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S The 7th of the sixth cha THE NORTHERN ...
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V • === SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. A Vsssei,...
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FEARGUS O'COXXOR AND DR. M'DOUALL.
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Dear Sir,—I was deputed by the Council a...
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THE NORTHERN STAR. 3ATURDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 1815.
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MINISTERIAL CHANGES. The jfifmes of Thur...
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THE TRADES CONFERENCE. Thb Trades having...
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. THE CRASH. From the moment that our re...
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O'CONNELL AND THE POPE. Lvteuested, as e...
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$0 ifteaam ani* eormponunit
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Leach and M'Douall.—Just as we were goin...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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S The 7th Of The Sixth Cha The Northern ...
THE NORTHERN STAR February } , _^ - - i 1 I i
V • === Shipping Intelligence. A Vsssei,...
V === SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE . A Vsssei , _Roir Hows . — . Brutal Coxduct . —We subjoin an account of the loss of a beautiful little _chpper cutter , the Design , belonging to Whitstable , W-Cambnrn , master ; Messrs . Ifeane and Edwards , owners . The cutter Design "was built bv Mr . James Daniels , of Whitstable , and iu respect to her sailing qualities , beauty , and strength , was the pride ofthe port . This vessel was from Tcrccira with a cargo ot fruit for London , and was proceeding up channel with a fine breeze at south bv east , when , arriving ott Exmouth about one o'clock on Friday morning , the 10 th ult ., at a distance of about 30 miles fi _* om the land , she was run into with a most tremendous crash by alargebarquc . name unknown , running down channel before the wind , and _immediately sunk . The
perishing crew , at the utmost strength of their voices , raised one general cry to the barque for assistance . The mate , throwing off his boots and clothes , jumped into the sea , and swam away in hopes of being picked up by ihe barque , and fearingthc vortex would carry hjm down . At the same moment the remainder of the crew , five in number , with the greatest perseverance and presence of miud , reached their boat , which was secured on the hatches , and with a verv small pocketknife succeeded in cutting through the lashings just at the very instant the vessel sunk from under their feet . The plugs being both out , two of the men thrust their thumbs into the plug-holes , and partly prevented the water from rusliing in , while the three other people were engaged extricating the boat from
the entanglement ofthe vessel's sails and rigging as she sunk to rise no more . This was a work of great difficulty , as the boat got between the shrouds and the mast . The boat being clear , their attention was instantly directed to the drowning mate : they found hinmearly exhausted , and struggling with the waves among a number of loose articles that floated from the vvreck , and hastily pulling him into the boat , they immediately followed the destructive barque , rowing with two oars double-banked all the time , as from the first moment ofthe collision , halloing and calling vociferously for assistance ; but the ears of the merciless master and the crew , although long within
hail and sight , were alike deaf tothe cries of distress The miscreants shivered their sails for afew minutes , when , seeing the boat approach them , and detection certain , they inthe most ruthless manner filled their sails and proceeded on their course , without lowering a boat or making ; the slightest effort to save the unhappy crew . The ill-fated crew rowed all the night as near as they could judge toward shore , with a sea running that frequently threatened to fill the boat , until nine jlm ., when they were picked up by the smack Britannia , " of Weymouth , James Moore , master , by whom they were very kindly treated , and safely landed at Weymouth . —Kentish Gazette .
Fatal Shipwreck . —The American brig Gazelle , Captain Philbrook , from Bangor , United States , bound to Port-au-Prince , was capsized in lat . 30 , long . 6 i , on the morning ofDecembcr 12 , while lying-to in a gale of wind . She immediately filled with water , turned bottom up , but soon righted again , with the loss of three men . The decks were swept of everything moveable , and the bulwarks gone . The rest of the crew stuck to the wreck , on which they remained twenty-four days , during which . time their sufferings -from the absence of water were intense . No less than nine vessels passed them during this period , without affording the least relief . Two men were stationed on the rigging constantly making signals of distress . On ihejllth day & piece of canvas was
affixed to the -mainmast , whieh was intended to serve as a backet to catch what rain water might run down the mast . The only provisions were a few beef bones and pork rinds . On the 6 th of the present month the American ship Tamerlane , Captain Theobald , from Savannah , bound to Liverpool , hove in sight , bore down , and took off the famished wretches , and brought them to this port . At tlie time of their rescue , almost every inch of clothing had disappeared from their backs—their frocks being theonlycovering . Their bodies resembled in colour and appearance marble statues rather than those of Jiving men . _Uothiug , according tothe statement ofthe survivors ,
COUld exceed the kindness of the good Captain Theobald . lie caused their bodies to be rubbed with camphorated spirits ; he fed them sparingly at first , and only allowed them a pint of water daily until they began to improve under his hands , when he gave theni a more generous diet . Our excellent townsman , Charles Ware , who has always a hand open as melting charity for merit , in whatever shape he finds it , has opened a subscription at his office , Waterloo-road , for the relief of the unfortunate Captain Philbrook . The amount already exceeds £ 25 , and it promises to be more substantial . It ought to be so . —Liverpool Chronicle of Saturday .
HUHRICAXE IX THE _^ _bsDOEBBASEAS . —The Journal des Dcbats publishes the following extract from a letter dated Hyeres : — " A most violent hurricane burst over the harbour of Hyeres during the night of the 14 th inst . Of fifty ships anchored in the port every one experienced serious injury . " The same journal states that the violent south winds which have prevailed for some time have caused considerable damage to the port of Toulon . The jetty at Castigneau has been thrown into the sea , its quays much injured , and a battery of four pieces of cannon entirely demolished . A letter dated Uettc , ICtli ult ., published in the Journal des Debats . contains the
following-statement _: — "About ten o ' clock this morning , the sun shuibg brightly , a terrific phenomenon made its appearance . A meteor having the appearance of a star , shining in the midst of the heavens and flying in the direction from north to west , described in its rapid course a segment of a luminous circle . Having reached the limit of the horizon the meteor terminated in the form of a pear , and then its brightness assumed an unearthly appearance . The base was fringed with small globes of a silvery white , and contrasted in a striking manner with the species of tube formed by the flaming train , which was ofthe brightest-red . ' - '
_bTOitM at _LirsRrouL . _—Moxdav . —Wc were visited on Saturday _ni- | ht , a : _id almost without intermission until an advanced hour yesterday morning , with a dreadful gale from the north-west , the violence of which , 33 it howled along the streets , strongly remii' . ded us of the memorable storm hi January , 1839 . The damage in Liverpool has been , comparatively speaking , of trifling extent , the vessels in port having ridden out the gale gallantly . Several of those iu the Prince ' s and George ' s docks have been chafed and otherwise slightly injured , but , with this exception , they have escaped without damage . In the town a -small building , used as a blacksmith ' s shop , in Parliament-street , opposite St . Barnabas' Church , Avas
blown down , a large wooden paling , erected in the yard of the Fever Hospital , Mount-pleasant , was carried away , and sundry slates and chimney tops -were conveyed to considerable -distances by the impetuosity of the gale . But , if wc have escaped so fortunately here , we fear that the accounts this week ¦ will convey melancholy intelligence of the loss of life and property in the Channel and along the coast . As yet we have only heard of the loss of one vessel , the Manchester , of London , Hall master , which sailed from Liverpool for Calcutta on Satm _* day last , with a general cargo , and went down on Holy-bank . Tlie lollowing letter on the subject was posted in the _TJnderwriters ' -i _* ooms yesterday : —
Sunday morning , half-past Ten . Sir , —About half-past eight a . h ., I observed a vessel coining on shore on West Ilojle . I immediately ordered the life-boat out and to proceed to Old Hoyle . At this time a boat left the vessel and reached tbe Old Iloyle with all her crew , thirteen in number , and , with the exception ofthe lad and two others , all are coming round ; and every atteation is paid to tlie above three , who , I have no doubt , in a few hours wiU be better . The vessel is the -Manchester , of London , Captain Hall , bound to Calcutta ; general cargo . She is on the S . N . W . point of the bank , and is going fast on her beam-ends . In haste , lam , sir , your most obedient servant , E . Sherwood .
Front subsequent telegraphic communications , it appeared that . the barque capsized and disappeared at 9 jjl , and that the whole of the crew wore landed safely on East Boyle by the Holylake life-boat . The Liverpool life-boat went out to render assistance , but by the time she had arrived the vessel had sunk , and the crew were saved . The Manchester was a fine sew barque . Two other vessels Bailed with the Manchester on Saturday—the Lochinvar , for New Orleans and the Valparaiso , for Valparaiso . Both have since returned to Liverpool . _Yesterday morning , some time after she was due , the Iron Duke steamer arrived -from Dublin . She experienced a dreadful night , and during the height of the gale one of her paddles sustained some injury , and one of the sailors on board
had his leg broken . The Maggie , of London , came np the Mersey last evening , with loss of her maintopmast and both her anchors and cables , and with some injury to her stern . On Saturday evening the Athlone steamer sailed for Belfast , and had amongst her passengers the celebrated pianist , M . Thalberg , and the equally celebrated vocalists , Miss Birch , Miss Dolby , Mr . John Parry , and Mr . Calkin . Miss Birch ' s mother , and Mr . Calcott , the manager ofthe musical eompany , were also on board . The party had performed at two grand concerts in Liverpool , the second of which came off on Saturday morning , and were proceeding to Belfast for the purpose of performing at a concert ofthe Philharmonic Society of that town to-night . About five o ' clock last evening the Athlone returned to Liverpool , and immediately after M . Thalberg and his friends drove to the
Adelphi Hotel , where they described the sufferings they had undergone during the night as being of the most painful nature . It appears that they had succeeded in steaming in the teeth of the gale as far as the Isle of Man , but that they found it impossible to proceed farther , and for four hours the captain considered the safety of the vessel in imminent peril The party seemed to have given up all hopes of ever seeing land again , and expected every moment to go to the bot-S 2 _S _^ V _f , _Q _^^ _rns ti-eir comfortable quarters m the Adelphi Hotel last night was unbounded They congratulated each other on their truly nrovi-« ntial escape , and immediately despatched letters to then * ihends in London and on the continent to acquaint them of their safety . They have , for the present , we uadecstaad , given up their intention of _wafiBg Ireland . _**• « - v « w
V • === Shipping Intelligence. A Vsssei,...
Shipwreck . —The brig Robert Burns , of Liverpool , 296 tons register , from St . _Petershurgh to Liverpool , with a cargo of deals , sailed from Rathmullan , in Lough SwUly , at an early hour on Thursday morning last , _° in , as her crew supposed , a sea-worthy state . Shortly after sailing she encountered very strong gales from the south-west ; and the ship labouring heavily , at two p . m ., every effort was made to reach Lochindail , the nearest port , in order to save their lives and the ship , but all the attempts of the crew proved fruitless , and at four o ' clock p . m . the vessel was struck with a tremendous sea , and immediately
went on her beam-ends , the captain at this time being washed overboard . Tlie crew lashed themselves to the main chains , and remained in this perilous condition on the wreck , nearly dead from cold and exhaustion , till they were picked up by the crew of the Perseverance , of Dumfries , John M'Gee master and owner , when they were taken on board his vessel , and landed safely by " him in this city yesterday . Great praise is due * to Captain M'Gee for his exertions , at the risk of his own life and that of his crew , in rescuing ten fellow-creatures from a watery grave . The crew of the Robert Burns have been saved , but the captain perished . —Berry Sentinel .
Dover , Jan . 27 . —On Sunday wc were visited by a very heavy sea , and strong wind from the north-west , amounting to a gale , which continued throughout the day . The passage to the Continent has not been stopped , but the vessels have been longer on their vovage . Her Majesty ' s packet the Dover , arrived from Calais , after a boisterous trip , in five hours ; and her Majesty ' s packet the Widgeon did not arrive till two o'clock on Monday morning , having been twelve hours on her passage . Towards midnight , the time of high water , the tide increased wonderfully , so much so that the piers and quays were all inundated , and by the violence of the sea in the inner harbour , part of the new quay in the pent , which is entirely stone , was washed down , and the Lord Sidmouth , a
large vessel , was earned into the interior of the place , where the extensive improvements are going on for the enlargement of the harbour . There were about twenty-six feet water flowed , being eight feet more than the ordinary spring tides . It is about eight years since we had anything like the present , lhe Dover Telegraph office , and the houses in Snargatestreet , had several inches deep of water in them . A large brig , name unknown , passed this port in the afternoon , with loss of mainmast . Tho weather today ( Monday ) still continues stormy , accompanied by hail and snow . The City of London arrived from Boulogne this afternoon ; bringing several passengers , in about three hours ; and , by information received on board , it is said that the weather in Boulogne was extremely boisterous .
Toulon , Jan . 22 . —The steam-frigate Oronoque , Captain Poudra , anchored in the roads this afternoon , from Algiers , wliich place she quitted on the 19 th , having on board a regiment of the line . On the 20 th , the wind blowing a hurricane , and the sea running high , several ofthe soldiers sought refuge close to the case ofthe paddle wheels . This being perceived by the captain , orders were given for all the passengers to retire from the deck ; unfortunately , before he could be obeyed , a wave struck the starboard side of the vessel and washed overboard four soldiers , who were returning to their homes , having served their time in Africa . At the moment ofthe accident the Oronoque was going ten knots an hour .
Feargus O'Coxxor And Dr. M'Douall.
FEARGUS O'COXXOR AND DR . M'DOUALL .
Dear Sir,—I Was Deputed By The Council A...
Dear Sir , —I was deputed by the Council at Carpenters ' Hall to sec Dr . M'Douall after his lecture on Monday night , to ascertain when he would be able to meet you . His answer to me was , that he did not know what he had to meet you about . I told him to meet the charges he had seen in your letter in the Star . He said , " I understand all about them ; I'll make Feargus prove tliat I am in the pay of the League , as he said I was . "
I pressed liim to say whether he intended to meet you , or not ; and his answer was , "I will send the Council a letter in two or three days . " I then informed him that bis expenses should be paid by the Council . The Council have resolved that the case shall be heard on Sunday , the 9 th of February . It is requested by the Council that _thisletter be inserted iu the Star of Saturday next . I remain , yours , John Smith . Manchester , January 28 , 1845 .
The Northern Star. 3aturday, February 1, 1815.
THE NORTHERN STAR . 3 ATURDAY , FEBRUARY 1 , 1815 .
Ministerial Changes. The Jfifmes Of Thur...
MINISTERIAL CHANGES . The jfifmes of Thursday has the following . We give it here without comment : — Although several important changes in tlie present Administration have , for some time past , been much discussed aud confidently anticipated , tiie appointments which are at this time understood to be determined on , and still more the secession from the Government of one of its most active and intelligent members , are for the most part unexpected by the pubhc . Of these occurrences the most unforeseen and significant is the resignation and retirement of tlie President of the Board of Trade , Mr . Gladstone s name has been conuected , from the moment of his first appearance in the world , with opinions of a very decided character on several very highly important
questions which have no reference whatever to his particular duties iis the commercial Minister of the British empire . But these speculative opinions are reported to have divided the hon . gentleman from his colleagues ou some of the most important matters likely to be brought before Parliament ; and wc hope we may infer that those measures will prove tube of such moment to the welfare ofthe United Kingdom , and especially to the tranquillity of the most agitated portion of it , . that they will afi ' ord a sufficient compensation for the loss of so active a pubhc servant as Mr . Gladstone . The vacancy thus arising at the head of the Board of Trade will be filled by lord Dalhousle , now the Vice-President of tliat department , but without a seat in the Cabinet . Mr . Cardwell , the member for Clitheroe , is named as the successor of Lord Dalhousie in the Vice-Presidency of the Board of Trade—an office which is usually aecompanied with a seat in the VMvy Council .
The vacancy occasioned by the resignation ofthe Secretaryship of Ireland hy the present Lord St . Germans , upon the death of his father , and his consequent accession to the peerage , will he filled by Sir Thomas Fremantle , who succeeded Sir Henry Hardinge last spring as Secretary at War . Mr . Sydney Herbert takes the "War-office , with a seat in the Cabinet ; and ihe Earl of Lincoln also enters the Cabinet , retaining his present office at the Board of Woods and Forests . The retirement of Sir John Barrow , and the promotion of Mr . Sydney Herbert , leave both the Secretaryships of the Admiralty at the disposal of the Government ; and we trust they will be filled in such a manner as to meet all the claims of that most important department , and to deserve the confidence of the country . Mr . Corry has been mentioned as Mr . Sydney Herbert ' s successor .
The Standard of the same day ( Thursday ) has the following : — Fbom a Comiespondent . — "We understand that the report of the Ministerial changes announced in the Times this morning is , to say the least , premature . Mr . Gladstone , whatever may be liis intention , has not yet resigned office . There is , however , no doubt but that Sir Thomas Fremantle succeeds Lord Eliot ( Earl St . Germans ) in the important office of Chief Secretary of Ireland . No doubt the " correspondent" knows all about the
matter ; and he does not contradict the statement ot the Times as to the "intention" of Mr . Gladstone to retire . The Times , therefore , " speaks by the book , " as may lie gathered from the following announcement by the Standard itself : — "Wehave reason to believe that , although it is highly probable that the abilities aud services of Mr . Cardwell will be secured for the Government in some appointment of importance , yet the announcement that Mr . Cardwell is destined for the Vice-Presidency of the Board of Trade is at least premature .
The Trades Conference. Thb Trades Having...
THE TRADES CONFERENCE . Thb Trades having selected a period of comparative "prosperity" as the time for holding a Conference , wherein the several matters interesting to their body can be discussed , have at least purged their proceedings of all suspicion that hunger alone can move the Working Classes . True , when the people were poor and hungered , Chartism was described as " the howl of the hungry . " We never denied the assertion ; but , on the contrary , admitted that social suffering and inequality always led "to political discussion , And
out of those discussions has arisen a principle , the justice of which is so strongly impressed upon the national mind , that we have now no reason to quarrel cither with the past suffering or with those who characterised our movement as a hungry howl . Satisfied then , aa we were , even with a bad state of things that induced thought and discussion which led to the almost universal adoption of a great principle , we are much better satisfied with the prospect of forthcoming events , wliich are not shadowed forth in squalid wretchedness and misery .
The "howl of the hungry" for food is a dangerous assailant ; but may be met by the crushing force of organised authority , to the total subversion of the " ordinary law . " When what is called a " mob , " clamours for food , and assumes a threatening aspect , the " necessity" for instant suppression binds every faction in the State together : and under their combined influence , striking examples and prompt barbarity are represented as the perfection of humanity . The inevitable tendency of such a reverse is to dispirit , weaken , convulse , and ultimately destroy the Movement Party . On the other hand , men who leave their homes in obedience to the summons of their fellows in times of comparative " prosperity , " with
The Trades Conference. Thb Trades Having...
the view of maturely considering , how , without recourse to violence or even declamation , they may present a sufficient amount of combined knowledge and power to insure their fair share of the growing " prosperity" ofthe country , must be regarded by all parties in the State as the representative power of the republic of Labour , met to devise means for carrying into effect what the legislature itself has characterised as just , but what its ignorance of all the ramifications of industry could not reduce to practice .
We cannot , then , contemplate a more interesting spectacle than such an assemblage as the forthcoming Conference shadows to the imagination . The various assaults recently made by Government and Capitalists on the rights of Labour , could not possibly fail to produce some opposition to the lewd and reckless course of the protected oppressor ; while the sluggish motion of a sluggish body has been quickened into activity by the complete failure of all its past skirmishes > ith a too powerful , because thoroughly united foe . To eensure sueh a project
openly , would be to court unpopularity and create suspicion : and , therefore , many who would gladly avert the threatened danger to monopoly , secretly ask " toii / _to end this Conference is needed ? " "Why disturb the public mind in the moment of ' prosperous' calm , when all are in full work and at good wage ? " " The Conference is premature , " saith another . " And why not wait till Government has manifested some further hostile intention ? " chimes in a third ; and " It is a purely Chartist move , " roars out a fourth .
Now , in answer to those several speculative inquiries , and commencing with the first , we presume that the end contemplated is the establishment of some defined plan of operation , by which the industrious classes of this country shall be put in possession , not of a mere existence-standard of wage , based upon the calculation as to the smallest amount upon which peace and slavish labour can be preserved , but or TflBin full shake of that _vaat _' aiuount of national " prosperity " created and daily augmented by their industry ; that the industrious alone shall not be the only sufferers from the caprice and speculations of
others : to the end that the man who labours hardly and honestly shall have the same prospect as Ms employer of one day retiring to a sweeter refuge than that seasoned with workhouse austerity . To the second we answer , that the moment of " prosperous " calm is not only the period , but is the only period , at which the philosophy of industry can be brought to bear against the audacity of wealth . The argunionts coming from such a body , and at such a time , will carry with them the weight and importance of reflection , resolution , and self-esteem ; while to wait for the moment of adversity would give to the movement
a character of turbulence , recklessness , and declamation . Manufacturers are " prosperous "—landlords arc " prosperous "—the Church is " prosperous" — all Classes of Capitalists are " prosperous ; " and they each use tlieir " prosperity" to force additional security for their respective orders from the Prime Minister . Why , then , should not those who are told to " follow the example of their superiors , " look upon the period of "prosperity" as the time calculated to give most weight to their proceedings . Moreover , the Trades , schooled in adversity , have learned to distinguish between permanent comfort
and mere casual relief . They know that the passing gleam of " prosperity" may quickly change into the dark cloud of adversity . Tothe third objection we answer , that the Conference ts not premature . Better in such cases to be a year , or even two years before the time , than one day " after the fair ! " True , the awe inspired in the Government by the very shadow of such a following substance may cause the Home Secretary to postpone or altogether forego his evil intentions , and then the Conference , as fat * as Government is concerned , will have secured prevention , instead of waiting to administer the cure .
Government is secret in its councils , and rapid in its execution ; and if apprised of the intention of the Trades to wait for the first manifestation of hostilities , the more active assailants would surprise the more sluggish enemy , and Laugh their best endeavours to scorn . Moreover , as Mr . Drurt has well laid it down in liis letter , the Trades have more to apprehend froni the assaults of griping Capitalists , than even from the machinations of Governments . " To
be forewarned is to be forearmed ; and hence we aver that the present is the fitting time for action . To the fourth objection we answer , it is not a Chartist move , further than the impossibility of separating the principles of justice from the rights of Labour . This is a bugaboo , always paraded , and not unfrequently successfully , to scare the timid from the performance of their own work . The Colliers' strike was not a Chartist movement ; nor did any speaker on the platform ever attempt to mix up the two questions * . but the several delegates who assembled in London and elsewhere , were proud to bear honourable testi niony to the valuable support they received from the
Chartist body . The recent strike of the Building Trades iu Manchester was not a Chartist movement ; and yet the Chartists were foremost in the battle of right against might ! Indeed , although charged with the crime " of " obstruction , " we may proudly assert , that while Chartism has and ever will "obstruct" all humbugs , yet has it never , by an indiscreet use of its power , extended injudicious aid to an section of labour struggling for its rights , The Trades will find Chartism , as all others seeking for their rights have found it , —a zealous co-operator , a steady friend , and uncompromising advocate . In fact , Chartism is a terror to the evil-doer , and a tower of strength to the righteous .
So far we have stripped this magnificent national figure of the old bugabooism—Chartism . And now we would advert to those subjects which must be eventually discussed and legislated on by the Trades . Firstly , the question of restriction ; and how far , if there are three hundred persons in one trade earning a certain amount of wage for twelve hours' labour per day , and one hundred become " surplus , " either by the application of machinery , foreign competition , or slackness in trade ; how , in such case , a restriction of the hours of labour to eight hours , instead of twelve , shall turn the idle " surplus" into active labourers , and still preserve the same amount of wage—not the same amount that the two hundred received to be
divided amongst the three hundred ; but thesame amount of wage for each of the three hundred for eight hours' work that each of the three hundred received for the twelve hours' work . This question of restriction is one—is the one—upon which the most interested discussion will take place : and for this reason ; in many trades , where there is no great " surplus , " the false notion will be entertained that a restriction of labour in such cases must result in a reduction of wages . It is , in truth , from such feelinp that our only doubts arise : from the apprehension that much personal interest , or even sectional interest , maybe mixed up with the general question of the labourer ' s fair share of national wealth , and national improvement .
If , however , we start difficulties , we strengthen the necessity for a Conference of those who will better understand them than ourselves , and are therefore more capable of adjusting them . Another question will be , the best mode of relieving those in full employment from the competition of an unemployed "surplus , " or of the necessity of so far supporting them in _idleness , as to guard against their competition . Now these two questions of " restriction" and " surplus" are those which must be promptly met and vigorously dealt with by the Trades of this country . If such a
channel can be opened forthe " surplus' ' of each trade as will relieve the employed from then * competition , the principle of restriction , mainly superinduced by the necessity of supplying work for the unemployed , may then assume the character of positive good , instead of , as now , of negative evil . If the " surplus" were provided for , the employed would not then be compelled to resort to restriction to protect themselves against competition ; but in such case they may use restriction as a means of balancing ac counts between employer and employed . Thus : they may establish the day ' s labour at the number of
The Trades Conference. Thb Trades Having...
hours that circumstances justly warrant , whether times be brisk or times be slack ; and then , without further interference of the body , each man wishing to work beyond the legitimate day may do so , and receive the advantage himself , instead of being compelled to give it for the support of a competitive idle reserve . The Trades will at ence see , then , that the question of providing for the " surplus" is in reality the all-absorbing consideration that should interest them . Not the providing for the " surplus " out of
the wages of the employed , wliich would be most unjust ; but to open and protect such new field for industry as may be opened out for all that are disinherited by the present system . So delicate are we of introducing what the enemies of Labour may be pleased to denominate our '' peculiar crotchet , " that we shall content ourselves with merely arousing thought , to the end that it may be directed to the proper point ; as doubtless , tract upon tract , essay upon essay , and pamphlet upon pamphlet , will be written for the guidance aud mystification of the assembled delegates .
The next point , and what has hitherto appeared of surpassing interest to the body , will doubtless be the mode by which the strike of one trade , if justifiable , shall be sustained , not by the individual trade , but by the whole national body . The question of " surplus , " if satisfactorily arranged , may render even discussion upon the latter point altogether unnecessary . Such we trust will be tho case , * because after long and anxious consideration , we have come to the conclusion that the details to work out this latter
principle would be complicated , always unsatisfactory , never truly applicable , and leading to those eternal squabbles , which sooner or later would perhaps end inthe destruction of that kindly feeling which now socheeringly manifests itself among the body . We do not say that the Building trades , the Iron trades , the Manufacturing operatives , the Potters , and all those consisting of different branches dependant upon each other , and assimilated in interest , may not adopt the plan of associated protection against individual injustice . However , the point is one of such complexity and nicety , that the Trades should bestir themselves in time to deliberate upon and discuss it , together with the several other questions likely to be submitted to their deliberation .
Regardless ofthe taunts of interested factions , wc shall take care to lay our thoughts before the body . They may deal with our suggestions as they see fitting . The only share that we shall claim in that glorious victory that must result from tlieirperfect combination is , that we have done all in our power to aid and facilitate , and nothing to retard or complicate , the project . Wc feel assured that the following communication upon the subject will bo hailed with euthusiasm and delight : —
" At a delegate meeting of Miners , held at Bacup , on Monday last , it was unanimously resolved , that Mr . John Berry should be in London on Saturday , the 1 st of February , to attend the tea party in honour of Labour ' s Champion , T . S . Duncombe , Esq .., on Monday next , and to remain there to aid the Trades delegates hi maturing tlieir plan for a National Conference , when three , or twelve delegates , if necessary , shall be sent to represent the Miners' body ; as they hail the projected movement as one pre-eminently calculated to insure for the industrious of all classes that share of the country ' s ' prosperity' to which they are pre-eminently entitled . "
Resolved as we were to abstain from any comment on the comparative merits of the several Trades , we had , however , a lurking notion that the Miners' attorney-general and his underground stragglers would be the first among the foremost to join in a social struggle for those social advantages to which they justly think they are fully _entitled . Here , then , is the unquiet underground nimble , spreading over the face of the earth , demanding justice for all ; and we
are not sorry that our old and dear friends tho Miners , have been the first to flash light upon the benighted surface . To tho Miners we say , " Well done , good and faithful men ; " and to all others we say , " Go , and do likewise . " The result of proper exertions will be a happy land from an aggregate of happy homes—peace tlirough prosperityprosperity through industry —and contentment through the administration of justice .
. The Crash. From The Moment That Our Re...
. THE CRASH . From the moment that our representative system was remodelled to suit the growing genius ofa people who had progressed beyond all others in tho art of wealth-creating , it was easy to foresee that exclusion from political power would lead to open rupture between represented , idlers and imi'eprcsented slave's . The true and veritable meaning of Rki'Orm was the just and convenient distribution and proper
application of the newly-created property of the country to its legitimate purposes ; and had such an intention manifested itself inthe acts of those who acquired power through popular confidence and fury , the people , ever patient under suffering , would have rested satisfied with such progressive iinproYcmcnts as were warranted by prudence , by circumstances , or even by a timid caution . They would , in fact , have resisted any violent change calculated to unsettle that state of * tilings in which they saw their own interests , rights , and privileges , even faintly recognised .
The non-adoption , therefore , of a timely soothing policy lias converted political rancour into social ferocity , and wc behold , as it were , not only a house divided against itself , hut every section ofthe household in open rupture , the one with the other , each struggling to hold its position , or to break that fall threatened by its own intemperance . Everything we see , everything wc hear , everything that we read of , presents to the eye and to reflection the elements of a struggle , the result of which ,
'" Come it slow or come it fast "must produce such a change as no country has ever yet witnessed . We have observed , and the Times has strengthened the justice of our conclusion , that the present period of calm " prosperity" furnishes our cautious Minister with incalculable advantages , and may enable liim , unheeded , uninterrupted , and unchecked , to pass measures which , under contrary circumstances , would not be tolerated . Had tho present schism in the rival churches of Ireland—the suspicions of the landlords of both countries—the deadly warfare raging in the bosom of our State
Church at home—the increasing cupidity of our capitalists—the hostility of our landlords to a property tax—the aversion of our traders and shopkeepers to an income tax—co-existed with that national discontent which preceded the present " prosperity " —the internal divisions of faction would have insured an easy triumph to the Working Classes : and , therefore , we must presume that their present contentment is relied on as the most fitting time to adjust the party squabbles of the higher classes . Those who would found their opinion of Ministerial strength upon mere English questions , or English " prosperity , " are but
_naiTOW-nunded politicians . Every great change that has been effected in the policy of our rulers has been forced upon them either from abroad or from without : from abroad , by the extension of Democratic principles ; or from without , by the effect which foreign circumstances have had upon the national mind . Hence wo have seen a tyrant Monarch and a slavish Cabinet _UurablcdbytUedcclarationofAmericanindepeiidencc ; wc have seen the loss of Ireland threatened , and all but effeeted , by the French revolution ; and we have seen "Reform , " though resisted for nearly half a century , carried by what is called the « . * three ' glorious days" of July 1830 !
Judging , then , from the past , wc must take the present state of America ; the present position of Guizot , the slavish Miuister of a wily Monarch , who holds Ms crown upon the _contuvua-nce of European peace , however ignominiously purchased ; we _inusit include the hemmed-in position of his Holiness the Pope , who would extend bis circle of dominion , by narrowing , contracting , and enslaving the minds ofthe Irish Catholics : nor can wc , in our catalogue of Ministerial difficulties , omit the impregnable position assumed by the Irish people : a position of masterly hostility to _[ all the powers at the disposal of the
. The Crash. From The Moment That Our Re...
British Minister . The monied interests have relied upon the commercial confidence , restored by the prime book-keeper of England . The landlords tolerate him as an agricultural steward , lest his successor may be worse than himself ; while the " noble army of martyrs , " preferring "half a loaf" to no bread , look upon him as a choice of evils : and backed as he is by the sycophantic supporters of " things as they are , " he might yet waddle through all the intricacies of domestic faction , but for the threatening aspect of foreign affairs . .... .. _>
The election of President Polk was but the foretaste of that anti-English policy now manifesting itself in American councils ; while the virtual defeat of Guizor in the Chamber of Deputies on the question of compensation to the missionary bagman , Mr , Pkitciiard , is calculated in its consequences to destroy the amicable Royal feeling between our Queen and the "King ofthe Barricade ; " an alliance on whicli the peace of Europe was said to depend : and should the restoration of the Thiers party bo the ultimate result of Guizot ' s defeat , there is littlo doubt that that anti-English feeling , so strongly manifested of late , will but add new perplexities to the policy of our commercial Prime Minister . To all these foreign
omens the resignation of the Right Honourable Mr . Gladstone , superinduced no doubt by the anti-Catholic policy about to be attempted by Sir Robert Peel for the tranquillization of Ireland , and a fair guess may be made from foreign omens and domestic signs , at the sessional labour cut out for Sir Robert . The hope that the simultaneous extension of railroads in France , England , and Ireland , and the consequent employment of the Working Classes , however it may quiet the turbulent spirit of Englishmen and Irishmen , will fail of producing a similar effect upon the excitable elements of French society ; and
therefore do wo look with surpassing interest to the foreign omens as signs of domestic change . Before we again appear in print we shall have had an opportunity of judging the effect produced by the threatening appearance of foreign affairs on the mind (!) of " Her Majestv ; " or at least upon the minds of her Ministers . From that , however cautiously the truth may be veiled , we may gather something of ministerial foreboding ; while , for the reasons we have assigned , we may anticipate a sudden burst of those warning elements , to control which Sir Robert Peel will require the use of even more than his ordinary
O'Connell And The Pope. Lvteuested, As E...
O'CONNELL AND THE POPE . Lvteuested , as every lover of liberty must be , in the pending struggle between O'Co . vxell and his Holiness the Porn , we look with delight upon every accession of strength achieved by Mr . _O'Cossell to aid liim in the suppression of Ecclesiastical intoler ance : and therefore we have printed at length the ablo letter of his Grace the Catholic Archbishop of Tuam , to Sir Robert Peel . In truth , pride , if not duty , would induce us to take this course , because we find that Dr . _M'Hale has taken the very same view of Sir Robert ' s policy that we ventured to ascribe to it on the first appearance of liis Holiness ' s rescript .
lhe Times designates the letter of Dr . M'IIale as a " simple declamation , " without argument or point , while our contemporary , at the same time , labours industriously _. 'but Ineffectually , to meet liis Grace ' s charge by a " counter-thrust . " Dr . _M'Hais traces the immorality of society in general to the contamination of a church whose clergy owe their all to the countenance of the State . To these , the Times replies , that the barbarous murders committed In Ireland , if not sanctioned by the Roman Catholic priesthood , arc at least tolerated , because not prevented . This , in our opinion , is expecting too much from _outlaivcd " aurpliced ruffians ; " and too little from the strong arm of that law which is the
right arm of the State Church . We have before asserted , and we now repeat it , that nearly every act of barbarism perpetrated by the Irish people is a consequence of oppression and misrule , and not a characteristic of the _; irish people : oppression and misrule which may be dated from the hour when a polluted State Church was " established by law , " and allowed to draw its resources from a hostile people , over whom it had achieved a sacrilegeous triumph . And it is now rather too great a draw on the patience and subserviency of the Roman Catholic priesthood , to expect that they should act the part of " goodnatured tranquillizers" of those irritated feelings concentrated by centuries of State Church _opprcsl sion .
The bold , the manly , and the truly Catholic posttion assumed by Dr . M'IIaile , however the Time * may sneer at his reasoning , is likely to _hllYC its due weight on the Catholic mind of Ireland ; for already wo learn that the chapels of Archbishop Ckolly , Archbishop Murray , and Dr . Dknvieu , the three bishops " bequeathed" to tho English Minister , have become vacant , while the flocks have refused _apportion of their fleece for'the sustenance of their shepherds . Could any circumstance impart a stronger respect for the principle of popular election , or at all events of popular control ? A control in which tho English Minister sees danger , and to possess himscll of which is the ultimate aim and object of those tinselled honours which he would now , through policy confer upon the Catholie hierarchy of Ireland .
So long as the Catholic priesthood of Ireland depend for sustenance upon the wholesome vigilant control of those to whose protection they are appointed , so long will their church stand all the attacks of foreign and domestic foes : but the moment that control is transferred to a political Prime Minister , that moment must every vestige of her former struggles and triumphs be buried under its own ruins . Having recognised the titles of the Irish hierarchy , we have very little doubt that the next step wiE be to introduce them , thus tinselled with the . trimmings of Ministerial debauchery , to the House of _Tcors , there
to sit m conclave with then * State Church brethren , in order that the present controversy may be transferred from the wide world of jealous watchfulness to the narrower sphere of apostolic reasoning , in tho hope of eliciting Ministerial dogmas capable of producing due effect upon English No-Popery feeling . Pending this schism in the Catholic Church of Ireland , the Protestant parsons , acting uponMr . _O'CoxsKu / s policy of making Ministerial weakness subservient to Irish purposes , have , with characteristic effrontery , arrayed _theinsolves in open hostility to the principle of National
Education ; declaring , with the coolest audacity , that teaching and education should come from what they are pleased to term the * ' National " Church of Ireland ; thereby meaning the Church of the Twentieth of the population , receiving nearly two millions annually from the sweat ofthe Catholic people . The " noble army of martyrs" in the diocese of Ardagh have been the last to pronounce against the " national system ; " and as the devi 1 quotes scripture when it serves his purposes , to avoid
all charge of selfish _interestedness , the " defenders of tho faith , " and so forth , have ventured on the selection of some verses from Deuteronomy to aid them in their opposition . We trust that we shall not be deemed " heretical" if we take the whole of tho injunctions contained in the chapters from which they had selected then- " exclusive title , " in order to expose the convenient and interested interpretation put even upon Holy Writ , when State Church purposes are to be served .
The title upon wliich tlie Ardagh parsons would establish the exclusive lights ofthe Church to teach , are selected from the fourth chap , of Dent ., 9 th and llth verses , the sixth chap , and Tth verse . Let us see what those verses really are , and whether or not there was any other condition annexed to this exclusive right . The 9 th verse says , " Only take heed to thyself , and keep thy soul diligcntlv , lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen , aud lest they depart from thine heart all tlie days of thy life ; but teach them , thy sons , and thy sons ' sons . "—
llth verse—And ye came near and stood under the mountain ; and the mountain burned with tire uuto the midst of heaven , with darkness , clouds , and thick darkness _.
O'Connell And The Pope. Lvteuested, As E...
The 7 th verse of the sixth cha pter , says „ And thou shalt teach them diligently unt dren , and shalt talk of them when thou sittc t * _^ ' house , and wheu thou walkest b y the wav . w "• _•^ Now we would ask the Ardagh parsons mitting the rights of Irishmen to have been ' defined and protected as those of the child ,. _^ Israel were in obedience to the promised ini un _f- _^ which meant nothing more than observance f _" \' ten commandments , where in the above verse tk can discover their title to the exclusive ri _** ht 0 r ministering National Education ? rm ... ml . ' _. _««« a ( _H , « _» :. a ___ "
Moses , in the first verse of the fourth chapter f _doyelopes the covenant and the condition s ' which the people of Israel were exhorted to ohedie _^ First verse : — Ce ' Now therefore hearken , 0 Israel , unto the stat and unto the judgments which I teach yon « _- . utt | them , that you may live , and go in and POSSKSS t . LAND WHICH THE LOUD GOD OF _VOl'K _FitiipiT GIVETH YOU . ' _'*• _$ Iii speaking generally of the necessity to obev tk " statutes and judgments" upon the _observ-nic _,, _, _. which the people wkkk to possess the land , _% ., which we find is in the eighth verse , the one . ik . that relied upon by the Ardagh parsons , we fin , ] : ! thus written : —
And what nation is there so great , that hath statesand judgments so righteous as all this law which {¦' . before you this day . Now then , we ask the meek and mild _followers Christ , whether they aro prepared to be bound as «> _j by the " righteous statutes and judgments"It _e- _^ referred to , as by the "injunctions" to teach 0 I _4 ence to their sons , and their sons' sons at their sitt _* _,, and their uprising ? Is it not truly ludicrous w farcical , in this age of enlightenment , to see a sei _* _- huxtering biblicals ransacking the Bible for " cor _^ stones " whereon to build a new title for the pi _* opa » tion of those feuds and dissensions by which K hope , for yet a little longer , to prop the _tottery
edifice into which their own obscenity has coiniiiin _* . cated the dry rot . If they will give us the _LASJ | with the " righteous statutes and judgments , " _^ I will allow them to " teach their sons , and their _sr _^ _^ sons , " a perfect observance of those commandm _**;; jf which they , violate , sitting , standing , rising , and ly _' _j , § But we are not prepared to allow them to _prcjtj ft " passive obedience " and " non-resistance " to _tfc- * |§ statutes whicli rob the people of the Land , aud c _» . _p fer its produce upon State Church parsons . _; _f
While this double-edged sword is drawn _agaitj ; \ M the Prime Minister in Ireland , the Bishop of _ExErji | | never behind-hand in administering fuel to _3 > Jb | Church flame , promises his share of confusion to j | t §|| to the already untranquillized state of mother _Church llf and our only hope is , that the exposures shall 1 « _Q i || complete , and searching to the end , that out of s ? || p good may come t and that at last we may sec & ffll growing mind of the country so improved by impr ? _:-. SI diced education , as to enable it to throw off % : gf § darkness with wliich it has been clouded by proi % _> § i | churchmen and interested teachers . 01
$0 Ifteaam Ani* Eormponunit
$ 0 _ifteaam ani * _eormponunit
Leach And M'Douall.—Just As We Were Goin...
Leach and M'Douall . —Just as we were going to pr « -MM on Friday morning , we received tbe decision _oftj ; ; _^ fl Manchester Council in the above case , accuinp . 15 ] _^ Ipl with a report , together with a balance sheet mcasuisj _;^| four feet four inches in length , closely written in _douU ; || 1 | columns , with a request to insert all this week , _wlsj _Wsffl we would gladly do if at all in our power , but « _-Wii »> f §|| are compelled to overhold till next week . W _3 m A Bone fou Chambers to Pick , —The following com ; ,-, | gp | sation recently took place between Mr . O'Connor andii l l ||| Irish labourer , who had been reared up under his _famiiv . _» _S —Mr . O'Counor : AVeU , Nicholas , have you the pouudi _ifl || week yet ? Nicholas ; YVisha , I haven't tliis long fei LIS —Mr . O'Connor : How did you lose it ? Nicholas : " 1 % fWl
, your honour , a fellow that I knew in Leeds , came in i'H here looking for work , and I got him a job hi my re M shop ; and when he found out what I had , I'll _cnjis m he never stop _' t till he rooted me out . —Mr , 0 'ConiDr ; *| j How was that 1 Nicholas : Why , he tould the ovetis _ft | that he'd take my job for fifteen shillings ; and fji : m the sack . —Mr . O'Connor : "Well , Nicholas , are you . * ii « - _= M totaller yet *? Nicholas : Wishn _, I ' m not , then . —Mr . Si O'Connor : Do you drink , then ; and what made _yoj _gp give it up *? Nicholas : Why , don ' t you know I _*» : || was a pledged member ; but when I left that plat * , IM was a teetotaUer two years ; and then I went to muk ig ill Mr . Somers ' granary , the corn-factor , and 'Ms m : _® R used to be paid every Saturday night , in a _pE-. _W & house of his own ; and sixpence would be stopped :: ill
every man ' s wage , whether he d drink or not : si | declare , after having it stopped for a great many wcii g allast 1 thought I mi g ht as well have something forit _, xi j | but I took my whack as well as the rest of them ; as ! I I believe that there would be many a teetotaller iit 1 wasn't for scheming and getting ou like that , by te % that has something to do with public-houses . —To oi : ] _$ a word on the above would but tend to weaken tin ft simple narrative ofthe dependant working man . _$ ' | | presume that the mechanics of one shop , _reforn-i' ) | | by the Messrs , Chambers , as supporting a . _iiublu-U'rS , ff
were " crimped" in tlie first instance , like poor _Mcs _" _- las : and as one word brings on another , one pulbriss on another ; and so , by the first false step into » _iaa the labourer is forced by the _nwster , tlie race _offepatiou is started , and the onus of disgrace falls _"Jj-H the victim , instead of upon the brute who _di-taais him . Note . The Mr , Somers spoken of by _Mdiotea Leaguer , and a loud brawler for " cheap bread" ai " _fuee trade "—iu corn , but not in swipes !—t /« i ! *' : must not be "free" to ) trade in , or not , as you like , it you must pay whether it suits or _unsuits ! _fl _*
League-men have queer notions . Mb . West , in Answer to the _"TntcKv Tuoi .. " _-i ' West , who now resides at Macclesfield , followii _* , ' _!* trade as a weaver , has sent us the following , in rt _# the Jesuitical and '' fan'" letter from Mr . L Falf _*? _, _- hired spouter for the enemies of Labour , inserted ie _* last : — " Sir , —Your remarks on Mr . Falvey ' s l _^ J respecting the Rotherham discussion , in last SaturJ _*! Star , has left me but little to say ; andl shouH _** _* ; have troubled you with this letter , but that I few * --I remained silent , a wrong construction might IkF " upon it . I was certainly anxious to see what " Falvey ' s corrections would amount to , as I was cons *** that the report was substantially correct , thu wlioi )'
the arguments , if not the exact words , being given : now that his letter is before me , I must coiifcs " ; quite a ' gem' in its way . Mr . Falvey will be _doiS- * -1 act of injustice to posterity if hu does not for _*'*\| ' true copy' to Mr . D'lsraeli , to enrich the next _cdiii" _^* his ' Curiosities of Literature . ' There is , however , ' ! 1 ; 1 error you have fallen iuto , wliich I hasten to _corKftj-1 Mr . Falvey is ' so sensitive about names . His « _t Timothy : the initial , therefore , should have b «» ; _*| and not J ., as you have it . This I deem ' mj > 0 iw _'*' ' Mr . Falvey ' s ' modesty , ' _< delicacy , ' and ' honour ( I _^ _- _"J not say anything about 'honesty' ) , should suffer If _^ mistake . Mr . Falvey says thereport was au' _wfj _A fabrication . ' I only wi 3 h that the ' Leaguers _**' | ive me such a 'fabrication : ' for I appeal wi ** _'l
g lidence to the chairman , or any other person wte _^ present at the discussion , to say whether tlie _if _^ as a whole , was not a correct and impartial one . ' * ( notice Mr . Falvey ' s corrections . His notcominS _^ _J from the south is , as you say , a mere evasion ; _% told me himself , that' when he came from the so _" _^ was sent expressly to Kotherham to deliver t _«» ' tures . ' So much for his ' honesty . ' The slig ht _itf- " _*^ I fell into respecting the chairman ' s name , sli _* _*' what' shifts' Mr . Falvey has been driven to , ' 6- _*^ objections . If auy one had a right to _complain , Mr . Evans—( who , I may here state , acted us cl \ f _^ in the most impartial manner ) . My friend Mr . _SK wlinan nnmn _n-na i _*** , if £ >/ 1 _T _^ _ca / _MlS . hnd 111 ) _prul ! ll _fU _^'
_, complain ; but really such ridiculous stuff does _n _*' _*^ serve serious consideration . As to the cha ' Kp _^ letter , denying that he charged Mr . Falvey wiib _^ ducing ' extraneous matter , 'he will perhaps r _^ that , when Mr . Falvey eommeuced his second at '" i the Chartists , I rose aud asked him ' whether fl _**^ met to discuss tlwmevits or demerits of Free * " 1 ,, and whether extraneous matter was to be tsi _\^ , be introduced ? ' aud the chairman said , and thf " j iug responded to it , ' that the question to bedi _^"' was Free Trade . ' Mr . Falvey bowed to the dec _^ j the chairman . When Mr . Falvey went to the trC j _> of writing to the chairman , why did h * j get him to confirm lus 'Statement , U ' 1 ' , _^ report was an * enormous fabrication ? ' _^ r- } best knows the reason why . The real scff \ _^ Mr . Falvey ' s chagrin is , tliat there was a _Kr *\ _^ $ _- H & d thft AlKraiSKirtn _lipmi nrmfinpll trt t _* hi _> roOUl _, _*^ \ . i
then have gone up and down ' bouncing' ( as , _^ done ou former occasions ) that he had ' n °° rc ,, _* ¦ but now the people can judge for thmuselrt'S / a" _^ thein I am content to leave the ques tiou . * _^ sneer about myself , I leave that as it stands , w _^ Mr . Falvey that if he lays claim to _'delicticy , ' |» u 'honour , ' and 'honesty , ' the two latter are _atf * $ at Blackburn he challenged me to d _' _^ I question with him at Manchester and M accie » _^ _^ ACCEPTED THAT CHALLENGE : but US f _? _, _y _0 _p not been able to prevail on him to fulfil lus _^ Perhaps his 'delicacy' and ' modesty' My thing to do with this funking : but if he ca _^ his courago to the sticking place , ' _» s ' _^ living hi Macclesfield , let him name his " " , > F will find me ready . We can then meet am _^ who know us both well , aud where our _relah _^ _it ters for 'delicacy , ' modesty , ' 'honour / a ? „ _j-j"" _^ .: can be properly appreciated . Though ' _y _osf ' j my loom , I can always afford to spare « > _- _^ jfi ¦ . humbug aud delusion . Yours , re pcc » _= West . i
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 1, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_01021845/page/4/
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