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THE ADYENT -OF STEAM . Bissisg , roaring , gereamng—Hiding the bus ' s bright beam , "JVitb smoiy toIujdb dense and dark Came wonder-working steam . Its presence filled the world : A tiblxg et fire and smoke : It ladied the "water * into foam ; The thunder of its stroke W * s carried o ' er the deep , A Bound unheard before : A thins of power « o wonderful Iti bosom never bore . It deft tb . e mountain-wave , Or rode upon its crest ; It traverse * , with the lightning's speed , The ocean ' s 1 arrowed bretst
It stopped cot for the calm : The tempest it defied ; It walked the waters in its might , Unheeding "wind or tide . It snorted on tie land , like a war-horse for the fray ; Bnt the hot blast of its nostrils Obecared the lace of day ; And cast a scorching blight On tree , on bosh , and flower ; And blackness marked its track , as of A spent volcano ' s power , ^ nd man was wasted , when That mighty thing of fire Became hi * fellow-labourer , And toiled and would not tire .
. And woman ' s blnsh of beauty Fast faded from her cheek , As she , beside the demon power Waxed shadow-like and weak , And thin and squalid children , Like sprites of sallow hue Amid the nerer-ceasing din , Toiled with the giant too . Alas ! the sight of flowers—The sun—the « i """" * ky—Tha verdure of the mountain-steep—The Bteeamlel rushing bj—The valleys dotted in green—The foliage-loaded trees—The thrilling melody of birds—The heather-scented
br&a?—To these dwellers in the smoke Are almost things unknown ; ] Bnt the —) fl » tw > w » int&pnc of wealth Shall jet bt overthrown . That grasping pewer is doomed , Eternal though it seem ; Endure awhile—the world shall see The finished work cf steam . Its spoils are not of war—Nor its trophies those of blood ; It bids sot desolation point To sites wherrs cities stood . Bnt things that tyrants teffled Are prostrate at its feet ^ Tot hoary time and distance yield To steaxt an homage meet . To the corners of the earth
It bears the flig , unfurled , Of peace ; its mission— -peace throogbonl The circuit of the world . With riory on its path , And grandeur in its trail , The ark of promise bright to ragn let all the nations bail 1 Illuminated Magazine
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HEB EYES WEBE AS BLUE AS THE OCBAri BED . Her eyes were as blue as the ocean bed , And her lips were the dye of the coral ' s red , Asd her hair eke a umbeamfell from her head , As she bounded along in her bloom I Bat her eyes are lapped in the lids of death , And her 15 t » are blanches , nukissed by her breath—Tet her hair still brightly gatbereth ArouBd her pale cheeks in the tomb . She szoae in hsr youth by her mother ' s side ; And her meek fail faes was bet laihet ' a pride ; ^¦ nA they gave her to be the -willing bride
Of the lover of the Tillage swains . Bnt Ihe cry of distress arose in the land : AndJher lovert loom it must idle stand : — A-nfl the bridegroom pressed the pale bride ' s hand , Ere he crossed the ocean plains . In the emigrants' ship , to the wutern shore , Where freedom was bought with a nation ' s gott , He is bound : —but the ship will return ne more To waft the fair bride to her home 2 As they fled from the land of oppression and wrong , O ' er the ocean behind them the tempest rode strong ,
And the thundering surges came rolling along , And the loTer lay gasping in foam I Soi the famine that wore her could quench her bright eye , As she waited , and waited the promised reply To the hope of Her heart that spoke with a sigh A * "B-ept on ier bridal day ; Bat vrHa was the bavoo it wrought on ber frame "WUen the news of the loss of the emigrant * t&me , And she thought how the waters would hush o ' er her name ,
As he spattered farewell through the spray ! Oi sad was her fate , bat sadder are those Who are waEdering still in the laud of their woes ; They may wander for years tre their coffin-lid dose And seal them in refuge or rest . 0 ! misery , misery ! blest are the dead , Prom the felight of the bcowI they are fled , they are fed ! They feel not , they fear not the hunger for bread ! They are blest ! they are blest ! they are blest ! 01 ye desolate , why are ye famished for food ? Knit tbe web ye are weaving be steeped in your Hood Bre it suits the caprice of the purchasers * meoi ? O J why ^ re ye famishing ? Why ? There is corn on the earth , there is dew in the sir , There ' s a sun that will ripen , and ships that will bear ; And yet ye are withered and perishing there . ' 0 ! why do yon famish and die ? Joan Combe .
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THE MIDDLE SYSTEM OF TEACHING CLASSICS ; A MANUAL FOR CLASSICAL TEACHEBS . Bt tub for . H . P . Bacchic * , B . A . London : J . W . Parker , "West Strand . The nature and efcjeet of this work Trill be best explained by the following summary of its contents set forth at the close of the Tolume nnder the head Of ** Becapitolaiioc " " The system is a " * mifldle system . A teacher sheuld be qualified , by par&Ety for teaching , acquaintance with both iSietk , and latin , ana intellectual trR ^ 'Pg A pspil should be prepared , by beginning to study in younger years , and befog taught his own language j which he may perfect his ability to spell , after he has
began ckssi'v , to the advanced s'agea of which he sbcnld Eot ~ f-reeeed till he ean read the languages , correctly and fluently . A class may consist of as many pupils as a teacher can command ; and shonld be in a separate ap&riHjett . Tfee Science of language and Grammar should be taught as introductory to them ; and by apian ? and short view of its parts ; £ rsi , analytical , and , sf xt , synthetical The particular science of parts ¦ oi speech should be taught , as introductory to them , by an aralj deal illustration . When a pnpil enters upon the coi junction of his own language with that beisleaini&g , the former should stand first , and the latter nut Tbe roots and derivatives of languages should first be t&nsht by a Toeabulary , not voluminous , giving tbe txsct meanings first , the original next , and the dematms of the . pupil's language last . * Accidence ifeonld next be taught . Grammars should be in a tissue with which the popO is well
aeqn&mted . * * Grammars should be as plain u possible . ? * A pupil , to be fully ar ^ ca-sied with Greek , or Istin , should sianltantously study bcth languages . * * The scutes of lollqcation should be taught , bs iistrodectory to translating . Translations should be used ; and t < presaic , Teik&l , tieiivative , idiomaticsl , and acccmpicifca by notes . ? The iysitm setts truth by avoiding extremes ' * * ? ¦» combines public and private te&ckiEg ; ¦ BSts SdErce as ittrMaeU ^ y to Art j sad the HftVural orfiei cf ideaB and words ; addresses the memory thrensh the understanding , and impresses both by repetition ; engsges in studies which , mutually , tseht ; fcnforces rules , and txceptionB , by reference , frtm practical txperisnee ; carries on , and enlarges studies , wcordiEg to mutual adaption , and withdraws assistoce , as it becomes unnecessary .
Tie aboTe ib a mere list of contents ; nothing more . A carefD ] perD = al of the enijre irork warrants hb in Buying , that , we congider the promises held out in the abort , lo be Mlj realised : and -with this faronrable opinion we bej ; to recoBmend it to to all JEtfrested , « * nsefxi and -well- - smlten hoci . We perceire , wi « the « Bthor-has in tie press , a translation of Hence , inte&ded fox classical stadents .
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respects , superior to its predecessor . With the merits of " The Artisan" our readers are already acquainted z a second and most raluable publication , " A Treatise on the Steam Engine" was very recently noticed in our oolnmns ; and now we have to notice a third publication emanating from , and conducted by the same body . The title of this work sufficiently indicates that it is intended for that class of obt artizans who " are yet i' the bad , " and to whom the comparatitely abstrose matter of The Artizan would be asealed book . But The Apprentice shall speak for itself : —
The purpose of this work la—first , to furnish that species of elementary instruction in art and science which The Artizan , from its higher pretensions , is obliged to exclude from its pages ; a » d—second , to communicate , while yet fresh , those events of the day of which operatives desire to be informed , but which lose their interest by a month ' s keeping . The Apprentice will , therefore , be a supplementary work to The Artisan , and will fulfil the double function of an instruc ' tor in science , aad a dispenser of sewi—a combina tion by no means Inconsistent , but one calculated to deprive learning of its pedantry , anft gossip of its frfrolity . The Apprentice will also admit letters from correspondents , which The Arlitan excludes ; aad , by thus opening up to young and ambitious spirits the channel to notoriety , may stimulate them to sa « h exertions as will end in substantial improvement , and awaken the tastes tbe work merely professea to gratify .
From the above it will be seen , that while The Artisan is published monthly , The Apprentice is issued weekly . It is also published in monthly parts . Five parts have , up to the present time been issued . We have read the principal of their contents and can truly say that Beldom have we been so well gratified . Independent of the apprentice class , to whom this publication is specially addressed , thousands of admits will find in its pages much that will interest and instruct them . Two or three of its principal features demaBd special notice . First , nnder the title Circle ef the Sciences , " is given a series of articles on "Mechanics" and Hydrodynamics , " and which will be followed an future numbers by articles illustrative of tbe
sciences of Optics , " "Chemistry , " " Electricity , "& © . To the uninformed is these matters , these articles alone are worth all the cost of the publication . In the earlier nnmbers will be found some pithy and excellent ethical essays of no slight merit . In the Liter number * , these have been superseded by reports of * A course of lectures to the working classes , " delivered by W . J . Fox , Esq . We are not blind admirers of this gentleman , though we trust we can properly appreciate his talents , and admire his eloquence ; but at the same time we must deplore his connexion with the Anti-Cora Law League , a body of heartless , selfish mammem-gorgers , who are the bitterest enemies of that political * nd social progress , which in these lectures Mr . Fox bo eloquently advocates . Notwithstanding this objection to that gentleman , an objection which has led ns to closely Ecrnlinima the
lectures in question , we arc bonnd to admit that we can see nothing objectionable in them , but much to approve of ; much the perusal of which has afforded us the greatest pleasure . These lectures are a most important feature of The Apprentice , aid must of themselves ensure fo it a large circulation . It is impossible for ns to particularise the remaining contents of this excellent publication , beyond observing that among other interesting matter , it contains articles on Carpentry , Masonry , the Steam Engine , tbe Fine Arts , Accounts of New Patents , and the news of tbe week in Art and Science . To Apprentices , Artizans , Architects , Builders , Engineers , the Amateur in Science , and the general reader , this publication will be found invaluable ; and to these , and the public generally , we heartily recommend The Apprentice .
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TffE S 1 AY £ RY OF POVERTY , WITH A PLAN FOB ITS ABO 11 I 1 ON . [ In out last we gave a letter addressed to Mr . 0 ' ^ onnor by a Mtmb er of the American National Reform Association , and -which appeared in a recent Bnmb « r of The Peoples Rights . Near its close , the vniter intimated that he had forwarded to U 3 a pamphlet on the subject , —matter of his communication , —the question of American Slavery ; and he preferred a request that snch pamphlet aaould be laid before the working-men of Britain . The following is a portion of the production : the remainder shall be fib en in our next . —Ed . N . S . ]
When this " Tract ton the Times" was read before the Society by which it is notr published , a leading member remarked ; " If that Dialogue could be put in the hands of every man in tbe country , I should consider the emancipation of the labourer as already accomplished . " Another member predicted that the whole body of the aristocracy would soon manifest tbe same opinion—by doing all in their power to misrepresent the character of the work , and to prevent its circulation . We thereupon determined to enter into an arram ? e-
iBent with sons © respectable printer whereby jfc might be retailed at a fair profit for six cents in eifery town in tbe union . Such arrangtmtnt we have made with Mr . John Windt , 99 , Rtade-street , New-York . Any person or association , by sending him one dollar , free of postage , will receive fifty copies , by mail or otherwise , as they may direct . He will send them in six or eight distinct packages , directed to as many different persons , if desired . To prevent mistakes , the name of the poiV-cffice and that of the person ot persons to whom the copies ordered are to be sent , should always be plainly written .
Our pamphlet may thus be circulated in every part of the United States , without subjecting any man to any perceptible rxpense or inconvenience . Let those who approve it renumber , that great things are done whenever many bands unite in doing each cne a little ; and that " litUe strokes fell great oaks , " as Poor Richard Bays . One word as to the Society by which this work is published . We hold that freedom is the birth-right not of negroes and aristocrats merely , but of all men . We hold thst in order to emancipate the slave , he must
be permitted to enjoy all his natural rights ; for if the master should emancipate a part of the slave's body and claim tbe rest as his property—or if he should give up the right of floggiDg and yet bold on to tbe power of starring—what would it prcfit the slave 1 We hold that in order to release the slave from the necessity of tilling the ground for another , we must establish his right to till it for himself ; and that this right is as sacred as his rigfet to his body , acd as essential to bis freedom . We trust that all abolitionists will aid us in carrying out these views , and in promulgating these great principles .
THE SXAYEBT OP POVEHTT : A DIALOGUE BETWEEN A MmTHEJtN ABOLITIOMST AM ) A SODTHEBN S 1 ATEHO 1 . DKB . Scese—The Parlour of a Boarding House in 2 few York . Slaveholder . —Well ,, my friend , we shall have no hard words between us this time ; for , since our last meeting , I have considered the tubject of slavery more -carefully , and an bow a thorough-going abolitionist . Abolitionist . —Indeed' Then I can hardly find words to express my gratification . But are you serious ? S . —Keve ? more so . 1 am satisfied that freedom is not only a great good , bnt also that it should be held more sacred , than life itself . The murderer barms the body onJy j bnt he who destroys my liberty , degrades my sorl for ever . A . —A beautiful sentiment ! and I rejoice to hear it from you .
S . —A fine sentiment , eh ? No , no : a mighty truth , rather , and one that should not be disregarded by any mas , whether bis residence be in the north or tbe south ; for it is a great mistake to suppose that the curse of slavery is altogether caused by legislative enactments , or that in onr country it is at all confined to tbe negro race : it exists every where , and every man is more or less a slave . A . —Explain . S . —You would hardly ask that if you had studied the subject of slavery thoroughly enough to be able to define the word . Liberty consists in something more than the oare legal exrnership of one ' s oicn carcass ; and to assume tbe contrary in e : tner gross folly or gross deceit Each man is a slave just bo far at he is actuated by
any ertexnal force : in other words , just so far as he is impelled by the will or the contrivances of another , instead of bis own indeptndent volition . The poor uegro -who labours oDly through fear of a master ' s vhi > , ia no mere a slaTe ttran the poor White man who toils through fear of a landlord ' s warrant or a gaol . If the master should employ bribes instead of threatsit be should promise a piece of bacon , or a piece of silver , instead of threatenirg the lash or the prisonthe man thus acted en , whether white or black , is still a slave . To submit one ' s self to the governmtDt of fashien , or custcm—this too is elaiery . If I suffer my reason , my seme cf truth and right , to be mastered by any prejudice or any psifcioc , then am 2 a slave is souL So far as I serve any man from any other "motive than love , so far us I a slave .
A- —You deal largely in abstrsetions , Sir . Perhaps you axe an abolitionist in the abstract only , and sot in practice ? g . —Every pure truth is aa abstraction : georcetry , and all the exact sciences deal in nothing bet abstractions ; asd there can be no exact reasoning on any subject without them . Therefore , when I sea a man sneering at " abstractions , ' I deem it tantamount to a confession that Ma notions will' sot bear the te&t oi first principles—the test of abstract ox unadulterated truth . Pray , how could Ihe architect bnilA at Eoc « a , fit E 8 b&daot ttB abitniet Wt » of a home in hbizoiacV And how can we abolish t : avery without that " abstraction" a plan cf operations?—wbichplan , to be effective , must be based upon an exact knowledge of the nature and extent ef the evB aimed at .
A . —But you are * waie that tbe AboUttonists , as a body , confine their efforts to that most aggravated syBtem if slavery to which the negroes are subjected , > nd by which they are robbed of the fruits of their labour . We do not undertake a task eo stupendous aa that of releasing every man from all coercion and all
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extraneous irflnence . Hents . % we do not need to go bo deeply into these matters as yo . " » seem inclined to do . S . —And in this lies your great error . If yon floujjnt with an tqusl eye te effect the eBfr ^ n ^ isement of ail men , yon would secure the co-oper * tton ° f &H the friends of freedom ; bnt when you e ' mglt oat an insignificant class for your sympathies—and tk ^ t , too , the very class least capable of appreciating and preserving true liberty—the world sneeringly atks , "lg freedom for negroes only ! " sad coldly turns away . A . —I must admit that , either from tbe causa you have named or some other , the world at large seei / is
more inclined to doubt the honesty of out motive thai * to aid us in the execution or our designs . Still , we are right We can give slavery but one blow at a time . We can take but one step in reform at a time . We therefore act wisely in directing our efforts against the greatest wrong , the greatest evil within our reach . The greater the wrong , the more vulnerable is it , and the more n ecessary that it should be destroyed . Besides , whenever we succeed in abolishing any one great wrong or evil , we always do indirectly destroy tea thousand lesser ones at the buds time . The main root of an evil iyitem once killed , all the twigs and branches it supported soon die of themselves .
S . —I admire your reasoning ; but you greatly mist ike In supposing that our negro slavery is the worst form of slavery . So far from its being the main root ot an evil system , it is only tbe latest off-shoot I think I can convince yo u that the success of the Abo litionists in the specific course they have marked cut , so far from doing away ; with negro slavery even , would aggravate tbe evil ; that the change they propose is not the substitution of freedom for slavery , but the mere txchaBge of responsible for irresponsible masters ; and that we cannot hope to abolish negro slavery except by the overthrow ef that more formidable system of disguised slavery which prevails throughout the civilised world , and from which onr negro slavery sprung—I mean THB SLAVEHT OP POVEBTT . A . —I would like to hear the arguments by which you think to prove these positions .
S . —Very well . Then I will go at my task methodically . Let me see : I am to prove , firstly , that negro slavery is not the worst form of slavery existing among us . A . —Yes . S . —Second !? , that ; modem Abolitionism does not propose to free the negroes even . A . —Yes , you are to prove that , too , —it you can . 8 . —And thirdly , that tbe enfranchisement ol tbe poor whites must precede , and will indirectly bring about , the enfranchisement of the negroes . A . —So you asserted .
S . We will begin , then , with my first proposition . The object of slavery is in all cases simply this : to rob the enslaved person of the fruits of his labourto compel the exercise of his bodily or mental powers for the master ' s gain or gratification : consequently , that system must be worst which extorts most In other words , as all- slavery is but robbery reduced to system , we fairly estimate the amount of force or coercion applied by the amount of unrequited labour exaated . ; A . —Agreed . So far yon reason fairly .
5 . —Then have I established my first position already . You know the Abolitionists not only admit , knt have been preaching to us for years , tbat if we would discard our slaves , and employ what they falsely term " free" labourers instead , that we should thereby greatly increase our profits ; that is , would easily get tbe labour of "free" men for a smaller compensation than that we now allow cur "« lav « s *'—the "free " men to do an equal amount of work , and to do it better . A . —But do you class the profits which tbe capitalist makes on tbe voluntary labour of the poor man with tbe gain extorted from slaves by coercion I
S . —Not at all . The difference is as great as that between the act of receiving a present and the act ot robbing—that is , if the labour actually be voluntary . Bnt I hold that the labour yon call free or voluntary at the north is not so , any more than is that of our negroes ; and I shall prove this fact in demonstrating my second position . A . —Go on , then ; I will bear you through . S . —You will admit that if I commit murder , it matters not how , sa far as the principle of right is concerned . Whether I shall use a pistol or a bowie knife may be a questioii ot convenience , bat nottof conscience .
So , if I enslave a man , and compel him to wear out his life in toiling for my gain , it ia no matter bow , either to the slave or to the Avenger of tbe oppressed . Whether I commit ipy crime single-banded , or join in a combination ; whether I seek to justify my oppression by asserting a false claim to the ownership of my brother man ' s body , or a false claim to the ownership of the air which he must breathe or die ; all these trifles have no more to do in determining tbe degree of my guilt , than has the length of my hair or the fineness of my stockings . Is it not so ? A . —Certainly . I admit all that
8 . —Now , let us look at the distinctive features of our southern system of slavery . We coerce the negro to labour fcr us by striking him , when refractory , with a whip—by subjecting him to a greater or lees degree of bodily pain . Then , in order to justify this system of coercion , we have recourse to one simple lie : we say the negro is our property—that his body and his faculties belong not to himself , not to bis Maker , but to us . Such is our practice—such the theory with which our practice accords . A —This I call plain truth , ia plain English .
S . —Let us now eonli&st with negro slavery that move universal system which prevails throughout the civilis ? d World , and which I term the slavery of poverty . In consequence of the universality of this slavery , ft is impossible for us to conceive an adequate idea of its enormity , and of the violence it does to our better natures and to the original constitution of society . Bad you and I been brought up from infancy among cannibals , we could hardly be brought to see tbe impropriety of gating human flesh , until it should come to our turn to be xoaUed ; and even then we should only revolt at being eaten ourselves , not at eating others . So the man wi > o has been brought up to treat , snd to see all around him treat , the negro as you treat tbe horse , can form no jn&t conception of the enormity of negro
slavery . And so , also , you to wbom the sight of poveity has always been as familiar aa the sight of grass in your meadows , can hardly help thinking that the existence of poverty in human society ia a result of some cecUfc law of nature , the same as is tb& growth of grass . While you instinctively shrink from poverty as yon shrink from death , and while you know that many a man has resorted to suicide in order to escape it , still , such ! s the influence of habit over the mind , you can hardly help accusing me of exaggeration when I assert that the poor man ia In the fullest tense a slave Yet coolly consider if it be not so . Does not be , like the negro slave , continually do tbe bidding of a master ,
alia * " employer , " instead of doing as he pleaees for himself ? Does not his labour , like that cf the negro slave , go to fill another man's barn , another man ' s warehouse , he having no fcarn or warehouse of frfs own ! Is be not , like the negro slave , almost universally regarded as an instrument , and not as a man ? Oar system binds and robs but a few millions , the offspring of a savage and a half embruted race ; the slavery of poverty binds its hundreds of millions , and keeps its weightiest shackles for tbe noblest souls . While it suffers tbe pampered bloodsucker to run riot over the earth , how often bas it crushed the patriot , the philosopher , and tbe philanthropist into an unbonoured grave !
A . —I will admit that poverty is a great evil , and that tbe poor man is far from being " independent " But io you reason fairly when you attempt to confound poverty with negro slavery ? Poverty comes from sickness , lezlness , or extravagance , or from some misfortune cr fault of the suffer } the negro is subjected to Blavery by iaw—by a public cbime—and 1 can see no moral relationship between them . S . —Are the poor more sickly with you than tbe rich ? A . —No—unless when compelled to overwork themselves , or to eat bad food , or to live in cramped , illventilated and dirty lodgings . S —Do they work as bard as the rich ? A . —Ha I ha I ha I Yen are jesting . 8 —No , I am not . Do the / " spend more money on trinkets , fine furniture , costly wines , carriages , and the like sopetflaitiet , than the rich ? A . —Why do you ask me such absurd questions ?
S . —Absurd , eh ! Then how dare yon insult my understanding by affirming in one breath falsities so gross thst you cannot help laughing at them in the next ? Tfeose who do all your work are idle I those ¦ who support their families on a dollar a day are extravagant . ' and owing to each idleness and extravagance they become poor ! I wonld rather be caught sbeepstealisg than uttering such silly slanders against the poor . And you can see no analogs between poveity and negro slavery I Wby , Sir , poverty i * the vary foundation , soul , and essence of negro slavery . The negro is a slave , wby ? Because he is so poor that he does not legally own bis own body—and hence ho ia all his life compelled to till another man's field , and earn money for another man ' s pocket . The poor man
ct the north is forced to do tbe same thing , as yon must have seen every day of your life . His poverty is as much the result of law—of legislative crime— as that of the negro . The law , it is true , generally allows the poor whita to be the owner of his own bedy , but denies his right to every atom of matter besides . It virtually says to him - » This earth v ? as mine , and I have given it all , with every plant and tree that grows upon it , to a chosen few , called * the rkh . * You are a trespasser biie ' ; and tbe Creator , In placing yem here , was guilty of a trespass . If you go into any man ' s enclosure , I will punish you for trespassing ; if you wander about the streets , I will commit you as a vagrant ; if you gather food from any field or tree , I win
hang yon for stealing . ^ GtTto the moon if yon eboos * —bnt on this earth you have no right" She poor wretch , finding , that God-has given him existence wjthoat giving irfjns right to exist in any place—tbavHe has given him Hfe without giving Dim a right to gstbtr from the fields that rapport which is necessary to support , life—finding , in short , that he ia encumbered with a right to bis body without having . aright to anything else—he is necessitated to walk humbly to some " capitalist ' s" floor , and BEG for ¦ lavebt ; saying , partiy by dumb looks and actions , and partly in words , "Suffer me to toil foi you for this day , st least ; deign to become my master , and give me food ; then will I work for you so diligently , and do your bidding so obsequiously , tnat you may perchance suffer me to terveyouto-mouow
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also . " Great God ! what debasement ! flow lOtwt such a system appear to the brotherhood of the just . * n ^ i ' » t . . t . thls U the "freedom" to which my fellow Abolitionists propose to elevate the negro ! If theneero slave own nothing else , he does at least own a master— not only when healthy and vigorous , but when sick and infirm . He doea not have to beg lot leave to toil , " nor to hawk his body and his faculties about the streets , crying , "Who'll buy my labour ? ,,.. T ^ my rtrengtb and skill ? Who'll buy mj cral ? ' If degraded by others , he is at any rate exempt from the necessity of acting aa auctioneer at the sale of nu own person and faoulties—of presiding as hangman at the execution of hia own freedVn . A —YoB Place the condition of our poor In far too d «* k a light- You overcharge picture greatly .
your 8 . —And the pictures drawn by Abolitionists of negro slavery—are they not still more extravagant ? Have I said anything half as severe against tae rich , their laws and theit oppression * , as were , the aayings of Jeraa ? Do you fancy that the picture of these things which will be presented at iha < jay of judgment Will be more flat , taring than mine ? A—But are you sure that yenr notion « f the primary cause of poverty ia correct ? Many a man has get rich without ever owning a foot of ground . S . —I might quote Paley and ether learned reasonera , if I chose ; but will rather refer you to your common sense and yeur own eyes , I know there are secondary causes of poverty which , make more shew in the eyes of some than that which I have named ; yet they would
be found as powerl ess , were the primary cause removed , as a lever without a fulcrum . Though the mocopoliata of the land disable the rest of mankind for working for themselves—though they can say to the excluded poor , " You shall not dwell on our earth unless you pay us tribute , cor till it unless you give us such share as we may please to exact of $ he fruite of your labour—yet they are not ; the only ones , especially in an advanced stage ot clvilfcaUon , who contrive to extract wealth from the sweat of the poor . If a man have money enough , be caa hire land—hire factories and workshops—set bia brother man to work therein—with the products of such labour pay the ground-lord his rent—and still have a considerable remainder . Yet go into such factory or workshop , and you will find the paor " operative" gains
nothing , by having two mtBteia to aniicb . and fatten instead of one . There are many other ways whereby tbe poor man is compelled to enrich others by his labour —such as «• usury , " increase , "forestalling , " ' speculation , " ice . —none of which could be practised to any extent if all men were free to till the ground for themsalves . What man would do as muck work as is necessary to raise ten bushels of potatoes for the price of one bushel , if the law allowed him to plant a patato patch of his own ? Who would work in a factory for the gain of another , when he might till the ground fox himself , and live independent ? Men would continue to work in shops and factories if tbe land monopoly were abolished , I admit ; but not aa now : you would no longer see a hundred working , while one or two " capitalists" pocketed nearly all their earnings .
A , —But is not the soil as free now as it can be made ? Every man now is at liberty to buy as much as be wants . , 8 . —And are not our negroes at liberty to buy their freedom ? And cannot they do ir as easily as one of your labourer or mechanics can raise two or tbrea thousand dollars to buy a naked bouse-lot ? In England , many a poor calico weaver works sixteen hours a day , and weaves thirty-six yards for nioepence . How grateful should he feel that he is at liberty to buy himself a farm with his wages!—or rather so much of his wages as may remain after buying bis family oatmeal to starve on , and hiring them a celler to starve in . Bat there is no need of examining each slave ' s case in detail —no need of discussing every twig in your system of
slavery or in onrs . I have shewn that the root of both systems is the same—poverty : tha poverty of the negro alave consisting in his not legally owning his own body , and that of the white slave in his not owning a sufficiency of the soil for his bodily wants , or to keep himself from starving . We force the negro slave to serve ub by iofging him ; you permit the white stave to serve yoH as » boon—as the only opening whereby he can escape starvation . Yet io one breath you cry out against the cruelty of our system , saying , " Stand aside ! 1 am holier , than thou ; " and in the next you appeal to our selfishness , telling us that if we would adopt your
system , we could exact greater profits from our slavesthat is , work them harder anil pinch them closer—than we do . I will not insult jeur understanding by pointlog out tbe folly of such a course—a coarse so difficult to explain except on the supposition that you want to compete against them for employment and shelter . Snrely , it is high time that we either commence agitatiDg tbe whole suhjtci of slavery , or else that we should let it altogether a one . A . —PerhtpB up . Yet the main evil of slavery is its influence in debasing the soul of man . You wilt not contend that poverty is as injurious as negro slavery in this grand particular ?*
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A BOWL OF "PUNCH . " The Boy Jones jjnd the Bot Joinviile . —The eyes of Europe are once more upon the Boy Jones . Well , the eyes of Europe have very often been turned upon more insignificant persons . We confess itwe have a regard for tbe boy Jones . Whether he be really nephew or not of George Jones , of Ancient America , Esq ., we have nevertheless a regard for the youth , who at so early an age associated his name with the annals of his country ; for what future History of England , we ask , will be complete , omitting all notice of Jones .
Poor boy ! If fortune were not . as perverse as a piitna donna , the boy Jones would hare been born iu some ' western equare ; would have learned his humanities at college , and so been regularly trained for publio place . Only think of the boy Jones , as Home Secretary , at the Post-office ! Aa it is , we have only the heavy Graham . At least , we should have bad sprightliness casting its charm over illegalities ; Jones would have broken a seal with a whim apologetic of ihe felony , whilst Graham—but we will not pursue the contrast .
Jones is a genius . That of the millions who g&s ^ upon the awful walls of Buckingham Palace , shut out from them as from Paradise , Jones should have been the only daring spirit that conceived a design to pass them—to dip his pJebian fingers ia the custards of the royaJ larder—to creep up the royal chimneys—to crouch beneath the royal sofa , thereby ( as bis uncle , George Jones , has written to Punch J " causing her Majesty so much alarm ; ' '—that he alone should have done this makeB Jones—whatever his real time ot life may be—far in advance of his age . And her Majesty—ble 68 her !—saw the daring in its proper light ; and therefore , as it now appears , sent ihe boy Jones on board the WarspUe ( whence the world bas just beard of him ) , with a recommendation to the captain to watch " his dawning merits /' that Jones may , in good time , sport epaulets .
A recent leter tells us that Jones fell overboard off Tueis in thefirsj watch ; when the l > fe-buoy , " which blazed away with a steady and beautiful light , " was let go . and Jones clinging to it , called out to the boat ' s crew , " Here I am—look lively ! " However , the writer insinuates that Jones jumped overboard , " and that for no other purpose than to see the lifebuoy light burning- " This is a slander . The truth is , the poor boy . had been , reading in the forechamB his uncle Jones ' s "Ancient America *; " whereupon he naturally fell into a sleJL which lasted many hours , and in his sleep fell ovSrboard ! His life waa saved for greater things . However , we are happy to have heard thus incidentally of the Boy Jones ; as his whereabout is a sufficient evidence of the watchfulness of Ministers
as regards the designs of Franoe on Morocco . Sure we ara that neither Sir Charles Napier nor Lord Minto would have twitted the Adnirahy with negleet had they only known that the Boy Joneawaa on the Gibraltar station . We % K once acknowledge the profound policy of Ministers ; it is their intention to meet Joinviile with , the , Boy . Jones 1 There is , if wei mistake not , a minor , theatre drama called The Prince and'the Chimney Sweep ; and we have no doubt that this piece r f n \ t sooner or later , be revived on the high seas , y / it , h—as Mr . OsbaldiBtqn , has it— ' * new and startl * ng effeeta ; , the ^ hple to conclude with the der tnxotida of the' enemy ' s fteet-i ^ . ¦ ¦• ' ¦ . > . ¦ ¦ : > •¦ ~ - ¦ :
-.. Yes .: let Joinvjlle , hc , Ter on the coast of Morocoo , Britannia maybe as - quiet as » quakaress , for , has she not at Gibraltar ? babe of ctorv—the Jervia of the chimney—^ the 7 iSelson of the larder-i-her Boy Jones 1 : It may w ^ ibly woan <» the self-lote of the f "Bon w «»«* V iat we pit owe J « ue 8 against their loyal Admiral ; nevertheless , up to the piesent moment , is not ifee adhieveineht of greatest daring onthe . ad < rof : our iet 0 \ We taste the fulness of content to kv , owit isso * To quote the sweet song ofasweetw ngM __ «« Aatbe p anseupon tbe ceasing of a tbousand-voio'd -. _ ^ im , Ia out r ^ igbty satisfaction and full eternal calm /'
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to knowj ( hit wheresoever Jmnvillo is , shore hence-I forth will ba Jones ; thai when ? o ^ ver it m * y pleas a the French Admiral to a'empt { a defeat on Brighton , Margate , or Herns Bay , Jones
" Like a sweet Uttle cherub will s ' . t up aloft , And keep watch for tha life of John Ball . ' " And tfvhen soma twenty years have passed away , pleaaiafe' it will be to sea the Boy Jones—then Post-Captain . Jones—kneeling to reoeiva the honour of knighthooa ' from our darling Q , leen , surrounded by her seventeen Sons and- daughters ; most pleasant will it bg to D . ™* k . the bamguant smile with whioh her Majesty duObs the hero who " onoe caused her so much alarm ;" ' the intruding boy , who , according to his own reporv . onoe heard the Princess Royal M squeak . " i We put ; it to Mr , George Jones , as a man and an historian—should so likely an event cams to pass , would he then deny &ra nephew , the Boy Joaea ! Punch thinks not . 1
IHE BLESSING < Op BAD HEALTH . A short time ago the Engh ih aad Irish pap 9 ra rang with tht musical name of j OTt ^ riscoll , a gentleman of exceeding bad health , and jwitti temper to match , who , for certain peculiarities , was resit'ved by Ministers from the magistracy . O'Driseoll had a taste for tyranny beyond even tbe ordinary stomach of a thorongh-going Irishman ' ' in the peace , ? ' and 6 . 9 was unwillingly sacrificed to the indignation of tL'e country . The scales were taken from tbo hand bettar strong to wield a shMelab ; and , in brief , jODriscdl was banished to the decent obscurity of private life . And now , within a few short months ,. O'DriseoU is again a magistrate . <
" Ask ye , Btntian shades , the reason why ?" In the first place , sundry good-natured souls bare petitioned for bis restoration ; and , secondly , it ia averred that " illhealth" is now sufficiently amended to enable him to decently perform his magisterial funs > turns : all his former eccentricities being clearly referable to a bodily ailment . He has really carried out the vain promise of Filstafl—has " lived cleanly , " aad is therefore again fitted for the bench . And do we object to this charitable construction of the causes of human infirmity ? Assuredly not On the contrary , we bail it aa an evidence of enlarged benevolence—of increasing- philosophy . We consider it as beautifully illustrative of the fact that the Prime Minister was called in as a " Doctor" to watch over the condition of the state . All , however , we require , 1 b an impartial operation of the principle . If Mr . ODriscoll's
previous bad behaviour was ! nothing but bad digestion , wby should not O'Connell be permitted to plead derangement of stomach for his agitation In the cause of destitute Ireland f Why should not even Sir James Graham be allowed to defend his Post-Office mslpratices on a superabundance of bile ? Wby BBould not poorness of blood sufficiently excuse the act of those bon . members who voted on both sides ou tbe Sugar Bill ? We are willing that O'Driscoll should be saved by the temporary derangement of ( his nerves—bat then we must exact the like charitable indulgence for all parties . Why , Indeod . should the authors and defenders of the Poor Law bear so mncn really nnmerited obloquy , when they are not merally culpable ? When they might show that the measure originated in no moral obliquity , bnt in nothing more than a bodily diseaseas O Driacoll would say , a mere ossification of the heart ? i
It is by no means fair that Barber ' s medical man was not examined on the trial to show the condition of his patient ' * health when Fletcher tempted him in re Slack . Provided indigestion might , otherwise , have save ! the culprit ; and , as in the case of O'Driscoll , he might by this time have been labouring in his old office . O'Driscoll , committing all sorts of enormities iu the very weakness of delicate health , is cashiered from , the hench . He is , however , corivalesc « nt , and ia therefore restored to the commission . \ Who could have thought there was such intimate connexion between Justice and tbe Blue Pill ? Henceforth , we think , a certain number of physloians should ba appointed to sit with the judges ; and , in lieu of tbe old interrogative " € fa « ty , " or " Not Guilty , " tbe Bworn physician , addressing the accused , should simply soy— \ " Show tbe bench your tongue !"
Indeed , after tbe restoration of O DriscoII , we cannot wen imagine tbe justice of any other ordeal . Bkars' Grbase—Mr . Punch has tbe honour to inform tbe publio that ha has lately slaughtered a Russian bear , which bas been cut up after the most approved fashion , and will continue to be served out for the benefit of the unfortunate Poles of the Metropolis . The publio ara respectfully warned against the nauseous stuff called " Russian Balm / ' which has been laid on so uncommonly thick by some of Mr Punch's contemporaries . Punch ' s Indian Mail—Tha Panjaub is in a frightful state ; and all the Sings—including Meer Sing , Shere Sing , Runjeet Sing , Ittur Sing , Dbyan Sing , and about ten more of this ' very pugnacious familycontinue to be at most dreadful loggerheads . Mohammed had refused to put down bis Doat , a distinction which has always occasioned much jealousy to the rival potentates . .
Literary Intelligence . —Mr . O'Connell is devoting his leisure in prison to a new and important work—a second series of M The Epicure ' s Almanack : or & Dish for Every Day in the Year . " Editorial TiUMisaivn < G . —There are , at present , no leaa than forty-soven Editors of newspapers imprisoned iu France . It is lucky { for the English press that Mr . Roebuck doea sot possess tbe same power as Louis Philippe , or else Newgate would contain three times tbe above number ; that is to say , every Editor in the kingdom who would not praise him .
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ha » a to ba token tato view . All | t&osa exigencies ,, existing in the prasant as dhtatted oa it by the pa 3 t , haya to ba provided for ; and the apprenticeship of a population must evidently be lengtaeaed or shortened according to the greater or less amount of virtue , intelligence and political experience spread through the mass of its population ; to tbe greater or less approach towards homogeneity in mind , manners , habita , and condition existing iu tha same ; to the greater or less embarrassment , debt and complication entailed on the prasent , by malversation of tha past ; to the greater or leas amount of resource * existing in the soil , climate , and industry of the country ; and more than all perhaps , to the greater or the less number of useful , compared to useless , members ) fonnd in the community .
We have hsardand read of social compact * , —all of u » x for of what have we not heard and read ? Bat seen s social compact we never have . None sach have ever been passed on the face of the earth . There never has been . anything else than a Bacrifiea t > l the interests of tbe many to a greater ot , a less number ; nor anything better ever seriously proposed than a sacrifice «| the interests of the few to the will of the many . This last mode of scramble and injustice has been , as yet , the best theory of the United States ; for out ef ttis not
Democracy moves A majority ? Of what ? The experienced ? The intelligent ? The virtuomf The industrious ? No ; a majority as of brute force counted by numbers , and of the male stx . A worse rule , at the present point of time , could scarcely b « devised or followed ; unless Indeed it should be that which submits , as in Europe , the control of all things and all interests to a minority of lauded and monied monopolists upheld by the brute force of armies , coercive law , and all the machinery and corrupting Influences of Government
Any further developments touching the future course of tbe fourth Clviltiitfon are of couraa , now and here , uncalled for . I may add , however , for the encourajfemeot of tbe friends of human improvement fa Europe , that I entertain few if any doubts , that it will be snch as the wise and good tbronjhoat the civilized world wilt approve . It remote * for me to offer to British Reformers a few observations tonching tha gtosp « et » of Reform in this my native island ; . and the general coarse , which would appear to me . best recommended by prudence and wis
dom tinder existing circumstances . I feel this incumbent oh me from the honourable testimonies of popular regard addressed to me from various quarters , coupled with requests , by me derilned , to address tbe public ta some of the principal cities of the kingdom . Bvenhad ompHance with those flattering wishes been possible to me , I should still have considered the mode I bava selected , of addressing the more intelligent portion of the mind of my native eoantry throngh the columns of an extensively circulated popular journal , the more consistent , at tha time present , with propriety as with utility .
If I am correct in tbe view I take of the actual position of things throughout the civilised world , no nation standing within the pale of the third civilization nor even , within that of the first , can . long be removed from , tbe influences of tbe fourth . This civilisation indeed had its rise , as we have seen , in the bosom of the third . From Europe it carried the seeds both of its excellencies and its vices . From European loins the first wise and mighty fathers of a really sovereign people drew existence . And , again ; in that straggle for national existence whioh shook tbe thrones of Europe to their foundations , how many of Europe ' s noblest and bravest sons—of her Montgomeries and her GMes , her Stenbens , her Lafayettes , and her Koscinskoes laid their lives , their
fortunes , and their unstained honour upon the young altar of Freedom ; nor asked , nor dreamed of worldly reward f « r service beyond price . Of latter days , indeed , the idle speculator or the idle indigent , the vain or the . ambitious , may have swelled the tide of European emigration , adding rather elements of disorder ,. commotion , corruption , and party discord to tbe American family , than those of unpretending good sense , modeit worth , and wholesome industry . Still , if the helpless pauper , the fomentor of disturbance , tbo angry partisan , the cabaUer for office , or unblushing electioneering canvasser—a character little respectable or respected even when found among native citizens , but which becomes far otherwise offensive when those born and raised under other institutions thrust themselves forward to solicit confidence to which they have no claim , and tbe rewards and distinctions of office , which to ba honourable must be at all times unsought ; still , if suca be found among the tanks- of adopted citixans , how
many are there of laborious habits , steady occupation , unsullied integrity , retiring manners , and delicacy of sentiment , who are proud to aid the national strength and the national wealth , or to lend thsir unbought influence te the side ef peace , union , and reform , and who would shrink even from the acceptance of office , how much more from its demand . Every State and City in the Union boists foreign cit'gjns of this stamp ; men who do honour alike to tbe nations they have left and the nation they have sought , and whose foreign birth is forgotten by all but themselves . And , in Europe , where is the family renowned by its virtue , influential by its fortune or descent , honourable by its integrity , Its steady habits of hardy labour or honest occupation , who own not , and is not proud to own , ties of consanguinity , of friendship , or of interest—sons :, brothers , friends , alliances , ancestral remembrances , or business association *— with tbe young Republic of tbo new world 7
Nor are these connections and associations , however multitudinous , altogether of a private nature . Every child of liberty—every lover of humanity—every honest patriot in Europe , recognises in America , and recognises with pride and with hope , the country of a sotb-RSrON PEOPLE . And here appears te me should be the first great and undivided effort of all Europe ' s intelligent populations —to effect , in each country , the acknowledged and practical sovereignty of the people . But how comes the question—What constitutes a people 1
All those who possess , in their properly or their labour , a real stake in the country . This stake may be very diaproportioned , the one to the other : this is a disadvantage , but doea not alter the case . Whatever the proportion , all such mutt be classed as of the people ; for all such are interested in the country ' s salvation , and in the country's reformation , by orderly and peaceable means . In short , all these are directly interested in the passing of a social compact—i . e ., a compact in which the worldly interests of each and of all should be as fairly adjusted and compromised as may be within the compass of the public fortune , all public exigencies being met and public duties fulfilled . It would ba now premature to enter into any developments touching the nature of those exigencies and dnties , or tonching the natnre of the public fortune , or inte any of the details of a compact which one great event must evidently precede—Me acknowledgment and practical establishment of the popular sovereignly .
It would be ill making a compact where the few are in arms and tbe many in chains—where tn& few bold the seats of power , and command all the avenues of autherity , and the many have to move and to speak : at tbe rjsk of liberty at least , if not of life . But worse would be that compact to make where a vicious system , pushed to its utmost limits , shoald have created such a mass of glares- under the form of a pauper population , or of a population in any . manner directly dependant upon the few as should make ihe many among the people stand in a numerical minority . Is At impossi ble that the same governing and all mystifying power which has produced this state of things in the Island of Jamaica , under the name of negro emancipation , may not attempt to produce it at borne under apma other name ? These are not days , nor is this a country , in which mischief oan be effected without a fair mask to cover its deformity . Philanthropy f Reform r may be the rallying cries employed where perhaps fraud may
suggest tbe means and enslavement , be the object intended . In the strength of the people , ( aa distinct from a dependant and degraded populace ) , in the union of the people , in the elevation of the people in their own eyes and in tbe estimation of the governing power , are ( as appears to me ) the only safe , and tbe only certain means for securing a happy result . Knowledge ! knowledge ; a true understanding of bow things are , and of how they ought to be ; , and this knowledge spread far and wide among tbe more honest of the working classes , aad of the middle classes , is what the hour demands , and what every patriot , capable of aid-, ing the woife , &hcald volunteer to accomplish . Having pointed to a social compact , as-to the terminus at which tbis-and all othar countries have , sooner or later , to arrive , it eccurs to me to call the . popular attention to ona feature in the present complicated system of Govomraent , which if properly turned to account , may greatly hasten the opening of xeform . Bat this must supply tha subject of another letter . I am , Sir , Yours , fcc F . W . D * ABB » M 0 ST . Dundee , 18 tb July , 1 S 44 .
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The Leabjnei > Elephant . — "That ' s a wery knowing haaimal of jours , " said a cockney gentleman to the keeper of an elephant .- " Very , " was the cool rejoinder . — " He performs strange tricks and hantios . does be 1 " inquired the cookney , eying the animal through his glass , — " surprisin , " jretoi : ted the keeper , ?* to ?* learned hua to put money m that box you aee awa * up there . Try him with a dollar . " ( Tho cockney handed the elephants dollar , and sure enough he took it in hi 9 trunk and placed it in a box . high out of reach . }—* Well , that is very hextraordinary—hastoniahing , truly I" said the green one , opening his eyes . M Now let ' s see him take it oat and ' and it baok . "— " Wenevtr karnshim that trick , "
retorted ihe keeper * with a rogish leer , and thea turned away to stir op the monkeys and punch , the hyenas . : Da . Johnson ' s TounujfCK , —Lord Eldon ' s anecdote book has the following reminiscence of Dr . Johnson at Oxford : —*\ I had a walk in New Inn Hall Garden , with D * JobnEon , Sir Bobert Chambers , and some other , gentlemen . Sir Robert was gatheringf snails , and throwing them pvei the wall into his neighbour ' s garden . The Doctor reproached him tery roughly , and stated to him that thfs was unmannerly and unneighbdurlyl ** SH t ^^ SP- ^ S Robert , « my neighbour »* V *! * * T ^ t « L said the Docter , ' if so . Chambers , toss away , tosa away , as hard as you can . " *
%}On?H.
% } on ? h .
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* The slaveholder migfet have answered this remark by pointing out tbe mental slavery to which our northern poor sometimes are , and at any time may be subjected . How often ia tbe poor man compelled to vote against his conscience at our elections , under penalty uf being mancipated , or " discharged 1 " We also know of cases where poor white men are compelled to attend their master ' s oburcb , though deeming such church heretical , under this same penalty of emancipation . Were it tbe writer ' s design to defend sonthern slavery instead of attacking all Blavery , he wonld institute a comparison between tbe actual condition of the negro of the south and his condition in Africa , where he is enslaved , and sold by men of his own race and kin .
Though a hater of slavery in all its forms , there is one great ttutb in regard to it which I dare not keep back : —Slavery is merely God ' s revenge acainst cowabdice—Mb just judgment upon those who are false to their own rights and dignity as hen . God has decreed that Liberty , shall be enjoyed only by those who may see fit to deserve it . Wealth may be possessed by the dastard , the hypocrite , the cheat ., the oppressor : Satan may truly eay of the riches of this world : " all these things are mine , and 8 d whomsoever I will give them ; " but Libert ? is tbe sacred jewel of God , and not all the powers of earth and hell can keep it in the bands of him who will not understand his rights , or who fears to maintain them .
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THE APPRENTICE AUD TRADES' "WEEKLY REGISTER . r--C 6 TOiJcr £ 3 > st ihjs Abtjxak Cixs . —Lgsdos : Sixfxiy , Mjlbsbaix , a > d Co . lie Artizan Chife is already extensively and popolariy knows , and bids fair , we tti » k , to become m . 4 ue tOQtse , « rgn Jtunau » ike anaals of Ltexatare . It la a " Socitty Tor ihe difinEion of useful Knowledge" the society , we might Tndeed ray , of the jear 1844 , as another society -was rbat of ten lears age : and , in our hnmble opinion , is in many
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MADAME D'ARUSMONT . TO THE EDITOR OF THB NORTHERN STAB . Sir . —The fourth civilisation sought its refuge from tbe persecution of the third j in a bowling wilderness , with savage beasts and savage men . Its foundations were laid on tbe shores of the New World by choice spirits of the old . j Britain sent her patriots and her sages ; her iron men of the Commonwealth ; her polished statesmen of the Tory Court ; her Scotch schismatics and invincible mountaineers ; her Welsh peasant , armed with the spirit of bis ancestry ; her high-sonled martyrs for
liberty , and her obdurate of every defeated party or sect . France sent her conscientious Huguenots , her valiant soldiers , her learned Jesuits , and her modest philosophers ; Holland her exiled Republicans , her sagacious and upright merchants , whose word was their bond , and whose creed was tbe equal right of nations to the seas ; Spain her fearless adventurers ; Ireland her unsubdued patriots : from every shore and climate the brave , the persecuted , and the free . Such laid , with the arm of strength and the seul fired with tbe religion of liberty , and nerved by tfee same with resistance unto death , the foundations of America's opening civilization . I
Of this civilization the religion was thrown into words on the 4 th of July , 1776— "AH men are born , and ef right ought to be , free and equal . " And to this tie of human brotherhood and doctrine of national faith were pledged , by a young people in arms , " life , fortune , and honour . " The political theory and political practice were subsequently consigned in the constitutional law of the states and the United States . These three necessarily component parts of every organieed political system—its religion , its thbokt , and its constituted code of practice , may , as presented in America ' s opening civiiigition , be thus rendered : — ) Binding political principle , or religion—Lots ol country . j
Political theory—Tbe right , ! inherent in every Political Association , and the propriety , inherent in things , of changing at all times the forms of tbe political system , so as to keep pace witbjthe progress of the public mind . I Political practice—Government by a male majority . Now , it is important to distinguish that of these three necessary parts of the whole , one only is sought in truth absolute ; and that the two others , as supplied by truth relative—that is , by tniih shaped and tempered so as to Jit with the erngsneies of temporary circumstance ; these two are consigned to future correction and amendment by the second , i
Wonderfully powerful and ! all appropriate to effect the first objects of the nascentlpopular Association and States' Confederation—namely , the conquest of independence from metropolitan power , and , equally , tbe effectual conquest of the soil from savage nature and savaRe mea ; . perfectly calculated to effect these objects were the American religion and practice as . presented above , i They "weie fitted , and admirably atted , to achieve levolutiw * and establish national strength . And , equally fitted were they also to effect the overthrow of that ' demeialiaing false credit and fraudulent financial system which , after having served the first indispensable j purposes intended , waa good for nought but to aid in the general corruption and enslavement of humanity ! Bat all these objects achieved , tbe American religion and practice , as presented in the opening scheme of tbe fourth civilln-Uod , is found inefficient and defective . To meet the new wants of the epoch , recourse must
be had to tbe beautiful principle involved in the theory —progressive improvement . In keeping with her motto , "Ever onward , " America bar now to give a new reading to her religion , and a new form to her practice . Love of libtity and aim afterXeqvalUv have to mould themselves into love of the species and aim after justice In lien of the vague and very disputable assertion : "All wkw are 6 cm , and ofrightoughi , to be , free cud egualV * she has to proclaim , the self-evident uaral truth : All art Ur *\ uH ( h , imd " 'injustice ' tut / M to ' possess , equal right to
eqwtchanbeV And her mode of practice , in accordance witn tbo A » enO « d declaration of fdltb , a&oiild be snob w Wpreseqt tfco practical illustration or We * $ **» self-evident axiom { To every man , woman , and cftiW oovi Witha * lew to effect the gradual feal )»« on of tbb golden role , herjcifcfc ** b * ve ; to P * " **^^^*' presenting at one and the same time anew code of prmclplea aaregnVSttve of the fatwe , and a compromise of interests atTthe present , In the view of preparingforthe gradual , prudent , and peaceful passage of SMiety into
In al ^ reforms , In every country , the babita and the feeling , no less than the existing ; interesta , of society
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* Called •» the Middle SjsUm cf Teaching Glassies ;" ** eanse it lakes a middle place , among the other ays-¦ Has , embracing thEir advantages , and rejecting their disadvantages , while ^ it codifies and adds .
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Juxy 27 , 1844 . THE * NORTHERN STAR , J ^ " ^^ j ^^__^____^___^_^^_ I _ ¦ _^^^^ M ^^_^^^^_^ J __^_^__^_^__^^ . i ^^^—^— ^^»—^ - —— __ _ ^ , — . _ | _ . ' ! - ¦ mm ¦ I ¦ — ¦ - !¦ ¦ i , 1 ¦ ¦ ^ ' ^ ^ fc ^ M ^ T . ,, — - » i I . —I ll | Ha . - — - ¦¦ — ¦ . - - — - I | g _ I I i i || _ | - _ ^ J £ - jfr , - j - _; f , r ~ I M ~ g— . 1 «^ artTMIffMTMla < fcUL »^ BJ « I ¦ II ~ ¦ im ¦ ii i ¦ ¦ - | - | , m ^ m \
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 27, 1844, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1273/page/3/
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