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2 * 0 SUBBENDERl Let fiie fttSfrM <«« and daunted , whem fear has dismayM , Give up tbe pnrsnlt of a glorious causey Let the base-hearted traitor « t 01 practise his trade Qf twisting , and twining , and catchingatstraws ; Let Jhe foolish still follow the hollow pretence , And the well-fed Beformer fox ' cheap bread' staTbawl ; We irfll ding to the standard of stem caramon sense , . AndOBrwatchword , ' ( politieallreedom to all We never wiH barter one tithe of our Charter ; We fear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force ; And our ship "Ko Surrender ! " ( may Heaven defend her !} R ] mii t > ofty n « triumphantly on in our course .
The banner of freedom flss bravely above ns ; On the ocean of public opirion -we kiD : The hypoeriteshate , but the honest hearts love ns ; And liberty -whistles stood la the gale . God speed ttea , our l « ader , irndBonted O'Connor ! Our vessel rides nobly with ihee at her helm : Unbonght friend of freedom , -while thon art upon her , Ctrrnption ' sloil waves they can never o v erwhelm . We neTer Trill barter one tithe of oar Charter ; We feat neither fraud , false advisers , nor force : And oor ship , "No Snrrender r { may Heaven defend her !) Shall bear us triumphantly on ia our course .
The Toner strong ships , they may harrass and gneve us j But , like trne British tars , we will weather the storm : The piratical Whigs , t&ey may strive to deceive as By w » ftn E Ktr * aharVii in their old cr&ft" Reform j " ^¦ nft the boats that tack firs ^ o this point , then the other , "" - "~™? - Be they steer"d "by » Cobden , O'Connell , orSturge , We pity their crews , poordevila ! they'll smother , Completely engnlpb'd in a whirlpool of surga Bat we never will barter one tithe of oar Charter ; "We fear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force : ^^ zhip , " 2 f « Surrender ! " ( may Heaven defend berl ) Shall bear as triumphantly on in oar cearse . Ye true-hearted Chartists , be fervent and aealous ;
Toarl > nncombe stands firm on the enemj's deck ; Where , by principle b&ck'd , and a band of breve fellows , He the crazy old craft will » oon shatter and wreck . Then re-orgatfzs , boys , redouble yonr number , And the den of the despots -with parity sweep ; Let the spirit of Char&Hi rouse from its slumber , And come forth " like a giant refresh'd withsleep . " 5 " ct -we never will barter one tithe of our C&arter ; We tear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force : And oar ship , " 2 ? o Surrender ! " { mayHeaveadefend her !) Pfm tt bear as trf amphantly en in onr coarse . Kesjasis Sioti . 63 , Silver-street , Manchester .
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THE PLEET PAPERS . Though no admirers of "ifn ^ s" in general , and tier mindful of the advice , ** pni not jodt trust in princes /* we must own th&t -we have always regarded " ^ ong Richard" as an exception to this general rule , and have willingly awarded our allegiance to the factory children ' s "monarch . " Trne , -we have been rather nndntiful " subjects" of late , seeing that it is now a considerable time since we lent onr aid to extending a knowledge of " Bh Majesty ' s proclamations f and now , the many demands made upon , us in the columns devoted to ** Heviewsj" prevent m giving any very . full notice of the Tecent labours oF the honest , philanthropic , and brave u English Gentleman / 'Richard Oastler .
In Ho . 32 , Vol . ill . ( August 12 th , 1843 ) , Mr . Oastler commenced a series of articles on that object of Ms , and every other good man ' s , special abhorrence—t&e Netr Poor ~ La . tr . The series 13 confinnea through twelvB nnmbers , and forms a well-stored arsenal from -which the anii-Malthusian Btay famish himself with arms calculated to carry terror and dismay Into the camp of ihe enemy , and enable him , like the knight-errant of old , to wage triumphant battle in the cause of the helpless aad the oppressed . Of coarse , it would take the whole of the Star , or nearly so , to do anything like justice to this gallant onslaught , of the ** good -old King " upon the enemies of the poor and the foes of Old England ' s" best interests . We must content ourselves with the following extracts : —
"The Old Poor Xaw was intended to act as a protection to the labourer , by giving him employment or relief at the expense of the parish , when he found it impossible to find other work , the wages of which Would TT TTi' 3 in Win and his family . Thus it became theinterest of ihe rate-payers to employ the labourers , giving them fair wages for their work , otherwise the labourers would fall back on the : parish rates , and indirectly obtain from the wealthy parishioners a necessary jrovisSan for their wants . By that law , the poor were wedded to the land , the land being made responsible for their maintenance . Wisdom could not have devised s plan mere likely to produce and train a loyal ^ nd satisfied people . '
•* The 2 f ew . Poor I * sw , oeing avovxd' y intended to prepare the wag far no Poor Law at all / was framed in the spirit of enmity to the poor ; that is , to make the receipt of parish relief as objectionable—as offensiveas irksome as possible : —first , by refusing out-door relief and making the -union workhouse the test of destitution ; nest , by ™»*™ g the laBourer ' s residence in the poor-house as unpleasant and annoying as possible . There heis imprisoned—his wife separated from himand thsfr children are crofined in separate wards or houses ; nay , brothers and sisters are not allowed to meet His dress betokens his disgrace—his food- has proved to be poison ; and , on the testimony of official reports , many , very many , by it have been killed . In fact , every feeling of the human heart has been outraged for the avowed purpose of preventing the poor from availing themselves of thai mode of relief , thus to fgrccitem 1 q faft fart span their own resources .
" The consequence is , that the poor creatures offer their labour at tip lowest possible wages , thereby driving others into destitution , and , in the end , in spite of the cruelty of their regulations , filling the union-house , and reducing the return for labour to such a low ebb , that to eke out a livelihood , theft "becomes a part -of the labourer ' s occupation—what he considers a duty to his family . "Still , there are thousands who cannot fled any employment , who , having tried the union-houses ; prefer a
life of theft and beggary , is many cases stealing for the avowed purpose of finding a refuge in the gaols J The result . is , a forlorn and destitute race of labourersreduced by tens of thousands to strolling vagrants who have ceased to be customers to our manufacturers and fanners ; sow , this system is naturally finding its level in the insolvency of onr agriculturalists , manufacturers , and shop-keepers . Having thus destroyed the home Jtr&de , you are next required to find an " Extension of foreign trade , " by still more competition , and a further isctiiction of -space * .
" The owners of . the soil ihonlil remember thai ilia they themselves who have given weight and energy to the lecturers of the AnH-Corn-Xaw League , by passing and enforcing the Hew Poor Law . Had there been no Hew Poor Law , there would have been no Anti-Com-LawrLeagoe . "T \ o one has laboured more than myself to warn the landlords thai they were their own enemies , when they legislated against the labourers . I tell them new—and I entreat the Duke of Buckingham and the Dukee ! Bichmond to listen—if yon will not repeal the New Poor Law , you must repeal the Com Laws . Justice demands it—soon necessity will forte it Those laws cans ot long exist together—they are of antagonist principles .
" The land-owners have placed themselves in the position of banditti , who are forced to strengthen themselves by mercenaries against the natural and constitutional claimants—the poor . Thus the necessity for the Rural Police is accounted for , not to protect the property of the landlord , but to defend him in maintaining the unjust possession of that which never beloagedtoMTn I > y : iigbtr—tfee poormsn'S legal share in the land ¦ " The groundwork , the foundation of my argument , is the right cf every man to liberty and life , and " consequently to the means that produce those blessings . This I conceive to be the only condition upon which men can consent to give up the liberties of the natural or savage state for the restraints which are necessary when they exchange it for social life , which is a species ef social compact
" IT it be so , then any statute which , by implication only , tends to deprive a rnn-n of his liberty £ = a condition that he shsU oe fed , is a law in direct opposition to the fundamental principle upon which society was based—a law which virtually releases those persons whom it deprives from all moral allegiance- —places them in antagonism to the rest of their fellow creatures —and forces them , as a natural disly , by every means to £ sek their confiscated rights . In fain , it creates a moral civil war , which only waits for an opportunity to became piysicaL
"Far awhile the holders of fcbe conSscated property may rgi-sin nisiiters , being ensBlefl , by tte poorer Of ¦ sr esltfe , to resist the claims of the poor ; but-tventunlly Ecere can be co fionbt the : urgent demands * f nature win prevail . In that conflict much vsjcsb . ' e property will be sacrificed—many predoua lives may be lost It must , however alwayB be remembsrefi , that the responsibilit y resls on the Tteait of ihe aggressors , not on those who Kate oetn rotted of their rights P ' la 2 u > . 34 , addressing Sir James Graham , he s » y 3 : — "Would that I could persuade you to read yenr public character as others see it;—noisy , becanse hollow—pewerless , because dishonest—lisle 3 , because revengeful ; consegaently , cringing and despised—ele vstea , but disgraced—ricb , Irai cave Dotting 1
" Blstojy has fennshed many fuIMeiigtti portraits Of political knaves ; but the world ' s history now trill only have to report the rise , progress , and fail cf one— Sib JAHE 3 GSAHiH . "
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And he concludes this Number with the following burst of heart-eloquence . — " I have studiously abstained from uttering one
word on the thousands of cases which present -ibem-Belves to prove the cruelty and inhumanity of the New P « oi Law and of its officers . I have not attempted to rouse the feelings of indignation that are ever ready to burst from the breasts of Englishmen when they are told of the agonizing throes which break the hearts of mothers , when their babes are torn from their arms ; or of that burst of anguish which drowns in deepest sorrow , even in the bud of life , an English pauper child , who , "with its thin and delicate hands ( mere thin
by famine ) resists the iron grasp of the rude infernal Poor Law official , whe tears it from the fountain of its life—from all it has learned to love!—and then , with brimful eyes and sobs , that speak better than words its extremity of grief , stretches its little form from the fiend who wrests it—convulsively extending its length to reach its anguished mother , now separated , perhaps iot ever , by doers , and walls , and bars!—The scalding tears of those mothers and babes may be disregarded by yoo—they fall aa curses OU this guilty Iflnd—tfeey are " bottled '' by him who wiil avenge .
" I have , Sir , purposely refrained from attempting to * agitate' my readers , by describing the subdued but revengeful feelings of a father ( bow many English fathers are now in this wretched state !) when heis forced by poverty and despotism to witness that beene ! I would , however , request you , as the Hom « Minister of the Queen , to answer the following questions to her Mnjesty in Council—telling the Queen , at the same time , that these scenes of horror are created under the sanction of a law passed with your approval , — ' What must bs the feelings of thai man under thai pressure ? What bis disgust at laws eo cruel , at conduct so unnatural , so merciless ? If that man ' s loyalty should vanish , who is to blame ? What respect can that man have for property—what reverence for religion itself ?' He is an outcast—the laws have made Mm one i Think you that your Royal Mistress can now afford to lose such subjects , cr , that arming the pensioners will make those man loyal ?—JVIistaien -wmn j "
la onr sotioe last week of Tail ' s defence Of Lord Brougham , sre reminded oar readers that to that " statesman" England principally owed that embodiment of wrong and crime—the $ ew Poor Law . In several of ihe numbers before us , his Lordship" is fairly flajefl . Here is a specimen : — " It was thus that Lord Brougham seduced the House of Peers : — "' The safest , and perhaps the only perfect charity , is an hospital for accidents and violent distases , because no man is secure against such calamities—no man can
calculate npan , or provide against them ; and we may always be sure that the existence of such an hospital will in no way tend to increase the number of patients . Nfcxt to this , perhaps , a dispensary is the safest ; but I pause upon that , if I regard the rigour of the principle [ of population ] ; because a dispensary may be liable to abuse , and because , strictly speaking , sickness is a thing which a provident man should look forward to and provide against as part of the ordinary iUs of life ; still , I do not go to the rif orous extent of objecting to dispensaries .
• •• Bat when I come to hospitals for old age , as old age is before all men—as every man is every dsy approaching nearer to that goal—all provident men of independent spirit will , in the vigour of their days , lay bp sufficient to maintain themvihen age shall end their labour . Hospitals , therefore , for the support of old men and old vomen , may , strictly speaking , be regarded as injurious in iheirtj ^ eds upon ihe community . Nevertheless , their evil tendency may be counterbalanced by the good they do . ' " After reading that sublime effusion of virulence and nonsense , I must pause . I will take a pipe to preserve my temper—and obtain another pen—then , if possible , I will proceed . Well , it is of no avail ; my disgust continues ! It was Brougham who uttered those words — 'All provident men of independent spirit '' will , in the vigour of their days , lay by sufficient to maintain them when age shall end their labour ! ' Yes , it teas
Brougham who said bo \—Lord Chancellor Brougham who , after a most successful career at the bar—after receiving thousands a year from his clients , was at that moment ( though in the receipt of £ 14 . 000 & ye&r , besides Immense patronage ) , obtaining an Act of Parlia ment to allow himself £ 5 , 000 a year out of the public purse , when his 'labours should end ! ' being one thousand pounds a year more than had been allowed to any previous Chancellor 1 Yes—that was Brougham who acted thus ! !! N o ! indeed—my anger is increased , when I find that swft a man should dare to object to ' hospitals for old men and old women , ' who , when in youthful vigour , commonly obtain precarious labour at fiom 2 s . 6 d . to 16 s . a week ; who are to be expected , after maintaining themselves and their families , to * lay by sufficient to maintain them when age » T ^^^^ end their labour ! < I wonder if the monster in human shape blushed when he so spoke ?
" That £ 5 , 000 a year which the old man' now receives ( after it has been screwed out of the labour of those ' old men and old womtn of independent spirit' } , when age has put an end to his labour , ' would maintain an hospital for 500 * old sen , ' who had ipent an usafal life in adding to the wealth of the country—men who had not employed their talents in fomenting strife , in creating mischief , disorder , and every evil work . " Some astounding revelations of the real intentions of the Malthusians are given in subsequent numbers , consisting of Extracts from the Edinburgh Review , Brougham ' s Speeches , &o . &c &o . We must conclude our extracts with a few of the "principles" of Malthus , which , though often before published , cannot be too constantly kept before the working classes , as showing the really atrocious character of a not few mouthing " Liberals , " who have always endeavoured to pass themselves off as friends of the people " : —
" But enough of Brougham ; now to his master , Malthus , who arose some few years ago , 'to enlighten mankind upon this important , but as yet ill-understood branch of science—the trne principle upon which to frame a preventive check , the prudential check , to the unlimited increase of the people . ' . I am here quoting the di sciple—now listen to the master : — " ' 1 shonld propose a regulation to be made , declaring , that no child born f * om any m&nbge , taking place after the expiration of a year from the date of the law , and no illegimate child born two years from the same date , should ever be entitled to parish assistance . ' " After haviog suggested that' the clergyman of each parish ' should disgrace himself , ' after the publication of banns , by reading a notice to th&t effect , and giving an address , cautioning the people against the impropriety , and even immsrality , of marrying without a prospect of supporting his children / Malthus proceeds : —
"' After the public notice which I have proposed , had been given , and the system o ? poor laws had ceased with regard to the rising generation , if any man chose to marry , without a prospect of being able to support a family , he should have the most perfect liberty so to do . Though to marry , in this case , Is , in my opinion , clearly sn immoral act , yet it is sot one which society can justly take upon itself to prevent or punish , because the punishment provid ed for it by the laws of nature falls directly and most severely upon the individual -who commits the act , and through him more remotely and feebly on society . ' " What i do the infanta of sueb parents ' sin against the laws of nature , * by being bom in poverty ?—Malthus proceeds . —
"' When nature win govern and punish for us , it is a very miserable ambition to wish to snatch the rod from her hands , and draw upon ourselves the odium of exe * cation . To the punishment , therefore , of nature he should be left—the punishment of want ' " Death by want is , then , Nature ' s punishment , awarded and executed by herself , on all who are barn iu circumstances described by Malthns—of parents who ' marry without a prospect of being able to support a family '—nay , more , of all who are born in indigence , no matter what the ' prospects * » n the wedding-day ! fsr the right of relief will have vanished , and Death is Nature ' s executioner I At present , I shall be silent , leaving each reader these spare lines to write his thoughts upon . Mine burn too hot for utterance >
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" Malthas proceeds : — "' He has erred in the face of a most dear and precise warning , and can have no just reason to complain of any person but himself , when he feels the consequences of bis career . ' £ But -what « f the poor innocent children ? Does nature really award death by starvation to them ? 3 'All parish assistance Bhould be denied him ; and he should be left to the uncertain support of private charity . ' " This is really too bad , from one who teaches that Charity is a most dangerous and injurious virtue . Why , Sir , if the poor wretch were relived , Malthus teaches that the ' number of such victims -would be increased thereby . * Better let Nature perform her own award , and execute her sentence—Death J Monstrous as is the thought , if Malthus and BrougUam are light , that is God ' s will 2 How opposite to that revealed in his Holy Word ! To proceed . Maltlius says : —
" * He should be taught to know that the laws of Nature , which are the Jaws of Goa , had doomed Mm and his family to suffer [ dealt ] for disobeying their repeated admonitio ns ; thai he had no right on society forths smallest portion of food ; , ceyond that which his labour could fairly purchase ; and that if he and his family were saved from feeling the natural consequences of his imprudence , he would owe it to the pity of some kind benefactor £ impions thought , more kind than God Q to whom , therefore , he ought to be bound by the strongest ties of gratitude . ' " Remembering always , that that kind benefactor would be guilty of increasing the evil , by encouraging others thus to ' sin against the laws of Nature , which are the laws of God '—ramely , by marrying when he was not provide * with the means of supporting his family . "
And again"' A man who is born in a world already poraessed , if he cannot get subsistence from his parents , on vrfeom be has a just demand , and if the society do not want his labour , has n © ckim of right to the smallest portion of .
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food , and , in fact , has ne business to be where he is . At Nature * mighty feast there is no vacant cover for him . She telli Lisa to begone , and will quickly execute her own orders , if he do not work upon the compassion of Borne of her guests . ' "Who , then , are to many ? Not the Qaeen : fthe requires provision for her children after marriage ; not the Peerst theii estate * are entailed : not the fondholder ; his property is uncertain and fluctnatings not the clergy ; they have only a life interest : not the merchant , bankeri or manufacturer ; their incomes are as uncertain as the wind : not the fanner ; bis property may be consumed , by the seasons : not the artisan or labourer ; under that system they could neper be certain of employment Who , then , can marry ? Let Brongbani answer . Pensioners 7 Is it even so ? But , in the NEXT GBNEBATION , WHO WILL PAY THEIB
PENSIOSS 1 " We too must leave our readers to filJ up the lines in blank ; we dare not trust ourselves with the task . No . 45 , ( November 11 th ) is nearly filled with a letter addressed to Mr . Oastler by " One who hqs watched you , and never caught you tripping , _ in which is suggested a most fonsidable array of ' improvements" in the "Fleeter *" * some of which are really sacb , and which we should be glad to see carried out . The writer proposes to assist Mr . Oastler in the carrying out of the suggested improvements after the following manner : — " I propose that the sum of £ 500 shall , in the first instance , be raised in 100 £ 5 shares ; and that , as you so along and feel your way , and prove the efficiency of
your engine , another hundred shares shall be raised of like amount How is this to be done ? By an appeal to the public ^ especially to your old and steady readers , who must feel that if any man can render service to his country by bis pen , Biehaid Oasller ib that man . I call upon the friends of the country to rally around you . There will be no lack of candidates for shares . Open yonr list ; announce that you are ready to receive the names . I Bend you mine as a beginning . Pat me down for four shares in the first batch of 100 ; and I hope to be a subscriber in the second batch . Now or never is the motto . And by the 1 st of January , 1841 , you must be in a position to come out With * Oaatler ' s Fleet Papers , ' oevr and enlarged series ; and , if need be , with both a stamped and unstamped edition . "
We have considerably exceeded the limits we intended to oonfine ourselves to when we commenced , this " Review ; " and yet how little have we been enabled to give of the writings of the " Poor man ' s Friend" ! Perhaps we have excited a desire to know more : if so , we shall be gratified indeed . To the working classes and their friends we say read The Fleet Papers , and by every means in your power strive to strengthen the hands of your persecuted advocate . We trust that the suggestions made above will be heartily responded to by Oastler ' B friends , and that we may speedily see the " Fleeter * s " —worthy as they are now—even still worthier of the pen of the good and noble Richard Oastler .
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$ ®* Hvwitt ' s History of Priestcraft sha ^ Y noticed next week . I % Publications Received — Graham ' s Lecture on Glutslity ; The Heetlthian ; The Speech of Mr . Cf . G . Day ; aad a number of Tracts .
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LIFE IN BPSSIA . ( From the Remew \ cf " De Custine ' s Empire ef the Czar" in Tatfs Magazine far November . ) THE RUSSIAN PEA 9 ARIBT . About ten leagues from Petersburg , on his way- to Schlussolburg , M . de Custino entered a kind of inn ; he says : — i " It was the first time I bad seen the peasants in their houses . An immense wooden shed , plank walls on three aides , plank flooring and plank ceilog , foimed the hall of finti&aeel and occupied the greater part of the rustic dwelling . Notwithstanding the tree currents of air , I found it Redolent of that odour of onions cabbages , and old greasy leather , which Russian villages and Russian villagers invariably exhale .
"Alow and confined room adjoined this immense shed . It reminded me of the cabin of some river boat ; walls , ceiling , floor , ] seats , and tables , were all of wood , rudely hewn . The' smell of cabbage and pitch was extremely powerful ; " In this retreat , almost deprived of air and lightfor the doors were ( low , and the windows extremely small—I found an old woman busy serving tea to four or five bearded peasants , clothed in pelisses of sheepskin , the wool of which is turned inwards ; for it has already , and for some days past , become rather cold . TheS 6 men were of short stature . Their leather pelisses were rather tasteful ; but they were very ill scented : I know nothing except the perfumes of the nobles that could be more so . Oa the table stood a bright copper kettle and a teapot . ! The tea is always of good quality , -well made , ana , if It is not preferred pUKi good milk is everywhere to be obtained .
"Thered or blue ahirt of the peasants is buttoned over the collar-bone , and drawn close round the loins by a girdle , above iwhich it lies in antique folds , fend below forms an open tunic that falls over the pantaloon , The long Persian robe , of ten left open , which , when the men do not work , partly covers this blouse ; the hair worn long , and parted on the forehead , bat shaved close behind rather higher than the nape , so as to discover all the strength » f the neck . " The common orders in Russia are amusing knaves : they may be easily led if they are not deceived but as soon as they see that their masters or their masters ' agents lie more than themselves , they plunge into the lowest depths of falsehood and meanness . They who would civilize j a people must themselves possess worth of character—the barbarism of the serf accuses the corruptness of ; the noble . Dirtiness is very
conspicuous in the country ; but that of the houses aad tbe clothes strikes me more than that of the individuals . The Russians take much care of their persons . Their vapour baths , it ia true , appear to as disga&ting ; and I should for myself much prefer the contact of pore water ; still these boiling fogs cleanse and strengthen the body , though they wrinkle the skin prematurely . By tirtne of their use , the peasants may be often seen with clean beards and hair , when as much cannot be said for their garments . Warm clothing costs money , and has to be wora | a long time . The rooms , also , in which they think only ef protecting themselves from the cold , are necessarily less aired than those of southern people . Of the air j that purifies , the Russians are deprived for nine months in the year ; bo that their dirtiness is lather the inevitable effect of their climate than of their negligence , j
" When they work bare-headed , they remedy the inconvenience of their tong hair by binding it with a kind of diadem , or fillet made of a riband , a wreath of rushes , or of some other simple material , always placed with care , and which looks well on tbe young people ; for the men of this race have in general finely-formed , oval heads , so that j their werking head-dress becomes an ornament But ] what shall I say of the women ? All whom I nave hitherto seen have appeared to me repulsive , i bad hoped in thla excursion to have met ¦ omefail villagers ;! bat nere , m at Petersburg , they are broad and short in figure , and they gird their forms at tbe ehonldera , a little above the boBbm , Which spreads fretly under the petticoat It is hideous l Add to this voluntary deformity large men's boots , and a species of riding coat , or jacket of Bheep ' s-skln , similar to the pelisses of their husbands , bat , doabless through a laudable economy ; much less gracefully cat , and far more worn ; falling , indeed , literally in rags—such is their toilette . !
" The Russian peasant * are the only females in . tbe world who have taken it into their heads to make themselves a waist above instead of below the bosom . Their shapeless sacks rather than gowns , are drawn together close nsderj tbe arm-pits . At tbe first sight , their entire person gives me the idea of a bale or large loose parcel , in which all the parts of the body are confounded together without care , and yet without liberty . Bat this costume has other inconveniences rather difficult to describe . One of the worst is , that a Russian female peasant could suckle hex child , over her shoulder , as d « th « Hottentots . Such is the inevitable deformity produced by a fashion which destroys the snaps of the body . The Circassian females , who better understand the beauty of woman and the means of preserving it , wear , from their years of childhood , a belt round the waist , which they never cast off . "
RUSSIAN VILLAGES . " The appearance of the villages fa monotonous . A village consists always of two lines , more or less extended , of wooden cottages , regularly ranged at a * certain distance backwards from the road ; for , in general , the street of the village is broader than the embankment of the highway . Each cabin , constructed of pieces of roughly-hewn wood , presents its gable to the street All these habitations are of similar construction ; but notwithstanding their wearisome uniformity , an- air of comfort , and even prosperity , appears to reign in the villages . They are rural without being picturesque . . I ¦ .
" A few villages , becoming less seat in proportion as tha distance from Petersburg increases , sadden the landscape instead of ' enlivening it Tbe houses are- only piles of tfae trunks of trees , badly pat together , and sapporting roofs of plank , to which in winter an extra cover of thatch is sometimes added . These dwellings must be warm , bat their appearance is cheerless . The rooms are dark , and [ tainted far want of air . They have no beds . In summer tbe inmates sleep on benches which form a divan around the walls of the chamber , and , in winter , en ] the stove , or on tbe floor around it In other words , a Russian peasant encamps all bis life . The word reside implies a comfortable mode of life ; domestic habits are unknown to this people . " I
RUSSIAN AMUSEMENTS . "The see-saw is ] the favourite amusement of the Russian , peasants . This exercise developes their natural talent fer adjusting the equilibrium of the body ; in addition to which , it is a silent pleasure , aad quiet diversions beat accord with th « feelings of a people rendered prudent by fair . " Silence presides ] over &I 1 the festivals of the Russian villagers . They drink plentifully , speak little , and shout less ; they either remain silent , o * sing in chorus , with a nasal voice , melancholy and prolonged notes . . On Sunday , In passing through
populous villages , I observed rows of from four to eight young girls balancing themselves , by a scarcely perceptible movement of their bodies , on boards suspended by ropes , while at a little distance beyond , an equal number of boys were fixed in the same manner , in face ef their females . Their mute game lasted a long time ; I have never had patience to wait its conclusion . Such gentle balancing is j only a kind of interlude , which serves as a relaxation in the intervals of the animated diversion of tbeir real swing or see-saw . This is a very lively game ; i it even renders the spectators nervous . " i
THE KREMLIN AT MOSCOW . 41 The wotd wails gives an idea of quite too ordinary an object ; it wouldtdeceive the reader : the . walls of the Kremlin are a chain of mountains . This citadel , reared on the confines of Europe and Asia , is , as compared with ordinary ramparts , what the Alps are to oar hills : the Kremlin ittbe Mont Blanc of fortresses . If tbe giant that 14 called tbe Russian Empire bad a heart , I should say that the Kremlin was the heart , of the monster ; but , as it is , I would call it tbe head . I wish I could give an idea of this mighty pile of stones ,
teated step by step into the heavens ; thla asylum of despotism , raised In the name of liberty : for the Kremlin was a barrier opposed to the Calmucs by the Russians : its walls I have equally aided tne independpence of the State and the tyranny of the Sovereign , They are boldly carried over the deep sinuosities of the soil . When tbe declivities of the hillocks become too precipitous , the rampart is lowered by steps : these steps , rising between heaven and earth , are enormous ; , they are the ladder fer the giants who make war against the gods . i , ' . . crossed
" Above a lqng vault , which I , I perceived a raised viaduct , by which carriages and foot passengers enter the holy city , j the spectacle was bewildering ; nothing but towers , gates , and terraces , raised one above the other , steep slopes , and piled arches , all serving to fom the road by f which the Moasow of the present day—t&e vulgar Moscow , u left for the Kremlin—the Moscow of miracle and of history . These aqueducts , without water , support other stories of more fantastic edifices . I observed , raised upoa one of the hanging passages , a low round tower , all bristling with battlements of spear beads . The silver brightness of this ornament contrasted singularly with the Mood-red of the walls . The tower seemed like a ciowned giant standing before the fortress of which be was the guardian . j
"Like tbe bones of certain gigantic animals , the Kremlin pteves to us the history ot a world of which we might doubt until after seeing the remains . In this prodigious creation strength takes the place of beauty , caprice of elegance j it is like tbe dream of a tyrant , fearful but foil Of PO-WM j it has something about it that disowns the age ; means of defence which are adapted to a sy 6 tem | p | $ rar that exists , nolongec ; an architecture that has no connexion with the wauts of modern civilization ; a heritage of the fabuloua ages , a jail , a palace , a sanctuary , a bulwark , against the
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nation ' s foes , a hsstile a . gstfnst the nation , a prop o tyrants , a prison of psople- ^ auoh ia the ' Kremlin * Such ,:. their , was the < sBo ^ n abode of ttie old Muscovite princes ; and yet . tbesff formidable walls were not sufficient ehelcer for the terror of Ivan IV . " The fear of a man possessing absolute power Is the most dreadful thing upoa earth j and with all the imagery of this fear visible in th / Kremlin , ifc I * still impassible to approach the Kremlin without m shadder . , " towers of every form , round , square , and with pointed roots , belfries , donjons , turrets , spins ; sentry * boxes upon minarets , steeples of every height , style , and colour , palates , domes , watch-towers , walls , embattlemsnted and pierced with loop-holes , rampartr .
fortifications of every species , Whimsical inventions * incomprehensible devices , cbiosks by the siiJe of cathedral 8- ^ everything announces violation and disorder—^ everything betrays the constitutional suryetifancevMXB sary to the security ol tbe singular beings who were Condemned to live in this supernatural world . Tfet these innumerable monnnaenta of pride , caprice , volup tueosness , gtory , and piety , ' notwithstanding their apparent variety , express one single idea whicb reigns here everywhere—war maintained by fear .-The Kremlin is the work of a- saperhuman being ; bat that being is malevolent . CHory in slavery—such is the allegory figured by this satanicmonmnent , as extraordinary in architecture as the visions of St John are in poetry . It is a habitation which would suit some of the personages of the Apocalypse .
"To inhabit a place like the Kremlin is not kr reside , it is to defend one ' s self . Oppression create revolt , revolt obliges precautions , precautions increase dangers , and this long series of actions and reaction engenders a monster . ? that monster is despotism , which has built itself a house at Moscow . The giants of the antediluvian world , were they to return to earth to visit their degenerate successors , might still find a suitable habitation in tbe Kremlin . Every thing has a symbolical sense , whether purposely or not , in its architea tare-, bat tbe real , tbe abiding , that appears after yoa have divested yourself of your first emotions Jb the contemplation of these barbaric splendours , is , after
all , ouiy a congregation of dungeons pompously sur « named palaces and cathedrals . The Russians may do their best , bat they can sever come oat of the prison . The very climate is an accomplice of tyranny . . The cold of the country does not permit the construction of vast churches , -wbere the faithful would be frozen at prayer : here the soul is not lifted to heavea by the glories of religious architecture ; in this zone man can only build to his God gloomy donjons . Tbe sombre cathedrals of tbe Kremlin , witk their narrow vaults and thick walls , resemble caves ; they are painted prisons , just as the palaces are gilded gaols . As travellers say of the recesses of the Alps , so of the wonders of this architecture—they are horribly beautiful .
" Other nations kave supported oppression , the Russian nation has loved it ; it loves it still ; Is not sacb fanstiaism of obedience characteristic ? It may not , however , be denied that this popular mania has here sometimes become the principle of sublime actions . In this inhuman land , if society has depraved the individual , j t has not enervated him ; he is not good , bat be ia also not contemptible . The same may be said of the Kremlin : it is not' pleasant to behold , but it Inspires awe . It is not beautiful , but it is terrible—terrible as the reign of Ivan IV . "
MOSCOW AKJ > ITS MOKALS (?) " The hospitable customs of ancient Asia , and the elegant language of civilised Europe , have met together at this point of the globe , to render life pleasant and easy . Moscow , fixed on the limits of two continents , marks , ia the middle of the earth , a spot for rest between London and Pekin . " Moscow is , of all the cities In Europe , the one la which the dissolute man of the fashionable world baa the widest field for his career . The Government is too well-informed not to know that under an absolute role some kind of revolt must somewhere break out ; but it prefers that this revolt Bhould be in manners rather than in politic * . Here lies the secret of the license of the one party and the tolerance of the other . -
" Intemperance is here carried to such excess , that one of tbe men the most liked , and whose society is tbe meat courted in Moseovr , disappear * every jest tot six weeks , neither more nor less . Hit be , asked what hat become of him , tbe answer , « he is only gone to have a fuddling bcuf t satisfies everybody . The Russians have too much levity to be vindictive ; they are graceful debauchees . " Among tha traits of shameless blackguardism related ef these young patricans , Europe , we believe , could not parllel the following , nor indeed , any other quarter of the globe . ; " One boasted of himself and his brothers being tte . sons of the footmen and the coachmen of their father ; and he drank and made the guests drink , to the health of all bis nnknewn parents . Another claimed the honour of being brother ( on tbe father's side ) of all the waiting-maids of his mother .
" Many of these vile boasts are no doubt made for the sake of talking : bat to invent such infamies in order-to glory in them , shows a corruption of mind that proves wickedness to the very core—wickedness worse evea than tbat exhibited in the mad actions of these libertines . " According to them , the citiaeas' wives in Moscow are no better than the women of rank . '
RUSSIAN TYEANNT—ITS H 9 IIR 0 BS AND CEIMES . " In Russia , the Government interfere with every * thing and vivifies nothing . In that immense empire , tbe people , if not tranquil , are mate ; death hovers over all beads , and strikes capriciously whom it pleases Man there has two coffins—the cradle and the tomb . The Russian mothers ought to weep the birth more than the death of their , children . "I do not believe that suicide is common there : tbe people suffer too much to kill themselves . * * " JBufc if the number ot suicides in Russia were ever so great , no one would know it : the knowledge of
numbers is a privilege of the Russian police . lam ignorant whether they arrive correct before the eyes of the emperor ; bat I do know that no misfortune is published under bis reign until he has consented to the humiliating confession of the superiority of Providence . Tbe pride of despotism is eo gnat that it seeks to rival tbe power of God . Monstrous jealousy ! into what aberrations hast thon not plunged princes and subjects ! Who will dare to love truth—who will defend it in a country where idolatry is the principle of of tbe constitution ? A man who can do everything la the crowned impersoniflcation of a lie .
" The life of the Russian people is more gloomy than that of any other of the European nations ; and when I say the people , I speak not only of the peasant attached to the soil , bat of the whole empire . * * " The Emperor appears to me little disposed to lay down a part of his authority , Let him suffer , then the responsibility of omnipotence : it is tbe first expiation of the political lie by which a single individual declares himself absolute master of a country , and allpowerful sovereign of the the thoughts of a people . * * " The Emperor makes sufferers to be made , or allows to exist , laws ( excuse the application of this sacred name to impious decrees ) which , for example , permit the sovereign to declare that the legitimate children of a man , legally married , have no father , no name '• in short , that they are ciphers , and not men . And I am to be forbidden to accuse at the bar of Europe a prince who , distinguished and superior sujhe is , consents to reign without abolishing such a law ?
" Russian civilisation is still so near its source that ft resembles barbarism . The Russians are nothing more than a . conquering community : their strength does not . lie in mind , bat in wax—that is , in stratagem and ,, ferocity . "
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Retribution . —About eleven o ' olf jok last Toesday se ' nnight the police at the harbour were attracted bj screams at the east Bide of ViotoJ : ia Dock , and , oa proceeding to the spot , found a w omau on board a barge moored alongside of the wa ' 11 , calling out that a man was drowned . The necessary steps were taken to recover the body , bat without success . It appears that the woman whose name is Barnet , aad the man , Thomas Pauline , a sh > oemaker belonging to Aberdeen , had , after drinkin / r in a public-house in Cowgate , proceeded , at Fan' line ' s request , to the East Protection Wall , for _ 'the ayovreo purpose of getting a walk in the moonly ^ ht , faut , a 3 it ultimately
appeared , witn a aetermmau . onto drown taewoman They had been cohabiting together for some time , and she had borne two children to-him . On . reach ing the east end of the doc' k he deliberately pushed her over the quay , but she . wassaved in odnseqaenoe of one of the harbour ba rgea being moored below Seeing that she had not fallen into the water , he leaped on board the barf { e , probably with the intention of completing his horrid design , but having fallen between the vess el and the pier , he rnet the fate to which he had no doubt destined the poor woman . Tiie body w as not found till next morning —Dundee Warder .
Shocking Accipf , nt . —Shortly after five o ' clock on Thursday eveni ng a shocking accident occarred on the London at > . d Brighton railway , a ? short distance beyond the J . lew Cross Station . A youna man in the employ ot JAr . Hoof , coutractor , was engaged in repairing the line when his attention was taken off by the wins tie of the train announcing the approach of the Brighton down train . Jost at that moment the e agine with several carriages on ihe IJoVer line w as running rapidly towards London-Krom , the sta tement of one of his fellow-workmen , it appears tha ' t tho poor fellow was unaware of the approach o ^ the train behind him ,-arid ; notwithstauidingeivery - possible exertion was made by the driver
o * the engine and bis fellow-workmen to apprize him of his danger , he stood motionless , and in another instant tb . e engine knocked him with fearful force to the ground . He fell with one arm across the rail and his hand upon it , and thus the wheels of the train , passed over him , severing his arm above the elbow , and cutting off his fingers- On being picked up and conveyed with all dispatch to < 3 ay's hospital , amputation was found necessary—an operation . whieb the poor fellow bor « with exteaotfdinsjfy fortitude The other injuries render the case a > erv | bid one ; Richjiond ,-Ou the 9 th inatairi , P ^ ePppnstabJQ Maxwell , Esq ., of the Grove , was unanimously elected Mayor of tha Borough of Richmond for , Vda ensuing year .
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PALEY REFUTED IN HIS OWN WORDS . BY GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE . London , Hetherington . This little work is the production of a man who , though young in years , has already done good servioe to the cause of truth by his unprejudiced and fearless enquiries into systems "founded in fraud , upheld by force , " and the courage with which he has maintained the sacred right of free discussion . Holding peculiar opinions on the systems of theology at present commonly received ,- —opinions which have been held by some of the wisest and noblest spirits who have graced this earth of ours , —he has boldly asserted them in ihe teeth of prejudice and in
defiance of priestly , usurpation . For so doing he has suffered dungeoning and persecution in various shapes ; yet has he never for one moment faltered in what he haa felt to be the path of honesty ; which is , as tbe world may acknwledge some day , " the best policy , " all trick , and fraud , and " expediency" nott withstanding . Mr . H . is a man , who while he has unflinchingly advocated hia own views , has always done so in a dignified and candid manner , and therefore will command a hearing with all seekers after truth , all opponents of error . To the overturning of Paley ' scelebrated argument of" design" Mr . Holyoake has applied himself in the work before us : —
' < It is well known that Paley bases his argument upon the watch illustration . It is said that ha borrowed the idea from Condillac . Lord Brougham says tbat he was indebted for it to D-rham , who , it is supposed , plagiarised it from Cicero , who first used it to prop up the falling gods of the Pagans . But if he who first developes an idea is not so much the originator of It as he who so loudly and perseveringly proclaims it , that all tbe world understand its nature , then must Paley be regarded as the originator of the design argument . And so well did Paley execute his tast , tkat though bis work has often been illustrated , it bas never been superseded . It has been the arsenal whence modem theologians hava draws their weapons—their helmets have nodded with his plumes , and their arms have been nerved with his strength . Se highly has
been estimated what Paley has done , that it has been thought sufficient to m&turo hia reasonings , and consolidate bis conclusions . Lord Brougham , in his Discourses on Natural Iheelogy , has not attempted to set fresh trees in the theological garden , bat has been satisfied to cultivate those which Paley planted . His lord * ship is content to logicise Paley ' s work . Up and down the walk of design , which Paley made , and gravelled , and rolled . Professor Whewell , and all tfce writers of Brldgewater Treatises , promenade . In fine , the whole eight of the Bridewater Treatises adduce many illustrations , but add no tieio principles . They all pass the gulf of theology over one bridge—the pons assinorum of design . It is very important to notice this , because it proves ' -hat Nsiursl Theology is still where it was—it is still coiifir . ed to ene principle , the argument of design Though ponderous volumes have been written to *
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AN ANSWER TO J . H . PARRY ; AND AN EXPOSURE OF THE SELF-STYLED LIBERALS AND FREE TRADERS . By Geobge White . London : Published by the London Victim Committee . We have one objection to this pamphlet . It appears to us to be a gross violation of the law against " cruelty to animals / ' for the author to wield his tomahawk with the fierceness he has done in this ** Answer / ' Indeed , replying at all to the redoubtable Humphrey Clinker—we beg pardon—Parry , we
mean , appears to us to be very like "breaking a fly upon the wheel . " True , there is some excuse for Mr . White . Immured in a prison for his honest advocacy of the principles which the " shoy-hoys" he M exposes" have laboured to p < * for their own selfish eads , he naturally feels indignant at the vile hypocrisy of the masked deceivers , who assume to be the only incarnations of patriotism , and who have the audacity to arraign other men whose fault has been that they would not allow these " pedlars" to make sale and profit of the Chartist masses .
Some few weeks since appeared "A Letter to Feargas O'Connor , Esq . ' from the pen of Mr . J . H . Parry ,-which we did not notice at the time , simply because we thought it not worth that honour . Mr . White who appears to be of a different opinion , thus speaks of the new-fledged Barrister ' s precious production : — " Your pamphlet is certainly a literary gem—on a small scale . It most have given you a vast deal of trouble to stow away such an immense quantity of scurrility in such limited space . Never mind . You have made a book—and as every book or tract most have a title page , so of coarse mast yours—and we thus receive an addition to our stock of knowledge , in the fact , that John Humphrey Parry is a Barrister of the Middle Temple . ' . ' . ' It is the only mode by which a youDg and briefless banister can advertise himself ; and you have taken good cars to begin in time . "
In tbe following quotation our author opens fire upon the pamphleteering Barrister , pouring in grape and cannister after a fashion which will be everywhere recognized as a mode of warfare" for which M honest George" is famous : — " I am perfectly convinced , that It Is not so much to the hatred of your clique for Mr . Feargas O'Connor , that we are indebted for yoni trashy production , as to your burning desire to play the dictator yourself ; and allow me to add , for your comfort , that if Mr . O'Connor were ' got rid of' to-morrew , you and the little knot of'iatellectuaJ-moral-force' and philosophical Chartists would be as for from the consummation of yout darling object as ever .
" The Chartists of England are neither blind nor deaf : they have long watched the marceuvre » of tbe ' London Malthusian clique , ' assisted by a faw dissatisfied would-be leader * ia other parts of tbe country . They have witnessed the various rabterfuges to which you have resorted , in order to constitute yourselves a sort of 1 Board of Directors' to the Chartist body ; and have they uniformly rejected your repeated attempts to fasten your miseraWe speculations upon them . " Now , before you took it upon yourself to denounce and villify ' Feargus O'Connor and his tools , ' von might have condescended to show us what you and yonr clique had done to entitle you or them to the people's confidence . The tree is known by its fruits . Let us see yours .
" When public meetings have been held in furtherance of Chartist principles , have the ' Intellectuals ' attended ? When petitions were being got up in favour of the Charter , have the ' Philosophers' assisted ? When contributions were solicited to support the families of imprisoned Chartists , have the ' Respectables ' subscribed ? Verily , Mr . Barrister of the Middle Temple , these are questions to which the Working Men of England will require anI answer before they adopt you or your brethren as their political mentors . "
Mr . W . follows np this cannonade by such an unmasking of the " artful dodgers" as will effectually Bhow to the public the real characters of these uneasy , because ever-foiled , ever-disappointed ^ chemers . To the pamphlet itself we now refer our readers , assured that they will peruse it with no email amount of satisfaction . We fancy it will puzzle the Barrister , with all the intellectuals" at bis back , to reply to the knock-down " exposures" of Mr . White s " answer . "
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Htostrate , not a single line has been added to enlarge , ita - •! Ht 5 ?^ ? * . , Proceeds t 0 lay ffown Paley ' s Sf f * y \^ rl y , and impartial !? . On this pomtthe most captious willjnot venture to complain . Whatever view the reader may take of Mr . H . ' a conclusions , sure we are of on © thing , that be must be satisfied with the fair play aUowed to Paley ' s arguments : — , ¦ . . . " * "I hope , that aponexamination of Paley ' B treatise , fW . 4 * mtar of that author will be of opinion that I havei statedI his » Tgutoent fairiy . I have strireii to present it in the moBt forcible mariner , and I believe have gWr '^^^^^ . WMetfld-Mia coBBtae form than PAley few left it indeed , I ' can have no motive to rniss ^ te or garble his views , flfnee it is my intention to admit them . The more clearly they appear at the commencement , the better will be understood
continuamy " * -i J-fe more « trikiDgIy * present bis argument , the more strikingly will appear hia own refutation 6 f it For these wsasona , the ^ wader , I think , will not fail to perceive that it is as mnch my interest , aa it ia my duty , to state Paley with freedom and fairness . Really was I conscious that the slightest necessity existed for ™ L u c . * an " giiment O f the author I reply to , which In honour I ought to state—if the slightest necessity existed for me to torture his language to make out my case , I would ; instantly threw this book away , because I am fully satisfied that no book deserve * the attention of mankind , and no cause is worthy of tbeir notice which needs dishonourable support It ia myopinienthat no principle put forward by crooked means will ever stand long , it does not deserve to stand—and it is my deliberate hope that it never may , "
In the world ' s present state of mental infancy , this paper would not be a fitting arena for theological combatants ; we therefore decline entering into the arguments pro and cpn . The book is neatly got up and is a perfect embodiment of vmlium in parvo , consisting of but about forty pages . It is explicitly ind forcibly penned ; and to all enquirers who are bold enough to be honest , and boneat enough to be bold , ' will be found a valuable acquisition .
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THE PHILANTHROPIST : a . Monthly Journal DEVOTED TO SOCIAL , POLITICAL , AND MORAL Reforms .
The present month's number of this well-conducted periodical contains some exoellent articles . We cannot find room for an extract , but cordially recommend it , as a publication well-worthy the support of those who advocate the true and veritable principles of Civil and Religious Liberty , "
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THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ALCOHOL , Nos . 1 and 2 . By Da . F . R / Lees . Report of a Medical Discussion held at Framlingham , Suffolk , March 20 th , 1843 , between Dr . Lees , and W . Jeaffreson , Esq ., Surgeon , on the the Nattire and Uses of Alcohol . The Sacred Writing * Rescued from the Profane Perversions of Moderate Poison Drinkers ; being an Address , &c , by Dr . Lees . London , Brittain , Paternoster Row . Whatever may be thought of the views of Dr-Lees , no man can mistake that he is in earnest , and this is one of the secrets of the Doctor ' s success . Let any man bo in earnest in his search after truth :
and though he may stumble and go wrong in the earlier stages of his pilgrimage , he will not fail to win the wished-for goal at last . Nay , morel ; let the world see that he is really in earnest , and though he may at the Cutset of his career be despised and ridiculed as a foolish enthusiast , he will in the long run have the respect of mankind , and be held np as one of the enlighteners and benefactors of the human race .. Just such a man appears to U 3 to be Dr . Lees . We are most decidedly opposed to many of his known views : but we nevertheless wish him "God speed" in his earnest and honest struggles to put down error , and establish truth . We hardly need say a word upon the works before
us : they speak for themselves . The Parts ( price one shilling and sixpence each ) of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , are got up in a really beautiful style ; and contain seven highly finished plates illustrative of the effects of intoxicating liquors upon the stomach . They form a sort of panorama ( nauseous to the sight wo admit , they could not be otherwise ) of the stomach of the [ drunkard in the several stages of his debaucheries from " Moderate Drinking" to confirmed , regular , and beastly drunkenness ; and certainly exhibit a startling picture of the ; . ravages of Alcohol upon the human frame . We give the following extract from : No . I . Of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , relative to what the writer calls
" the fat-fallact . " " The pernicious influence of alcohol upon the function of respiration , Is further proved by the theory of Lieblg , concerning the formation of fat Tbe fatfalla'CT Is a very prevalent one , and therefore it may not only be interesting , but instructive , to devote a short time to its exposition . <* My attention was directed to this snbjoct seven years ago , when , in a public discussion at Masham , my ministerial opponent urged the chemical objection , that ale made then fat , and that it was well known to farmers that malt fed eaiite faster than barley .
" I then contended that fatness was no proof of health or strength , but rather , beyond the most moderate degree , an indication of disease , the result of an impure condition of the circulating mass . This is evident from many facts . Look at the jockey who is training the racer for hia greatest feat of speed and strengthdoes he fatten bim up ? No , he sweats him down . Fat it not Jlesh ; not nerve or muscle , upon which activity and power depend ; it ia a mere lifeless , unorganised compound , east oat of tbe system as superfluous , destitute of nitrogen , ( an essential element of every living part ) and therefore a mere inenmbrance to tbe system In putting forth its greatest physical powers . DoesiUy one imagine that the stall-fed priea ox , so fat that he can scarcely walk , is healthier and stronger than he would be roaming his native hills ?
Health and strength depend upon fresh air , and the dettHopment , by means of exercise of the muscular fibre of the system ; whereas fat Is prevented by the free respiration of fresh air induced by exercise . Cattle exposed to cold , and subject to constant motion , never grow fat It is tbe same with men aa with other animals . The Arab of the desert , who to in constant exercise , exhibits a mass of nerve and muscle which enables him to undergo an amount of fatigue almost incredible ; bathe is never fat , though he is healthy ,
and will frequently attain a patrlarohal age . So with the aboriginal tribes of North America . Mr . Gatlin states tbat they enjoy great health and attain great age when not cut off by accident or war , and tbat they exhibit the finest specimens of physical prowess and stature . During' a residence of eight years amongst them , he never met with a fat Indian . As fatness increases with the absence , and diminishes with tbe presence , of the two chief conditions of health and strength , ( fresh afr and exercise ) it follows , that , other things being equal , whatever tends to increase fatness ,
MOST TEHt > TO DECREASE HEALTH AND STRENGTH . " Professor Liebig has advanced a very probable theory regarding the cause of these facts , and the origin ol fat—which will more completely answer the objections under discussion . " We hayeno room for Liebig ' s "theory ; " butinstead thereof give the following extracts from the Medical Discussion , with which we must conclude this notice . " I have the testimony of a gentleman in this hall ( Mr . Mann ) that exposure to wet and cold , daring the night , AS a coast guard : or as an agriculturist during
tbe day ; or in travelling , under great privations , amidst the mow * of Labrador , tan be better sustained urfVAaul intoxicating liquor than with it After having been wrecked once amidst the Icebergs , this gentleman informs me , tbat tbe crew had to find their way back over tbe snows to Canada , a distance of many hundred miles . The cold was intense . The captain ' s party , of which he was one , used the alcohol oultoardty , by steeping their mittend and stockings in the rnm , and they all arrived safe ; whilst the other parties , who took their ram inwardly , suffered severely from tbe frost , and lost several of their company .
" The late William Gobbett , M . F . for Oldham , in his younger days was a soldier in Canada . In a letter ( republished ia the Standard Temperance Library J , addressed to the ladles of England , and dated January 17 , 1820 , entitled 'A Flan for the promoting of Sobriety and Frugality , ' he thus gives his decided and conclusive testimony , oa this point : — " * It is said , as sn excuse for the use of spirits , that they keep out the cold . Let a man ence persuade himself of that , and he will soon find that they A ^ p off the heat r That tney drive oat tne beat , is very certain ; for , in the northern parts of America , where tne cold is so great that people are frequently frostbitten , and are compelled to have their feet or hands cut off , it ia a caution always given to those who are likely to be exposed to the severity of the weather , not to drink any spirits before they go out . And , though I have known
many persons frozen to death , and a great many more to haye their limbs cut off , I hardly recollect a singleinstance in which the suffering party sad not taken spirituous liquors on his way or before he went out Spirits are very cheap in those countries . A bottle of rum for sixpence . Of course thoughtless men will use them . I have a hundred times gone out shooting or , hunting upon the snow along with others , each of wkom took a canteen of rum , while I took none . I used to suck the snow , which they told me would give me the pleurysie ; but I found that I never had the pleurysie , and that many of them bad . And bb : to ability to travel and t » bear the cold , though many of my companions were mnch" stronger and more active tban myself , I always found that , at the end of tne day , I waa the freshest , and by far the most oneerful of them all .
" 'All strong liquors , be they of what sort tney may , and in an exact proportion to their strength , tend to dia » able the frame from enduring the cold ; tend to make the person chilly . The reason is this , that they stuptfy the mind i and at the same time , they , in a greater or less degree , benumb the body . Consequently they tend to render it more susceptible of the injurious effecta of cold . "
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THE nORTHEBI ? STIR , . j , g :
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 18, 1843, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1239/page/3/
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