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""TO THE iMPErUAL CHSftTiSTS. -"
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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""To The Imperual Chsfttists. -"
" "TO THE iMPErUAL CHSftTiSTS . - "
Mx tibt dxab Fbiesbs , —I -wish I could Tvith t 0 Baaaa decency -wish you " a merry Christmas anil slia ppy bcttyear f "but 1 cannot mock you in your DOt ertT j and shall therefore setabout the considers , ion * to iow your condi&eu may be improved . I j ^ liere there is enough of land in England , and e nough- ° f labour to be ^ p lied to thai land ,-which ¦ Ktmli give every husbandman a good cottage and cheerful fireside , -where each family might spend a
i' merry Christmas and a happy new year . " In fact , " jaw no donbt on lie snbject ; and my justification & » rtbe agitating course I hare pursued shall era * be , thai 1 have gone in pnrsuit of a substantial reality , jjjctead of running after the mere shadow of a boon . Prom first io last I hare told yon , that if the land ^ as o ijce locked up , and could be iept from the TrerkiBS classes , although Eegland might have an ex-Josjre patent for manufacturings evervtbing that Tras used ly everybody in . the -whole -world , yet that 1 -sTfuU abandon politica in despair .
j think that is going as far as the most ardent Free Jradcr can desire : and yet could their hope be realised to Ui&l extent , all the trade in the -worli -would not compensate the ¦ working-classes for the loss of that oxtT B ± ' « r jutebui to Trhieh individual-labonr can fee ajf Bed . 3 do not boast of being a " first principle" man ; but , nevertheless , I go very far back in search ofiroth ; and I find thatTerr single law made by man to circumseribe that right to the land -which ¦ ibe Almislnv lias equally conferred "upon all , has had s tendency to eause strife , and HHrill amoncst men ;
to create dissenhon amongst classes ; to increase poverty on the one hand and riches on the other to a dangerous and unbearable extent , I know it is tcit difficult to persuade mechanics , and blocki-riaters , and compositors , painters , and glaziers , and pjch like , that the improTemcnt of the lamt can have lBTthing to do iritli-lto improvement of their condition . For a couple of jears the free . exportation o * maehinerv has led to the employment of mechanics ; tut in this trade we have a striking instance of the result to which complete Free Trade must lead _
Ve had "hands" enough to have supplied the uncle demand for complete machinery , but perhaps loo tardily ; and therefore , as the best advantage frem the new market must arise from the ability of ibe earliest means to supply the demand , we find machinerr almost as generally applied to this deserip-Sc-n of manufacture as to any other . "We find maehi . jiery improTed for manufacturing tools to be worked ~ fcv steam ; and we find mere youths directing this new jnschinery with an almost incredible exactitude . Here , then , " a new channel , " as the political economist * would say , was open to labour , and in a drreciien wlich , if their calculations were true , must
xeeessarDy lead to such a competition for the labour of mechanics as -would make them masters of their own labour market . Machinery was of all others a commodity , in procuring wiich the foreigner ¦ srould be lavish and extravagant . The first cost of a niece of good machinery is to the manufacturer just Vhit the prime cost of a good cow is to the dairyman , or a first-rate hunter to the sportsman . In fact it is matter of compaxaiiTE insignificance ; and I venture to assert that a free trade in machinery , had not EschinerT been made by machinery , -srould have raised the rate of mechanics wages to a fancy price : SEd ^ U 5 t } v .
Tie value ot anj ~ thing , Is just exactly what it'll bring . In such-traffic , indeed , we have a perfect illustration cf the reciprocal advantages of " buying in the cheapest and selling in the dearest market / ' We . sod then that this new channel being opened , has led , in many cases , to tie substitution of the labour of cue youth tot that of twentymen , and to the employment of apprentices instead of journeymen , for whose trade and education a large premium had been paid ,
as well as seven years spent in learning the craft . "Fell now , who , thirtyjears ago , would have believed that machinery would make machinery ? and who , in the year 1817 , when the the poor Hand-loom "leavers were destroying the great enemy against whose assaults the Government wonld not protect them , wouldiave believed that in 1344 the mechanics would have discovered that they had been creating a vast competitive power , capable of rendering their labour a surplus and a drag in the market ?
> ow I take this craft as an illustration of the value of the land , aswell as of the difficulty of getting such trades to bend their minds to the consideration of the subject . I take mechanics , beeause they are perhaps the best instructed trade ; while as a body , they are beyond all comparison the most self-relying , self-confident , and = elf-= umcient : in fact the proudest , the most intolerant , and the verv worst politicians . I
speak oi them as a body : ol course there are some hcnoaraHe exceptions ; but being a very important body , and holding a great sway among trades , and the co-operation of the trades being almost indispensable to the success of democratic principles , I have elected that trade to establish the faet that a very great difficulty existed in bringing the mind of the ¦ frorkiES classes to bear upon the landed question .
I have ever pursued tie very same course with respt-ci to-social improvement that 3 have pursued as refard ~ political improvement . I have not vexed my niafl , or troubled your thoughts with farmer ' s outsfust * ; such as fixity of tenure , compensation for outlay , or as to whether landlords or tenants—in many eases , the tenants more independent than the landlords—sha 2 -maVf the repaired improvements . I iave not contended for feeding the labourer upon pheasants , partridges , quails , and hares , in preference to beef , and mutton , and pork , and bread , and
batter , and cheese , and milk , and vegetables of his vwa growth and production . My consideration has been , as to the best means of procuring the land , according to the eicelleni principle laid down in the cookery books : prt caXch your Tiare , and then dress h as you like . So I say of the land : first get " land , and then cultivate it as you like . The fixity of lEEUre question , the drainage question , compensation question , and agricultural &ows , are all matters with which neither you nor I have anything whatever to do . 2 Cothing under heaven . The question K lie Game Laws J 3 a grievance merelv matched
up by the Free Traders to annoy landed proprietors : no person can more thoroughly condemn the Game Laws , root and branch , than myself . 2 vopaper lias gone farther to expose their inJMtice and immorality than the Northern Star ; and yet 3 never would originate , or join in any one-sided igitation , intended as a fresh crutch for the limping League . We have two -great questions before usthe means and the end : the achievement of political power as the means , and the attainment of the land as the end . In deference to some enthusiasm , partial ismDranee . and not a little cnnnin ? . coming from
cur rren ranks , 1 was compelled to place the land Gnestion for a time in abeyance , rather than famish lie growlers with any , the slightest , pretext for vituperation . 1 sowed the seed in good soil , and watered it with the fertilizing influence of reason ; and , thai . It fell in a good soil , is abundantly proved bj the continuous communications poured in from all parts of the country on the subject , all evincing the strongest
oesireto see the question incessantly agitated and kepi before the public mind . In compliance then ¦ fcTth that demand , which has now become so general , 1 -shall shortly resume the subject of the land : contending this letter by an endeavour to impress on the laixti of my readers the means , the only means by which the working classes can be insured a Merry Christmas and . Happv ^ iew Tear .
The year 1839 was theyear of middle-classjugglery acd working-class enthusiasm : 1840 was the year of ^ g treachery and persecution : 1841 was die year oi Chartist triumph ova- Wing rillany : 1842 was ^ e year ever-demorable for legal triumphs over ^ inism and Toryism : 1843 was the year of sknnber ; 1844 the year of waking and thought : ixt 3 fc 45 be the teas op XESisTKiiiox . A general lection must , in the natural course of things , come | tot soon after that year . Lit us be pbxpjlbed tob | ^ - It is the way to iring the land back ; to bring I -Tost , " rfilliams , Jones , and "FTI ™ back ; to bring a
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Merry Christmas and a Happy New Tear back ; in short , to bring us back to the good old times . While 3 have always joined in the just appeal for the restoration of Frost , Williams , Jones , and Ellis , I have never been weak enough to lead you to the hope that they-would return until you yourselves brought them back . . They are there ; and there they'll remain until the Charter brings them back ; or , at all events , until we get twenty Chartists into the House of Commons ; and then I dosaythatwith the power that body would receive from without , your prayers for their returns must an d would be granted . I have always found fault with the League for going to work without the neeeasarv tools : and I tell vou now , that if you are
as sincere as I believe you to be in your desire for the return of Frost , "Williams , Jones , and Ellis , the only possible way that you can -achieve that object , is by getting twenty Chartist members into the House of Commons , who wiD sit -with the Speaker and rise with the House , incesBantly dinning their names , together with the Charter and the Land , into the lug of the nation . Let us then , —and mind , I dont ask you to distinguish 1845 by increased supplies , although heaven knows -we ¦ want ^^ em , and ought to have them too ; Vfff * Tj ^* a | l 6 Jou 7 ^ 7 % ur enemies are in . venting new machinery every day , to set about the manufacture of that machinery , which will produce health , wealth , peace , prosperity , and happiness—THE VOTE .
I highly approve of letting your enemies see that , in good trade and bad trade , you are not forgetful of the exiles : but 1 would rather see your minds directed to the accomplishment of means to effect their restoration ; and as I know that I have the unanimous concurrence of the Executive with me on this subject , 1 close the old year by imploring you in each and every locality to devote your whole , your un tiring , your incessant consideration to the registration of Chartist voters during the vear 1845 . What
a jubilee we shall have—what rejoicing will fill the land , if upon the next struggle we can secure the return of from ^ twenty to thirty Duncombeites Then indeed may Labour begin to hold up its head ; and then may we proudly point to our band of patriots and say , behold the miniatnre of that power , the exexmence of which you have so long denied , but to the omnipotence of which you must now lend a pliant ear , and . to whose every demand your answer henceforth must be , Yea , instead of nay . This is the best Christmas-box that 1 can offer vou at the close of the
waking year . I am , your fond and affectionate Friend , And faithful and unpaid Servant , FSAHGTTS O'CojfXOR
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FRANCE . Tke Accidest os Tin : Versailles Railwat . —The accident which happened on the Versailles railroad ( ieft bank ) , on the 21 st July last , having been made die- ground of a p rosecution before the Correctional Tribunal of Versailles , it -was brought to trial on TVed-Desday . The parties accused were 3 L Petiet , the chief engineer of the railroad ; and Schoor and Dufresne , engineers . The court was extremely crowded on both days ; and on the second day the pressure occasioned " so much disturbance , that the President ¦ was obliged to call in a picket of gendarmes to restore and keep order . All the persoss injured by the
accident were present , except the unfortuuate eondueteur , Dry , who , on his name being called , was announced to be dead , from the new accident which occurred on the same railroad on Monday last . Another eondueteur , who had his jaw broken , appeared with his face in bandages , and excited great interest and commiseration . Al . Petiet was charged with not having given sufficient notice of sending off an extra train after eight o'clock at night , it being the fete at Meudon , and from which neglect the accident arose . Dufresne ¦ was accused of having moved with his engine at an
excessive degree of speed , and therebv contributed to the disastrous consequences ; and Schoor of having neglected to obey in < lue time the signals made of there being an obstruction on the road , and continued the rapidity of the motion of the engine till it was too late to prevent it from coming in contact with the other train . After bearing the witnesses , who were numerous , the pleadings of M . Rabou , the Procureur du Roi , in support of the prosecution , and the counsel for the prisoners , the court retire d to deliberate upon its judgment- On its retnm the President pronounced the acquittal of Dufresne / bnt declared M .
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Petiet and Schoor guilty ; imposing upon the first . a fine of lOOf . and . twent y days' imprisonment , and trj ) on the second a- fine of 16 f . and fifteen days' imprisonment . Vnv&s is Pahib . —The ComtituHonnel contains a letter from a M . Paul de L- — , an employe at the prefecture of the Seine , which says : — " On Wednesday night , about two o ' clock , I was attacked at the comer of the Rue de Bretagne "by two men , one of whom seized me by the cravat , which he pulled tight , as if to strangle me , but the violent stab of a poinard which I gave Mm in the breast made him let go his hold—he staggered , and fell against the wall . The other then seized me round the body , and would have squeezed me to death liad not a noise been heard ,
which I have since learned proceeded from a butcher ' s opening his shop . On hearing it the assailant at once fled . I have lodged a complaint of this attack with the commissary of my quarter ;" Poiso > tsg . —The Court of Assizes of the Basses-Alpes , was occupied on the 9 th : and 10 th of December with the trial of a woman nained Audifiret , for poisoning her husband on February 1 st at Cardaimne . The deceased -was a farmer living unhappily with his wife , who at length took him off by poison . The proof of the crime turned principally on the evidence of Pierre Donnaud , the curfe ofthe parish , who declared that the deceased had stated to him on . the evening of his death , with full details , the mode in which the prisoner had given him the poison . The witness liad gone to administer to the deceased the consolations of religion , andit was shortly afterwards that he thought he should not be performing his dutv
to society unless he made a declaration of what the deceased had confided to him . After this witness ' s evidence , it was proved by medical men that the body ( when disinterred and tested by Marsh ' s apparatus ) was found to contain a considerable quantity of arsenic . The jury returned a verdict of GuUtv , with extenuating circumstances , and the court condemned the prisoner to sixteen years' hard labour and exposure on the pillory . _ Opening of the Chambers . —Paris , Thursdat . — This day the French Chambers were opened with the usual ceremonies . At one o ' clock his Majesty left the Tuileries , and upon arriving at the Chamber of Deputies ascended the Throne , accompanied by their Royal Highnesses Due de Nemours , Prince de Joinville , Due d'Aumale , and Due de Montpensier . The Qneen and Princesses occupied their usual places . The speech was a particularly dull and common-place affair . We subjoin the following extracts : —
At the close of last session , complications , which might have become grave , w * re the objects of my solicitude . The necessity of securing our possessions in Africa against hostile and repeated incursions obliged its to carry war into the empire of Morocco . Our brave armies of land and sea , worthily commanded , attained with glory , and in a short tim % the object marked out to fiieir valour . Peace promptly followed victory , and Algiers , where three of my sons had this year the honour to serre their country , has recorded a double pledge of security , for we hare proved at once our power and our moderation . My Government was engaged with that of the Queen of Great Britain in discussions which might have given reason to fear that the relations of the two States might have been affected ; a mutual spirit of jroodwin and eqnitv has maintained between France and
England this happy accord which guarantees the peace of the world . During the visit which I paid to the Queen of Great Britain to testify to her the price that I attach to the amity -which unites us , and to that reciprocal friendship of which she has given me so many marks , 1 hav » been surrounded by manifestations the most satisfactory for France and for myself . I have gathered in the sentiments thai have been expressed to me additional guarantees for the long duration of that generous peace which assures to our country abroad a dignified and strong position , and at home an eternally increasing prosperity , with the enjoyment of her constitutional liberties . Financial laws will be immediately presented to you . Projects of laws for the amelioration of our roads , of our ports , and of our internal navigation , for the completion of our railways , and for different objects of general utility , will be equally submitted to vour deliberations .
SPAIN . The Sox 3 op Zvrbajco . —A curious tact is mentioned in a letter from Vittoria ofthe 16 th . Amongst the grounds assigned by the partisans ofthe Spanish Ministry for the execution oi the two sons of Zurbano , it was stated that they had addressed letters to various wealthy persons demanding money , and threatening death in the event of a refusal . * Three innkeepers of the environs of Salvatierra have been arrested on various charges of robbery in the province oi Alava , and it appears , from what has already transpired , that they were the authors of the letters bearing the forged signatures of the two Zurbanos . This is another strong illustration of the atrocity of executing any man without-trial . —Galignani ' s -Vc < - tenner .
Madrid , Dec . ] S . —The Government having received information that the Spanish refugees in Portugal had conceived a serious idea of attempting an entry into Spain by Galicia , Si . Gonzalcs Bravo has been sent on in all haste to his post as ambassador at Lisbon , reckoning with confidence on his energy to defeat any such intended movement . Orders have also been given to keep the strictest -watch on the Portuguese frontier . Beatii of tite celebrated El Pastor . —A letter from Vittoria announces the recent death in that town of General Jaureguv ( El Pastor ) . After Mina
and the Empecinado , El Pastor was the most celebrated amongst the guerilla chiefs who , by the incredible and almost fabulous adventures , were made , even in their lifetime , the heroes of romance and melodrama . Jaureguv particularly distinguished himself durintr the wars in the Basque province ? , from the death " of Ferdinand VII ., in 1833 , till the 31 st August , lft-39 , the date of the convention of Bergara . He was , like Mina , Merino , and Zurbano ,. one of those men of iron , who have little need of either sleep or food , and with a cigarette in their mouths , and a draught of water from the torrents , march twenty leagues a-day with a musket on their shoulders .
HOLLAND . Destrtctive Fire . —Amsterdam , Dec . 19 . —Last night a destructive fire broke out on the premises of Messrs . De Vries , Robbe , and Beeke , extensive blacking and ink makers , on the Rustenburgerpad , in the parish of Nieuwer Amstel , in this city . On account of the inflammable nature of the goods , the flames spread with frightful rapidity . Two of the city engines were soon on the spot , but no water could be procured for a long time , in consequence of the difficulty of breaking through the ice , a hard frost having again set in . All hopes of saving the building were soon at an end , and the efforts of the firemen were directed towards the adjacent houses , particularly to the residence of the Roman Catholic clergyman , which caught fire more than once . Luckily the wind , which during an hour or two had
been very high , became gradually subdued , and the further progress ofthe fire was arrested . Only a small [> ortion ofthe goods were saved . Another serious oss has befallen , in the same district , a number of poor people , who , during the prevalence of the frost , are in the habit of bringing quantities of turf over the various canals , &c , in sledges to the city , where they sell them at a small profit . The other night not " less than one hundred and fifty sledges were stationed on the ice on the outer Amstel . The weight of these conveyances , which ; were loaded with turf and other articles for firing , caused the ice ( which was not so strong as it had been during the few preceding days ) to give way , and forty-seven sledges , with their contents , were sunk .
. PRUSSIA . Execution of Tschech . —A correspondent of the Journal dt Franrfort writes-on the 14 tb inst . from Berlin : — " To the great surprise ofthe whole capital there was found this morning posted up at all the corners of the streets an announcement by the criminal tribunal that the ex-burgomaster Tschech , condemned to death for having attempted to assassinate the King , was executed this morning at Spandau . The judgment , -which condemned him to be drawn on a hurdle and broken on the wheel , had been commuted by his majesty ' s elemenev into simple decapitation . Never , in modern times , has any execution taken place with so little publicity . Under the present reign , no such executions takeplace in Berlin ; but for these purposes
a spot is chosen near the fortress of Spandau which is two miles from the capital . Yesterday afternoon two squadrons of the dragoons ofthe guard , on duty within the city , received orders to be ready to turn out at an unusually early hour this morning . One of these sgnadrons was posted near the Brandenburgh-gate , on the high road leading from Charlottenburg to Spandau ; the other w . - 'ited behind Charlottenburg for the carriages with thv criminal , to escort it to the fortress . The Governor of Spandau did not receive notice of the intended execution till last evening . In a case like this the concourse of spectators , which on
such occasions is always great , would have been immense if previously made known ; but . those present this morning were very few . Even the . inhamtants of Charlottenburg did not hear of it till after the return of the escort of the delinquent and the officers of justice , who fiHed four carriages . Last "J& ht the chaplain of the prison paid his last visit to Tschech , who , as we learn from those who were in constant attendance upon him till the last moment , relied upon being pardoned , and when the warrant was read to him he complained of having been deceived -with false hopes . Nevertheless , he ascended with great courage the mound on which he was to receive the
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fatal stroke . His last thoughts and words were devoted to . the memory ; of his wife , who had been dead several years , and to his only daughter , nineteen years , of age , whom lie has left behind him . Froni the tun - p of the arrest of her father , she has been in MP . a hands . One report is , that she was pemitted- ^ t night to take leave of her father ; but other account state that , up to the present moment , sheisJ : ^ . ^ nignQranqe , not only of his ezeciitioc . but even ^ f his condemnatioa . " The ignirnal cU $ Debate publishes the following vereio ^ . o tthe , execution , which , it will be seen , differs materiall y from the above account - . —From a private correspondent , dated Berlin , 14 th inst . : — " Last evening the President of the Criminal
Chamber oJ ~ t he Tribunal of the First Instance , M . de Ivleisi ^ troceeded to the prison in which Tschech was confined , accompanied by the Baron Von Alvensleben , Assessor ofthe Chamber , and the Pastor Buttman , and announced to him that his execution was fixed for this morning . Tsehech listened to the communication with the most perfect coolness , and replied in a low tone of voice , ' Very well I very well ! ' MM Kliest and Alvenslebeh then withdrew , and Tschcch remained alone with the clergyman , who never , quitted him until after the execution . He desired to see his daughter , which reouest was rnmnlierl
with . The unfortunate voung woman did not wish to quit her father , but the fatal moment having arrived , Tschech coolly said to her , ' "We shall see each ^ thtHfea gaui Bertha . ' At four o ' clock this morning TschVch was conducted by a detachment of infantry and gendarmes to the fortress of Spandau . During the journey he tranquilly smoked his cigar . The execution took place before daylight , at half-past seven o'clock , in presence of a few hundred persons only . Tschech mounted the scaffold with firmness . He undressed 'himself , and would not suffer the executioner ' s assistants to touch him . He then laid his head on the block . "
SWITZERLAND . The Constitutionnel has the following remarks on the present state of affairs in Switzerland : — " The accounts we receive from Switzerland confirm us more and more in the opinion that the events which are transpiring at Lucerne are but the prelude of a crisis which wjill , perhaps , place the actual constitution of Switzerland in danger . In spite of their sanguinary triumph , the partisans of the Jesuits are far from being assured * The Government of Lucerne
appear to be fearful of the effect that a victory purchased so dearly , and in such a cause , cannot fail to produce throughout all Switzerland . There is no canton but may fear to see scenes enacted within it similar to those of Lucerne and the Valais . We have , however , good hope . The attitude assumed by si part of the population , and even by the Catholic clergy of Lucerne , proves that it is not a question as between Catholics and Protestants , but a question of liberty , which will rally round it every independent and enlightened mind . "
"Down tvitii the Jesuits . "—Jesuitism is Switzerland . —A meeting of 2 , 500 electors of the Canton of Berne was held in that town on the 15 th \ to take into consideration the means of preventing the spread of Jesuitism . Resolutions expressing confidence in the government of Berne , and inviting it to place itself at the head of the liberal movement , were passed unanimously , amid loud cries of "Down with the Jesuits , ! " Deputations from Argau and 'Soleur attended , and took part in the resolutions of the assembly .
RUSSIA . Conspiracy Discovered . *—The Breslaiu azttte contains a letter from the frontiers of Poland , dated the 6 th , which says : — "The Russian commission , established at Peysern , on the Prussian frontier , has , it is said , discovered a new conspiracy amongst the higher orders of the Russian nobility , the ramifications of which extend to the Caucasus . ' . Arrests have been made in great numbers , particularly amongst the public functionaries , who are accused of too much indulgence . Several persons , with whom forbidden publications were found , have been thrown into irons , and several of them have been brought to Pevsern . "
MOROCCO . GnmAi / TAR , Dec . 14 . —Events in Morocco are rapidly progressing towards a crisis , and perhaps ere now that country is the scene of all the horrors of a civil war . The people of the province of Angera had , a short time since , materially injured or eflaced some of the land-marks of the lines of Ceuta , placed there before the ratification of the treaty between Morocco and Spain . For the purpose of preventing the continuance of such practices , and of reinstating in authority the Sh » ik Kanj aa , the Lieutenant Governor of Tangier sent Re Raid with 100 cavalry into the district . These troops having been found inadequate to restore tranquillity , have been obliged to
retire , and the people declare that they will neither recognise the Kanjaa for Sheik nor accept as governor Cid-Booselham-Ben-Aly , whom the Emperor had appointed over that province . Many of the neighbouring tribes have a ) so declared their intention of making common cause with the revolters ; and in the province of Riffe , which immediately joins Angera (¦ where the tribes are most warlike and independent ) , it is now almost certain that Abd-el-Kaderhas found an asylum , and that he is at present there , instigating by the great influence he possesses—an influence even paramount to the Emperor ' s—these disaffected tribes to break out into open rebellion . We fear that we must shortly look for events of a most stirring nature in that country .
CORSICA , Ajaccio , Dec . 14 . —It is with regret that I inform you that crimes of the most horrible nature are daily increasing in the island , and that unless the government adopt , and that speedily , strong and efficacious measures , all the peaceable inhabitants will be compelled to emigrate to foreign countries , The following singular affair has created so much sensation :- A person named FranffOis Bastianese , attached to the Bureau de Same , only thirty years of age , was accused with —first , setting fire to the house of hi ? uncle and destroying all his property ; secondly , with endeavouring to murder lus uncle by firing at him on the hi g h road ; thirdly , with having assassinated his cousin and his mistress ; and , lastly , with attempting to murder the gensdarme sent to arrest him .
Notwithstanding all the eflbrts to arrest him , Bastianese succeeded , not only in escaping to Sardinia , but carrying with him a large sum of money . The French authorities , enraged at the escape of the bandit , used every effort to get hold of him , and having learnt from one of their spies . that the murderer , on a given day , intended visiting Leghorn , application was made to the Sardinian police to arrest him . Bastianese , informed of the danger ho ran , had the courage to quit Sardinia , on board the steamer Gulnari , arid returned to Ajaccio with a fake passport . By some means or other our authorities soon learnt that the culprit was in Corsica , and a formal application was nmde to the captain of the Gulnari to deliver him up . The captain at first refused , and only consented on being threatened to fire on him from the citadel . The murderer is now
safely lodged in prison , and will shortly be brought to trial .
TURKEY . Constantinople , Dec . 4 . —The reported arrival of Dr . Wolff , at Teheran , is confirmed . Her Majesty ' s steamer Devastation , with Sir Stratford Canning , returned to this city on the 28 th ult ., having been kept back by foul winds and very severe weather . The difference between the British embassy and the Porte , on the subject of events pf recent occurrence at Trebisonde , have not yet been brought to a close . The Porte has still to receive from Abdullah Pacha explanations , without which the matter cannot be discussed on a fair footing .
WEST INDIES . Southampton , Dec 22 . —The Thames , Royal Mail steam-ship , Lieut . P . Hast , R . N ., commander , arrived this day , at ten o ' clock a . m ., bringing the usual mails . The Thames encountered very strong head winds nearly the whole of the voyage , particularly at the entrance of the Channel . There were but very few vessels beating about in the chops of the Channel . The whole ofthe West India Islands were generally in a veiy healthy state . The Governors of the Trinidad and the Windward Islands were about to proceed to Jamaica , to consult with Lord Elgin on the expediency of forming a penal settlement for the West India colonies . There is every prospect of
good crops throughout the islands generally . The weather has not been so propitious for many years . The House _ of Assembly was sitting at Jamaica , but no particular business was being transacted . A bill had been introduced to prevent trespass on properties , which was read a third time , and ordered to be engrossed . And another , for the summary punishment of petty larcenies , had gone into committee and passed . The Lazaretto Bill , for the establishment of a lazaretto for the islands , bad also been introduced , and , after some little discussion as to whether it should be a floating one or not , it was ultimately passed on the understanding that it should be on shore .
PERU . Arica . —Bombardment of thb Governor's House by a British Man of War . —Liverpool , Tuesday Night . —A vessel from South America , bound to Liverpool , has put into the Cove of Cork , where she is detained by the prevailing easterly winds . Letters have been forwarded on to the owners here , representing that an outrage had been committed on the
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British Consul resident at Arica , I and that the authorities of the town were the parties ; the outrage is mentioned as being of the grossest description . The British squadron ' engaged in the blockade of Islay had information ofthe outrage communicated by Mr . Wilson , the insulted consul , and her Majesty ' s ship Talbot was immediately despatched to Arica . It is said that water was refused this vessel . Our Peruvian Minister , Mr . Adams , happened to be on board the Talbot , and considered the circumstances ofthe case so flagrant as to demand an immediate apology , which was required in the name
ofthe British Government by the commander of the Talbot . The apology being refused , the Talbot opened fire on the Governor ' s residence ; several shells Were thrown in , and this was represented as being only a beginning , and that the ; town would be bombarded , 'ibis prompt mode of 'dealing brought the authorities to better behavioiir-f-an ample apology was given , and tranquillity at onice restored . It is not mentioned whether any persons were killed by the shells thrown from the Talbot . ( All the English residents at Arica were well looked after , and taken on board previous to opening fire ; biit when matters were settled they went on shore airain .
UNITED STATES / The Labour Movement . " — Mike Walsh's Spekch at THE Boston Working-men ' s Contention . —In a late number of this paper there appeared a copy of the address agreed to by the New England Delegates in Convention assembled . It was at one of the sittings of that body that the following speech was delivered : —Mr . President , and fellow working-men—To a man who feels for the misery and oppression of liis suffering fellow beings , the present scene is peculiarly gratifying and cheering—it is worthy of tlitgreat and glorious scenes which in ftinies that tried men ' s souls , transpired within these sacred walk . What a glorious sight is here exhibited ! Thousands of the honest care-worn sons of toil , ! who , until vciv
recently , seemed to feel and act as though they had no rights beyond that of barking like dogs for their masters , now assemble in the majesty and dignity of human nature for the worthy , noble , and sublime purpose of devising some efficient nieans , by which they may be freed from the oppressive and degrading tyranny of capital—the ingenious but humiliating and debasing slavery of wages ! I ( Loud cheers . ) When we take into consideration the unparalleled excitement which is now so universal throughout the whole length and breadth of our country—when we look at the stupendous efforts which ; are making by the selfish and corrupt hordes of mercenary knave ' s in both parties , with the base and cohtemotible view of aggrandizing themselves , at the jsaerihee of our beat interests—when we reflect upon the countless sums wliich they are pouring out like water—the one party to obtain , and the other to retain , the spoils
and fat offices , which offer such a powerful incentive to their patriotic and di $ mtere * ted exertions , we certainly cannot but regard the vast concourse of brave and determined spirits here congregated to assert the great truth—that henceforth men are , and must be , Free and equal in something more tangible than name , as the dawn of a great and regenerating revolution , which is destined , if vigorously followed up , to redeem and elevate the industrious producer ifrom the odious and oppressive tyranny of capital . ( Cheers . ) How is it that in a country like ours , wliere every man ' s vote counts one—where the poor labourer has the same voice in making the laws by which he is governed as the rich and lazy nabob ivho is realizing a fortune from the toil ofthe working-classes , —government should almost invariably be converted into an engine of oppression against them ? How does it come that legislators , who are indebted solely to our exertions for their unmerited elevation to stations
tohich they disgrace , so frequently use I the influence of their positions as an engine of oppression against us ' . It is | becauge we are not true to ourselves . ( Cheers . ) Some of the gentlemen who preceded me stated that the sole cause of degradation and oppression of the working-men , was their entire ignorance of their own true interest . What a shallow fallacy—what a fatal error ! The ^ present depressed and ' { deplorable condition of the producing classes is the result of their own heartless selfishness . ( Sensatiori . ) If you have twenty or thirty offices at your ] disposal , ami promise each of them to a hundrecl diflerent individual , you can obtain the vigilantj co-operation of two or three thousand working-men ; ( although there are a hundred chances to one against each of them ) and that much sooner than if the object proposed to them were the regeneration of the world . And why
is this ? Is it the fault of the men altogether < No . It is owing as much to the state of ' society in which they are cast , as it is to their organisation . When a man's necessities . are immediate , pressing and pim-hing , he requires an immediate reward foi- his service * ( Cheers . ) Few , indeed , are the men who can maintain their independence , or resist the fascinating influences of a bribe , when they go home , if home they have , to look upon the haggard countenance ot' ii beloved and starving wife , and hear [ the piteous eric .-of their'half famished offspring for ^ hat bread whidi they are unable to honestly and honourably obtain . This is the reason it has always been so difficult to combine working-men upon any measure , however certain its ultimate benefits might be , which threatened to consume any length of time in accomplishing . We have alwavs been the tools with which evcrv oilin
class have worked out their own selfish ends . Every revolution which has taken place j throughout the earth , has been effected tlirougn our I services and sucrinces , and yet we have been totally excluded from the benefits of each change . Is it ; " not , then , high time that we should commence a practical revolution upon our own account ? Is it ubt an imperative duty which we owe ourselves , our families , and our fellow men , to come up boldly to the -work , and endeavour to extricate ourselves from the oppressive and exorbitant extortions of capital ? Look at the overwhelming increase of machinery : See the fearful , frightful rapiditv with which it is superseding human labour ! Look at the ! very ingenuity of the poor man converted by the rich' capitalist into a powerful means of starvation against his unfortunate
associates . Thousands of labour-saying machines are almost yearly invented to choke tlie poor man from his employment , but not one has ever yet been devised to put bread in his mouth . ( Tremendous cheering . ) It every man had his share of the soil , there could be no such thing as over-production in any branch of human industry . Machinery , which is now made one of the greatest evils with which we are cursed , would then be our greatest blessing . Instead of bringing miserv and hunger to our unemployed labourers and mechanics as now , it { would bring ease , comfort , and leisure for intellectual improvement . The policy of the idle , plundering drones , who fatten on sweat and blood , and who wring fortunes from our sighs , sufferings , and premature death , has long been to increase the hours of labour to such a shameful and
barbarous extent , as to compel us ; to take from our factories , alias slaughter-houses , to our beds . This prevents us from impudently prying into public affairs , and also makes quiet and orderly : citizens of us . ( Cheers . ) But they allege thatiwe ought to be happier than they are—and why ? ( Because we sleep sound , and they might very truly add—wake remarkably stiff in the morning . ( Loud laughter and cheers . ) Much as these chaps love sound sleep ' , I never knew one of them who would carry a hod full of mortar all day to enjoy the pleating recreation even for a single night . ( Laughter and applause . ) As an offset to our ceaseless and uncompensated toil , these -fellows talk about the care and anxiety which they experience in thinking about their notes and payments . They would find some difference , I apprehend , between the anxiety
of paying a note or two out of a portion of their surplus funds , and the solicitude whi ^ h the poor man not unfrequentJy experiences in regard to the source from which he may obtain his next meal . And as to their banks , there is not a > man ini this Convention who would not gladly take all there are in Boston—I'll take half myself . ( Laughtei \> - " Show me the man , " exclaims one of thoBe gentry , " whosehammer can be heard from the first crowr of the cock in the morning until twelve at night , and I'll show you a man who'll get along . " Now this is all very nice from a fellow who never handled a hammer in his life , and who could not | be beat with a club to a single hard day ' s work . ] ( Laughter and applause . ) I can grant that a man who will , slave
himself to death—who will work iourjor five hours more than the regular time , each day , and can get enough to keep him going steady , may by this beggarly means advance his own individual pecuniary interest , so long as he forms an exception to the general rule ; but let every man follow his example , and lie will get less for his sixteen hours labour than he previously received for four . Labour is a commodity ; and its value is regulated like that of any ( other , by the demand which the market affords . We have now commenced a great and glorious movement in behalf of suffering humanity , and for God's sake beware how
you suffer it to be desecrated and prostituted by designihgjlishonest demagogues and political vultures , who are solely actuated in joiningiany body of men by the selfish and-despicable desire of aggrandizing themselves by its pollution and destruction , ( Cheers . ) Have nothing to do with them . They will praise and glorify yon with honied phrases before election , and look down Upon you with as much 'affected contempt as though you were dogs ( after it ' s once over . ) They willeall you the bone and sinew , and will work you on their contracts until the light of ! a candle can be seen through your starved and collapsed carcasses . These craT n dogs always wait till after men have
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brought a movement or principle into popularity t \ defiance of their opfosition , before they darcthink . o £ subscribing to it . We have to go as pioneers into the social and political wilderness , # ut down *! .- . trees—? dig up the deep rooted stumps , ploughthe ground , sow the seed , andreap the harvest , ir&r ^ ai i 3 n these political freebooters come in and stealthe whole proceeds of our labour . ( Loud and longwniSnuedcheOTng . ) There are hundreds of men present from tne different towns ana viflages of New England , . oil of whom agree upon one point ; and that one point is , that the present system , of societis in theorand wrong in practice .
y wrong y All the ' speakers unite on this , but none hare attempted to point out even the shadow of a remedy . This I shall now do ; and the measure which I am about to submit to this Convention immeasurably transcends in all-engrossing importance any measure which has ever been agitated in the soci . il or politicalworld . I propose to give every man , who is willing to work , a sufficient portion of the ^ vast dornain , known as the " public lands , " to sustain himseit ' and family in comfort and independence . These landsare held in trust by the general Government for us ; and unless the shameless speculation , and peculation , too , by which they are fast falling into the hands of unprincipled and unfeeling capitalists , be speedily
checked , and all further traffic in them prevented * - we shall be deprived for ever of the only nieans by which the producing classes can now be saved from lasting rum and irreclaimable debasement . Yes : some immediate action must be taken to wake the public lands free to actual settlers . This , aud this only , will prevent the working classes of this country from becoming as servile , as abject . as degraded , ana as helpless in their condition as the serfs of Europe . ( Great applause . ) After enlarging considerably upon the land question , he advocated as an immediate measure a uniform reduction of the hours of labour throughout the whole Union , and closed amidst the
most deafening applause . Infamous Tyranny in Rhode Island . —The Persecuted Dorr . —The infamous oppressors of Rhode Island deny to Mr . Dorr even the aid of rounsel ! It is well known that they interdict his friends from seeing him , although in the presence of others ; that they do not permit him to read the letters or newspapers addressed to him ; but one could hardly have imagined that they would carry their tyranny to such an extent as to forbid him the means of a further triaL He Wishes to Jtest the decision against him in the liigher courts ; but his counsel are denied access to him . Here is their own statement : —
The undersigned ( and also the late Hon . Samuel T . itwell , recently deceased ) have acted throughout as counsel for Mr . Dorr , and at his special request and retainer , and have stood to him in the relation of confidential advisers and friends up to the period of his commitment tothe State prison , at the door of which one of the undersigned took leave of him on the 27 tb of June last . Since that time we have used every exertion to obtain from the inspectors aiid from the Legislature admission to consult with him respecting the further trial of his case in a higher court , but in vain . We have becu denied our privilege and his right of consultation . We know not his final views . We have no instruction whether to proceed
further or not , or what additional counsel he would desire us to employ . The responsibility of tliis refusal of his just right to proceed to a higher tribunal , rests not with us , bmt with those who have seen fit to debar the prisoner from , communication with his counsel ; in which capacity we still stand and intend to remain with unabated devotion ,, until we have information from our client that our services are dispensed with ; and we take this opportunity of saying to the friends of Mr . Dorr , in or out of the State ,, that any attempt to take his case out of our hands , by whomsoever made , and of whatever political party they may be ( either-as employers or counsel ) , or by whatever motives actuated , is wholly unauthorised by Mr . Dorr .
We stand ready to do for Mr . Dorr , both as counsel and friends , all that we know he desires us to do , and all that we can do , faithfully to the last . Of one thing We aTe certain , from our conversation with our client before his imprisonment ,: that he has never asked the aid , in th& management of his case , of any one who is not found un . equivocally acting in the Democratic ranks ofthe state or country ; to whose principles and rights our client has devoted himself without reservation of anything which the world holds valuable . Walter S . Buhges , November 25 , 1844 . Geoege Turner .
Commemoration of the Pousn Revolution rs New York . —We take the following from the New York Express , of November 30 th : —The seiui-eircular room of the Stuyvesant Institute was filled last night with a large audience , met to celebrate the late though we trust not the last , glorious effort of the I'oles to throw off the yoke of Russia . Mingled witb the audience , were not only many ladies of European bii-th , but hosts of our own countrywomen , who seemed to partake of the enthusiasm for Poland , excited . by the recent visit of her oppressor to that country of Europe which boasts itself the freest in the world . Over the tribune drooped the tri-colour of France , the American ensign , the Polar star of Scandinavia , and the banner of Poland , with the crowned eagle and the white horse of Lithuania , which once . moved in triumph before Vienna , when the successor of the Roman Csesars was unable to
protect either his honour or his throne . With the IMes were gathered together exiles from half of thecountries oi Europe ; the dark Spaniard , the Italian ' Oarbonaro , and the fair-haired Dane and German ,, among whom was one whose name , illustrious in Europe , is always honoured here ; we refer to Harca Ilaring , the patriot , the poet , and , unfortunately , the exile . After the officers and managers of this commemoration had taken their places upon the platform , I one ^ of the wild , half-oriental marches , by-Polish valour . made so glorious , was played by the orchestra , which was concealed by the drapery of the banners , of which we have already spoken . At the termination of this music , a letter was read from the Hon . Albert Gallatin , excusing himself on account of his age and the inclemency ot the weather , from .
presiding over the meeting . The letter was read by Theod . Sedgwick , who addressed the audience , speaking of the fact that this country was now tlic only refuge of those whose country had contributed her quota of blood to the establishment of our own independence . While touching upon this subject , reference was made to the recent developments in relation to the English post-office , brought about by the Italian , exile Mazzini , who had suffered undei * its espionage , Mr . Sedgwick having concluded , introduced to the meeting Mr . Kalussowski , who spoke for a short time in his native Sclavonic . Of this address we can but say that it was most enthusiastically received by the audience . An address was next made
by Mr . Stalltnecht , as the representative of the Scandinaviau Society , in this city , assuring the Poles of their deep sympathy with them , and describing the feeling awakened in Scandinavia by the news that the Poles were in arms . This address , delivered in perfectly classical English , without the slightest accent , was received with great applause . —Mr . Forresti , then , on behalf of the Italians , addressed the audience in his own rich Tuscan . He spoke ofthe solemnity which had brought them together , and of the glorious natpre of their strife , and of the pride they should feel , even though it was unmieeessful ^ in which , to quote bis own words , " aunche cadesti , cadetti , grtnxdi . " Mr . Forresti denounced , as only
an Italian can ,, the cruelty of the Russian Government , and made a fervent appeal in behalf of tih& glorious names which had shone in the late revolution ; to denounce the Autocrat did not suffice for Mr , Forresti , but bitter and scornful were hia denunciations of the panegyrists of Nicholas . He concluded with an assurance that , deep as were the sufferings of the Italian exiles , there was not one who did not feel his bosom glow with sympathy for the sufferings of those who were more oppressed than themselves . — Dr . Wierzbireyi then addressed the audience in English , and spoke of the past glories of Poland , and the debt due to her from Christianity and universal civilization , of which , for centuries , they had been the
bulwarks—and the untiring foe of the Tartar and the Turk . —Harro Haring next addressed the audience , we regret to say , in a foreign tongue , which we are unable to render adequately . As far as we could form an opinion of words spoken in a tongue with , the pronunciation of which we are not familiar , he read an original poetical address , which , at least , he seemed to feel , and which ended with an appeal to Scandinavia , the author ' s fatherland . Mr . Haring . having concluded , a Polish national air was sung * —Dr . Howe of Boston next addressed the meeting , and described the enthusiasm excited in America by the news of the Polish Revolution fourteen years ago , and ofthe various modes of assistance which were
contrived ; and of the funds raised and the colours sent from BostOH to that country ; which were confided to La Fayette , and in the disbursement of which Dr . Howe had been joined . On the arrival of these funds , the Revolution had failed ; the Poles had laid down their arms , except those who had taken refuge in Prussia . It was determined , as these men were in great distress , to distribute the funds among them r to accomplish which Dr . Howe visited their encampment in Prussia , and contrived to accomplish his purpose . The officers had been separated from this body of men , that , unassisted by their council , they might , be forced to return into the dominions of Russia .. Dr . Howe had , from the concert among them , become
satisfied some one mind regulated their movements : and at length discovered this to be the case . He was shewn into a squalid room where an officer lay HI ,, whose attention he long attempted in vain to arouse ,, and not until after repeated efforts did lie succeed ; . when , raising from hisTbed with the frame of a giant , and in the most energetic manner , he assureoThinl that he had been all the while feigning illness , though in perfect health , for thejpurpose of keeping together these 4000 men . For this affair , and for bis activityin assisting other Poles , Dr . H . was the inmate of ft
Prussian prison ., —Mr . Gerard w ? s next introduced to the meeting , and addressed them , in a speech of some twenty minutes duration , as tie representative of France . His address , however , was but a refrain of . those which preceded it , from which it differed only .-in its higher degree of excitement and fervour . Yanous other addresses were made , and a series of resolutions proposed and adopted , when the assemblage was dismissed . " On the whole it waS- a most interesV ing affair , and the Poles in our city may be assured they are not friendless , and that the burst of feelint which was elicited in 1630 will again be called form at the proper time and casion . ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
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TO THE MEMBERS OF THE CHARTIST ASSOCIATION . Pbiexbs , —If "we have effected no other good since our appointment to office than the allaying those bickerings which -were , previously , of frequent occurrence , tre have done some good . As we have set our faces against the system of private letter-writing , formerly so prevalent , and always so pregnant -with evil consequences , we beg , in justice to the Chartist body , to ourselves , our correspondent , and Dr . M'DonaU , to publish the folio-wing , which , although not -written officially to the General Secretary , yet comes from so pure and good a source as leaves no doubt -whatever of its accuracy , and as little of the propriety of answering it , without travelling beyond that branch of the subject referred to by our correspondent , -who is well kno-wn to us all , and whose name can be furnished to any parties who are anxious to be put in possession of it . Here we beg to insert that part of the letter to -which -we refer : —
I would now beg to say a few words on the conversation we had-witb the Doctor . 3 wiU be plain . lam indeed Terr sorry to say he is not the man I expected >« Tn to be - . and I am afraid he trill damn our future prospects . I do tMuk the Executire is very much to blame in recommending a man holding such opinions to the people of Scotland . He told us frankly lie tvas not in favour of a union of the people of Scotland with the people of England ; that thtdr interests -were not tie same ; that their grievances ¦ svere not the same ; that their temper , manners , and customs were not the same -. and their agitation could only be condnctea ~ by Scotchmen , and that there -rras no possibility of uniting the ttvo nations upon any subject , ^ e told him , thai if those were the vietrs he held , be would not do for the people of Glaspotv , nor for the people of
Scotland sreneraUr . He said those had been the doctrim-s he had preached in all places he had visited , and the people agreed with them . He then spoke of establishing a newspaper ia Scotand , Glasgow to be the centre , and forming a national association for Scotland , making , of course , Glasgow the centre ; aifti that he had rhe offer of money for esta"bushin : ; the paper , but not quite enough . TVe saw his -riews with regard to what the paper might dotnt we totally disagreed with the rest of his vietvs . He then asked how strong the association was in Glasgow . VTe said eight handred . " Bv God , you are doing well : there is not a place in England that has two hundred members / " was the reply . "We then asked how his tour through Scotland would pay him ; he said he had only reeertred 12 s . for his lfcrtrres in Carlisle , and that it co « I
him £ 3 from that to Kilmaraoek . lie had received hat Httle there , and his espenses in Irvine cost him £ 6 . 1 said there -was no use in deceiving him - . and that he might consider himself a lucky fellow if he went out as rich as he came in , and that I believed he would not do more than pav his expenses . He said if that was the case , and as he had not another sixpence to lose , his best way was to leave Glasgow for Liverpool , as he would get there for 5 s ., and he instructed me to write to Dundee and Aberdeen accordingly , Sow if the EiecutiTe knew he held those opinions , as he says they did , they weresurdy much to blame , in sending a man to undo what they had been paying for ¦ being done . I hope I have been looking at the worst side of the picture , and that it may not turn out so bad for us as hit fears led me to suppose .
In reply to the above we have simply to say that the Executive is not chargeable with any act of Dr . M'DonaD's , inasmuch as he -was not appointed or even recommended as a lecturer by them , as our correspondent appears to suppose . Dr . ii'Douall is lectunng-exclusivelv on his own account ; and , as far as -we know , is not lecturing for the Chartist cause . We deny , however , that the Executive was in possession of Dr . M'DouaB ' s present opinions as stated by him to our correspondent ; and , even if they had , they -would have allowed correction to come from the proper source ^—public opinion . We doubt , however , that the Doctor has made a just estimate of the character of his cormtrymen , if he supposes that the way to insure their support is by depreciating their fellowlabonrers in England . Philip M'Gratb , President , Chbistopker Dotle , Thomas Clark , Feab « cs O'Coxsoe , Treasurer , T . 31 . Wheeler , General Secretary .
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YOL . YIH . NO . 372 . LONDON , SATURDAY , DECfeMBE & 28 , 1844 . ' ; * KfCE ™ " ™ •* y - J - ' . » - * * . » 7 -wv - / , aw j . a . Fire Shilling * aud Sixpence per Quarter
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^_^ - _¦ ,--, _ : r ; " . _ ¦ : vj T--i T ¦ •? r ( " . "¦ ' /• -. ' ' ' AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL . j
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 28, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1295/page/1/
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