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THE LAND
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TO THE WORKING CLASSES..r. FxxixxDSr-to ...
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...-.. - „._^.,. _...-.^...„,.„..._„_. ....
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VOL. jm. ISO. 416. LONDON SATUMAY, NgfE ...
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"'' i' ' ' ' i' M *>^^^**»f I i I I jij ...
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ftothm MtUitcmtt
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FRANCE. The Middle-Class Despotism.—Seve...
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Crates* fflotomnte
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London Tin-plate Wobkers.—At a numerous ...
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MANSION HOUSE
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Manchester Shoemakers. — On Mondav the 27th
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inst.,the Pack Horse section of lady Sho...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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The Land
THE LAND
To The Working Classes..R. Fxxixxdsr-To ...
TO THE WORKING CLASSES . . r . _FxxixxDSr-to ithotafl things necessary that M fl « adrantage 3 _*^ ng _from popular * _° ' « _A should , whenever opportunity offers , " _^ * « _£ _«¦* _Idcfotethia _, mj _fint letenn m _^ Stani _ftom thc Continent , to a consi-? _Sof _thosemeansl-J which we may the . mort _Enlace out Laid Association upon a safe aud " _^ footing This can only bo effected by popular MlS _^ _Stiou ; and , ainccmyretam , | _haTOgconfenrcd _^^ _- ¦ _QirectoTiwesi & vecome tothe _conclusionthat r frence of delegates to arrange tlie rules , and to 7 ml other requisite business , should take place
• r . _T _ecdJly as posiWe . ine principle oi _reprcBemaz _j _^ _a i recommended previous to my departure , ? _wanmvcBaHy approved of ; andtime being an ns ii "i * _* _hviyiriahce , we hare appointed _^ _] _rte lat of December next , as the day for the _rlLce to assemble at Manchester . C _ffifcffeek ' _a Star you will read the opinion of - ent counsel npon our plan . You wffl be pleased _SL not only his legal opinion , but also to see his _v-rhao _proTal of ihescheme as a civilian . Tou have _Snfte balanco sheet published by _^ the Secretary np KL end of September , by wludi it _appear that at _flfneried we numbered 3 , 500 members , as far as _Tfams enabled _himtojudge . Inthatreturn , Leeds , listis not included
_iWstands high on the , , as weH _manv other towns where secretaries liave omitted _^ _¦ vm" " the required information so often asked for f _& _c Sccretarv . Manchester , also , had many _Iremembers at _' the period fo which the return is _Tra ' xxrhi while every locality lias considerably in . SS ' Zee the end of the quarter . Taking all _i TZ circumstances iuto consideration , it is not _pre-LiD" too much to express a very confident opinion S o ur Association at the present moment numbers ru -E _THOUSAND . Is it not g lorious to think _Jliacanse that was proclaimed dead has been thus _SUtated , and that the froth of excitement lias Lb thos changed into the solid substance of
permanent redemption ? jly Mends ,-Our commencement may be dated km _thclasWcel t of June , so thatonly four mo nths lave dansed since the birth ofour A ****** . As _counsel says , the p _lana a novel one and mth you a _skewd and _suspicious-becausc » informed and oft , deceived people-novelty , if not recommended by practicability , has lost much of its charm . John Bali cannot now be so easily gulled asm "days of vore , " when iis ignorance and confidence made hi , ; _aprey to every prowler . His speculative days _iave passed away , and the hour of thought has _jjjved . By our rules you will see that we _antici-.- _jea an enrolment of about two thousand members ; K . -a ¦ _ xt .. 1 ! _ima iffn _l-tArl _nnaiimnn the time to had
a _cdayew , at least , was assigned forthe comp letion of that number ; and even that lope was considered sanguine and romantic . But , behold ! in a third of the time we can boast of fire _thon-aiid paying members ; that is allowing five to a _kmily , and that the redemption from slavery of 25 000 human bongs must be followed by the _salvage , of at least 5 , 000 more of _diferent _. _avoeations _, _-sshave insured the permanent and lasting _emaucipa & a of 30 , 000 of our fellow creatures . Tea , my fiiends , no power upon earth can now arrest tliis _isppy consummation . Nor does our labour 8 top tore : let slaves but aee 30 , 000 of their class emancipted by a very trifling exertion of iheir own and all the fetters of slavery must falL
What an answer—what a proud answer our position is to _those many ""Will o * th' wisps" who -would _Wea _^ htea-fou _^ m _& e sulalaneelol ttreyonintffl ftenried speculations , even worse than the railway maze , where , ere long , so many anxious enquirers will imploringly ask of each other the way ont of a dilemma into which rash speculation and a rascally subservient press have led so many fools . Supposing that we should now , —or rather npon the
M of December , —close the enrolment for the first _Jg & OCMon _, aad Say that at that time we numbered 6 , 000 members , we should haveaiund of £ 15 , 000 to commence operations with , while I feel perfectly confident that the opinion of counsel , the deliberations of Conference , and the adoption of such rnles as our experience will enable ns to lay before you , " will place at our disposal the required sum of £ 5 , 000 to commence operations early in the ensuing year .
I have now nearly one thonsand pounds more to place to thc credit of lour Treasurer without tiie deduction of a farthing ; and you will be pleased to learn that our funds bear interest at the rate Of two and a half per cent ., while the sale of cards aud rules , _together with the two shillings paid upon each share , will make a fund sufficiently large to cover every expense , even to the making out ofthe title of such estates as we may purchase , as well as all other legal expenses , without deducting a fraction from the capital paid on account of shares , which
mil be augmented by two and a half percent , interest . The present flourishing condition of our Association enables me now to speakmore confidently upon a subject which , was made a handle of by many ¦ _foald-be friends ofthe working classes—I mean the qmation of the People ' s Charter . Many speculators upon your credulity , who have lived for yeara upon frothy excitement , and who abandoned the agitation Of tiie Charter the moment something more profitable presented itself , endeavoured to persuade you that the adoption of the Land plan was the abandonment of tiie Charter .
Just one word to those gentlemen . I give them Bus bone to pick . I assert that the possession of the Land , by a very small minority ofthe people , say 50 , 000 out of 27 , 000 , 000 , that is one in eveiy 540 , will give the People ' s Charter before those of the 27 , 000 , 000 anxious to possess such a boon will _atMeve th 8 Charter "without the Land . Hence in one case I show the facility with which the feundatien of tiie People ' s Charter maybe laid , while 1 have suffered more than any other man living for having pnt-the cart before the horse . No kv , no custom , no _prejudice , no coercion , no force , no
intimidation , no legal penalties can by possibility be brought to bear against ' us io our agitation or Co-operation for the Land , while eveiy step we take _issomuchgroundgained ; whilenpon the other hand _wafind that any ebullition , any improvement in wade , any spccnlatiTe application of the funds of the wealthy , any whim , prejudice , or caprice of the local magistracy , every nerve , every fibre , every particle of the law , eveiy torturing power of capital , in short , all the machinations of hell itself , with a dungeon , tiie transport , and the gallows , meet the mere political agitators in their every move : the best , the bravest and the most determined , always
bearing the penalty of the folly , the insanity , and the Wwinike of ths babblers , the timid , and tiie liven Upon speculation . I knew that the time of constant employment would be one of difficulty for the sensible and sincere patriot , but Iwas consoled with the reflection that the working classes had gained much wisdom of late years . What I assert then is , that the possession of the land by a very small minority wiU lead to the _e"AaMis-hmentof the People ' s Charter , before , under the existing disparity of classes , political agitation would lead to the sameresult . Prussia is a despotism
_-Jtat the people possess the land _insmafl quantities . This _subdirisioH has increased prodigiously within latteryearsand mark its effict . About ax yeara ago , agentieman inthe Chamber ofCommeree at Coblentz proposed that the people should have a constitution , he _waslaughed at asa maniac A few year a after be proposed it again and had a Toy lespectaMe minority . Last year he repeated his proposition and had a sweeping majority . I asked the gentleman , who was my informant , what led to the great change ; he took three works of _Bnlwer-s and two of D'Israeli ' s ( Coningsby , and the Sybil ) out of his
pocket . These , said he , the people being in posseswon of land and arms , and the great petition of three _aaiDion and a half of the English people called Chartists , presented to the House of Commons , and their _Tfliy . magnanimous suffering in prisons for their principles . Thb gentleman did not know who I was . I aakedi him how Bulwer and D'lsraeli had contributed towards the improved state of tilings in Prussia—he shoved me their works complete , printed in English for Is . 6 d . each , and they are also printed in German . So that that literature , which in England cost £ 1 12 s . 6 d ., ia sold with a profit in Prussia
fir Is . 6 d . This gentleman told me that the general opinion throughout Prfl 53 _ia ,: am « _tg 9 t _aflJJiasKCof society ,
To The Working Classes..R. Fxxixxdsr-To ...
was , that Douglas Jerrold , Lytton Bulwer , D'lsraeli , Dickens , and Eugene Sue , were the five great literary reformers of England ; that Duncombe waa the greatest senator , and Sir Robert Peel the greatest statesman . Now , I give you the conversation precisely as it passed . He said that the late Lord Grey was a man highly esteemed upon the Continent —that Lord Palmerston was very much respected and admired—that Duncombe waa an object of great admiration ; and when I asked him what they thought of Daniel O'Connell , he gave me precisely the same answer that I had received in Switzerland and other countries— "Pooh , he is a Jesuit with a great
commerce —that means a cunning man having a good trade . He told me that everything coming from Lytton Bulwer and _D'lseraeli carried great weight upon the Continent . * I asked him what effect the petition ofthe Chartists had , and his answer was , "My God , like a thunder clap , as before that we thought that their agitation was all to rob thc land for themselves and to destroy property . " I was mortified enough to find that he had not mentioned mc at all in the catalogue of reformers , and my vanity prompted me to . ask whq _, were the leaders of the English Chartists , and if they did any good ? Hc replied , Feargus O'Connor and other men that
were in prison ; but that they did no good as they did not write anything . I replied , oh , yes , they have the Northern Star , have published several tracts , and are governed by an Executive . Well , but says he , we don't see those things here : they also circulate knowledge said I by addressing public meetings . Ah , said he , we have none of that here , . we do all by cheap books . The land being in the possession of the people , the cheap democratic writings of your English authora _, and the great consolidation amongst
the English people has forced us on here . Well , said I , and will you get the constitution . Yes , said he , to be sure we will , notwithstanding that all these meetings of kings ef late are more for the purpose of perpetuating the despotism of Prussia , than , as the papers tell us , to promote marriages in Spain . Well , said I , what do you think of Ireland ; is not there a grand union of a whole nation ? Yes , yes , said he , they are a fine union , but it is all for commerce and not for a constitution . They are laughed at by every sensible man throughout Europe .
I show you now , as far as the opinion of a veiy intelligent foreigner can have weight , what foreigners look upon as the foundation of a free constitutionpossession of the land and arms , —mind , arms , —the circulation of cheap knowledge , and the _consolida- _* tion of public opinion . To possess the Charter is one thing , and to achieve itis another thing ; and although I look upon the possession of the Land hy a very small minority of the people as the sure road to the People ' s Charter , yet , let it be distinctly understood , that if I had my choice to-morrow between the People ' s Charter and the possession of the Land by a million of persons , I would much prefer the Charter , because it is the great means that through life I have looked to for the accomplishment of those results which will be nationally , not partially , beneficial .
My friends , as even yet in our improved state some honest wanderers , deficient in concentration , never can associate political and social questions , I have thought it necessary to be thus explicit upon this point . The impetus given to all branches of trade by the insane , headlong speculations in railways , had the effect of merging all political parties of the higher and middle classes into a kind of no-political creed . Speculation was the order of the day , and , although based upon a fiction , it had the natural effect of merging all questions politically interesting to the working classes , into the more immediate consideration of employment and wages . Our last Chartist Conference in London , and the subsequent meeting
of the Trades in July , was a very significant notice that in bad years you sought the Charter as a means of effecting permanently what you now enjoy casually . You neglected your Executive . You abandoned your principles , or placed them in abeyance . The majority of your leaders ' soughtrefugein novelty . They denounced you , they pointed out the weakness of your Association , and made it still more weak by abandoning it . The return of votes for the last election of your Executive , did not show one-fourth the number of enrolled Chartists ( and none other had a right to speak upon the subject ) , that our present Land Society numhers ; and they are nearly to a man Chartists . This is an increase of nearly three hundred per cent , in our numbers .
I am thus explicit because the failure of the potatoe crop , the bursting of the railway bubble , the threat of tiie repeal ot the Corn Laws , together with the disaffected state oi neatly every people upon the continent of Europe , will ere long call you and me info a trying and perhaps dangerous position , not as affects our weakness , but in consequence of the great strength and power which those mighty events must inevitably throw into the popular hands . The time is coining when we shall require much wisdom to govern our party—the name of which general discontent wffl make " LEGION . "
In my next letter I shall be able to point out to you the vast advantages which our Land Association must give to its members over those possessed by the most favourably situated in any country , even where the peoplo possess the land in small portions . This letter I was necessarily compelled to devote to our Society and Conference , in order that the necessary arrangementsmay be speedily made for the elections , and also that the _necessaiy levy for the payment of all expenses may be transmitted tothe general secretary . We must presume that those who embark their money in the Land Plan will avail themselves of the time now allowed before
the meeting of Conference for instructing their delegates upon the work to be performed . The recent tour that Ihave made , andthe close attention that I hare paidtothesystemofagriculture iatheseveral countries through which I passed , and the effect of the possession of the Land by the working classes npon Governments , manners , habits , and customs , convinces me that England , by a veiy slight exertion , by a yery small minority of the people , may , in less than two years , demand any constitution that they please , and become the happiest , the wealthiest , and the most enlightened people _Jupon earth . Even now , in the midst of the most degrading slavery , we possess
advantages which ao other people in Europe do possess—the advantage of meeting and saying what we like , without more danger than the chance of being prosecuted for sedition , which , although bad enough , the Lancaster triumph has put out of fashion . New I'll show you the difference . In no other country do the people meet . They are governed wholly and entirely by the press of the factions , and by military despotism . For instance , I was walking with a very well-informed Italian , in a Luge space of ground called the Place ofthe Castle , in Milan . Attheback was a tremendous barracfe , mth Austrian , Milanese , German , andTyrolesesoIdieK , toanenormousamount , stationed in it . ' In the front was Napoleon ' s celebrated triumphal arch , built of Italian marble , to commemorate his gigantic road over the Alps . On
the right was the old Roman arena , capable of holding 30 , 000 spectators , where the gladiators used to fight for the amusement ofthe noble and the wealthy of those barbarous days . I observed to my companion that it would be a glorious place for a public meeting . He smiled ; and I said now , suppose that I understood Italian well enough to make the Milanese sensible of their strength andof their degradation , and that I addressed them here , what would be the consequence ? Why , that a 9 fast as ever a detachment of military could march from the barrack here you would be shot dead . The Milanese , I assure you , are well aware ofthe tyranny they endure , and to showyou that thoyjare not such despicable slaves as jonimagme—it requires 13 , 000 soldiers continually Btationed in Milan to prevent their Lung . They
To The Working Classes..R. Fxxixxdsr-To ...
have taken that castle and burnt it three times ; and if they had the same power of meeting and speaking that the English people hare , they would bti much braver , and a great deal more united and truer , to each other . Whenever they are t ** kenafter : _atfoutbreaki they suffer death like martyrs , without a murmur . " During the time . of the sitting of the Conference atManchester , I shall address the people of Bolton , and of the other towns inthe neighbourhood , of wliich I shall give due notice , when I hope to turn my recent tour to the advantage of the working
classes , and although I have not a single traveller ' s stoiy to tell them , yet I trust that I shall be able to make my lectures instructive and amusing . For the present I need . only say , that I am more Land mad than ever , and that eveiy person , both English and foreign , to whom I mentioned my scheme upon the Continent , approved of it , and with gi'eat earnestness and enthusiasm , one and all observed , '" Ah , that ' s the way to break down the law of primogeniture in England , which has been the means of creating an idle aristocracy and the great distinction of classes .
Since I wrote my last letter for the Star I have seen Land on the side of mountains that sells for £ 1000 an acre , with a slate surface and not two inches of soil . I do not mean to say that it is used for ordinary purposes of agriculture ; it is used for the propagation of vines , which , I feel convinced , may be cultivated in many parts of England in the open air . Ihave also seen Land cultivated for ordinary purposes nearly to the very summit of high mountains , while the anti-monopolists of England would tell us that the very best of our Land was scarcely worth cultivating , because it will not produce the very best description of wheat . But always observe , my friends , that as wheat is gold , and diamonds , and rubies , and nightingales , ' and canary birds , and horses , and carriages , so are cabbages , and potatoes
and milk , and butter , and tares , and mangel wurzel , and oats , and barley , and flax , ( some of which all land will produce ) because all can be exchanged for wheat , and according to a fair standard of the relative value of the commodities . But you cannot exchange your labour , hired to another , ' for wheat according to the relative value of the produce of your labour and wheat . Always bear that in mind , that my Land Plan ia to make you independent of masters , to give you the full and entire benefit of the produce of your own labour , and to place you in such a situation that you will think it worth your while to demand yow full share of legislation in a country in which you have , in truth , a " STAKE in the hedge . " Ever your faithful friend and servant , Fkargus O'Connor .
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Vol. Jm. Iso. 416. London Satumay, Ngfe ...
VOL . _jm . ISO . 416 . _LONDON _SATUMAY , _NgfE lBM 1 , 1845 . glTe s _^^^ _S _^^ rte
"'' I' ' ' ' I' M *>^^^**»F I I I I Jij ...
"'' i' ' ' ' i' M _*>^^^**» f I i I I _jij TO DANIEL O'CONNELL , M . P . Sir , —The great object of your life'has been to persuade the Irish people that from domestic government alone can thoy expect justice or protection . Hitherto your speeches have but gone to point out the injustice of England towards the Irish . You have abounded in theory and _speculation , while at all times you have attached paramount importance to what you call practicability . When you failed to find assailable points in yow * opponents or friendsfor sometimes vou make but little distinction bet . wpPn
them—the charge of impracticability has come extensively to your aid . Now , sir , you have a glorious opportunity of squaring your practice with your theory . You have at your command a well-organised association , who , in works of acknowledged ri ght , must obey you without a murmur , however you may dread their revolt as mercenaries for general service . You have before you millions of your countrymen wrung to the heart and tortured by the anticipation of starvation , in consequence of the failure of their only food , while in thesame journals which daily , and weekly notice the increase of this national malady , we find a day appointed for gathering tribute fr om their poor resources . I cannot for a moment believe it possible that you will abstract a mite from the
slender means upon which their very existence must depend . Such being my opinion , sir , I would respectfully submit the following course for your consideration . Allow the tribute to go on , announcing that it shall be devoted to a sustenance fund for the next ten months—the shortest period that can be assigned to the famine . Say ifc reaches £ 20 , 000 , and that your association , after its vast receipts , has - £ 20 , 000 more in its exchequer ; proclaim to the world that the weekly receipts for the same period ( ten months ) , shall be applied to the same purpose . You may then fairly estimate it at £ 1000 per week , and truly call it Conciliation Hall , as meu of all classes and all countries would cheerfully contribute their mite .
These amounts would place at your disposal a sum of £ 80 , 000 . Dissolve your association , except for the purposes that I have mentioned , until famine ceases . Let its members , who Have lived sumptuously upon Irish bounty , relinquish all emolument for ten months . Let them go into the most distressed districts , inquire , with the aid of the Catholic and Protestant clergymen , for those most requiring aid , and mete it out at the rate of say two shillings a week to each
family . This , with what they can earn , will enable them to lire during the famine , and , what is equally important , will enable them to lay by a little for the purchase of seed potatoes for nest year . A family requiring this aid for the whole period of forty weeks would receive £ 4 ; and thus the £ 80 , 000 would give relief to 20 , 000 families , which , allowing five to a family , would embrace 100 , 000 Irishmen , women , and children , and this for the whole period .
If you do thu , sir ; if you thus appropriate the funds that have come from the people to the support and the preservation of their lives , you may proudly stand on the Rath of Mullaghmast , the Hill of Tara _. or the platform of Conciliation Hall , and expatiate upon the difference between domestic and foreign rule . You will then have placed the English Government , should they refuse to do their part ( which I much doubt ) , in an unenviable and damaging contrast ; and rest assured that the adoption ofthis course mil go farther than all your writings , your
speeches , your meetings , your dinners , and denunciations , to convince the Irish people of the value of domestic government ; while , upon the other hand , should you fare sumptuously from the poor parings scraped from the slender platters of astarvingpeople , it will stand throughout all time aa a blot upon the fairest character that the most partial historian can paint you in . I am , air , Tour obedient servant , Fearghs O'Cqnnob ,
Ftothm Mtuitcmtt
ftothm MtUitcmtt
France. The Middle-Class Despotism.—Seve...
FRANCE . The Middle-Class Despotism . —Seven men have been tried by the Correctional police for forming part of an association of sawyers , who had used illegal means to compel their employers to give an advance of wages . The facts were proved against all but one , who was acquitted and set at liberty . The chief culprit , named Bourbon , was condemned to one year ' s imprisonment , two others tb three and two months ' respectively , and the rest to one month of the same punishment .
GERMANY . The Saxon Chambers . —The Chamber of Deputies of Saxony , in its sitting of the 17 th , came to a resolution to present an address to the King , in common with the First Chamber . In thb sitting M . _Karrenetz , one ofthe Ministers , defended the Government against the charge of entertaining ideas of reaction . He declared that the Ministry was firmly and ardently attached to the constitution , and would never refringe any part of it , but that , on the other hand , it was resolved to oppose with energy all attempts to establish revolutionary theories . The Oppositionin Saxony continues to have the advantage in the discussions of the Diet . It baa got an address
France. The Middle-Class Despotism.—Seve...
tothe Kh & _f-j _^ voted , contrary to tho . wishes ' of the Ministry . The fourth paragraph of i the address implied a _sentiineat of distrust towards the Government , and _oillnded _' _-to .: . promises formerly made to Germany . iand . which . the Diet , of Frankfort has not kept . IharFirst Minister of the , Crown , M . de Tschann ; opposed as much as possible this paragraph , which w _tB _^ notwithstanding , adopted . ' _^• SWITZERLAND . _^ BERjfE _^ OcT . 23 . -The elections for the Great Council _ottte . canton of Berne have turned out much more favourable to the Liberal party than was expected . In the whole canton the number of new elections amounted to 74 ; arid inthe formerchamber 47 ot these were represented by partizans of the
government , who voted for the vote of confidence ; and 16 were represented by Liberal members who refused to-aupport the vote of confidence . Out of tha 16 vacancies on ihe Liberal side , 12 have been filled up by the old members , and in the other lour , new' members i holding thesame opinions have been elected . Besides - this ;* tllfe Liberals have gained ten elections _^ aga inst the -government candidates , _? . , . ™ _'Sections against _^ -the : party of which M . Bloctsch-Sohnell is the leader , and which , although it generally ; votes with the . _opposition , voted in favour of the-vote of confidence . * TheLiberal party in the present council- thus consists of thirty-one members , ¦' ¦ which is nearly double the number it had in the last , and the : result has exercised- a great
influence over the country electors . The most remarkable ; members ' of the Liberal party to whom . the new ? electi 6 ns ' - 'have given seats in the grand co ancilr * _4 re ¦* M ;* ¦ ¦ _Oohse ' nbein ,- who commanded in the famous expedition of the corps francs , andM ; _Weingart , the editor of a distinguished Liberal paper in the canton 7 M . Bloctsch has been reelected , but the- election of the two brothers _Kneokteushofer—who made themselves conspicuous during the late events—was lost . - But although the Liberal party has thus gained a great accession of strength , the majority in- the Council still remains on the side of the' party which passed the vote oi
confidence in the government of the canton of Berne . The consequence is that the' thirteen members whioh the Grand Council has the privilege of adding to its numbers directly and by its own vote , will be all on the side of the government , and no doubt the government candidates who lost their elections , will be the persons appointed to fill the vacant places . The Liberal cause has , however , gained greatly in . the country , and it is more thau probable that at the next election the majority will be turned the other way . The committee of the Liberal Association has drawn up an address to the Grand Council , which is at the present moment in the course of being signed in all parts of the canton of Berne , and which
demands—... 1 . The complete revision of the constitution of 1831 . 2 . The revision of the financial laws , and of the c ' mland criminal procedure in the courts of law . 3 , The establishment of a committee to examine the question of religion and education . . _iZuaiCH , Oct . 23 , 1845 . M . . Arnmann , who has been appointed by the government of Lucerne to make enquiries with respect to the assassination of M . Leu , arrived at Zurich a few days ago , and has already closed his investigations . It is said that'from the evidence obtained . M . Arnmann considers the assassination of M . Leu as the result of the plot formed by the Lucerne refugees , who have taken up their abode within the territory of Zurich . Ou his arrival , M .
Arnmann applied to the Court of Appeal for an assistant judge to assist him in his researches ) and the court appointed one of the Conservative party for thatpurpose . A refugee from Lucerne , of thename of Brumner , who was ibrnierly an officer in the army , has been arrested at Winterthen . This arrest has created a great sensation , and tho Liberal papers pass violent strictures oh the conduct ofthe Lucerne government on the occasion , white the Conservative papers are equally violent in its defence . M . Arnmann has returned to Zurich , and will publish his report on this affair in a few days . Reports have been spread here that the Radicals wish to make an attempt to rescue the persons arrested as the assassins , or accomplices in the assassination of M . Leu .
• : SPAIN . Conspiracy - at Busot , near Alicant . —Accounts from Madrid , of the 20 th of October , state that a conspiracy had been discovered at Busot , near Alicant , the object of which was the seizure of the fortress of St . Barbara . The conspirators had endeavoured to corrupt the persons in charge of the fortification , but the Government having got information ofthe affair , measures were tajfeen to prevent its execution , and the conspirators , talcing the alarm , abandoned their plan .
Madrid , Oct . 21 . —The Government goes on steadily with its measures against the press . The Espectador , whieh ventured to make some rather sharp remarks upon some of the late acts of the Government , has been condemned to pay a fine of 20 , 000 reals , which amounts to £ 200 sterling . The case waa tried , of course , without a jury , and the chance of justice the unfortunate editor had may be guessed , when the fate ofthe President ofthe Court which acquitted Messrs . Cortina , Madoz , and Lopez is recollected . Oc tober , 22 . —The SenorsBresca , of Malaga , who have been in prison at Granada for two months , have been placed at liberty at last , no charge resulting against them . Senors Velches and Itebal , who were taken up at the same time , are still in prison , and
Senor Garcia Segovia has been banished to _Isnalloen , where he is to remain in confinement during pleasure . A final sentence has been given by the court-martial , General Cordovo at their , head , against Don Mateo _Ciilvo , an ex-deputy , and the two editors of the Eco who are declared acquitted of the charge of being implicated in the attempt to shoot Narvaez two years ago ; but , strange to say , while the sentence declares that "Don Lorenzo Mateo Cairo , Don Francisco Medraldua , and Don Juan Antonio Meca are absolved , " it adds , " the imprisonment they have suffered serving as a punishment ! " and also imposes on them the costs of the process , and a fine of 100 dollars , in addition , on Senor Calvo . The Eco exclaims to-day against the injustice and inconsistency
of this sentence . Two men , named Gervoles and Marques , ate condemned to death , as concerned in the attack on Narvaez ; and another , ' Andres Sanchez , to ten years' _imnrisonmentwithhardlabour . The responsible editor ot the Eco Senor Hernandez , is unconditionally acquitted , and the remaining parties , eleven in number , are discharged , some of them with liability to pay the whole or a portion of the costs ofthe process . The sentence i » dated the 17 th instant , and was communicated on the 20 th . The Eco is justl y indignant at the termination ofthe trial in so unsatisfactory a manner ; its editors , after suffering eighteen months' imprisonment , still remaining with the odium attached to complicity in an attempt at assassination hanging over them . It
asserts , morevover _, that the chief accuser , one Beltran , who has died since the process began , had confessed on his death bed , with the express desire to the confessor that it might be made' public after his death , that all that he had testified , against the editorsof the . _Scoand Espectadorwaa absolutely false . The . confessor , a Senor Duenas , chaplain to the general hospitals , did not make it known for some time , and the Eco censures his conduct for withholding it , but it was ultimately made known by the chaplain in presence of two witnesses . The appeal of the Espectador against the sentence ofthe lower court , for libel on the government , has been rejected ; and thatjournal condemned in costs , and a fine of 20 , 000 reals , aad to publish a retraction , with the sentence , which lt has not yet complied with .
, UNITED STATES . Liverpool , Monday . Evening . —The . British and Norfeh _ American Royal mail steam-ship Cambria , Captain _Judkins , arrived in the Mersey with the usnal niails this evening , after a run of extraordinary rapidity . ., . The Mormon troubles has subsided , but not until an effectual demonstration had been made by the local authorities who were prepared to put them down by force—b y the strong arm of the law , The Mormons have defended themselves nobly . One accomit says that in an engagement with the mob , eighteen of the latter were killed , and only three Mormons . Sheriff _Backenstoa , appointed by the government of Dlinois , is a Mormon , and in the riots has _bein their military leader . They quietly , and without opposition , occupied the ODDOsinsr towns of
Carthage and Warsaw . The governor of Illinois has sent a body of troops , by which both parties are kept m check . The Mormons have offered to leave the country if paid for their lands and houses ( 100 ofthe . latter have been burnt b y the mob ) , and one anti-Mormon meeting has acceded to the terms , whieh we rejected b y several other meetings ! It is clear that through this miserable persecution they willbe finally compelled to leave the country . The Conner and Enquirer says : — All apprehension , and indeed all rumours , of war with Mexico are nowatanend , and aa the stated time of the assembling of Congress is now approaching , there wdl probably be no new executivo demonstration in Texas or elsewhere . _v Thk _Anti-Reni War . —Two _Muif condbmnbd to BK HUKO _l—O'Connor and Steenburg We been con-
France. The Middle-Class Despotism.—Seve...
demned to death for the murder of Steele in the Anti-Rent revolt in the State of New York ; and " Big Thunder , " with many others , to imprisonment for life and for shorter periods . Mr . Owen , trom England , has held a " World ' s Convention" of Socialists _injNew York .
, CANADA . _. . The subscriptions and contributions in all parts of the world for the relief of the sufferers by the two , late destructive fires in _Quebec , received up to the 26 th ult ., ' anioiinted . to the sum of £ 62 , 136 18 s . 5 d ., independently of a grant expected from the provincial treasury of £ 20 , 000 . Of this large amount only £ 900 oame from the United States . M . Papineau had arrived iii Montreal . . An extensive fire had occurred in Griflintownon the 4 th inst . ; _thirty-six dwellings were destroyed . THE CAUCASUS .
The Constitutioimel says : — " The information which we have received from Constantinople relative to the affairs of the Caucasus acquires much interest . Schamyl has established throughout all Daghestan , and in independent Circassia , judges and tribunals under . his control . Intelligent men are a . t the head of a cannon-foundry , similar to , that which cast cannons in Poland in . 1830 . ¦ Three kinds of silver com are struck '; one of _fiye roubles , another of two and a half roubles , and a third . of one rouble and twentyfive copecs . General Worenzow is expected in Little Russia . It is stated that the Emperor has proposed to Paskiewitsch to give him the command ofthe army , and that he has refused . The troops demand Gprieral _Mbura-riefftet _^ e the place of Worpnzow , but
the Emperor will not consent , because he is a pupil of Yermoloff . A letter froip Odessa , of the 2 nd , even states that Count Wororizow has again set off for the Caucasus , where he will continue to command the expeditionary army . Several officers of the army of the Caucasus have arrived at Odessa , and the causes of the defeats experienced by the army of Count Woronzow begin to be seen more clearly . The easy passage by which the Count reached Dargo was but a scheme of Schamyl , to draw him into the interior of the country . The Russian General was so improvident that he neither secured his communications , nor provided sufficiently for the provisioning of his armvi When he had once reached Dargo he saw himself surrounded on every side by enemies , and he was compelled to think of a prompt retreat : but he
was unable to retreat to Andy . All the columns acted without concert and without ensemble . Arrived on the plateau adjoining Agtchai _, the Russian army had ho means of continuing its march , being without provisions and ammunition . It was on the point of laying down its arms , when , by an unforseen chance . General Freytag arrived with a detachment of 9 , 000 men , and brought the remnants of the troops of Woronzow on the line of the Caucasus . They now remain in the forts of the Terek , a & it is feared , to make them cross into Georgia . The Russians themselves admit their losses to amount to 18 , 000 men . Never have the Circassians gained so complete a victory . It is confidently stated that Schamyl Bey has sent half of his troops to Hadji Suleyman Effendi to attack the _Russiansjon the line of the Kuban . "
ALGERIA . The Paris papers of Monday report the renewal ol the conflict between the French and Arabs . General Lamoriciere left Djemma-Ghazaouat , at the head of 4 , 000 infantry arid 500 cavalry , for the province of Trara , where he hoped to fall in with _Abd-el-Kader . On the 12 th of October he fell in with the Kabyles , with whom he had a very sharp , but apparently indecisive action , for on the 13 th the combat was renewed , and the French troops were enabled at length to force the defile occupied by the enemy . Abd-el-Kader was present at the latter action , at the head of 2 , 000 cavalry ; but he took no part in it , and on seeing the defile forced he retired at the head ef his cavalry , without being either attacked er pursued . The fighting between General Lamoriciere and the Kabyles continued on the ' _ldth and 15 th , and a great
number of lives were lost on both sides ; but at length a portion of the Kabyles being caught between the French columns and the sea , were forced to lay down their arms . Tho number of the prisoners taken is not mentioned , nor is it stated what became of the remainder of the Kabyles ; but the probability is that they escaped to the mountains . The route taken by Abd-el-Kader is also unknown . A general defection of the native tribes against the French is taking place . The whole of the district of Oran , from the sea to the desert , . is now in . arms against the French . The communications by land are entirely cut off , and it is only by sea that any communication can be carried on between the Algerine capital and the provinces . The gravity of the state of affairs in that part of the French possessions is freely admitted , even by the organs ef the French Government .
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« # _>^ _A _« _% _lru _>^^ J _> - _^ . _^ _-- _^^^ _'M _«>^ V _>^>^^/ Sl _^ l _* OPENING OF THE PORTS . , „ A most important rumour circulates in seleet circles in the City , relative to the terms on which foreign grain and flour are to be admitted for home consumption by the Order in Council expected out tomorrow . If we are correctly informed , the following willbe the scale lad down : —Wheat , 4 s . ; barley , 2 s . ; oats , ls . ; beans and peas , 2 s . per quarter ; and flour , 2 s . per sack . This order will-release about one million quarters of grain and flour in bond in the United Kingdom , 170 , 000 barrels of flour on the way from the United States , 150 , 000 barrels from Canada , and 60 , 000 quarters of wheat from the Baltic , besides other supplies , - which' may perhaps reach before the winter sets in . The duty to-day is returned at 16 s . — The Sun , -Thursday evening , October 30 th .
Crates* Fflotomnte
Crates * _fflotomnte
London Tin-Plate Wobkers.—At A Numerous ...
London Tin-plate Wobkers . —At a numerous meeting , held at the Crown Tavern , Clerkenwellgreen , on Tuesday evening . October the 28 th , Messrs . T , Barratt , James , and Robson attended as a deputation from the United Trades' Association , to request their amalgamation with the United Trades . Messrs . Barratt , James , and Robson having addressed the meeting , several questions were submitted to the deputation , and answered to the satisfaction of the meeting ., Mr . Allen then proposed , " That the tin-plate workers should become a portion of the Association of United Trades for the protection of Industry , " ¦ which was seconded by Mr . Ching . and carried unanimously , amid loud cheers :
after which Mr . Robson called the attention of the meeting to the important subject of employment in agriculture and manufactures , and ably showed the great advantages that must now from such employment , and was listened to with breathless attention , and at the close greeted with great applause . _Unitsd Trades' Association . —A meeting of tho central committee was held at the Trades' Office , 30 , Hyde-street , Bloomsbury , on Monday , October _ZTth , T . S . Duncombe , M . P ., in the chair , when the cen _« tral committee agreed to act in concert with the board of directors in the appointment and support of lecturers . In accordance with the address issued by the central committee , and the rules of both associations , Messrs . James , Young , Robson , and Gimblett / A . « ttl II I fl 11 for
were appointed a joint _committee the management of the lecturing department . A letter was read from the Shoemakers ef Denbigh , g iving in their adhesion to the society . Letters ot a very cheering description were read from the Miners ,-Makerfiup , Block-printers , Dressers , Dyers , and Plasterers of Manchester , the Bricklayers of Liverpool , the Trades of Norwich , the Miners of Holy town and Newcastle , the builders of Bury , the Framework-knitters of Sheepshead , the Shoemakers of Oxford , the Building Trades of Birkenhead , the Nailmakers of Belper , and several Trades in the metropolis . Thk _Bilston Miners have issued the following address to the inhabitants of Bilston and it surrounding district : —It is with much pain that we have to
make this short appeal to you , but we can assure you sheer necessity has compelled us to do so ; we . feel confident that you , the inhabitants of Bilston , are no strangers to our manifold grievances as a , body of Miners . While our trade was low We Suffered PUT wrongs with patience , but now our masters haye a great demand in the market , for both Coal and Iron , and yet they are not content , but still seem determined to carry out , what they , the masters , call a custom—that is , if we do not submit to their usages , however opposed to Law or Justice , we , the weaker portion of men , must suffer a length of imprisonment in Stafford Gaol ; but we feel confident in your res pect for us , as a body of Miners , that
you will at this time help us , if we will help ourselves , which we feel determined to do . Gentlemen , we have already two of our fellow slaves lying in Stafford Gaol , simply because one would not submit to the tyranny ofthe butties , who was told to go up the pit and never oome down there any more ; the other man gave notice for an advance of wages , to which his master would not consent , he therefore sought work elsewhere and for this they were _brought before the Magistrates and ordered to go back " or suffer fourteen days hard labour in Stafford Gaol j we therefore hope the discerning public will assist the committee with the required fund to bring the case before the Queen ' s , Bench . Subscriptions will be thankfully received at Mr . J . _tiiwefe , White Horse , and Mr . H . Howes , Sampson and Lum , Green-croft .
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• . ¦ ::- _* : ' : ¦; : WITH' - ' --- . " - * * ; S . AT : U . ' _RKAT : ? Sf ' _t-iSE , _^ firj ¦ POLICE , LEGAL AND' GENERAL . _¦•" : WITH ' - '
_Mektinos of the _Cabinet CouNciL _.-r _^ The Cabinet Council , * which met yesterday at Sir . Robert Peera ' private residence _^ broke up ) afterain unusually long sitting , without arriving at any decisive resolution ¦ respecting the course to be taken in the _present-, alarming cpndition ; of the _country _NoiOroer _;« . ; Cdliacil & r ; the admission ' of Ibreign corn _^ jfree _^ of _; duty , or , at any reduced rate , was issued . The Council met again at two o ' clock this afternoon , at the private residence , of Sir' . Robert Peel * in Whitehall-... gardens . The Lord _Ciiancellor _^ _theDukeofWellingv ton , and all the Ministers-in tewn attended the meeting . A very Ce 3 _& _imjKiU > di _^ !! l _(^ e _^ hat is how ; . ' necessarily , a seo _** et : _ih 3 % 8 _* tinb ) io ! mar .- not ,: know . -
accurately ( though- theyjmay . _surgUwhthe . cause _o £ 7 the delay ; _butnt-he ; . * _resultrQfithw ' deliberationSiofi . ; Ministers , already a _^^* iti _* 1 . or ,. tojbe _. - shortly * re- _^! sumed and conolud _^ i _^ J _^ _ailithempossessionrin a : J few days—possibly in ib _^ _iJtoJJJBiwi _fiKsvi- ; - - ' ., - ' -i ' ; " Latest News . _Fao _^ a & _iA _^ _q- _^^ _letter / tirpm F _1 o _« , _., reuce of the 22 n 4 _;^ _SM-W-VJ _^ te _^^^ _Romaguacontmuij , _*[ i ; tt § iy » _-te _^ and will still incrj- _* j _«& _fefii _% ej _^ _PQHtton 9 £ martial installeda _^ _S _^ jfl _ijia _^ _'iinceswfc _^ _jghas _;;!' _seouestrated the _pMnejty _^| _me _emg _^ fe . _. _^ r _^ ggA . tho estates thus ta _« _phat-tfpb ; _tmfB _^ _- _^ jmi _^^ , of the richest _inhabit _& hfa 9 _^ -Ba _^^ (
-Lastevening Mr _^ _'Wlddeyh 6 ld an _inoj _!^^ Jhe u _^ Ilare and Hounds , Little Coram-street ; JJrw _* _swj } fe s uare , onthe body of _StfsanEeonatd ] _s _^^ _ffim a wretched iieeulewoiiiah , ¦* whor _? _Jtt _^^ _afc . _^ weary and worh _/ i and' eyes- . _'asfhea _^ as' _^ dr- _'T _* toiled from the rising to the setting ofthe _^ sun * jbufc * whose labours weresearcelyreWarded-mtlfa & _SfliciMi _^'' remuneration to keep'body- and soul'togetlieW -Tlie ~ - _*' _- bodyj and the wretched _apartmentinwhichitilli _^ _pre-J * sented a most appalling picturjB . _ofidisti"essjsE" » mthi * _i : > evidence , of deceased ' s daughter , ' ! _, who . _s hfild * i _inUie _^ - * arms a _lialf-famisljed ,. u _} fant , it appeared _that'docfeaaed-r . J and witness Jived by , needlework , -- which produce *? , nt them occasionallyUs . a : \ yeek . .. Upon . Thursday . night ¦ - <; they went to bed toge _' ther , and when witness awoke t .. ' - . tlie following morning she found . heivDarent a . '
corpse . It further appeared , that when tliei'retired to bed theyhad _horaliirthMrtol _& _cliM'M _gW of food or pvoen _^ _mMil _^ m _^ _wMrWm _^ Mr " ' , Young , a baker , thatit was his opinion thai deceased had been starved to death . Mr . Wakley inquired who would bury the body ? Ferguson , the summoning officer , said that the parish would bring : the body to the workhouse , and bury it from thence . Mi * . Wakley remarked that it was exceedingly cruel to hurt the feelings of deceased ' s relatives by bringing her body to the workhouse , which during life she endeavoured to avoid entering . In his opinion the body should ba conveyed directly from its present residence to its last resting-place . The jury fully concurred with the coroner , and several jurors declared that they would endeavour to protect in future the bodies of the poor from a similar insult . Verdict— " Natural death . "
Mansion House
MANSION HOUSE
BATUaDiT . _—AlIElWT TO PASS BASE COttt , — John Grady was brought beforo the Lord Mayor , charged with attempting to pass base coin . —William Woodall deposed that he kept a shop at No , 70 , Bishopsgate-without , for the sale of thread , tapes , and haberdashery In general . Thatthe prisoner came to his shop yesterday afternoon , and asked for a pennyworth of thread , with which he was supplied , and for which he tendered a base shilling . Ho then gave the . prisoner into custody . The prisoner was recognised by the ufficers as a notorious smasher . —The Lord Mayor sentenced him to three months' imprison _, ment iii Bridewell .
BOW STREET . ' Saturday . —Fbacas at the Paethenon in St . Mabtin ' _s-lane . —Two fashionably-attired young men , named Henry Cooper Paine and Thomas Fray , wero charged with having created a disturbance in the balk room of the Parthenon , in St . Martin's-lane . Misa Elisabeth _Seyton , a professor of dancing , of 19 , St . Mar-. garet ' s-: ) errace , Westminster , stated that she rented the room in question two nights a-week , Tuesday and Friday , for the purposes of her profession . On these nights the room was kept strictly private , and no one was admitted but the pupils and their friends . On the preceding evening , about ten o ' clock the two prisoners , who were entire straugere to herself , presented themselves at the door , and demanded ahmittance . They were in .
formed by the doorkeeper ofthe regulations , and refused admittance , but they insisted upon going in , and eventually succeeded in getting in . She then went up to them , and told them in the most poUte manner that ths *} were intruding , whereupon Paine said that they were in a public room , and she was no better than she should be . ' They were afterwards turned out of the room , ani being still abusive , a police officer was sent for , and they were given into custody , A . number of other witnesses were called upon to prove that the two prisoners had been unruly in their conduct , and two officers proved that they had the greatest difficulty iu getting them away ; one of them declaring that he would not go without they took him on a stretcher , while the _otTaev stoutly resisted , aud -pummelled the officer -with , a life-preserver . On cross examination , several of _thft witnesses admitted that the ball-room was , on every other occasion , public , and the house itself was a public coffee-house . —Paine , in his defence , _Jprotested , in the
first place that he knew nothing of his fellow prisoner , and then proceeded to state that he had frequently been to the Parthenon , and on those occasions he paid sixpence for entrance into the ball-room , and threepence for taking care of his hat . On Friday night he went to ths establishment , and after paying sixpence , as usual he entered the ball . room , and waa treated in the manner described by the prosecutor . Pray attributed all blame to his fellow-prisoner , but certainly he could not help deprecating the conduct of the policemen , who behaved themselves in the most violent manner , and had mads the most of the case , lie had been confined in a filthy ceU , with three wretched , drunken _bungs , and he hoped his worship would consider this as a sufficient punishment for the offence , if he had committed any . As to the life-preserver , it was all nonsense : it was a small thia walking cane , which he carried in his hand at the time , Mr . Jardine fined Pray £ 3 , and in default of payment to be imprisoned one month , and Paine , £ 110 s ., or a fort _, night's imprisonment _.
_WORSHIP-STREET . Satobdat . — -An _Incoiirioibi-e Young _Thieit . _—Johu _WUkins , a boy of 12 years of age , was plaeed at the bar , charged with stealing a portion of harness from a person named Stock , residing at _Shore-place , Hackney . His mother had requested that he might be punished , as he was continually stealing anything he could lay his hands upon . —A person named Lindegrand proved that tha prisoner came to his shop at Hackney , and offered the property for 6 d , ; aa it was worth 15 a ., Mr . Lindegr & nl told him to send the party he stated had sent him , namely , Mr . Stock , and he would buy it ; he was ulti . mately given in charge . The police proved that his bad habits were incorrigible . —Mr . Broughton : As the only chance of sarin ? him from transportation , I shall send him to the House of Correction for one month , to be kept to hard labour .
SOUTHWARK . Satc- * . day . — Highway Robbebt bt a Female . — « Catherine Allen , a notorious prostitute , was placed at tho bar before Mr . Traill , charged with assaulting John Mackinlay , an engineer , and stealing from his person a silver watch and appendages . —Prosecutor , on being ¦ worn , stated that he -was in the ? employ of Messrs . Maudsleys , the engineers , in the Westminster-road . Ou TueBday night , after he had left his employment , he en , tered the Horse and Groom public-house , where he met with the prisoner , who he treated to a _glasssofgin . They afterwards left the house together , and when be arrived nearly opposite the Orphan Asylum she knocked his hat over his eyes , and snatched his watch from hi * fob , with which she made off before he was able to
recover himself . As soon as he got his hat right ha went in search of the prisoner , who , however , made her escape by ruuning down the back streets , which abound in thieves and prostitutes of the lowest description , Hot being able to get any clue of the prisoner , he went to tht police-station , in Tower-street , when he informed the iu _« spector on duty , and gave an exact description of the prisoner as he noticed her very attentively in tbe public- * house . The watch was a new one , and cost him four guineas only a few days ago . _—Police-conatable , 130 L , said , that from information he received , together with a description ofthe prisoner , he went in search of her , but she eluded his vigilance until last evening , when he met
lie met her in the _Kenniogton-road , accosting a gentleman who was under the influence of liquor . He theu went np to her , and charged her with the robbery / which she denied all knowledge of . —Mr . Traill _inquired whether the prisoner was known ?— The officer said that she was . a complete terror to all the inhabitants of tha Westminster-road , being 6 uch a powerful woman . — Mr . Traill said that the prosecutor had sworn to her aa having committed this most audacious robbery , . Ho should again commit her to the Old Bailey for triai _. _Hvhen hor former _coniiction will be produced against fcMUttd the judge will send her out of the country for a long period . —She wbb accordingly committed .
Manchester Shoemakers. — On Mondav The 27th
Manchester Shoemakers . — On Mondav the 27 th
Inst.,The Pack Horse Section Of Lady Sho...
inst ., the Pack Horse section of lady _Shoemakcrsheld their anniversary dinner in honour of their patron , St . Crispin . The festivities were kept up until morning , the utmost harmony and good humour prevailed throughout . . _..: _; . _' .:. _' . _* : . _' . _' . _' The Carpei Wravers or _Kiddbrminster , _ao _t > the United Trades' Association . —Mr . , - George Flinn , of Bradford , recently delivered a lecture to the Weavers of this town , and such , _ajfavourable im , -
pression did he create , that the _men _. _reaolved on . hold _* ing a Conference of the trade tQHconsider : the propriety of joining the United Trades '/ Association . Accordingly , on Monday , October 20 th , the Conferference assembled in the Albion-mom , when every firm in the town had a delegate . pre § ent ; _^ . _$ riclgQ- < north and Stourport were ' . _xepres . jn . ted _. b y : letter . The following resolution was carried by aijclaiiiation : — " That an amalgamation with the Unitsd Tradea * Association would be beneficial tO > the Carpet Weavers . "
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 1, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_01111845/page/1/
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