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BELGIUM-(BSOU OCT 0ff» **SI» COMMISSIONER.) Leixeb II.
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TO THE WORKING CUSSES OP GREAT BRITAIN A...
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-- VOL. Yni * N0 *.'411. LONDON, " SATUR...
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SPAIN. ' Barcelona, Sept. 13.—The city c...
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ODD FELLOWSHIP. (Concluded from our eigh...
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¦ TO TUB EOITOK OF TUB NORTHER** * STAR....
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W1TU SATURDAY'S NEWS,-POLICE, LEGAL AND ...
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MANCHESTER.
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Lecture.—Mr. J. Leach lectured on Sunday...
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OLDHAM. Lecture.—On Sunday last, Mr. Dan...
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I \ ¦ fes . I*
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Belgium-(Bsou Oct 0ff» **Si» Commissioner.) Leixeb Ii.
BELGIUM-( BSOU OCT 0 ff » _** SI » COMMISSIONER . ) Leixeb II .
To The Working Cusses Op Great Britain A...
TO THE WORKING CUSSES OP GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Mi Dbab Fbujsds , —In my last letter you found me at Brussels , the capital of Belgium , a very splendid town , surrounded with beautiful walks called _Bonlerarfs , planted -with toes at either side , and with seats placed at intervals for those who -wish , to sit down . At the end of this walk is a long avenue , more than a mile long , running a ongside of the canal , wiih a row of veiy closely planted trees on either side of it . It would be impossible to describe ihe beauty ofthis avenue and the beauty of the park
to you : and as I live in the confident anticipation of laving an " excursion trip" of some thousand or two thousand _fean _london-bridge to Antwerp next year , I shall leave many ofthe gorgeous sights here _undescribcd , and allow you to judge for _yotn-selveswlien tou see them . Some of the buildings here are truly " sp lendid . The Town Hall is veiy much longer and wash more beautiful thau "Westminster Abbey ; and the hotels , which are nnmerons , are like palaces : and all from fhe land . On Tuesday morning I went to the plain ° _* _Waterloo , twelve niilesfrom Brussels : am * all the way the country -was a perfect garden _, jjie main roads are all paved , and for the most part
p lanted on either side . As I did not come to discourse of battles , I shall not trouble you -with much upon that subject . Suffice it to . say that th _» country aU around is Teiy beautiful , and highly cultivated . They hare erected a very large mound to commemorate ihe battle , where the Prince of Orange was "rou nded . To effect this , they dug the land inthe _Eeig hbourhood to the depth of about nine feet , and _joadea mound 200 feet high , and 1 GS 9 feet in circumference at the base . On the top , is the lion of Belgium , just like all other lions . It cost about £ ] 0 , 000 English money . There are two hundred very ra . de steps to mount to the top ; and from it the view is superb . I had for my guide the person who gave
Captain Siborne ( who constructed the celebrated mdel of the battle ) mnch information . He was _T-ithlrimfoi- five months ; and is a most intelligent man . He saw all the battle , as far as the smoke _Troald allow , him , from an adjoining Mil . I asked am , and many oBies , which the people wished to - in the battle , Napoleon or Wellington ? and the answer of one and all was , " 0 , Wellington , Wellington ; for Napoleon would make us all pay de tribute . " The Bel _^ ans , like other people , liave a peat hatred of "tribute . " It wonld appear from the information a aii ihe guides , that the last day ' s fight was fer the _pessssion of the _celebrated farm-house LA HATE SAINTE _,
_ssall ihe walls , and roofs , and doors are perfectly riddled with halls . My guide was son of the woman _-jrho now occupies this celebrated farm-house ; so I * _nmt over every bit of itj and every inch , from the -veil where the French soldier was found drowned , to _jta meanest corner , has its own history . The yard an garden around was strewn thick with dead men . The heat of the battle was there , The onjv monu-• asnt erected io _anything English , is one ] in a garden , at the Brass-Is side of "Waterloo , tothedel : _md kg of the Maroy , _^ f Anglesey . In the cotuee they show vou his boot that th ? ball went through , and the table on which _tlife leg was cut off .
That is all that I mean to tell you now about tllC kittle . I asked my guide what wages men could earn at agricultural work in that neighbourhood . Ile told mc " a franc a day and their diet , by the Tear , for good men " : —a franc is 104 . JEnglish : —two and a half francs "—that is , 2 s , Id . — " in busy times , without diet ; and at piece or job-work aa much as six , 5 eren , and even eight francs" —that is 6 s . Sd . a day . He said , " "When working job or piece-work iliey -were up _atdaybreak and worked till dark . " I then _questioned him upon the subject of Poor Laws , and I give you thc mode of providing for the poor of Belgium . "The peasants / ' said he , " elect the mayor : " the mayor then nominates two , who are called second men ; and also five other persons _. Those five , with the priest , take charge of the poor .
The poor have lands which belong to themselves ; and ihe mayor and the second men receive tenders from persons who wish to become tenants to the poor ' s land . la _Printer the pr iest and jive peasants are obliged to visit the del ; asd to _tkovide them wrrn iii mixes _-secessabt , if sick at home . They must give all that the doctor orders , and blankets to those who require them . I will now detail fov you a con rersation that passed between -as on the subject of PoorLaws : — O'Connor : AW , are the poor , when old , ov out of - _^ ork , or sick , well cared for ? Guide : O yes ; very well . O'Connor : As well as if they eould work S ; Guide ; Yes , yes ; and much better . O yes , better . O'Connor : IIow is that ?
Guide ; How is that ? why , ihe people see to it . O'Connor : Well , suppose the priest and the peasants don't do their duty ? Guide : O , but they must , O'Connor : Well , bnt suppose a mau is neglected ? Guide : Well then he or his friends get a second man , and the second man will go and see the doctor , to inquire if he is sick ; or go and visit the house if he is old or has no work ; and if he is neglected , they " sill iell the mayor ; and then the mayor will send for the priest and say to him , " Come now , Mr . Priest , you have -not done your dnty to this man ;" 2 nd then if it is done again , they will be all sent about their business , and the mayor will elect more in their place .
O'Connor _^ : Well , suppose anything remains over , after supporting the poor , what is ] done with it ? Guide : It goes on always to make more for the poor . O'Connor : Does a man ever _' starre here with you ? " Guide : Starve ? want food ? Ono , no—no ; never ; ihat could not be . O'Connor : Has . there _erer heen anything wrong about the funds ? Guide : No ; not in my village : bnt over there , in that village , the priest neglected the poor , and kept all the money ; and the mayor and the peasants sent him off . O'Connor : How do the labourers live here ?
Guide : Well , they all have a pig , and they make that do for week days ; and then on Sunday they will buy two pounds of beef , and make sonp with peas and _teans , and _vegetables , and potatoes ; and they live very well I'll assure you . O ' Connor : How are they clothed ? Guide : Well , as you see ; well and warm . The _shopkeepers bny the wool from the farmers , and _aake cloth of it ; and the labourers bny it from the _s-iopkeepeis .
O'Connor : Well , and when the people are sick ? Guide : 0 yon saw one great hospital at one side , as you came into the village , for that side of the country ; and another on ours there , for this side of lee country . O'Connor : Suppose they were to take the lands from the poor ? Guide : 0 that is nonsense : how could they take : aeJand when I tell you it is the poor ' s own ? 2 Co-« % eould take it . No , no ; the mayor would not let _«* - _* ..
Now , what think you of that , my friends , "Who are _^ gected te the tender mercies of a Poor Law Bastile _?_ you whose lands have been all stolen . Aye , tut you had no mayor , elected by yourselves > On Tuesdayl went to the country within about ten miles of Brussels , to see the email fanns . Hal is lhe nearest town to the fanns I saw , and Lambeg is the nearest village . In Lambeg there is a large gin distillery and a laige sugar manufactory . The walk _fras splendid , along the banks ofa canal , vrith double rows of trees on eaeh side . Here the peasants all speak Heroish ; and my guide was an egregious ass . He could speak nothing . The first small farm that
1 visited was held bf a young man . It consisted of " * h 3 t they term "a bundle of land . " I measured it , _^ d it is about 200 perches . In an English acre _¦* ere are 160 perches . For this he paid 120 francs , tr _£ 416 s . 8 d . a year , without the house . Thehouse * as his own . He bnilfc , or bought it—a practice _* _fcch I findvey general in & e country districts _, f aeland _heesteemedverygoodiitwaasome distance _^ mhishouse . He had twogood cows ; andworked tl 0 _a _^ atthe 8 Bgarinannfe < _fejyall thetime hehadio _^ P are in winter . He got one franc a day . His potaj _" _^ an d all in that neighbourhood , had _uttwly " ¦ -fed . The Beit pereon I yisited yras a _mson , who
To The Working Cusses Op Great Britain A...
managed an estaminet ( public-house ) . She was very intelli gent . She lived more by the sale of beer than by the land . She showed me a basket of potatoes , the best she had , about the size of veiy large marbles , and all totally gone . All in the neighbourhood were alike . The land , she said , wa what all' around looked to and depended on . I next visited a cottage -where two sisters hail a bundle and a half of land between them . The man of the house had been sick for seven months . They paid 120 francs for their land , or £ i 16 s . 8 d . a bundle . I next visited the house of a most intelligent woman . She held 1 $ bundles—not quite two acres . It
wants twenty perches of being two acres . She had three cows and two pigs , and was making chooao . All was beautifully clean and neat . She also paid about £ 4 16 s . 8 d , an acre . Her husband had built the house . Her potatoes also were all gone . I next went to a field , where a man and his son and two daughters were preparing the ground f or wheat . He had If bundles . For 1 bundle of good he paid 160 francs , or £ 6 6 s . Sd . a bundle ; and for the i of bad land , 20 francs a bundle . Always bear in mind that a bundle is au English acre and a quarter . This was a fine fellow . He had eight children . The wife was at home ; and four children , two sons and two daughters , always worked in the field ; and the youngsters were all playing about them . In winter
he dresses flax and threshes his corn . The young ones go to school from eight till four o ' clock ; aud the eldest son works In the sugar manufactory ; but he bad _jplenxt of work tor TUB wnOM FIVB ON the iwo acres dobisc soMMEB . The women work in the fields iu summer without shoes or stockings ; bnt , going to market , they are remarkably neat about the feet ; and at all times keep their hair as neat as possible . I asked this man " if many of the peasants purchased theu * holdings ? " and he told me they did , many of them : and that it sold as high as 5000 , 6000 , and 7000 francs a bundle ; that is , £ 200 , £ 240 , and £ 280 a bundle : or , from £ lC 0 an acre up to £ 24 A an acre . And mark ; this is bad _fd * ul , wretched land , compared with what I purpose purchasing for _£ 18 15 s . an acre in England .
I must now say a word or two about the management and appearance of those Mnis . The Belgians never lose a morsel of anything that can by _possibility be converted into manure . Each has got his liquid manure _taji : SOme covered ; some not . They esteem the mine of the cows as best for forcing one crop ; but the solid manure for remaining longer ir . thc ground . Tliis is in a great measure _owin-j ti - the fact of their ground being very light and _porous the liquid-tunning quickly through , white eke _heavier substance remains nearer the S * irfaco . The appearance of every one of the cottages that I saw was picturesque and . beautiM : each surrounded bv
trees , and a rivulet generally runs hard by . All the domes-tie animals are as tame and friendly OS they are in Ireland , The young children in the neighbourhood are to be seen lying in groups under the trees for shelter , or playing inthe field : and 1 have seen many , not more than seven years of age , leading cows -with , halters on their heads to pick up grass where they could not be safely trusted if loose-One circumstance whieh makes the peasantry anxious to purchase their plot of ground at a high price in this country is , that the " tenure" is bad and uncertain . A nine years' lease is the Usual tenure : and the landlord at the end of that time has
the benefit of all the labour that has been expended . This is also a reason for the great anxiety of the people to possess a house of their own , from _tvhich they cannot be removed . Besides the gi'eat number of small farms in Belgium , there are also many large ones , as the population is not sufficiently large to occupy the whole country in small farms . Here also the allotment system is carried out properly . Those who work at other trades thau that of cultivating the ground have all small gardens to grow food of different kinds ; but in all eases eare of the manure , and : constant working of the ground , are the two great objects .
In my next letter I shall give you an account of an immense colliery district , stretching from Mons to Genappe , and from thence to the frontiers of France , a -distance of more than thirteen miles , where nothing but collieries meet the eye ; but such a tiling as an ex plosion is never heard of . A colliery inspector lives here and there , amid the huge piles of long chimneys * and in many instances the mines are a mile and a quarter deep ; some coal and some iron . The houses o the peasants are very different from those of the colliers of Northumberland and Durham . In most districts the small farmers work their cows for about
four hours a-day . They are harnessed precisely like horses , with bits in their mouths . They plough , harrow , and draw waggons ; and they say that those _^ at work give more milk thanthosenot worked ; but this is easily accounted for , from the fact of their being better fed . They are kinder at work than horses , aud are as gentle as lambs : the object of the farmer being to teach them gentleness from the first . The ploughs and harrows , and especially the carta and waggons , as well as all agricultural implements , are ofthe rudest kind , but managed with great skill and dexterity . The wheat throughout Belgium has received a partial blight , and is by no means an average crop : so that upon the whole the people are in very
great tribulation . One thing that must strike a stranger coming to this country very forcibly is , the perfect union of all classes ; that is , in the country districts . Every one appears to be interested in every other person ' s affairs ; and indeed the motto upon their coin is " _usm _* _- ! is strength . " In Ghent , a very large town between Ostend and Brussels , the devil-chimneys are beginning to spread enormously : and I ani told that several capitalists are now to be found in that town worth from a million to two millions of money . My hope is , that they never will be able to entice the virtuous peasantry from their peaceful homes . The people appear to love the country and agricultural _pursuits ,
On my return from Dal , I went to Antwerp that night , a distance of 29 miles . All along the line the country presented the same enchanting appearance of men and women working , children playing , crops growing , and all appearing thriving and happy and gay . Every one grows as much tobacco as he thinks he will require for the winter ' s smoking ; and the people are very generous with " the weed . " To-day the peasants are all ia their holiday clothes , and look remarkably well Sueh a thing as sickness in the country districts is rarely heard of : the children are so much in the open air . I am going to Liege to-morrow , which is a kind of highland district ; and in my next I shall tell you more of the small farms , of the manner in whieh the colliers are treated ,
and what they can earn ; and about the quarry men , of which there are _lai-ge numbers in this _eountry ; and of the hospitals and institutions for the destitute . I went over a very extensive quany yesterday , where 650 men are constantly engaged ; and I was also over the farm of the overseer . One remarkable circumstance which struck me very forcibly , was the difference between an Irish and a _Bellas fanner , if you question an Irishman closely he supposes , and naturally , that you want to take advantage of him ; and he looks upon you as an enemy , while the unsuspicious Belgian puts it down to interest m his concerns , and becomes communi cative . This proceeds from the fact of the Irish being brought up under oppression , and the Belgian under kindness .
On the whole , the more I see of this country the more I am in love with it , and the more amnow I become to see the _foundation-stone of like happiness laid in old England aBd ould Ireland . I would implore you , then , to go on putting your farthings together for the purchase of land , that you and your children may be happy . I remain , yonr faithful friend and servant , _FiEABGW O'CWOTCffl .
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-- Vol. Yni * N0 *.'411. London, " Satur...
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Spain. ' Barcelona, Sept. 13.—The City C...
SPAIN . ' Barcelona , Sept . 13 . —The city continues tran- ; quil , but still a deep excitement pervades the public mind , and everybody asks how long Is , th _!^ .. violent state of things to last ? The Captain-General , in the general cedes k £ _-ia-da-y , again reminds the army of ite duty to their sovereign , and f orbids oflicers joining any " casinos , " convivial clubs formed for the sole object of amusement . It would appear his Excellency entertains some apprehensions from the contact Of tlie officers with civilians , * _iven in a social way . Such repeated exhortations to the army induce mainy people to think that the Captain-General doubts their fidelity . The city continues , as I mentioned in a former letter , occupied in a military way , every post having by them eight days' rations , and 2001
round reserve ammunition per man . At the moment of post hour , a bando of the Captain-General has been posted in all public places , directing that everybody shall immediately retire to their houses on the slightest symptoms of alarm , or if found in the streets shall be treated as if implicated . in disturbances . This is a renewal ofthe bando of the Baron de Meer last winter , which directed that all lookers-on in any outbreak should be fired on as well as the actual rioters , as their presence in the street should be considered as a connivance at least to the breach ofthe peace taking place . Madrid , Sept 1-5 . —The Moderado papers talk ofa conspiracy haying been discovered at Alieant on the 10 th , and say that several arrests had taken place , and that a Colonel Ripoll , a relative of Zurbano ' s , was to have put himself atthe head of the movement . The troops were all under arms at Saragossa on the 7 th and subsequent days , and large detachments were
stationed in the principal streets , and three pieces of artillery ,-with two companies of infantry and some cavalry , occupied Torrero on the 9 th . Some disturbance took place on the night of the fth , and stones were thrown at the troops , but it does not appear that anything move serious has occurred . The CasteUano publishes an extract from a Lisbon paper , which states that the Spanish Gen . Iriarte had landed at a small place in tha neighbourhood of Oporto on the 1 st of August , where he p _^ fc himself in communication with the Spanish emigrants in t . _Vf quarter , among whom he distributed money and ' arms . He endeavoured to procure a passport for the Spanish frontiers , but failed . His arrival having i come to the knowledge of the authorities , steps we taken to arrest him but he _- _iCCeeded id bdtm " _pStTi - " _^ _* > _^ _*^\ iea on board a r *¦ . _wund for England . Some people supposed , nawever , that he was still concealed in tne neighbourhood of Oporto .
GERMAN ? . Ihe religious excitement in Germany continues at its height . Thc progress of M . Ronge , notwithstanding the attempts of the Government to put down all demonstrations of enthusiasm , is aspecies of triumph . On the 19 th he left Stutgard for Ulm , and he was accompanied out of the city by a vast crowd of inhabitants . Some of tho most enthusiastic of his admirers accompanied him all the way to Ulm . Letters from Vienna state that the religious excitement has extended to that capital . A German Catholic congregation has been formed , and at Its first meeting upwards of 3 , 000 persons attended . The meeting having been called without ' the leave of the authorities , it was dispersed by a battalion of infantry .
YOUNG GERMANY IN SWITZERLAND . COXSPUUCY AGAINST CHURCH AND STATE ! ( Fromour German Correspondent . ) The _ConstitittionnelNeufchatelois gives a long , apparently official , report on a " vast conspiracy of atheists spread all over Switzerland . " We take from it the following extracts : — "After the discovery made some time ago ofthe Communistsceret society , inthe canton of Neufchatcl , another far more dangerous association has been discovered—an asociation extending its nets all over the Swiss confederacy , and purposing to overthrow , by means of Atheism , the fundamental principles of morality , and to revolutionize Germany hy any means , Regicide not excepted . The members of this
Association , which is known by the nameol Young Germany , or the Leman Confederacy , are almost without exception German working men , with some of the old political refugees . In consequence of some information at thehead-quarters of the conspiracy , Lausanne , the chiefs of the great club of La Chaux de Fonds were apprehended , and a commission of inquiry appointed , tlie results of which are the following disclosures . This secret society exists since 1838 , and has at its head Messrs . Standau and Doclecke , professors of the German language , Wm . Marr , editor oftheir _papers ; and Hoffman , druggist . Dr . Fein and Dr . Eauschenplatt , German refugees ; the first imprisoned at Lucerne on account of his having taken part in the late civil war—the second at Strasburg , _nnn _. n _. _i . inn In . Im _AAnnclail . l _. _lfl _. _4 l _,, r . e _. nn . _nt . r 'PI ... _cim / _Ccll / UWi Wlbli _Ul
iU 3 */ _*> V UO _WUUO . MHO auUJ . _'jr _. xuu rules of the association contain the following articles * . —Thc society is essentially and necessarily a secret one , its end being political propaganda . Every member obliges himself to remain within the association until forty years of age , to devote all his powers to the attainment of its aims , and not to stand in fear of any sacrifice . Every member engages himself to destroy all written documents , by which the association orits membersmightbe traced . In Switzerland a central office is formed , corresponding with all those _members that are returned to Germany , and leading the whole of the operations . _Jtyne to fee admitted as members who do not profess themselves atheists and revolutionists . By the incredible activity o f its members among the German workingmen—of whom
there is a floating population of about 25 , 000 in Switzerland—this society has succeeded in establishing its branch-clubs in 20 towns in Switzerland , viz .: —Carouge , Nyon , _Ralle , Aubonne , Morges , Lausanne , Aigle , Vevav , Yverdon , Moudon , Payerne , Chaux dc Fonds , Fleurier , Berne , Biel , St . liner , Porentruy , Burgdorf , Chur , Zug , Zurich , Winterthur , Basel , Lucerne , Friburg , and Geneva , besides two clubs in France , iri Strasburg and Marseilles . Every , six months the deputies of these clubs assemble in one of the localities , which for the next six months is then charged with the management of the general business . The incredible activity , and the really diabolic means brought into bearingbythesepropagandists for attracting the Germansarc frightful indeed . One of them ,
, writing from Zurich to the central office , says : — " We are obliged to use great caution , on account of most of the newly arriving men being frightened by the ordinances and intimidations of the German governments . They will never enter a club unless they are told that it is not a political one . Thus we are obliged to treat them very cautiously , to bring them bit by bit into the right road , and the principal thing in this respect is to show them that religion is nothing but a pile of rubbish and dung . The only thing we can do is to prepare them here for the clubs in French Switzerland , and tliere we send tliose who intend leaving Zurich . " When the Morges club wanted to get into connection with the whitesmiths of that town , none of whom was a member , tliey
instantly wrote to the central office , to send them a whitesmith who might be clever enough to bring those workmen into the society . The clubs were all in correspondence with each other , as well as with the central office . This correspondence has been partly seized , and shows by its contents how much the whole conspiracy was pervaded by a revolutionary spirit . Every club had a committee for preparing the subjects of discussion . The debates extended over all political , social , and religious questions . Some clubs were comparatively rich , and possessed libraries , newsrooms , pianos , & c . ; they were furnished with everything which might attract the workmen . The most powerful clubs were those of Geneva , Berne , Zurich , Lausanne , and La Chaux de all
Fonds ; the last named club numbered ( in a ver _* r * sm town ) 200 members ; and if we consider that in this same town , besides Young Germany , there existed a very numerous Communist club , we may think ourselves entitled to say , that Atheists and Communists in Switzerland are to be numbered by thousands . The association had a secret agitation committee , which was generally not known to the members at large ; but every club contained one or two of those " Propagandists , " whose business it was to keep up the steam , to direct the proceedings , and to developcthe spirit of Atheism and revolutionism . Unfortunately , they succeeded but too well in this , as is proved by the fact , that the "infernal" periodical of Young Germany , published by Marr , numbered above 500 subscribers among the working people only . Tliis paper openly proclaims Atheism as its principle .
— " Germany , " says this paper , " wants apohtieal , religious , " and social revolution ; and if religion and politics should , during the course of this revolution , end iu smoke , so much the better ; socialised man will come forth purer and better from this purgatory . " Thus far the report , which is altogether written in an infamous and c _^ umniatory style , Young Germany had existedin _Switzerland since 1831 , when , in consequence ef the many insurrections in Germany , great numbers of young men , students , workmen , ifcc ., were obliged to leave their country . After a period of considerable activity this association collapsed towards 1837 , when _theganeral Bour geoisie Government throughout Europe succeeded in suppressing the spirit of political agitation . Soon afterwards , however , the Communm clubs commenced to form themselves jn th e old home Qf
Spain. ' Barcelona, Sept. 13.—The City C...
Young Germany , on the . shores ofthe Leman Lake , and to commence an animated debate with that merel y political association . This debate ended in a settled quarrel , and decided enmity , of the two parties , * the main result , however , was , that Young _Germany was obliged to extend its field of action , and . noi- only to better define their political principles , as those of Radical , Republic , and _Democrats , but also to take up social questions . While the middle classes of Germany kill their time ; with German Catholicity" and " Protestant Reforms " while they run alter Ronge , and play the " Friends of Light ; thug making it their chief business to
_enect some very little , almost invisible , good-fornotnme { _bisb & Bourgeois ) reform in religious matters , the working people ofour country read and digest the writings ofthe greatest German philosop ' rtx * _Feuerbach , d _* c , and embrace the result ol their inquiries , as radical as this result may appear , lhe people of Germany have no religion . How else ; would it have been possible to convert masses of them , not only in Switzerland , but in France , England , and at home , within the short space of a year ? I refer to what I said last week but one on Bourgeoise movements and working-class movements ; I think these disclosures are a full confirmation ofmy statement .
SWITZERLAND . Communism in Switzerland . —In a late number ofthe Communist Chronicle we find the following : —In political movement , the canton Vaud is more interesting than any other canton in Switzerland . A collision between the adherents and adversaries of the principles of Communism in that canton seems to be near at hand . Communism has enrolled two battalions in Vaud , united in principle , but divided by station . The first is composed of the Radical members of government , some with the deliberative and others with executiyepower ; the second contains those societies of German workmen , founded by Weitling , and scattered oyer the country . These societies have latterly sained more influence than COllld haYe been expected iii a French population like the Yaudoise . Some weeks ago , the Algeimeine Ztitung said— " It is proved by judicial acts , from the discovery of Communist plots , that Western Switzerland is filled with
_Communis _^ Clubs , having their centre of propagandisra at Lausanne . The result of tin-judicial inquiry in the canton of _Kurenburg will be published next , and will form a continuation of the inquiry that took place in the canton of Zurich in 1843 . "—This Nurenburg inquiry hasconsequented the arbitrary dissolution ol ' ail i ' ue German 0 _? . _™ iuunJ 3 t societies in that canton , and the imprisonment arid banishment of their principal members . The persecution began by the arrest of fourteen Germans who were assembled in a village public-house forthe purpose of forming a Communist society . After this example had been given by the aristocratic government of _NwenbUl'Sthe aristocrats of Yaud , whose government liad been succumbed by the result of the last election , were anxious to do the same in their canton , and particularly to get back tho reins of government . They went so far as to present a petition , signed by 1 S 00 ,
asking—Jlst , the dissolution of all German Communists ocie ties throughout thc canton ; 2 nd , the banishmentof their principal leaders ; 3 rd , the dismissal of the Communistmembcrs ofthe Council of State ; 4 th , the submission tore-election of all the Communist members ofthe Grand Council . r One member only spoke in favour of this petition . The president of state proposed an examination ofthe Communist societies , and protection fov them ii ' _they were found progressive ; this , foi'tiina ' ely , was agreed to . -The aristocrats of Switzerland , in fear of this Communistically inclined government of the canton Vaud , make use of all possible means to excite public opinion against it . We have now to introduce to our readers an important communication bearing on the subject above treated of : — .
GREECE . It appears that the illustrious General Kalergi has thought it prudent to escape the dangers by which he was surrounded , from the gross and violent conduct of the Ministry , by constituting himself a voluntary exile . He embarked at Athens on board an English steamer , iri which Sir Edmund Lyons gave him a passage to Zante , and from the latter place he will probably take a passage to Italy or England . An ' ti-Rentism in Greece . — -The' Courrierde V Orient gives an account of a dreadful
_murdercommitted in the province of . Lividia .. A great proprietor of the name of Agalides had gained a process against the inhabitants of a village , and the court ordered the villagers to pay eight years' rent , which they were in arrear . This the villagers refused to do , and M . Agalides , "determined to take possession of his property , but the villagers turned out with guns , and-when M , Agalides approached , accompanied by the oflicers of justice , and some servants , they separated him from his attendants , saying they did not wish to shed blood unnecessarily , and then deliberately shot him .
UNITED STATES . The Anti-Rent Agitation has assumed such an important aspect that Governor Wright has officially proclaimed Delaware county to be in a state of insurrection . So the first step towards a social revolution has been taken ! In a week or two we shall give a full history of the Anti-Rent movement , and the particulars of the events which have led to Governor Wright ' s extraordinary proclamation . The war between man and property in , th _§ _$ ¦ _$ _¦ # & bas begun .
THE RIVER PLATE . The Petrel packet , Lieut . Creser , arrived at Falmouth on Monday afternoon last with the Brazil mails . This paeket brings dates from Buenos Ayres to __ the llth July , when all the British and French ships of way were preparing fov action in consequence of the British and French ministers having given Rosas only forty-eight hours to return an answer to the requirements . He had given a reply to their former communication , bnt they declined accepting it , and therefore they gave Rosas forty-eight hours as a further time for considering what conclusion he would come to in giving his reply . The plenipotentiaries appear determined to settlc _. the dispute between Buenos Ayres and Monte Video .
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Odd Fellowship. (Concluded From Our Eigh...
ODD FELLOWSHIP . ( Concluded from our eighth page . J TO TnE EDITOR OF THE NOMHEB 1 * STAR , Sir , _*—Havinff seen in your paper of Saturday last a letter from Mr . Ratcliffe , in which he has thought proper to mention my name , and in such a manner as might have a tendency to mislead those who are unacquainted ffith nie , I trust you will allow me a small space to reply . 1 shall pass over tbe first part of his letter , ana the resolution of the auditors as to the gentlemanly way in which he discharges the duties of his office ; and proceed to his remarks with regard to the Resolution of the Bradford A . M . C . In _respact to his betting transactions , Mr . Ratcline says , " I do not denv being at Newton Races , and by the
resolution of the Bradford A . M . C , am not prevented attending such places , if I think proper . " Certainly that resolution- dees not nrevent him attending such places : but pray what was the reason it was passed ? Was it not thought by his frequenting race-grounds , and betting sneh tremendous sums of money there and elsewhere , that he could not attend to the duties of his office in the manner he ought to do ? Was not that the reason why they wished him to discontinue the practice ? The construction Mr . Ratcliffe puts on the wording of that resolution is not an honest one . I think it very clearly expresses the opinion of the A . M . C . as to his conduct at that time not being in accordance with tlieir wishes . The resolution in question is as
follows - —" That this committee disapprove ot the 0 . S . of the order taking any part in general betting transactions , being of opinion that such transactions are inconsistent with the duties to be performed by the corresponding secretary ; andC . S . Ratcliffe , having intimated his intention of discontinuing them , so long as he may hold the office of Corresponding Secretary , this committee therefore most explicitly state that the confidence of the order is still continued in him . And furthermore , that the person holding the office of Corresponding Secretary to the order ought to devote the whole of his time to the business connected with the institution . " Now does Mr . Ratcliffe devote the " whole of his time " to the business of the institution , when he is attending the different races in the coui . tr ; ? It anneara that
Mr . Ratcliffe found that he could not adhere to tho « intimation' he gave at Bradford , and consequently attempts to defend his conduct by assertions which he knmvs are not correct . For instance , he says that more than one half of those who were formerly members oi the Manchester District are gamblers en horse racifh g : hit t t \ ii * H _* 88 ertion Pass for what it is worth _; but I would ask him , even supposing it to be true , whether it justifies him in violating his promises t He _« _? _l ? r _^ _Jl ? - isedto _-leaYeoffbetting ; purpose ( as on « _sofhia friends there asserted on his behalf ) , to make such arrangements as would enable him to act m accordance with the wishes of the annual meeting . -The result of that visit has been strongly commented on in the public papers , and is weU known to almost every one in Manchester * . but I do nop _jnslj here to _repeaf their opinion of hia
Odd Fellowship. (Concluded From Our Eigh...
conduct on that occasion . In concluding his letter , he treats his readers to a few remarks , again trying to justify his gambling propensities , by stating that the first bet he ever made on a horse race was at my instigation . The statement , puerile sis it is , requires a few words from me , as it might possibly cause some parties to think that I am in the habit of gambling . I can state without fear of contradiction , that no person can say that I ever bet twenty shillings on horse racing in my life . I believe I once did bet
with Mr . R . half a crown , or a crown ; but tliat _WHs all ; and if he had never bet more , there never would have been this commotion in Odd Fellowship . Per haps Mr . Ratcliffe ivill inform your readers at whose instigation he betted upwards of £ 850 against one horse for the Derby THIS YEAR ? Assuredly it was not at mine . If he had always been so willing to adopt my advice , as he says he was in respect to his first bet , he would certainly have now occupied a more enviable position in the Order than he now does , in the office he professes to fill in so "
gentlemanlike" a manner . I remain your obedient servant , _JosEru Hardy , 9 , Thude Hill , Manchester .
¦ To Tub Eoitok Of Tub Norther** * Star....
¦ TO TUB EOITOK OF TUB NORTHER ** * STAR . Sin , —In your paper of the 30 th ult . there is a letter signed " Henry JBalmforth _, " intended as a reply to some remarks of mine which appeared in a previous number ; but , like all that have appeared on the same side ofthe question , it loses sight ofthe real points at issue . In his first _paragraph , he mentions the fact of the Board of'Directors having suspended some lodges for not furnishing them with an account of their private funds , find calls this " an illegal assumption of power ; " and yet , he says , the A . M . C . did not censure , but justified them . The A . M . C . is the highest tribunal of the order ; and as the twentysixth resolution of the Newcastle A . M . C . ( page 7 of Annual Report ) made it imperative Upon eveiy lodge
in the unity to furnish sucli information , to bo laid before the Glasgow A . M . C , ifc was a glaring violation of the aforesaid resolution in not doing . so . The number of lodges whicli refused to comply were very fow ; and the readiness with which an overwhelming majority of the order complied with the resolution of the Newcastle A , M . (? ., shows that they were right in demanding such information : and the fact of the Glasgow A . M . C . justifying the Board of Directors in suspending the non-complying lodges _. shows that there was an * ' illegal assumption Of power" in having done so—but , on the contrary , that they were acting in conformity with the opinion of the highest tribunal oftlie order , and \ vhich _tribunal every lodge at its _opening _plages ttseif io ol 5 oy and abide by . With regard to the meetings held for considering the changes made in the scale of payments and
benefits , a great deal more may be said than I am at present disposed to say . Suffice it , for the present , to state that the conduct pursued by the opponents of thc Board of Directors has been altogether illegal and unconstitutional-, and of such au extraordinary kind that it was quite necessary the Board of Directors should take some immediate and decisive steps to put a stop to such proceedings . If they had not done so they would have proved themselves unequal to the task of governing the affairs ofthe institution . This society has laws and rules lor the government of its affairs , and which for nearly half a century have proved quite efficient for that purpose : but the proceedings ofthe members of . the Manchester and Salford districts were calculated , if suffered to pass unnoticed , to subvert the laws aiulusages ofthe
institution , and consequently , peril its existence . Its laws afford ample means for remedying any grievance that may arise ; but in this disgraceful affair all law and order was set at deGance , and the walls of Manchester disgraced with scurrilous songs and placards denouncing the Executive of the order , in a manner that reHeets auy thing kit credit upon the parties so doing . Sir , 1 am a hater of tyranny in any shape , come from whence it may ; and I cannot but look _udou the whole proceedings of those who are such zealous declaimers against what they call the "tyranny of the board , " as an attempt at tyranny of the worst kind , because calculated to create distrust and dissention among the whole body , and in a short time to have overturn thc labour of years , and reduce to a state of chaos the whole society .
_"ILTB .- ' says , "the _^ directors are determined , at all hazards , to enforce tho obnoxious resolutions - " but if a MAJoniTT of the order disapproved ot them , and could show by facts that the alterations were unnecessary , I have no doubt but that the Board of Directors would suspend the operation ofthe " obnoxious resolutions" until the next A . M . C , when the question could be settled upon its merits . But no . this would be too tedious and slow a process , and the " tyrants" could not be _~ so easily denounced . It sometimes happens that the principles of liberty are sullied and retarded by the imprudence and folly of its advocates . The f act o f two lodges in the Liverpool district , " having pronounced in favour of separation , " need
not be wondered at , when we know the potency of bad example , but I am glad to find that out of upwards of ose hundred lodges only two have been misled . I have read attentively all that has appeared in the Star , and need not" re-read it : " and 1 again say that the points at issue are overlooked , and that the controversy is a personal one , and not one of principle . The question is , was it necessary to come to some regular and uniform method of conducting the _unanffl ' _sl _fffairs of the order , or not ? On turning to the quarterly report for July , _1 § 44 , page 4 , 1 find the alarming fact that , _dui'ing the y _« fli _« 1 X 4 & , Two Hundred and _Twekxy-pivb Lodges were closed for wast op funds ; and in addition to this , a great
number of lodges applied for relief . This conviuced the _directors that something must be done to procure the stability of the order . Hence the resolution of the Newcastle A . M . C . making it imperative upon eveiy lodge in the Unity to furnish the board with a statement of their financial affairs , blank forms being sent to every lodge for that purpose . Could all this be done without the members supposing some great change was at hand ? And what change ? Why , to make the income and expenditure not only equal , but to have something in reserve to prevent the recurrence of the above-named calamities ; and also that large promises should not be held out , without a good prospect of tlieir being realized . As to the representation , I need say little on that
head : for nothing can be more perfectly a representation of the _ivhole order tlian it is , As to the "tradesmen becoming raging despots , " it is all nonsense : for the lodges can elect whom they please for the quarterly committees ; and the quarterly committees elect the deputies to the A , M . 0 .: therefore thelodges have full power to keep the tradesmen out of both committees , if they thinkproper . But one word upon this . During my experience in the order about nine years , I have almost invariably found the most important offices in lodges ( secvetary , for instance ) filled by tradesmen : the working classes , I am sorry to say , as a body , not being prepared for keeping complicated accounts , or conducting the continual correspondence arising between the lodges . In my capacity of C . S . of this
district 1 have had abundant opportunities of seeing the difficulties under which the order laboured in this respect ; and when I came to Ireland , I rejoined the order , and accepted laborious duties—laborious , because they interfered with my business and private pursuits , simply because 1 knew I could be ol use to them in such matters . The statements in the quar ' erly reports may bo slanders for aught I know . I have not a copy by me : but if my memory serves me aright , itis there stated that the election of-Mr . Ratcliffe as C . S . of the order was one cause of offence , he not being at the time a member of the Manchester district . This was under the old system , when the Manchester district had far more than its proper influence in the A . M . G . I therefore take it for granted that his
election was a consequence ofhis superior qualifications for the office . Since he has been in office he has detected , and prevented from imposing upon the order ( by giving goods of an inferior description to Bamples estimated for ) , several of the leading persons in the " new move . " This is a serious charge , if true : and puts the parties against whom they are made in a position not to be envied . I know nothing of the matter . Thc thing is stated in the report of the Executive ; and if untrue , it is easy for the parties concerned to exonerate themselves from such odium . If this can be done , let it be done at once , instead of making assertions ; and then the charges would stand as false accusations , and we should know the degree of credit to eive the narties making them . As I
may expect to have the " cudgels" again applied , it might perhaps have been better , as far as I am concerned , to have been silent ; but I feel it a matter et Importance , and as I have long been accustomed to differ with the majority of mankind in opinion , 1 am very indifferent as to a cudgelling _occasionaUy--however , as my time is very scarce , I do not wish to prolong this controversy , unless absolutely necessary for the cause of truth and theinterest of the order ; and I would advise " H . B . " to keep the same object in view , and do what he can to restore unity in the order , and thus enable it to maintain that proud position it has so long held over all other benefit societies . ¦ ¦ ' Tours truly , W . S— , G . M , and P _Proy . C . S . Belfast , Sept , 8 tb , M 5 ,
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W1tu Saturday's News,-Police, Legal And ...
W 1 _TU SATURDAY'S NEWS ,-POLICE , LEGAL AND GENERAL .
MANSION HOUSE . ' _„ Satordat . — Robbebt and _Absconbing . — Qeorge Millard , a respectable looking joiing man , was brought ¦ before the Lord . _Mjiyor _, charged by Cornelius Puroy _, a clerk in the employ of the firm of Palmer and ' Hope ; of the Royal Exchange , stock-brokers , who deposed that on Friday , the 12 th September , the prisoner , who was employed as a messenger , was entrusted with a cheque for £ 70 , which he was directed to get cashed and pureh _* w » stamps with the money ; and that he did not return ,, Thomas Henry Linningen deposed tbat he « ras a'banker % clerk ; that on the 12 th day of September , he cashed the cheque now produced , giving in exchange a £ 4 . 0 and a £ 30 Bank of Englaud note ; hut could not say to whom . James Young , caihier at the Stamp Office , Somerset \
House , deposed that the .-prisoner tendered to him a £ 40 bauk note on Friday , Septembar 12 th , for which hereceived stamps in exchange , and the usual allowance of 12 s . John Brooks _ITalford , clerk to the firm of Palmes and Hope , deposed , that he went to Somerset House on Saturday , September 13 th , to make inquiries respecting the prisoner , and found a bundle of stamps tothe _nmouit of £ 40 , which the prisoner had left , addressed to Messrs . Philips and Hope , of which he took possession . Richard Clark , policeman , deposed , that from information hehad received , lie proceeded on Wednesday last to the residence of the prisoner ' s aunt , in Goring-stroet , Hackney , and saw the prisoner , to whom he stated his mission , when prisoner stated his willingness to acotnpany him .
Thomas Clark Parrish , a clerk in the issue department of the Bauk of England , deposed , that on Friday , the 12 th of September , he exchanged the £ 30 hank note nowproduced , for thirty sovereigns ; and that the presenter indorsed the note " Palmer and Co ., 2 G _, Royal Exchange . ' —Cornelius Purdcy identified the _indorsement as tho handwriting of the prisoner . —The prisoner declined saying anything . —Mr , Purdey , on behalf of Messrs . Palmer and Hope , appealed to the Lord Mayor , in consequence of the prisoner's previous good character , to deal with tho ease summarily . —His lordship said lie liad no alternative but to send tlie case to trial ; and the prisoner was fully committed accordingly , and the witnesses bound over to prosGcute .
CLERKENWELL , Satdbdat . — -A Nice _Lawver . —Mr . James Hall , an attorney , was charged with upsetting the fruit-stall Oi William Jacques , a boy in the City-road , and also with having assaulted Judd , a policeman of the X division . It appeared that the defendant was passing through the-City-road whilst drunk , and he upset Jacque ' s fruit-stall _, and the fruit was destroyed . The boy made au alarm , and Judd , the policeman , enmo up . He followed defend _,, ani , and advised liim to pay the boy fov the injury he hafl > sustained , when defendant said " youbod—d , pay thuboy yourself ; " and , at the same time , he struck the constable on the head . He was taken to the stationhouse , where lie was locked up until thc morning at three o ' clock , when he was balled out . The prisoner wa * convicted in the penalty of 20 s ., which he paid and left the court .
SOUTHWARK . Saturday . — Daring Highway Robbery bv a Female . —Mary Morris , alias " Flash Poll , " a dashingly-( Iressed female , was pkced at the bar before Mr . Traill , charged with knocking down Mr , "William I . ymposs , a Custom-house officer ; nnd _ychbiilg hiin of UvO _lialf-croirira in the - public streets . The prosecutor ( an elderly nian ) Stated that he lived at Dock-head , and about half-past twelve o ' clock on thc preceding night was in tho neto £ ringing at Hie hell of his daughter ' s house in King-street , Borough , when the prisoner rushed across the road , and knocked liim down . She then immediately fell upon him _,, and put her hands in his waistcoat pocket , where he _then had two half-crown pieces , and three shillings . -. ¦ . id . sixpence in silver . He called out for help , _nilfl , Oil tllC appearance of a policeman , she ran away . The prisoner was fully committed to Sewgate fov trial .
_Assauit akd Attemvteo Robbery . —Jamos Payne _,, a coarse-looking voung fellow , was next placed at tho * bar before Mr . ' 1 ' raill , charged with a saulting ana attempting to rob Mr . John Reynolds , a gentleman of independent fortune , on thc Surrey side of Waterloo-bridge . Complainant stated that on thc previous night he had been spending a few hours with a friend at an hotel in Covcnt-gavden-mavkct , and about three o ' clock this morning was returning home across Waterloo-bridge , when he was accosted - by two females . One of them pushed against him , upon
which he remonstrated with them ; They then crossed thc road , and joined company with the prisoner , who followed him through the toll-gate , nn the Surrey side of the bridge . After he had walked about a hundred yards from the toll-house , the prisoner knocked him down , and was- in the act of snatching his watch from his waistcoat-pocket , when a policeman came in sight . The prisoner then struck him a severe blow on the side e _& the head , and van away . He was eventually secured , and taken to the stationhouse , The evidence of the policeman corroborated that of Mr . Reynolds . The prisoner _vva-j remanded ,
Manchester.
MANCHESTER .
Lecture.—Mr. J. Leach Lectured On Sunday...
Lecture . —Mr . J . Leach lectured on Sunday evening last , on the Land question , to the instruction and amid the plaudits of those assembled .
Death of the Bishop op Bath asd Wells . —This venerable bishop died on Monday , at W eston-supeiv Mare , Somersetshire , atthe advanced age ot So years .
Ilis ' _episcopal duties , on account of his infirmities , have for some time past been performed by the Bishop of Salisbury . His lordship was . a doctor of divinity , a visitor of Wadham College , Oxtord , F . R A S ., & e ., and uncle to the Earl of EUenborough . Dr . Law was consecrated Bishopof . Cluster _ralSli _, and translated to Bath and Wells in 1324 . ' 1 hough not o f brilliant talents , he was of highly respectable- _, acquirement , of sound judgment , and through lite devoted to the interests of the church , of which he was an ornament . — Standard ,
West Bromwicji—Explosion of Fire-damp . —On Thursday morning week , about seven o ' clock , a dreadful explosion of sulphur took place at Crook Hay Colliery , Heatley-heath , in -a pit belonging to Mr . Davis . Tlie way tlie sulphur became ignited was from the fire drawing down : to it , nnd the explosion shook the whole of the : neighbourhood for a mile round , and was felt by several persons in Wednesbury quite distinctly . It exploded five distinct times , and the flames blazed above the top of tlie pit for about thirty yards . Tho pit is 187 yards 217 in
deep , so that thc fire rose about yards height . At the time the explosion took place twenty-seven _, men and boys were in the pit ; and hearing one _ex plosion after another , the poor fellows thought allhopes of safety at an end . Fortunately they were in a part of the pit where the fire did not enter , which escaped by the shaft instead . Frightful aa this explosion was , we are happy to state that only one poor man is burnt , and he was employed at the bottom of the shaft . It is stated that it is many years since there was so serious an explosion m tliis neighbourhood .
Disease amongst Cattle . —Wc regret to hear that a disease , epidemic in its nature , and fatal in its results , has broken out amongst cattle inthevicinitv of Penrith . Inflammation is its principal characteristic , and its progress is so rapid as inmost cases to render impotent the skill of the veterinary .. It has made fearful ravages among the stock of several agriculturists . Mr * Bousteadot Hackthorpe Hall , and Mr . Hill of Eden Hall , being amongst the principal suflerers of whom we have heard . _—Carlisle Journal . _. „ ,
Fire at Hoxton . — On Thursday morning an alarming fire broke out , shortly before one o ' clock , upon the premises belonging to Mr . Crafter , chemist and druggist , situate at 171 , High-street , Hoxton-Old Town , It originated in the back parlour , which it completely destroyed , and passed from thence into tho shop , which , contained a valuable stock in _trados The inmates had a narrow escape , being compelledto get out of one of the windows , -with only _tbefr nightclothes on . The fire was subdued by ine engines , bu _« not until nearly the whole of the stock waa consumed .
_E-sPix-BHw . —Loss of Two L *; y- * j S > _ -Between eleven . _- and twelve o ' clock on Thu _^ _ay forenoon an explosion < ,-took pla . ee at Harlow _WestMaih , inahffUijrintB £ - ? S _JL _& _rfrS ' : " Ifc _* _tmti to a roo _& oi _« f ? hf _^ . ° _^ v _^^ _& a _^ r * _be greaternortioa fJ _}^ ' _^ « Pi ° _lkhing _«» _wsdl separating the im _^ ° / J _which lhe floor _^ _nskteV _3 hl-twa rooms presented a scene of complett _^ st _^ fiotfjiB _^ _-v turmtureand other fittings being _dia « ereaintd'in ** C . r _'\ numerable fragments . Doubled un _^ _Mwmerofe . ] & the room lay the body of a youth _dmdVtoylcrroheil' ' ., _O and quite dead . It appeara th at _^ _aYeh tW , _Kousa ' _- ; _% ' ¦ was rented by a man named Jackson , whi _& e _remams ,, were diMoveredontheontsideoflte premises , and : ' ¦ _$ who , assisted by his son ( theyo _* _q 5 vfBsebody ' wa * ' - _' "'" ; _J found in the room ) , carried on tfc _^ lhwfiii ' ess Of it fire _* _w « 1 $ _HiWHifcetwer , _: ?• , - > . ¦ ¦
Oldham. Lecture.—On Sunday Last, Mr. Dan...
OLDHAM . Lecture . —On Sunday last , Mr . Daniel Donovan delivered a very energetic address on the Land and the Charter , in the Working Man ' s Hall , llorsedgestreet . SALFORD . . : ¦ _Puntic Meeting . —On Monday night last a public meeting took place in the large room of the National Charter Association , to hear addresses from Messrs ,. M'Grath , Doyle , and Leach , on the all-absorbing question of tbe Land . Mr . James Iloyle was called to the chair , who . after a few remarks , introduced the speakers . The speeches of Messrs . 'Doyle and Leach were excellent , which told well upon the meeting . Several persons enrolled their , name * * , and took np shares in the Land Society . The . committee meets every Sunday afternoon for the purpose of enrolling members and receiving instalments , from halfpast two till four o ' clock .
LONDON . Somers Town . —On Sunday evening last , at a ; members' meeting of this locality , on the motion of Messrs . Edwards and Tucker , it was agreed that fourteen shillings be sent to the veteran patriot John - Richards .
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_27091845/page/1/
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