 10 i i Quarter-old store pigs , each , . 16 o 20 o _nxin Of CATTLE OS SAXB ,
( Prom the liooks of tha Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , _178-Shecp and Lambs , 23 , SS 0 _ Calve 3 _, 211 r-Pigs , 300 . Richmond Cohs Market , _Acotjst 23 .--We had no great supply of grain in our market to-day . Wheat sold from Is . to Ss . 6 d . ; oats from 3 s . to 4 s . ; barley from 4 s . to 4 s . 3 d . ; beans from -is . 6 d . to 5 s . per bushel . Maxchestbb _Coiw Market , _Satchdat _, August 23 . —The very boisterous and ungenial weather experienced in the early part of the week , which appears to have extended throughout the kingdom , and
is reported in some districts to have produced disastrous effects on the crops , and to have veiavded harvest operations already in progress , has been succeeded by a favourable change , and tho trade , under its influence , lost the excitement previously exhibited ; a . _'tendy consumptive demand , however , taking offall fresh supplies of flour as tliey nrrire , at thc currency of last week , may be noted , At our market , this morning there was but a limited extent of business transacted , and in the quotations of this day se ' nnight we make no alterations . Towards the close of tho market there was a very heavy shower , and the weather has assumed a very uupropitious
appearance .. LivERrooi , Conx Mabket , _Motoat , August 25 . — Thc imports of wheat and flour from Ireland con- ¦ tinue to be of fair extent ; of oafs and oatmeal the s supply is limited . Tho duty on Foreign wheat and 1 rye lias declined Is , per quarter on each . Thei Q weather during tlio past week has been very change- 3-able . On Wednesday , Saturday , aud yesterday _vre re had rain nearly thewholoofeaeh day , aud on those se davs an nctivo speculative business was done in in wlieat and ( lour , both free and bonded , at improving -rg prices . Tbe chief transactions were in the bcstquali-
lilies of Irish wheat at Ss . to as . id ., and Rostock and nd Stettin , in bond , at Gs , to _Cs . 3 d . per ( Gibs . United cd States sweet flour , in bond , brought 24 s . Od . to to 25 s Gd aud sour 2 ls . to 22 s . per barrel , l'he sales lea of Canadian flour have been at 81 s . to 32 s . Cd . per > er barrel for fine and superior brands . No particular far _clianpc has occurred in the value of other articles , and uid the demand lias been very moderate ; thc best Irish : isb oat 3 have commanded Ss . 3 d . to Ss . 4 d . per 43 lbs . lbs . Oatmeal 2 Gs . Cd , io 27 s . 0 d . per 2401 bs ; grinding ling barley 3 s . Sd . to 4 s . 3 d . per COibs . ; _Euyptian beans , sns _, 34 s . to 35 _^ ., and Indian corn 30 s . toS 2 s . per 43 _& ba . liba . Canadian peas , 35 s , to 30 s . pw / _50-ilbs .
_Lkeiis Ci . oui Markets .- —Since our last tho cloth _iloth _i market has somewhat recovered from its depression , _jion .. In the warehouses thero has been ft fair business mess doim ;; nnd at the cloth hulls on Tuesday there wa 3 a ra 3 a 3 marked improvement . Should the weather take a ike a B favourable turn for the harvest , a good autumn _tradctradei mav be oonCdontly expected .
Lr . _r . ns Cor _.-t Market , _Tobt _oat . August 28 .-- 0 .-- With the exception or a six hours' rain _yesterdaysrdayj afternoon , the weather has bc « ii fair since last _lastii Wednesday ; it is fine again to-day . Tho arrival _ofral of ) wheat during the week is large , and ft good show otow ot ) samples on the stands this morning , for winch thewthewi is a vcrv limited demand at fully one Is . per quartciu » rtcK below last Tuesday ' s rates . Oa ts mid beans contijitunthiwc in request at full prices , and tlie inquiry for bcu : lejhs 4 . _' k *; c and malt increases . , ¦ Mm . tos _Cow Minkv . T , Av . _oi 3 si 23 . _—\ _Tcha-whwwhnM a good supply of wheat offering to this day ' s _mivrheatiirkc w tlt « fcason , \ _vh \ _clyps sold on much ' the ? am . _e ? ams terms as _Jasfc wee ! c . "" In oats we make no ' _altcnttiopvivtiou Vvhe ? _.-. ltd , _•'«¦ _«• * U ? . to C 2 s . ; white ditto , ' _ost-. i 53 s . i . _Ckp . 4 _sioiieu : eat ; :, _ll-: d . to _i-4 «> ii ' _-M nor s _' _vviic .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 30, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_30081845/page/7/
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