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NATIONAL EDUCATION . Ja our last two papers ire attempted , in a someirliat brief and cursory manner , to trace the progress of opinion political !? - and economically . "We propose jo devote the present to an equally brief retrospect of the educational movement . Tiie now celebrated axiom , "Property has its iJu »« as well S 3 its rights , " is capable of wider application than is generally supposed . The acquisition rtf power and political influence "b y the masses ,
referred to in a former paper of this series , involves , admitting the principle enunciated in that axiom , the d « t ? of the people to acquire the knowledge of using that power rightly : and the -wisdom and foresight of the founders of the American BepnbEc is perhaps in nothing more strikingly shewn than in the national provision they made for educating the people . Tbeji at least , -srere convinced that Democracy could toJy be securely based-upon and perpetuated by uni-• rersal intelligence .
Bnt even ji there was not this positive reason , hare -pe not the melanclrolv fact , that the ignorance of ^ masses has in aH ages made them the dares of the enlightened and the cunning ? The very dread exhibited by those who fatten on popular abuses of evary attempt to instruc-t Ihe masses , to cultivate their reasoning faculties and elevate tiem in the scak of humanity , should demonstrate the inestimable yaine of snch instruction to those who for want of it are douined to be the hdot class of societr .
Besides , let us ask why any one human being should receive more fostering care or higher developementrrom ihe State than another ? Are not all alike Entitled to ererr one of its advantages , on the broad ground , that all in their seTeral spheres contribute ± o itsmnintainance and weB-berng ? By what natural law or solid argument can the practice be justified of making "spoiled children" of aanall section of the community , and treating the vast majority in stepmother-fashion 1
lorfcanately for us , iowever , it is unnecessary at this time of day to offer amy apologia for treating on this subject . Its importance and its probable influences are too widely and generally appreciated for that ; and it is precisely in consequence of this general and earnest appreciation , accompanied as it has been by individual efforts to acquire the power arisingfrom knowledge , that the papular mil has already attained the aesendancy we formerly pointed out . It is , comparatively speaking , only yesterday , that the question of Xinoxn Edvcaiios teas mooted . "The men who first broached it were ridiculed as
TisLonanes , Utopian dreamers ; and the other usual common places were applied , ) wliieh brain ] ess and unexperienced people have always at hand to greet innovators with . But there were others , clearer-sighted , like the priest who saw in the first printed volume that which -should destroy the Church , nzJess the the Ghnrch . destroyed it . These parties perceived that ihe communication of knowledge to the masses would lay the axe to the root of our stupendous system of Injustice and oppression : and they cried aloud in defesoe of the " craft by which they had their living . " The idea of educating the " common people" was
decraneed as fraught with the most dacgeroci and revolutionary consequences . It would EnSi them for ihe discharge of the duties of " that station in life Tvhich u had pleased Providence to place them in : " pre them ideas irr-onij > afible with their true interest ? ami ha ]> - J'Itkss ; and rentier them Hureasoaalay dL-t-i / nteEtctl 2 £ 'i disaneeied . " The few were made to i / . uii—the nasy to u-yrk ; " and any measures ^ kich threatened to interfere with this arrangement were not only impious and seditions , but , if carried out , calculated to inilk-t tiie most serions injury on tbe bcxly politic , 2 nd subvert the whole established order of things .
O " bow bitterly bave we felt , in early years , the searing contempt of tiie " privileged classes" at the idea of educating the " swinish nraLtimue "—the c : great Tarorasned "—and the other deleeteWe nicknames it ¦ was tti&i the fashion to bestow on the " worMes * " Haw painfully do we remember the time , when the only idea entertained among aristocratic circles of * * the nohlest work of { JotL "—of a man
who honestly earned his bread by the sweat of Ms brow , was that of a dirty ignorant being who could Only talk ungrammatically in a barbarous provincial dialect . Bnt Zancaster , JZHL , Omen , Brvuyham , Simpson , TTyte , and a host of coadjutors , have ax least removed that stigma on our national character and if webave as yet done little practically , our ears are now never outraged by such insults !
The history of the progress of this question is full of instruction and encouragement . It gradually overcame the unreasoning and interested opposition we have described ; and having exhibited undeniaUe lysiptoms -of -attcasang popularity , was t > -c-tv rp by IHX VEET PASTIES TFBO ?* T > 70 SUSBLT SCOUTED XHZ Jionos o ? EDtrcAiio : ? tob tttt . peopxb ! Failing in arresting its onward tnarrih , their nest step was to attempt to direct its course in channels innocuous to themselves . Education was , all of a sadden ,
discovered to be a marvellonsly good thing ; but then , of Course , it must be conducted by proper persons , and ona right basis . The Church established a "National School Society ; " ± be Dissenters a "British and Foreign School Society ; " and each party having laid flsmi the postulate that "aB education must be based on religion , " forthwith went to work in Infant Schools , Day Schools , and Normal Schools , to manufeetnre their pupils into sectarians , instead of good citizens and Intelligent human beings .
The results vf their labours were ludicrous in one sense , and most lamentable in another . The wide spread sK * -edBcation , or j ) ositive ignorance , resulting fefln centuries of past neglect , or systematic fraud , was scarcely perceptibly diminished by their feeble and fragmentary efforts ; and where they did exert an influence , in too many Instances they replaced the er 3 of -srant of inowJeSge by the devil of sectar ianism or bigotry- After years of exertion acd expenditure , " tie nation bas yet to begin a real aid genuine reform in educational matters . The evils intended to be remedied are almost untouched .
If we are asked for proofe of the truth of this statement , we refer to the numerous reports issued by Parliament in late years . These official " Blue Books"' constitute a bill of indictment against the governing powers of this country—and that too furnished by themselves—more criminatory and disgraeeful ths ™ could have possibly been drawn up by the neglected , snferins , and indignant people .
The minutes of evidence appended to the Report oj the Select Committee on Education of the Poorer Oases in England and Wales , which sat in 3338 , disclose an amount of mental destitution which is thoroughly discreditable to a nation boasting of its superior enlightenment , and its proud position in the Tan of modern civilization . The efforts made since that period , though Hey have somewhat altered the position of the subject theoretically , have not materially altered it actually . Keeping crat of sight for the moment the hundreds of thonsands who were shewn
never to enter a school door of any kind ; the description of tiie schools and schoolmasters to whom vere entrusted , as darles Lamb says , the task of " dragging up " the children of the poor , is most bonifying . The day and dame schools—the only ones to which the major portion have access—are described m the majority of cases as being dark and confined many are damp and dirty , and a large number are used ^ dormitory , dwelling , and schoolroom . "Of the common schools in the poorer districts , " says the report , "it is difficult to convey an adequate idea : so close and offensive is the annosphere of many of them as
tobe iniolerable-io-a person entering from the open * E " , more especially as the hour of quitting school approaches . The dimensions rarely exceed those of the dame schools , while freqnenily the number of Scholars is more *>^ ti double . Bad as this is , it is BUlchlaggravatedbjflih and offensive odour , arising from other causes . " The teacneis themselves are Sfi'cribed as being " generaUwgnorantof the depressing aod xmbealQiy effects of the atmosphere which snrround them ; and do Dot consider it desirable that their schools should be better Teaiilaied . " One * coool is thus depicted . — "In » garret up three
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pair of dark broken stairs was a common day-school with forty children in the compass of ten feet by nine On a perch , forming a triangle with the corner of the room , ¦ sat a cock and two hens ; under a stnmp bed , immediately beneath , was a dog-kennel , in the occupation- of three black terriers , whose barking , added to the noise of the children and the cackling of the fowls , on the approach of a stranger , were almost deafening . There was only one small -window , at which sat the master , obstructing three-fourthB of the light it was capable of admitting . It beggared all description , and was filthy in the extreme ; so that , in obtaining information , I was obliged to withdraw three or four times . I always carry scent with me to scent my pocket-handkerchief . "
In such dens as these , worse than the black-hole of Calcutta , are the seeds of disease generated rapidly , and the foundation laid for those early and numerous deaths of the offspring of the poor , which stand out in the reports of registrars , in strong relief to the com parative healthiness of the children of the comfortable classes . Bad , however , as the physical conditions are described to be , thev are exceeded bv the intellectual
and moral . In many instances , the teachers only become so after having failed at every thing else , or arc or iginally led to adopt the profession either because they are dunces , incapable of otherwise earning a subsistence , or cripples , unfit for active work at a trade . The worst consequences ensue to the children subjected to the sway of such incompetent persons , Numerous instances of their incapacity are adduced in the report . One master having stated that he used the globes , was asked if he had both or one
only ? He repplied ** both . ' How could 1 Uach geography \ dih < me / "' And on farther questioning him , it appeared that both were , in his opinion , necessary , because one was supposed to represent one half , and the other the remaining half of the world , lie turned out of the school the visitor who attempted to explain to Mm Ms error . We might adduce numerous similar and worse instances from the ample store in the report ; but this may suffice . The gross defects and evils of the "let alone " system of education are , howerer , even more frightfully shown in the moral than either of the two
departments previously alluded to . The violent passions exMbited by many of the teachers before their pupils ; their total -want of comprehension of the term moral at all , and the gross superstition inculcated in many instances , all contribute to make up a wnoii , wMch can only be regarded with profound sorrow by every true philanthropist . The last , as well as the present Government , deserve the credit of having attempted to provide , in some small degree , a remedy for this shameful state of things . But the fierce struggle between the Church on the one hand , and the Dissenters on the other , the pouvr of forming die national « i » u ? , and thus acMeving and perpetuating mental and spiritual tvrannv ,
frustrated the efforts of both . Lord John Russell was defeated in 1 £ 33 ; Sir Robert Peel , with a stronger Cabinet and larger majority , was beaten in Ic 43 The first grant ever made by Parliament- for educational purposes was in i < 34 , to the amount of £ 2 i . » , 0 < V ) per annum . For such a purpose the sum was palnybeneath couuanpt ; but the fact of \ Vs being voted at all , wa ? a proof of the ^ idvaai-e of the question : a recorp ^ in" In- the Legislature of the duty of providing Nai : « . » 5 aj . instrurtiw :. Tiiis sum wa .-, uj > to the yesi- ls ^>> , di » l < ursi-d tiiruugh the two scn-ietii -- we h : ive inaned . the Cinirc-h b ; iv ] ji £ bv far the hirgest share . In Is 39 Lord John Russell proposed to make the sum £ 3 " i * tMi . ami to intrust its uiiLiibuti .-n to a
Cuinnuitth ? of tiie l ' rivy Council : thus introducing a dpw j-rir . eiple into artiou . naiurfv , that National Education should be uutrainruelled hy sectarianism in ^ ny shape , lie was , as we have said , defeated ; and his more powerful sut-ces-sor had to encounter a similar defeat on the sanie ground four years aficrw , ards . But what Sir Robert Peel could not do by legislative m ? ans , he has done by prerogative . If the sects were too strong for him in the Legislature , he has shown himself more than their match in the Council Chamber . Lord Wharncliife has announced that
henceforth " Praiac LvsTKecnox u a department of the I&ustry : " and " that hi is charged by the Queen with- its superintendence . " He has also announced the intention of the Cabinet to propose a further addition of . £ 10 , 000 to the annual grant ; and intimates that this is merely preparatory to still greater libe rality . The speech in which these statements were made , was remarkable at the same time , for the quiet imperturbable and determined tone in wMch the right was denied of any sect , established or otherwise , to superintend the education of the nation , or disburse national funds for such sectional purposes as the incul " cation of their peculiar dosmas .
All these are gratifying symptoms of progress . Looking back to the days of Joseph Lancaster ; remembering tbe virulent-prejudices of the classes who throve on popular ignorance or miseducation ; tbe apathy which bad to be overcome among the parties most deeply injured and most deeply interested ; tbe insidious and selfish manner in which , when the demand had grown too strong to be openly resisted , it was attempted to make it a fresh means for spreading -andmaintaining mental thraldom ; and lastly , looking to the opposition it has had to encounter in Parliament , we may fairly congratulate all who feel interested in this vital question on the position it now occupies .
We know there are many estimable men among the ranks of political reformers , who look with what we conceive a feeling of morbid apprehension on any measure for the education of the people by the Government . They point , and not unnaturally , to Austria and Prussia , as examples of tbe evils of State instruction , as proofs of its capability of being perverted into a machine for manufacturing political slaves . y > e are not insensible of the danger—and would struggle against it to the uttermost . But we think that it is much overrated ; and that there can be no fair parallel drawn between those two countries and Great Britain . In them , Education icecs grafted on iiiftitutiwii estentiatlv dctr-otic : with VS . IT will
HAVE TO AUAPT ITSELT TO THAT DEMOCRATIC TEND ^ CY wHicn we have aljleadt shown to be the nruxii rsrxrEscE . In Austria , the Government makes the people : with us , the people make the Government . The difference both in principle and fact is immense ; and so long as we have a press untrammelled , the right of public meetings , and the other machineiy for brineing tbe popular voice to bear on any subject of importance , we have little to fear .
If we would form a correct idea of the educational power , the events now transpiring in France may help us . The conflict between the University and the Clergy , and the desperate efforts of the latter to regain that ascendancy over the mind of France of which tbe Revolution deprived them , and of which they must continue deprived so long as the University fnaintAins its present ground ; these tell powerfully « f the immense value , the paramount importance , of sound educational institutions for a nation .
The subject is however important , and requires consideration in so many aspects , that we feel it is impossible to do justice to it in tbe limits of one short paper ; but the same reason wMch prevents our exhausting , will justify returning to it . In the meantime this slight sketch of its progress as a question , and tbe contrast its present position furnishes to the earlier portion of the century , may fairly be regarded with emotions of a pleasurable and hopeful . nature , It is one more of those phenomena which tell to the anxious watcher of societarian
progress that the tide is rolling omvard . ' New elements of mental and moral being are evolving and coming into action , which will , in due time , mould society into accordance with themselves . Hitherto , in our review of the nature and effects of these elements , we have discovered no cause for complaint or despair . On the contrary , when the natural impatience of the individual to realise resnlts is separated from the progress « f general principles , there is every cause for rejoicing . In the history of a nation , years count but as days ; and if within the last twenty or thirty
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years such immense progress has been made by sound principles of political , economical , and educational reform , as that we have faintly endeavoured to delineate , joyful may be the prospects of Young England .
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DfTESNAL FREE TRADE . TO THE ED 1 TOB OP THE N 0 BTHEKN STAB . Si *—It appears to me , after meditation on the subject , that the endeavours of the Trades 0 nions have hitherto been directed towards imperfect ends . I mean that they have not shown the people sufficiently what vast advantages might be acquired by union . They have limited their attempts to gain a little more wages , or pecuniary means , bat they have not expounded any grand theoiy of union . Now , it is a picture of this Wnd , a harvest for their future hopes , which ought more expresssly to be placed before the general population . This would constitute an inducement for them to exert themselves . A slight advance of salary or weekly remuneration is but a trifling encouragement , compared to the inspiring belief that they will become the founders of a new and more enjoying state of existence for all .
Whether the projects which might be put forward might bear-successfully the test of experiment or not , they would be peculiarly useful as rallying standards . For this purpose ,-the more extensively comprehensive they might be the more effectively would they attract the curious enquiry of the public . One singularity of a union of trades is , that the groan * extension , the greater perfection it would have . Consequently , the obtainable advantages of Trades Unions ran only be displayed in theory at present , as the operatives and their advocates are totally destitute Of the means of exemplifying them fully in practice , without the cordial co-operation of the whole nation .
There is a theory of what might he done , expounded in a small pamphlet which was published a vear or two ago , which deserves the notice of the members of trades combinations . As to the validity of the scheme , that is of secondary importance ; the object being , in my view , to give the people some idea of what might be achieved , were the working people and the middle classes aroused to their true interests . Just now , whilst the Colliers are performing their duty so bravely , such a prospect as the author of the work I allude to sets before us as attainable , might operate rather cheeringly upon them . Even if it be only a phantasm , it will do a great service , by opening new trains of thought .
The work 1 allude to is entitled Internal Fret Trade ; and purports to explain a system of Joint-Stock Commercial and Industrial Associations . Its author signs himaelf " . ArisiarcTios . " 1 do not intend to give any opinion as to its literary merits , farther than that I think the brief declaration of its plan deserves to be made generally known , if for no other reason , yet for those above specified . After a good deal of discursive reasoning , touching upon most of tbe general topics of the day , the writer gives his ' propositions en masse , " as follow : — " The country or district available for the project should be divided into portions of land capable of maintaining by their produce from 200 to 4009 individuals each . ' There may , however , arise contingencies in which more or less land might be required ; and in these cases , of course , the extents should be altered .
" Each of these landed estates should have an Associative Establishment erected on it , and ojte peculiar manufacture should be carried on in it , according to the custom and suitableness of the locality . " A factory should be raised in each of these establishments . '" This factory should be the main stay of the association its prO-ductious should , by exchange , provide them with all their luxuries and necessaries except food and lodging . " The food would be raised from the estate by the agrienlruraJ , borticu ] rural , an < l pastoral labourers belonging to tht association . ' Dw-flliiu ; -house * should be erected at a short distance from til * fai-torjk , for the couvenit-nre of lit- members of the association ; and contiguous to the dwelling-houses should be large edifiivs for the purposes of amusement , instruction , and domestic labour .
" ihe arrangements in building " , niru-him-s , and cultivation , for each association , should bv formed from a selection from a eompctitioii of ] i ! ans by several architects , sur \» - \ ors , a ! ul agriculturists , av <) uainH-d with the nen-ssirk-s t . f tlu- a-sociation , and the j . ii-. iliai itie ? of its staple trade and locality . It is impossible 1 " > - any man to gh e a general plan suitable f- 'r i- \ ory place and every trade . ¦• All sh ' . 'uld be conrtuct . _ - < 15 n the very best manner , au < l no expeus ,- -bould bv spared in procuring the most ingenious superintendents . Success will mainly depend on the skill of those superintendents , for it must be remeni-Wrerl that they furuiih the principles of action , whilst the operarivi-s only nork out the details of the principles . ¦ " The agricultural produce should be warehoused in large buildings for the purpose- ; from whence supplies should bi- taken as wanted by the associative population ; and the surplusage , if any , sold to those Associative Establishments which might require it .
" A constant trade should be kept up with the other Associative Establishments for the disposal of the manufactured produce , whieli should be always paid for in ready money , either in coin , or the bank notes of the various associations . " With this money all the other articles required by the members might be easily procured from the Associative Establishments which might make theproductlon of these articles their especial care ; and thus barter would be no more prevalent than it is under the present system . " An association , as before intimated , would probably consist of from 200 to 4000 individuals , more or less , and should be governed by a board of directors elected by the universal suffrage of the adult members from among themselves . " The number of these directors should vary according to the size of the association ; and the most proper number and kind of men for the" office would be discovered by experience .
There would be the most improved engines for every special applicable purpose , and a division of labour as minute as possible , both in the manufacturing and agricultural operations ; every department should be originated under the superintendence of the most experienced person in that kind of labour that could be obtained ; and afterwards all should be carried on with the greatest order and regularity . " Every separate manufacture which is now managed on the morselling system by single shopkeepers , would be , under the united system , scientifically , liberally , yet economically carried on in the most first-rate wholesale style ; and as the dealings would usually take place with associations , and not with individual men or families , they would partake more of the nature of wholesale than retail business .
" The whole property of each association should be vested in the holders of shares of £ 1 each , or more , which shares should bear interest at the rate of £ 5 per cent ., or more , or less , as might be found to work welL " The profits arising each year from the excess of production over consumption , should be divided equally among all the members of the association ; and by this means the most indigent member would be gradually raised to a very superior condition . " Remuneration should be apportioned to the skill of each operative in his particular function ; and the precise value of his services would be determined by the amount they would fetch in the general competition of the nation . " A retail -storehouse for miscellaneous articles must be conducted in each establishment , whence the members mav be supplied .
" There should be a ledger kept in the counting-house of each association , in which every member ' s account should be entered , debtor and creditor . " On all the articles furnished to the members , a profit of 20 , " 25 , or SO per cent , should be realized : that scale of profit should be adopted which should be found to answer best . Those who might expend most would thus contribute most to the general profit fund . " As to the goods sold in the external market , the profit would , of course , be fixed by the competition of the general business in the articles . " Dwelling apartments of varmg neatness or decoration should be charged at varying rents , but the charges should be high , for two reasons—first , because the rents would be nearly all profit , and second , because high prices would preserve the handsomest apartments from being contaminated by improper residents .
" The services of tbe members should be bargained for at so much per family ; and the employment of the women and children should t » e regulated by an equal regard for the interests of the association , and the health and happiness of its members . ' " Dissatisfied members -could , of course , quit the society at theiT pleasure , and go and dwell in other associations which might offer better remuneration or other advantages ; and their shares might either be disposed of or retained . " As many affluent persons might be expected to avail themselves of the splendid accommodations offered by these societies , we may reasonably take the outlay , consumption , or expenditure of every family as averaging £ 100 per annum , at the present rate of staples ; and by assuming this as an hypothesis to calculate from , we shall be able to arrive at something like the amount of the ffmvift ) increase in each member ' s property .
" Considering that each family expend the same as they receive for joint wages , a 3 a datum , the annual increase in the value of the property of the society will average £ 25 as the share of each family , or individual adult male member , at a profit of 25 per cent , from the internal expenditure as a whole . " But we must add , likewise , the income from the rents , which will be about two-thirds profit , deducting the usual 25 per cent , We may fairly average the extra profit , from the rents at £ 10 per annum for each family . " Then £ 15 a-year each would probably be realized from the profits in dealings with the other societies ; which , with £ 10 and £ 25 , make £ 50 a-year aB the increase of each member ' s property ; supposing , even , that he saves nothing from his Balaiy , but expends every farthing . " Thus there would soon l | k an extinction of poverty in these associations .
"Therooms and furniture of the dwelling-houses , and the workshops , engines , and tools of the factory should be of the most tasteful description , that the associates might always be surrounded by the most pleasing and elevating circumstanoes .
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" As to the construction of the rooms and apartments , whether there should be internal or external communications , whether there should be separate houses , whether corridors , stair-cases ^ , or balconies—these details must be left to the opinions of the architects , "Every Associative palace should * -differ from all the others in its architectural design . " As before stated , the apartments should be of various sizes and decoratioins , so that each family might suit themselves according to the length of their respective purses ; but the lowest priced apartments ought to be beautiful , and always clean to an extreme . " The furniture should differ , and become more and more ornamental according to the grade and quality of the rooms .
" Great care should be taken to have a first-rate kitchen , with the best possible apparatus for the use of the cook and his assistants ; and much skill would be required to bring thiB branch of art into full play for the use of these Associations . " Several classes of refreshment rooms should be instituted , as ; t would be unwise to have persons mixing together whose habits are repulsive . " The appurtenances of the rooms , the quality of the food , and the scale of prices would , of course , differ in these saloons ; - but in the lowest priced rooms , it would be indispensable that the food should be perfectly pure and nice . " With respect to the method of charging , —in the cheapest rooms it should be done in the way usual at the eating houses of present society , by the dish ; and in the principal rooms the table d'hote system should be adopted , and individuals charged at so much per head .
" 111 general there will be no small money transactions whatever between the Association and its individual members : but all the articles of food , clothing , lodging , or other requirements , should be entered to the debit of the member in the books of the society , as he or his family may receive them : to his credit will be plucud his salary , [ profits , and the capital and interest of his shares ; but no member should be suffwed to expend move than his property would admit . " Thus the transactions of the society would be exceedingly simple and correct , providing care was taken to procure honest directions . " Though each Association might be devoted to its own particular trade , as Tailors , Carpenters , Colliers , Ironworkers , Fishermen , ; « tc . ; yet , as it would require a number of jobbing operatives always on the premises , individual jobbing hands at the needful trades should be admitted as members , and kept emploved .
" A bank of issue , not of discount , should be an adjunct of each Association , for convenience : no bank to be suffered by the provincial inspector to issue more notes than the net value of its connected establishment . " There are innumerable other details , which may be easily invented by committees of a proposed Scientific Convention , to carry out the grand principle : —Interchanging Joint Stock Association of One Trade each . " The concoctor of this scheme evidently has gone to work on the principles of Mons . Guizot , as laid down in his philosophic History of European Civilization ; those principles being , that when _ institutions of society haveendured through many long ages , and during the mutations of time hare in general been productive of good , it is an inductive series of proofs that those institutions were providential , and natural to man , and that in some shape or other they ought to be preserved in any state of society for human beings . These are also the principles of the British Constitution ; and such , I fancy , are the foundations of " Toung England ' s" political and social
faith . As might be supposed , the brochure elucidates and defends the opinions of its author , regarding the practicahility of the plan ; but the plan itself is all that appears to me requisite to place before your readers . It is far , very far a-head of Owenisrn and Fourierism , to my judgment ; and as it is more congenial to the ideas and habits of the Trades Unionists , it-is rery likely they will coincide in that belief . But what I have taken the liberty to write on the foregoing subject is ' mere speculation . The Colliers ! the Colliers!—they must occupy our more immediate solicitude . On them rest our present hopes . God help them , and may they succeed : is the prayer of , Sir , your well-wisher , x
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. —™ FIRESIDE SCRAPS . —THE FACTORY SYSTEM . TO THE EDITOh OF THE NOHTHEIt . V ST . ilt . Mr . EniTuu—As-. you are nun 0 sort of Political Nabob in your new hemisphere , perhaps it may nut be ilislieasing to your highness to receive a few lines frulii omot those wlio / et'l where tin- flioc pinches . Tht J ' tictory Syslc'hi . ' . —Don ' t tell me about your Royal Commissions , or butterfly travellers , in quest of information on this subject . They don ' t see anything of the system but the mere outside . Poor folks are uot fond uf revealing their real circumstances to their nearest relatives ; how then i . s it likely for you mere " buoU-makers , " whether " bhie" or " bound in calf , " to knuiv anything of the state of the factory workers ? It ' s out of the question—mere moonshine .
This is considered the best town in England for factory operatives . They are butter paid , better fed and clothed , and under less restrictions , than those of a similar class in Lancashire ^ " Then they ought to be content , " replies some hungry speculator in human blood . Ought they 1 Let us see .. Wehave had " good trade , " « " roaring trade ; " " plenty to do" for the last two years : night and day : helter skelter—new rattlerboxes erecting , steam hissing , powerlooms clacking , spinning frames buzzing , and mo « , women , and children combing wool to keep them all in motion . " Plenty of work" for the combers , sixteen or eighteen hours a day . Well , what is the result of all this ! It is now Christmas week . The manufacturers are " taking stock" to ascertain the amount of their year's profits : here goes , to " take stock" for the slaves .
PawerVoom Weavers , —Above 200 young women work at this branch of our trade , in one factory ^ Now this is boasted of as the very best paid branch for females . They are now making superfine " merino" or " Orleans " cloth ; doubtless , the capabilities and wages of such a number will vary : but Here ' s a fair medium , S— worked a fortnight for twelve shillings ; she is a good hand , and engaged on the finest work , A few years , very few years ago , the employer was a Scotch hawker . lie is now building a new factory for himself , at present renting the place in question . lie has made a fortune ; whilst the titmost gained by the poor girl is a . Sunday frock , bought from one of his hawking brethren , aud paid for by instalments . JHecers , &c . —The children who are employed in the various departments of spinning , receive from three shillings to five shillings weekly , and in some few instances more , for which they have to devote the whole of their time . Education or recreation is out of the question .
Woolcombers . —These form the most numerous body in this town and neighbourhood . There are about 10 , 000 of them , and they are the heads of the families whose members are employed in the various factory occupations ; a description of their circumstances will at once show the plundering , all-grasping disposition of the" lords of the long chimnies , " During the strike in 1842 , and for a year previous , this class of men suffered the extremity of privation ; hundreds who had beeti used to live iu comfort , had to
endure all the horrors of actual starvation , Their clothes and furniture were sold or pawned , and every available means used to keep their families from perishing . During this time , numbers were partially employed by large capitalists , who took advantage of their necessities , and plundered them unmercifully . Those were " piping " times for hordes of heartless speculators j and several infamous hypocrites actually pretended to employ men for a miserable pittance , on the score of Religion ! ! They have since made 200 per cent , by thuir Uoli and Chbistias " sacrifices . "
"Well , at last came 1843 , bringing with it " goodtrade " and " plenty to do / ' The prices of manufactured goods rose rapidly , and some of the factories worked night and day to supply the demand ; but notwithstanding the immense advance on the manufacturers' profits , they still persisted in doling out the pittance of 1 S 42 to the woolcombers , who at length formed a union eaJled the " 1 ' rotective Society , " and compelled them to advance their wages , in some cases as much as 20 per cent . This advance , large as it may seem , did not bring the prices up to what they had been previous to the " Panic : " and the manufacturers' " insatiable desire of accumulation" led them to practise innumerable cheats , to hinder their workpeople from benefitting by this god-send called Good
Trade , by mis-naming their sorts , and keeping up the appearance whilst they withheld the substance . The Protective Society has endeavoured to battle with them by strikes , and by appeals to their humanity and reason : but no—it was unavailing . From these causes the best workmen have been compelled to labour sixteen or eighteen hours daily to procure a livelihood ; and instead of being enabled to educate their children ,: they are compelled to drive them from their beds at half-past five in the morning , ( not a very agreeable jab for even an adult , these winter mornings ) to labour at those monotonous wheels in order to swell the fortunes of their inhuman oppressors . Nay more , they are forced to send their wives also ; thus depriving themselves of all means of cleanliness and comfort .
Now , mark . Trade is , getting bad again . Wages are being reduced . The masters are " taking stock . " What is the situation of the slaves after nearly two years of " good trade , " and " plenty to do V Thousands of them read your valuable journal—let them answer . Have they , daring this good trade , secured good furniture for their houses , good clothing for their families , and a few pounds in their purse to provide for future contingencies ? Not a bit of U . They are worn out by toil , exhausted in body and mind ,, without resources , and looking forward to a gloomy future . Here ' s a picture of one of our best paid manufacturing towns—a true picture , which will defy contradiction . This is the working man ' s share of the boundless . wealth he creates—mere food and shelter in ' ^ good trade , " with a continual foreboding of misery be » fbre his eyes , and : absolute unrelenting and , inexorable destitution when trade is bad !
Tnerel Iliave " taken stock ' . " Print it : ornot , there it is ! Let Chambebs , and Baines , and Stcboe , and Smiles , and the innumerable horde of grasping speculators and profitmakers , look at it 1 This is the Condition of sensible , Intelligent , deep 4 hinking working men , hunting with a keen sense of their wrongs , and eager for an opportunity to redress them . They may publish their trashy tracts till doomsday to reconcile us to this state of things , and may dress up their ghosts and mummies to answer for us , when breathed upon by Chahbebs and Co . * but a reckoning day vffl come ! and when we " take stock" of their
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murderous doings , we shall look upon their piles of wealth as undeniable monuments of their yillany . When that day comes they will find , that however ] we may now resemble them , they will not then have muminies to deal with . ! but men who have homes to protect , and families dear to us as our own life-blood . The day of mock philanthropy is gone by ; we have outgrown the period when a rich man ' s cold charity would gloss over our wrongs ; and neither Young England's " stake in the hedge , " Cobden ' s "' ' big loaf , " nor the philanthropist ' s " wash-tub , " will satisfy our demands , Bradford , Yorkshire . [ A Democbat . P . S . The working-men of this part feel grateful to Mr . O'Connor for his admirable and exceedingly clever answer to Chambers' trashy pamphlet ; and think he would render essential service to the cause of Labour by publishingit a ?
a tract . { Condemned Criminals . —An brder for the execution of Mary Sheming , the unfortunate female who is uiider sentence of death in the county gaol , in this town , for poisoning her grandchpd at Martleshani , arrived here yesterday morning , j It is to take place on Tuesday next , the 31 st inst . | A scaffold ha ^ been prepared , which is to stand in the road opposite the entrance to the new courts . Wejunderstand that an earnest petition was last Monday Sforwarded from the
competent authorities to Sir James Graham , Bart ., the Secretary of State , praying that the execution of Mary Sheming may be stayed uiitil the 25 th of January , so that the town may bejsparcd the pain of t-wo executions ; and there Ls , ' we believe , every reason to hope that the prayer of the petition will be vouchsafed by her Most Gracious Majesty . The judge , by the same post i sent a respite for William . llowcl ] , Walter Ilowell , and Isra p l Shipley , who are in the same place under sentence of death for the murder of M'Fadden , until the 2 dth of January . — Ipswich Express of Tuesday . '
Attempted Robbekv at St . Ivatherine's Docks . —Another daring attempt at rqbbeiy w , as made in these docks on Sunday afternoon , which was fortunately prevented from being carried into effect with much success , in consequence of j having been discovered in time , although a large quantity of spirits has been lost in the attempt . It * appears that several casks of brandy had been removed on the previous afternoon from the London Dooks by craft , and shipped on board the Napoleon , I a vessel at present loading in the St . Ivatherine ' s Docks . The customs officer on board having occasion to go to the forecastle on Sunday afternoon soon after dark , stumbled over something which , on further examination , proved to be two large bladders filled with brandy . On further search , he found that one of the casks in the hold , which had been shipped the previous day , had been bored and a quantity of bra-ndy abstracted ; the cask having been but imperfectly stopped up again
and leaking at the tune , a quantity of coals near it were quite saturated with the spirit . He immediately called for assistance , and gave information of the discovery to the dock authorities . The cask has since been gauged and found to | be deficient no less than twenty-one gallons , though yery little more than two was contained in the bladders . So that presuming none to have been actually got away , nineteen gallons must have been wasted in the attempt by the thieves . Not the slightesjt clue has yet been obtained with respebt to the parties implicated , though the company are using the utmost exertions in the matter , as they have done in the two previous instances without success . It appears that the captain and crew were absent at the time and during the whole of Saturday night , not a soul being on board but the officer in charge , which is a very unusual circumstance in the cast of a vessel loading for foreign parts . J
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BANKRUPTS . fFroni Tuesday ' s Odtcttc . J Julin Peart Uirley , Hrompton-row ; Kensington , plumber and glazier— John Christie and Jaiiu' .-j Hodjxir . " , Nottiiiirliill , MiddirsfX , . stnnL ' -ina ^ uiik — Elijah lirriitimll , Oi . Mharbuui-riKul , North Drixtun , liuiMer—J « 'lm Walker Wiioil , f ' hui'ti'ni-strt ' i't . Vauxhull llriiljre-roail , uuh ' -iiktchant — William Pn'Stim , Mnninouth-vtiail . BuyswattT , builder—Jlinrv 11 ivrtriu •* , Leeds , DiiTcliaii ! -John IVach Buiilftt , I ' ttoJM- 'U-r , StitlVurdslurv , ; irimir — Iii-nr % Mav Waller , i-VuWiatu , Norfolk , im-rehiuit- Mielisu-1 ( iralutiu . Piirliugtijn , Durham , atin-rue \ Nii- linhi .-. Tro i-m- ; i Hawke . / Viizauee , t' -a- ( iea ! er-. fi-i' -j' -li f { : ajie \ . vVulvi-rhftmiit-iU , plumber . - ¦ r > IVIM . \ Yl > S-
Jau . 1 , . 1 , Qu . v , White Kuthjn , ' Essex , cattle-dealer — ¦ l : m . 14 , K . M . Guml , IVeUhuin , tiirnicr—Jan . 1 > . J . 1 'leil ^ 'e . Viiuxhall-strt'et , l . umlietli , brirklajer- -Jan . 1 : > , W . C >> 1-liur , (' ainliriilgo , grocer —Jan . IS . i . Pifc ^ utt , p un .. KiehiiHuid , Surrey , ea !> iiiet-niaker--. iiiii . | 14 . li . Pt-ttigrew , jun ., Woolwich , tailor—7-an . 17 , C . James , Unind Juilctionterruc-e , Edtft'ware-road , oilman-Jan . 15 , J . Bates , "VVur-Rhip-sti ' eet , coiielnnaker—Jan . 14 , S . O . Uojcc , Walbrook , oil-mereliiiiit-Jan . " - ' 2 , J . Bowser , 'Milton-street , Dorsetsnuai-e , timber-merchant — Jnn . 21 , IJ . Peatfii , Padingtonstreet , Marylebolie , ironmonger—Jixn . 21 , J . Lock ,-Northampton , teu-dealtir—Jan . It ; , K . Mitehcll , Lime-street , merchant—Jan . 15 , J . Jollev , Stl Alban ' s-ptace , ilaymarki't , builder—Jan . 15 , li . Edm ^ ids , T . Atkins , and G . Tyrrell , Maidstone , baukcrs—Jan . Ua , C . O'Neill , R . Salktsld , and G . S . Digky , Ma-rgam , . Glamorganshire , shipowners—Jan . 15 , 1 ) . Hart , Cambridge , perfumer—Jan . 1-5 , T . Robinson , I / eadenhall-street , tallow-merchant—Jan . 1 (> , M . W . Vardv , Newb . ry , Berkshire , bookseller—Jan . 17 , R . Goodenough , Newtou Abbot , Devonshire , woolleti-ilraper—Jan . 17 , W . J . J . Coall , Exeter , grocer-Jan . 17 , O . H . Buchanan and W . Cunningham , Liverpool , merchants—Jan . 23 , J . Higginb ' ottom , Ashton-under-Lyne , money scrivener . j
DECtARATIOXS OF DIVIDENDS . T . Balls , Thames-street , City , iron merchant—first dividend of 18 lid in the pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Aldermaiibury . | C Teesdalc , Westmiuster-bridge-road , fumisliing warehouseman—first dividend of l ' 2 s Cd in the pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Alderman bury . E . Foster , Dover , tailor , first dividend of Is lid in the pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Alder manbury . i R . Ilowland , Tbame , Oxfordshire , auctioneer , first dividend o £ 2 s M in the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Graham , Colemah-street . i J . Young , Aldermanbury , City , laceman , first dividend of 2 s lOd th the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Graham , CoAeman-struet . j T . Gibson , North Scale , Isle of Walney , Lancasliire , coal merchant , first dividend of Is 3 ^ d in the pound , any Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Frasei-, Manchester . O . D / Ward , Manchester , merchant , third dividend of Id and seven twenty-fourth parts of a penny in the pound , any Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Fraser , Manchester .
J . S . Daintry , J . Uyle , and W . K . jltavensproft , Manchester , bankers , first dividend of 4 s in the pound on account of dividend of 5 s 4 d , on Wednesday , Jan . 9 , and every following Wednesday , at the office of ; Mr . Pott , Jiarehester . J . S . Daintry , Manchester , banker , second and final dividend of 9 d , and one-sixteenth part of a pennv , in the pound , ou Wednesday , Jan . 9 , and every following Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Pott , Manchester . J . S . Daintry and J . Ryle , Manchester , bankers , second dividend of 8 Jd in the pound , on Wednesday , Jan . 9 , and every following Wednesday , at the pfflce of Mr , Pott , Man-Chester . I G . Robertson , J . Garrow , and Ji Alexander , Liverpool , rope-manufacturers , first dividend of 3 d in the pound , any Thursday , at the office of Mr . Cazeiiove , Liverpool . J . Haddock , Warrington , Lancasliire , bookseller , first dividend of 8 s Cd in the pound , any Thursday , as the office of Mr . Caienove , Liverpool . 1
M . Atkinson , Temple Sowerby , iWestmoreland , second dividend of lljd in the pound , any ( Saturday , at the office of Mr . Baker , N ' eweastle-upon-Tyne :. II . Kail , Smalesmouth , Northumberland , farmer , dividend of 2 s 8 | d and one-tenth of ( a penny in the pound , any Satnrdav , at the office of Mr . Wakley , Newcastle-upon-Tyne . * j E . S . Uoult and T . Addison , Liverpool , stock-brokers , second dividend of one-third of a penny in the pound , on Wednesday , Jan . 8 , and any subsequent Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Morgan , Liverpool . \ It . Warren , Liverpool , druggist , dividend of 8 s 4 d in the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Morgan , Liverpool . . j Cehtificates to be granted , rsikss cause be shown to THE CONTRAST ON THE DA ; Y OF MEETING .
Jan . 14 , G . C . Smith , Kensinjjuin , builder—Jan . 16 , T . Golds worthy , Clifton-street , Maid : i-vale , Middlesex , merchant- Jan * l (> , J . Jones , Bernerfi-street , Oxford-street , upothbcnrv—Jan . 15 , T . Pearce , HeYmondsey-street , tripeman—Jan * . 21 , C . Redman , ireroeibay , builder—Jan . 15 , H . G . Gibson , Northaw , Hertfordshire , wino merchant-Jan . 21 , T . Caldicott , Newport , Monmouthshire , grocer-Jan . 15 , J . W . Carter , Long-acre , coach plater—Jan . 14 , B . Osbomo , Sheffield , table knife manufacturer—Jan . 21 , J . limes , Cheltenham , ironmonger—jfan . 14 , W . Collinson , East Buttervvick , Lincolnshire , shipwright—Jan . 15 , E . Kiiispy , NewtoM'n , Montgomeryshire , innkeeper—Jan . 17 , T . Tabberner , Birmingham , corn i factor—Jan . 1 G , J . L . Tabberaer , Birmingham , auctioneer—Jan . 14 , W . May , Liverpool , commission agent . ¦
PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED . J . and J . Laing , Murton , Korthuniberland , farmers—E . L . Crown and G . Young , Vppt-r Thames-street , City , blacking manufacturers—J . Harugh and M . Wingrave , High llolborn , oilmen—J . Hobbins and J . P . Nixon , Old Change , City , lace manufacturers- ^ -T . and J . Cullen , Nottingham , lace manufacturers—W . Marshall and J . Keleey , Hythe , Kent , millers—S . Loveil and J . Cooper , St . Neot ' s , Huntingdonshire , boot makers —S . Dark , J . Bryant , and G . Cains , Crewsuole , Gloucestershire , quarrymen — J . Sheard , J . Hirst , and J . Graham , jOsset-street-side , Yorkshire , cloth dressers ; af far as regards J . Sheard—W . Element and R . T . Knight , High Holborn , upholsterers—T . E , Wallace and G . F . Browne , Diss , Norfolk , attomeys-r-H . Wood , J . E . Partington , and Vi * . Nicholson , Henriettastreet , Covent-garden , wood carvers—C . Appelmans and G . J . A . B . Griefyene , Little Litchfield-street , Soho , merchants—J . Garrettand E . Hunt , Bristol , hosiers—A . Bark-Iimore and W . Simpson , High-street , Bloomsbury , surgeons—W , Sutcliffo , W . Ellins , and W . Leach , Bradford , Yorkshire , worsted manufacturers ; as far as regards \ Y . Ellins—E . H . Fell and J . Hellen , Ulverstone , Lancashire , rope-makers . j
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London Corn Exchange , Monday , Dec . 23 .- * We had moderate arriyals of wheat | and barley from our own coast and Scotland during jthe past week , with a very short supply of oata , but ! of beans , peas , and flour , the receipts were to a fair extent . From abroad the arrivals consisted of LOOO C [ rs . of wheat , and a small quantity of flour from Launceston , with a few cargoes of harley-. and oats froni the Baltic . At this , morning ' s market there was a small show of wneat by land carriage fromEssex , Kentiand Suffolk , and little or none fresh up coastwise ; tlie quantity of barley offering was moderate , and the display of oat samples scanty in the extreme . Of beans there was a plentiful supply , but peas ~ - were rather scarce . Owing to the sharp frosts experienced sinca Friday , all sorta of corn come forward ui good condition } English wheat sold without difficulty at fully the ; rates current on this day se ' nnight , and duty-paid foreign , though jonlyin
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limited demand , was likewise quite as deaf . K- ¦ --was saleable to a moderate extent at prendus pnef All descriptions of barley were held with increase * firmness , but the inquiry * as not particularly ^ active , and no advance on former terms could be established . Malt was saleable in retail , at last Monday s quotations . The bare state of the oat market caused fane corn to be held at rather higher prices , and ^ dealers being very unwilling to pay advanced rates , 7 busmes 3 was dull . Beans moved off at quite as much money . Grey and maple peas broHght the terras of this day week , and boilers were the turn dearer . In bonded corn nothing of interest transpired . High prices continue to be demanded for white clover-seed , but the WUl&l triw » acUo . ns have , beeQ unimportant ; red has met buyers to a moderate extent at preTIO" ? rates . Canary Seed was in slow request to-day , and most other articles moved off tardilv at former quotations .
CURUENT PRICES OP GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER—British . s s s s W heat , Essex , & Kent , new < b old red 42 43 White 50 54 Norfolk and Lincoln , ... do 42 46 Ditto 48 53 Northnm . and Scotch white 41 45 Fine 46 50 Irish red old 0 0 Red 40 44 White 45 49 Rre Old 33 35 New 33 34 Brank 36 38 Barley Grinding . . 27 29 Distil . 30 32 Malt . 34 38 Malt , Broivn .... 54 50 Pale 58 63 Ware S ± 65 Beans , Ticks old & new 31 34 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 3 fi 42 Peas , Grey 32 33 Maple 3 : 1 id White 36 40 Oats Lincolns A' Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Poland 23 26 Scotch Angus 2 H 25 Potato 25 28 Irish White 21 23 Black 20 22 Per 2 S 01 b . net . s s Per 280 lb . net . s s Town-maile Flour . \ . 43 45 Norfolk & Stockton 33 35 Essex and Kent .... 34 36 | Irish 34 36 Free . Bond .
foreign . _ s s ^ s a Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , Ac M 58 So" 38 -Marks , Mecklenburg 48 54 34 35 l > anish , llolstein , and Frieshwd red 45 47 31 32 Russian , Hard 45 40 Soft ... 45 47 31 32 Italian , Red . . 46 50 White . . . 'O 52 34 36 Spanish , Hard . 4 ( S -50 Soft .... 48 52 34 36 live , Baltic , Dried , . . . 32 '•?? L ' ndried . . 32 33 24 26 ttiiriev , Grinding : . 21 29 Malting . . 33 35 24 30 Bean- * . Ticks . . 32 U Egyptian . 32 34 26 32
l » , White . . 3 <> 33 Maple . . 34 35 28 32 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 20 Russian feed , 20 21 14 16 Danish , Friesland feed 20 22 14 16 Flour , per barrel . 25 28 23 24 CORN AVERAGES . — General average prices of British corn for 'the week ended Dec . 21 , 1844 , made up from the Returns of the Inspectors in the different cities and towns in England and Wales , per imperial quarter . Wheai .. 45 s . 3 d . I Oats .... SJls . lOd . I Beans .. 35 s . lid . Barley .. 34 s . 2 d . | Rve .... 32 s . Od . ] Pease .. 35 s . 4 d .
London Smithfield Cattle Market , Monday , Deo . 23 . —For the time of year , considering that the great market was held last week , we had a full average number of beasts on sale here to-day , in the general quality of which there w as nothing eaningfor particular observation . As might be expected , the attendance of both town and country buyers was very limited , owing to which , and most of them having previously purchased' their Christmas supplies , the Tbeef trade was very dull , at a decline , on last week ' s quotations , of 2 d per 8 lb ., the very highest figure not exceeding 4 s . 4 d ., and at which a clearance was not effeoted ! The fresh arrivals were extremely small from all
quarters , the bullock supply being chiefly composed of those portions turned out unsold on Monday and Friday last . The imports of live stock under the new tariff since our last have been very limited , only eight beasts and 20 sheep being on sale this morning from Rotterdam . Comparatively speaking , we had a good supply of sheep offering , and whicli , being more than adequate to meet the wants of the butchers , met an unusually dull sale at barely , in some instances , a trifle beneath last week ' s quotations . Scarcely any calves were at market , yet the veal trade was dull , and prices were with difficulty supported . In pigs exceeding ]^ little business was doin g , yet the rates were about stationary .
By tfie quantities of 8 lb ., sinking the offai . g . d . s . d . Inferior coarse beasts . . . - - ' 10 3 0 Siwtii ! quality .... - 'J 2 2 G IViuie lai-ge oxen . . ,. 3840 Prime Scots , At 4 2 i i ('¦ onrse inferior sheep ... - . ' 10 3 i Second quality . . . . 'i •> 3 8 Prime coarse woolled . . . 3 10 4 0 I ' riuie Southdown .... 4 2 4 4 Lar ^ cc <* ars < j cahe » . . . . Z i i ) 10 l ' riiiu- small 4 2 4 4 MuklinV calM- 'b each . . J-s 0 111 6 Large hogs -1 0 3 6 AYuc s-m .-t ?! [ lorkers , . . : 1 H 4 0 yuartVr- < iKl store insrs each . 10 o 20 0
HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( Fr'Ut the Books of the Clerk of tin' Market . ) Beasts , 1819-Slieep , 18 , 420-Calves , 17—Pigs , 25 u . Liverpool Corn Market , Mojuut , Dec . 23 . —We have received small parcels of Flour and Oatmeal , by steam , from Ireland ; but of these articles the aggregate quantity for the week is moderate , and the arrivals of Grain are of very small amount * The duty on Rye has advanced to IOs . 6 d , per quarter , being tbe only change that has occurred in the rates of impost on foreign produce . Holders of Wheat
have remained veiy firm , but the dealers have been equally steady in confining their purchases to what they might want for immediate use , and we have thus to report a limited business in that grain at full prices . No change in the value of Flour . The market has continued tobe so bare of new Oats , that the quotations for them may be considered almost nominal : a parcel of tine meaiin ^ has sold at 3 s . 3 d . per 46 lbs . Oatmeal has met a goou demand , and must oe quoted 3 d . toGd . a load dearer : 24 s . 6 d .. to 25 s . 6 d . per load the current rates for old Grain . No alteration as regards Barley , Beans , or Teas .
Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , Dec . 21 . — "With a change in the weather and rather languid accounts from the London marketof Monday last , the activity in thedemandfor Flour noted in our preceding report received a , check , and , the dealers and bakers being pretty well supplied for the present , the trade has subsequently remained in an inactive state , without change in prices . In the absence of adequate supplies of both Oats and Oatmeal , these articles have continued to find , buyers at very full rates , but only in retail quantities . At our market this morning there was very little passing in Wheat , but we cannot vary our previous quotations . For Flour there was by " no means so active a demand as on this day se ' nnrght ; still , the article found sale to a moderate extent '; and the reeent clearance of accumulated stocks enabled factors to establish an improvement in the value of well known marks . With a limited offer
of neither Oats or Oatmeal , the business passing was trilling , but prices were the turn higher . In the value of Beans no alteration can be noted . Liverpool Cattle Maruet , Mosdat , Dec . 23 . — We have had a good supply of Beasts at market to-day , which met with dull sale , at high prices . There was a small supply of Sheep . Anything of good quality was eagerly sought after , and readily sold . Beef 5 £ d * to 6 d ., Mutton 5 £ d . to 6 id , per lb . Cattle , imported into Liverpool , from the 16 th to the 23 d Nov .: 1772 Cows , 41 Calves , 2072 Sheep , 0 Lambs , 4572 Pigs , 12 Horses . Statj ; op Trade . —Our present number being issued ' before the great weekly market , we have nothing new to state , except that , during the last two or three days there lias been an improved demand for most descriptions of manufactured goods ; and prices , which had become a little unsteady , have resumed their former firmness . —Manchester Guardian of Wednesday .
Newcastle Corx Market , Dec . 21 . —At our market this morning we had a very large supply of wheat from the country , and the condition being indifferent , it sold slowly at last week ' s prices . Of south country qualities our market is bare , and with , such we can with confidence recommend shipments ; several cargoes are expected on the first change of wind , but we have reason to believe they wUl not be generally offered for " sale withont prices improve in the meantime . Foreign continues to be held with , increased firmness , more especially Dantzie , Rostock , and choice Stettin , the stocks of which arc now witnin a moderate compass . Some further sales have been made for shipment coastways , but the unremuneratirig state of the flour trade causes our millers to purchase as sparingly as possible of these wheats , ¦ owing to the high relative rates demanded . In bonded we did not hear of any transactions taking place . For flour there was only a slow inquiry , but this arose more from a warit of a choice of aualitv than from anv othnf naiiap ! ¦ & «
trade may therefore be quoted precisely as last . ' week . In rye rather more doing . Malting parley may ' , be noted _ rather dearer , arid the same maybe said of distilling and grinding qualities . Malt unvaried . Beans stationary . Boiling peaa are held for more money ,- which tends to check business ; as , however , the stocks are extremely light , we are of opinion prices are more likely to advance than recede value , and that our dealers will be compelled in to give the terms generally required , although at present they resist any advance . With oats we are again largely supplied , and the demand proving corresponding j the whole met a quiek sale , at the full rates of this day week . ^ The duty on rye is ls . per qr . higher ; on other articles there Ls no change . Maltox Cork Market , Pec . 21 . —We have a good supply of all kinds of grain , except oats . Wheat , ' barley , and oats without alteration . Red wheat 43 s . to 49 s . ; old ditto , SOs . to 52 s . ; ditto white , n ^ , ' 51 s . to 54 s . ' ; old ditto , 53 s . to 56 s per qr . of 40 stones * Barley , 28 s . to 33 s . per qr . of 32 st . Oats , 9-J ( L / &jt ' 10 * d . per stone .
York Corn Market , Dec . 21 . —The supply of Grain is good ; Wheat fully supports the rates of last week ; fine Barley the tum 4 earer ; Oats and Beans as before . TJhe tone of the market is decidedly healthy , and , with a continuance of frosty weather , the trade , is more likely to increase than otherwise , - London Hat Markets . —SuitsfieldJ Thob 8 dat . — Coarse Meadow Hay , £ 3 10 s . to » £ 4 16 s . ; pseful d . 0 . £ 4 17 s , to £ 5 4 s . ; fine Upland ido ., £ 6 da . to £ 6 iok ; Clover Hay , M 10 s . to £ 6 ; Oat Straw , 4 l i& ' to £ 116 s , ; Wheat Straw , £ ll 6 s . t <> , £ l 18 s . per load . Ad , average supply , and a sluggish demand . WjaiTSCHAPKii . — . Coarse Meadow Hay , £ 3 15 s . to £ i 16 s . j useful do ., £ 4 16 s . to £ 6 4 s . ; fine Upland do ., £ 55 s < to £ 5 10 s . ; Clover Hay , £ 410 s . to £ 6 4 s . i Oat Straw , £ 113 e . to £ 1 14 s . ; Wheat Straw , £ 110 s to £ 118 s . per load . Supply good , and trade rattier dull , , ... , ,,. , ,,
Market Intelligence.
MARKET INTELLIGENCE .
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Untitled Article
Decembeb 28 , . 184 THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 28, 1844, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1295/page/7/
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